Article(id=1308455384902029963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0281, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741795200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-13, revisedDate=1743350400000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889673686, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1749657600000, pubDateStr=2025-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889673686, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889673686, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889673686, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455335962894804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='6', pageStart='1573', pageEnd='1964', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749657600000', pubDateStr='2025-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889662017, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893590327, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1692, endPage=1699, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455385283711629, articleId=1308455384902029963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Screening of aptamers targeting hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses and their broad-spectrum antiviral effects, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) exhibit rapid mutation and high infectivity, leading to a considerable number of cases and deaths globally. Thus, the development of broad-spectrum inhibitors is of paramount significance. In this study, targeting the hemagglutinin (HA) of IAVs, a set of high-affinity and specific aptamers, namely Apt(HA)-1, Apt(HA)-4, Apt(HA)-9, Apt(HA)-25, and Apt(HA)-93520, were obtained through CE-SELEX. The dissociation constants (KD) of this group of aptamers [Apts(HA)] with the HA protein were determined by the SPR method to be 25.9, 44.8, 50.7, 54.0, and 45.2 nmol·L-1, respectively. Apts(HA) can recognize and detect the internationally common influenza virus strains A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and A/FM/1/47 (H1N1), as well as the clinically isolated Tamiflu-resistant strain A/Liaoningzhenxing/1109/2010 (H1N1), amantadine-resistant strains A/Hunanzhuhui/1222/2010 (H3N2) and A/Fujiantongan/196/2009 (H3N2), and possess broad-spectrum inhibitory effects on influenza viruses. These aptamer inhibitors feature strong in vitro accessibility, good stability, simple structure, and small size. This study not only developed novel broad-spectrum aptamers against IAVs, exerting extensive inhibitory effects on various IAVs, but also paved the way for an effective strategy in the development of universal virus inhibitors.

, authors=Guang-yu JIANG1, Hai-yan YAN1, Ge YANG1, Xin-tao LIAN1, Shuo WU1, Hui-qiang WANG1, Kun WANG1, Feng QU2, Yu-huan LI1, *, Jian-dong JIANG1, *, authorsList=Guang-yu JIANG, Hai-yan YAN, Ge YANG, Xin-tao LIAN, Shuo WU, Hui-qiang WANG, Kun WANG, Feng QU, Yu-huan LI, Jian-dong JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu-huan LI, Jian-dong JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455388538491545, articleId=1308455384902029963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向甲型流感病毒血凝素的适配体筛选及其广谱抗病毒作用研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

甲型流感病毒(IAVs) 具有快速突变和高度传染性, 在全球范围内引起大量发病和死亡, 因此开发广谱的抑制剂至关重要。本研究以IAVs血凝素(HA) 为靶点, 通过CE-SELEX技术筛选获得了一组高亲和力、特异性适配体Apt(HA)-1、Apt(HA)-4、Apt(HA)-9、Apt(HA)-25与Apt(HA)-93520, 通过SPR方法测定该组适配体[Apts(HA)] 与HA蛋白的解离常数(KD) 分别为25.9、44.8、50.7、54.0和45.2 nmol·L-1。Apts(HA) 可以识别与检测流感病毒国际通用株A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) 和A/Fort Monmouth/1/1947 (H1N1), 以及临床分离达菲耐药株A/Liaoningzhenxing/1109/2010 (H1N1)、金刚烷胺耐药株A/Hunanzhuhui/1222/2010 (H3N2) 和A/Fujiantongan/196/2009 (H3N2), 并具有广谱的流感病毒抑制作用。该适配体抑制剂具有体外筛选易获得、稳定性好、结构简单、体积小等优点。本研究不仅开发了针对IAVs的新型广谱适配体, 对各种IAVs具有广泛的抑制作用, 而且为开发通用病毒抑制剂开辟了一种有效的策略。

, authors=蒋光宇1, 颜海燕1, 杨歌1, 连鑫涛1, 吴硕1, 王辉强1, 王琨1, 屈锋2, 李玉环1, *, 蒋建东1, *, authorsList=蒋光宇, 颜海燕, 杨歌, 连鑫涛, 吴硕, 王辉强, 王琨, 屈锋, 李玉环, 蒋建东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李玉环, 蒋建东, authorNote=

作者贡献:

蒋光宇、颜海燕、杨歌和连鑫涛负责适配体筛选、药效学研究实验、实验结果分析和文章初稿撰写; 李玉环、颜海燕负责药效学实验指导; 李玉环、屈锋、颜海燕、吴硕、王辉强、王琨负责文献调研和对文章撰写进行指导; 蒋建东和李玉环负责实验设计和论文审阅。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李玉环, Tel: 86-10-63010984, E-mail:
蒋建东, Tel: 86-10-63188423, Fax: 86-10-63017302, E-mail:
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Targeting neuraminidase: the next frontier for broadly protective influenza vaccines [J]. Trends Immunol, 2024, 45: 11-19., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308497539729551806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiang YM, Zhang JW, Jia RF, et al. Recent advances in small-molecule inhibitors targeting influenza virus glycoproteins [J]. 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Biotechnol Adv, 2025, 78: 108491., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308497526563631455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497526576214368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, companyId=1308497526563631455, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497526588797281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, companyId=1308497526563631455, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 中国医学科学院抗病毒药物研究重点实验室, 北京 100050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308497526697849186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497526710432099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, companyId=1308497526697849186, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308497526718820708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, companyId=1308497526697849186, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2北京理工大学生命学院, 北京 100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308497534948045217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lCgJ9LOrF6qE/YhEnM6fKA==, figureFileBig=WYHVnBlRnn94WCVO2629BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497535027736994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Identification of hemagglutinin (HA)-targeting aptamers by capillary electrophoresis based systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (CE-SELEX) and characterization of their binding affinity. A-D: Capillary electrophoresis chromatograms of 1-4 rounds aptamer screening. FAM-ssDNA random library was detected by capillary electrophoresis (CE) equipped with laser induce fluorescence (CE-LIF). Since the protein is not labeled with fluorophores, only ssDNA is detected. The triangle symbol indicates the free ssDNA, and the arrow refers to the complex formed by the combination of ssDNA and HA; E: Candidate aptamers sequence; F: Secondary structure of Apts(HA), figureFileSmall=lCgJ9LOrF6qE/YhEnM6fKA==, figureFileBig=WYHVnBlRnn94WCVO2629BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497535153566115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8WipdI9s6tqniyoZYyK1Yw==, figureFileBig=fFVoVg+n6YmGw3pZKz5gPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497535245840804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Characterization of the affinity and specificity of aptamers of H1N1 HA protein [Apts(HA)] and identification of Apts(HA) by CE-SELEX and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). A: Affinity characterizations between Apts(HA) and HA were performed via CE (n = 3). The lower spectral line is the only FAM-Apts(HA) (final concentration 0.2 μmol·L-1), and the upper spectral line is the FAM-Apts (HA) interacting with HA with the final concentration of 0.1 μmol·L-1. The arrow indicates the complex formed by the combination of Apts (HA) and HA; B: Affinity characterizations between Apts(HA) and HA were performed via SPR; C: FAM-Apts(HA) (final concentration 0.2 μmol·L-1) were respectively incubated with 10×Salive, HSA, RSV F, SARS-CoV-2 S and HBV capsid (final concentration 2 μmol·L-1) in a metal bath at 37 ℃ for 10 min and then injected into CE for analysis (n = 3). The signal peak area change (RFU) of the unbound Apts (HA) was used to evaluate its binding to the specific reference protein. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs PBS (CON), figureFileSmall=8WipdI9s6tqniyoZYyK1Yw==, figureFileBig=fFVoVg+n6YmGw3pZKz5gPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497535363281317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sKpxCePfpCdlJhZMZVAWwA==, figureFileBig=CVCi1wFyuzx0WJEQNAKzxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497535442973094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Characterization of stable complexes formed by aptamer recognition and binding of inactivated IAVs (H1N1 and H3N2) virus via CE. A: FAM-aptamer Apt(HA)-1 (0.2 μmol·L-1) was added to HA inactivated virus in 10-fold diluted saliva. CE analysis was performed after incubation at 37 ℃ for 10 min (n = 3). The spectral lines from top to bottom corresponded to inactivated virus at final concentrations of 0, 547, 1 458, 2 917, 8 750, 17 500, and 35 000 TU·mL-1; B: Linear curve of Apt(HA)-1 for detecting IAVs (547-35 000 TU·mL-1), figureFileSmall=sKpxCePfpCdlJhZMZVAWwA==, figureFileBig=CVCi1wFyuzx0WJEQNAKzxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497535510081959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vO/3OKcSHqo3kC73ouVeJQ==, figureFileBig=lrh6+ab8FtMTUcHxGO4/ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497535778517416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=The cytotoxicity of Apts(HA) on A459 cells by CCK-8 assay. The cells were incubated with various concentrations of Apts(HA) for 48 h. The cell viability was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=vO/3OKcSHqo3kC73ouVeJQ==, figureFileBig=lrh6+ab8FtMTUcHxGO4/ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497535849820585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zxVc8oi3FaHY/HMv5AxeIg==, figureFileBig=ks/lQNMCWxVdAkL7OI0ynw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497535946289578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Inhibitory activities of Apts(HA) against influenza virus in A549 cells. A-D: A549 cells were infected with A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (MOI = 0.02, A and B) or A/Fort Monmouth/1/1947 (MOI = 0.02, C and D) for 2 h in the presence of Apts(HA) with different concentration. Baloxavir 10 nmol·L-1 was added after infection. After 24 h of infection, the total RNA extracts were used for qRT-PCR analysis; E: Anti-IAV activity of Apts(HA) in A549. CC50 were determined by CCK-8 assay. IC50 were determined by qRT-PCR assay. The SI values were calculated as the ratio of CC50/IC50; F: Effects of Apt(HA)-1 against drug resistant strains of influenza virus. A549 cells were infected with influenza virus A/Hunanzhuhui/1222/2010 (MOI = 0.2), A/Fujiantongan/196/2009 (MOI = 0.02), A/Liaoningzhenxing/1109/2010 (MOI = 0.2), for 2 h and treated with Apt(HA)-1 for 24 h at the same time. After treatment, viral M2 mRNA were analyzed by qRT-PCR. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs CON. OC: Seltamivir carboxylate; AH: Amantadine, figureFileSmall=zxVc8oi3FaHY/HMv5AxeIg==, figureFileBig=ks/lQNMCWxVdAkL7OI0ynw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308497536017592747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OligonucleotideSequence (5′-3′)
5′ M2 (influenza)GACCRATCCTGTCACCTCTGAC
3′ M2 (influenza)GGGCATTYTGGACAAAKCGTCTACG
5′ GAPDHGGTGGTCTCCTCTGACTTCAACA
3′ GAPDHGTTGCTGTAGCCAAATTCGTTGT
5′ NP (PR8)TGCTTCAAAACAGCCAAGTG
3′ NP (PR8)GATGCCCTCTGTTGATTGGT
), ArticleFig(id=1308497536218919340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Oligonucleotides used for real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
OligonucleotideSequence (5′-3′)
5′ M2 (influenza)GACCRATCCTGTCACCTCTGAC
3′ M2 (influenza)GGGCATTYTGGACAAAKCGTCTACG
5′ GAPDHGGTGGTCTCCTCTGACTTCAACA
3′ GAPDHGTTGCTGTAGCCAAATTCGTTGT
5′ NP (PR8)TGCTTCAAAACAGCCAAGTG
3′ NP (PR8)GATGCCCTCTGTTGATTGGT
), ArticleFig(id=1308497536281833901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
KDCE / mol·L-1SPR / mol·L-1
Apt(HA)-12.89E-082.59E-08
Apt(HA)-45.57E-084.48E-08
Apt(HA)-96.14E-085.07E-08
Apt(HA)-255.21E-085.40E-08
Apt(HA)-935205.76E-084.52E-08
), ArticleFig(id=1308497536369914286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455384902029963, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

KD of Apts(HA) evaluated by CE and SPR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
KDCE / mol·L-1SPR / mol·L-1
Apt(HA)-12.89E-082.59E-08
Apt(HA)-45.57E-084.48E-08
Apt(HA)-96.14E-085.07E-08
Apt(HA)-255.21E-085.40E-08
Apt(HA)-935205.76E-084.52E-08
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靶向甲型流感病毒血凝素的适配体筛选及其广谱抗病毒作用研究
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蒋光宇 1 , 颜海燕 1 , 杨歌 1 , 连鑫涛 1 , 吴硕 1 , 王辉强 1 , 王琨 1 , 屈锋 2 , 李玉环 1, * , 蒋建东 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(6): 1692-1699
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (6) : 1692 -1699
靶向甲型流感病毒血凝素的适配体筛选及其广谱抗病毒作用研究
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蒋光宇1, 颜海燕1, 杨歌1, 连鑫涛1, 吴硕1, 王辉强1, 王琨1, 屈锋2, 李玉环1, * , 蒋建东1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 中国医学科学院抗病毒药物研究重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 2北京理工大学生命学院, 北京 100081
通讯作者:
李玉环, Tel: 86-10-63010984, E-mail:
蒋建东, Tel: 86-10-63188423, Fax: 86-10-63017302, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

蒋光宇、颜海燕、杨歌和连鑫涛负责适配体筛选、药效学研究实验、实验结果分析和文章初稿撰写; 李玉环、颜海燕负责药效学实验指导; 李玉环、屈锋、颜海燕、吴硕、王辉强、王琨负责文献调研和对文章撰写进行指导; 蒋建东和李玉环负责实验设计和论文审阅。

Screening of aptamers targeting hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses and their broad-spectrum antiviral effects
Guang-yu JIANG1, Hai-yan YAN1, Ge YANG1, Xin-tao LIAN1, Shuo WU1, Hui-qiang WANG1, Kun WANG1, Feng QU2, Yu-huan LI1, * , Jian-dong JIANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2025-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0281
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甲型流感病毒(IAVs) 具有快速突变和高度传染性, 在全球范围内引起大量发病和死亡, 因此开发广谱的抑制剂至关重要。本研究以IAVs血凝素(HA) 为靶点, 通过CE-SELEX技术筛选获得了一组高亲和力、特异性适配体Apt(HA)-1、Apt(HA)-4、Apt(HA)-9、Apt(HA)-25与Apt(HA)-93520, 通过SPR方法测定该组适配体[Apts(HA)] 与HA蛋白的解离常数(KD) 分别为25.9、44.8、50.7、54.0和45.2 nmol·L-1。Apts(HA) 可以识别与检测流感病毒国际通用株A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) 和A/Fort Monmouth/1/1947 (H1N1), 以及临床分离达菲耐药株A/Liaoningzhenxing/1109/2010 (H1N1)、金刚烷胺耐药株A/Hunanzhuhui/1222/2010 (H3N2) 和A/Fujiantongan/196/2009 (H3N2), 并具有广谱的流感病毒抑制作用。该适配体抑制剂具有体外筛选易获得、稳定性好、结构简单、体积小等优点。本研究不仅开发了针对IAVs的新型广谱适配体, 对各种IAVs具有广泛的抑制作用, 而且为开发通用病毒抑制剂开辟了一种有效的策略。

核酸适配体  /  指数富集系统进化技术  /  甲型流感  /  血凝素  /  广谱抗流感病毒

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) exhibit rapid mutation and high infectivity, leading to a considerable number of cases and deaths globally. Thus, the development of broad-spectrum inhibitors is of paramount significance. In this study, targeting the hemagglutinin (HA) of IAVs, a set of high-affinity and specific aptamers, namely Apt(HA)-1, Apt(HA)-4, Apt(HA)-9, Apt(HA)-25, and Apt(HA)-93520, were obtained through CE-SELEX. The dissociation constants (KD) of this group of aptamers [Apts(HA)] with the HA protein were determined by the SPR method to be 25.9, 44.8, 50.7, 54.0, and 45.2 nmol·L-1, respectively. Apts(HA) can recognize and detect the internationally common influenza virus strains A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and A/FM/1/47 (H1N1), as well as the clinically isolated Tamiflu-resistant strain A/Liaoningzhenxing/1109/2010 (H1N1), amantadine-resistant strains A/Hunanzhuhui/1222/2010 (H3N2) and A/Fujiantongan/196/2009 (H3N2), and possess broad-spectrum inhibitory effects on influenza viruses. These aptamer inhibitors feature strong in vitro accessibility, good stability, simple structure, and small size. This study not only developed novel broad-spectrum aptamers against IAVs, exerting extensive inhibitory effects on various IAVs, but also paved the way for an effective strategy in the development of universal virus inhibitors.

nucleic acid aptamer  /  systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment  /  influenza A  /  hemagglutinin  /  broad-spectrum anti-influenza virus
蒋光宇, 颜海燕, 杨歌, 连鑫涛, 吴硕, 王辉强, 王琨, 屈锋, 李玉环, 蒋建东. 靶向甲型流感病毒血凝素的适配体筛选及其广谱抗病毒作用研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1692 -1699 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0281
Guang-yu JIANG, Hai-yan YAN, Ge YANG, Xin-tao LIAN, Shuo WU, Hui-qiang WANG, Kun WANG, Feng QU, Yu-huan LI, Jian-dong JIANG. Screening of aptamers targeting hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses and their broad-spectrum antiviral effects[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1692 -1699 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0281
流感病毒(influenza virus) 是一种全球范围内广泛传播的病原体, 每年导致数百万感染病例和数十万死亡病例[1]。流感病毒属于正黏病毒科(Orthomyxoviridae), 根据其核蛋白(NP) 和基质蛋白(M) 的抗原性差异, 可分为甲型(A)、乙型(B)、丙型(C) 和丁型(D) 4种类型。其中, 甲型和乙型流感病毒是引起人类季节性流感的主要病原体, 而甲型流感病毒由于其高变异性和跨物种传播能力, 尤其具有潜在的全球大流行风险[2, 3]。近年来, 随着分子生物学和生物技术的快速发展, 针对流感病毒的治疗策略也在不断更新[4]。目前, 临床使用的抗流感药物主要包括神经氨酸酶抑制剂(如奥司他韦) 和酸性聚合酶核酸内切酶抑制剂(巴洛沙韦)[5, 6]。然而, 由于流感病毒的高突变率, 这些药物面临着日益严重的耐药性问题[7]。因此, 开发新型抗病毒策略成为当前流感研究的重要方向之一。适配体(aptamer) 作为一种新型的分子识别工具, 因其高亲和力、高特异性和易于修饰等特点, 在抗病毒领域展现出巨大的潜力[8, 9]。
适配体是通过指数富集配体系统进化技术(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, SELEX) 从随机寡核苷酸库中筛选得到的单链DNA或RNA分子。它们能够与靶标分子(如蛋白质、细胞或小分子) 以高亲和力和特异性结合, 对比抗体而言, 具有分子量小、稳定性高、易于合成和修饰等优势。适配体在生物医学领域的应用广泛, 包括疾病诊断、药物递送和治疗等。近年来, 针对病毒蛋白的适配体研究逐渐成为热点, 如针对HIV[10]、乙肝病毒(HBV)[11]和埃博拉病毒(Ebola virus) 乃至新冠病毒(SARS-CoV-2)[12, 13]的适配体已显示出良好的抗病毒效果。
流感病毒的表面糖蛋白血凝素(hemagglutinin, HA) 和神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase, NA) 是其感染宿主细胞的关键蛋白[14]。其中, HA蛋白在病毒入侵过程中具有核心作用[15]。HA蛋白由HA1和HA2两个亚基组成, 其中HA1亚基负责与宿主细胞表面的唾液酸受体结合, 而HA2亚基则介导膜融合过程。而针对HA蛋白的适配体不仅可能直接阻断病毒与宿主细胞的结合, 还可能干扰病毒的膜融合过程, 从而发挥抗病毒作用[16, 17]。因此, HA蛋白成为抗病毒适配体筛选的理想靶标。
本研究旨在筛选和鉴定靶向流感病毒HA蛋白的适配体, 并评估其对H1N1、H3N2及耐药株的识别检测以及抗病毒活性。通过SELEX技术, 本研究从随机寡核苷酸库中筛选出能够特异性结合HA蛋白的适配体, 并利用毛细管电泳(capillary electrophoresis, CE) 与表面等离子体共振(SPR) 技术对其结合亲和力和特异性进行表征。此外, 本研究还通过细胞实验评估了适配体在体外的抗病毒效果。研究结果表明, 筛选得到的适配体能够识别5种流感病毒及耐药株, 且有效抑制流感病毒对宿主细胞的感染。与传统的抗流感药物相比, 适配体具有更高的特异性和更低的不良反应风险。本研究通过筛选和鉴定靶向流感病毒HA蛋白的适配体, 为流感病毒的治疗提供了新的思路和方法。
细胞和病毒  人肺癌细胞(A549)、流感病毒A/Fort Monmouth/1/1947 (FM1, H1N1)和A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8, H1N1) 购自美国典型菌种保藏中心。流感病毒临床分离株达菲耐药株A/Liaoningzhenxing/1109/2010 (Zhenxing, H1N1)、金刚烷胺耐药株A/Hunanzhuhui/1222/2010 (Zhuhui, H3N2) 和A/Fujiantongan/196/2009 (Tongan, H3N2) 由中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所舒跃龙教授提供。本室流感病毒毒株常规用鸡胚传代后于-80 ℃冰箱保存。
A549细胞使用F-12培养基(Sigma公司), 加入10%胎牛血清(FBS, Invitrogen公司) 和1%双抗(Invitrogen公司), 置于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养。全部实验均采用对数生长期的细胞进行。
试剂和药物  分析纯H3BO3、Na2B4O7、NaOH (北京化学工业集团有限责任公司); 80 nt FAM标记ssDNA核酸库: 5'-FAM-AGC AGC ACA GAG GTC AGA TG-(40N)-CCT ATG CGT GCT ACC GTG AA-3'。引物P1: 5'-AGC AGC ACA GAG GTC AGA TG-3', 标记荧光的引物5'-FAM-P1: FAM-5'-AGC AGC ACA GAG GTC AGA TG-3'), 引物P2: 5'-TTC ACG GTA GCA CGC ATA GG-3' [生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司]。流感病毒(A/Puerto Rico/8/1934) hemagglutinin/HA trimer protein (北京义翘神州科技股份有限公司); 阳性对照药奥司他韦羧酸(oseltamivir carboxylate, OC)、巴洛沙韦(baloxavir, BAL) 和金刚烷胺(amantadine, AH) (美国MedChemExpress公司)。
仪器   Beckman P/ACE MDQ毛细管电泳仪配荧光检测器(美国贝克曼库尔特公司); 75 μm内径熔融石英毛细管(邯郸市鑫诺光纤色谱有限公司); 二氧化碳孵箱、7500-fast realtime PCR system (美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); 生物安全柜(美国NUAIRE公司)。
基于毛细管电泳的指数富集配体系统进化技术(capillary electrophoresis based systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, CE-SELEX) 筛选  将荧光标记的原始随机脱氧寡核苷酸文库溶液与重组HA蛋白(A/Puerto Rico/8/1934) 溶液混合后共同孵育得到混合物; 将混合物进行毛细管区带电泳。毛细管总长度50.2 cm, 有效长度40 cm; UV 214 nm检测。LIF检测激发和发射波长为488和520 nm。电泳缓冲液: 50 mmol·L-1 pH 8.7硼酸盐缓冲液; 进样: 0.5 psi 5 s, H2O和电泳缓冲液分别冲洗毛细管3 min。新毛细管使用前, 依次用1 mol·L-1 NaOH、0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH和蒸馏水冲洗30 min活化。在电泳过程中, 游离ssDNA、重组HA蛋白和ssDNA-HA复合物在毛细管中的迁移速率不同, 先后依次通过毛细管末端的检测窗口, 收集ssDNA-HA复合物。次级库扩增与纯化方法见文献[18]。
SPR亲和力检测  SPR分析在Reichert4 SPR仪器上进行。所有溶液均使用从Master Touch-S15uvf纯水净化系统获得的超纯水制备, 运行缓冲液为PBST (pH 7.6 PBS缓冲液、0.05% Tween-20), 使用芯片为CM5葡聚糖芯片, 靶蛋白HA固定化水平为~6 000 RU。适配体用含PBST运行缓冲液配置所需的梯度浓度(1、0.5、0.25、0.125、0.063、0.031、0.016、0.008、0.004 μmol·L-1)。将不同浓度的适配体以25 µL·min-1的速度依次注入SPR流道, 采集实时SPR信号。使用Reichert4进行的所有实验均控制在25 ± 1 ℃。使用BIAevaluation软件(version 4.1) 提供的1∶1 Langmuir模型进行数据分析, 计算平衡解离常数KD。
细胞毒性检测(CCK-8法)   A549细胞接种入96孔板(2.5×104个/孔) 中培养24 h后, 弃掉完全培养基, 加入维持液稀释的不同浓度的适配体Apt(HA)-1、Apt(HA)-4、Apt(HA)-9、Apt(HA)-25与Apt(HA)-93520。继续培养48 h后, 每孔加入10 μL CCK-8, 37 ℃培养2 h, 酶标仪检测各孔吸光度(A450) 值。
流感病毒RNA水平测定(qRT-PCR法)   A549细胞(2.5×105个/孔) 接种于12孔板中培养过夜, 流感病毒不同毒株感染细胞, 感染的同时加入不同浓度待测HA适配体或阳性药AH (20 μmol·L-1), 感染2 h后弃去病毒液, 加入用维持液稀释的适配体和阳性对照药OC (20 μmol·L-1) 及BAL (10 nmol·L-1)。培养24 h后用RNeasy MiniKit提取细胞内总RNA, 使用荧光定量qRT-PCR试剂盒(HiScript® II One Step qRT-PCR SYBR Green Kit, Vazyme公司) 检测流感病毒M2的mRNA表达水平。以GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) 作为内参, 对Ct值进行归一化处理, 采用2-ΔΔCt相对定量方法计算目的基因流感病毒M2的表达差异。RT-PCR引物见表1。
统计学分析  采用GraphPad Prism 7.0软件作图, 并对数据进行统计分析, 所有数据以$ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s表示, 多组间均数比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA) 进行组间的多重比较。P < 0.05表示具有显著性差异。
为确保适配体性能的稳定性, 在筛选过程中需要考虑筛选条件与应用环境的一致性。本研究基于CE-SELEX[19], 建立了体液背景中筛选压力逐轮递增的筛选方法。该方法引入了人体液基质(正常人唾液) 作为筛选背景, 模拟靶蛋白存在的天然环境。在毛细管电泳的自由溶液中, 对生物大分子复合物进行高效分离。通过4轮筛选, 获得一组具有良好性能的HA蛋白适配体候选序列。
在第1轮筛选过程中, 将重组HA蛋白(A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 HA trimer protein) 与容量为105的随机脱氧寡核苷酸文库(ssDNA library) 在唾液中相互作用, 形成结合-解离平衡体系, 并通过毛细管区带电泳模式(capillary zone electrophoresis, CZE) 分离HA-ssDNA复合物。在第1轮筛选中(图1A), 1.0 μmol·L-1 HA蛋白与FAM标记的ssDNA library在40倍稀释的正常人唾液中结合, CE分析图谱显示HA蛋白与初始ssDNA library在3.4~4.2 min形成高于基线的解离区, 但未检出复合物峰, 说明HA蛋白与初始ssDNA library亲和力较弱, 复合物发生解离。收集HA-ssDNA解离区(3.4~4.2 min) 进行PCR扩增与纯化, 获得下一轮筛选次级库。在第2轮筛选中降低HA蛋白浓度至500 nmol·L-1以增加筛选压力(图1B), 同时增加背景唾液浓度至20倍稀释, 可以发现游离的核酸峰(free ssDNA) 显著下降, 解离区峰面积增加, 说明与HA蛋白结合的ssDNA序列得到富集。在后续的第3、4轮筛选中(图1C、D), 继续降低靶蛋白浓度(分别降至200与100 nmol·L-1), 同时增加背景唾液浓度至10倍稀释, 在增加筛选压力的条件下, 与HA蛋白形成的稳定复合物的量也同步提升, 且在第4轮筛选中2.3 min处出现稳定的复合物峰, 说明高亲和力的序列被进一步富集。对每轮得到的富集文库进行亲和力鉴定, KD值降低了2个数量级, 序列亲和力提升显著, 富集程度适合测序。将第4轮筛选的次级库PCR扩增后送至生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司进行高通量测序。
在自由溶液中筛选核酸适配体, 靶标与适配体的结合位点是非定向的, 即ssDNA可以结合在靶蛋白的任意合适位点上。高通量测序结果中应选择具有代表性的候选序列进行表征, 需要综合考虑序列的富集程度(测序频次) 与典型结构(特征motif)。因此, 本研究选取测序结果中高、中、低频次的600条ssDNA进行分组motif聚类分析, 从中选取具有不同特征motif的候选适配体(图1E)。本研究进一步通过二级结构模拟识别出5条具有完整颈环或发夹结构的适配体(图1F)。
通过CE和SPR实验检测Apts(HA)与HA的亲和力。CE色谱图显示了HA与适配体结合的状态和强度, 约5.2 min处出现游离的适配体峰。与HA相互作用后, 游离适配体峰值减小或消失, 而在2.3~4.8 min出现电荷质量比不均一的多态的复合物峰, 说明Apts(HA) 与HA结合较强, 形成稳定的复合物(图2A)。进一步地, 通过SPR定量评估适配体的亲和力(图2B), 结果表明Apts(HA) 对HA的亲和力分布在纳摩尔范围内, 且与CE方法评价的KD值基本一致(表2)。其中, Apt(HA)-1的亲和力最优KD值约为25.9 nmol·L-1 (SPR), 而其与4条适配体KD值则分布在45.2~50.4 nmol·L-1 (SPR)。为了评价Apts(HA) 的特异性, 本研究引入10倍稀释的正常人唾液, 血清中的高丰度干扰蛋白HSA, 以及其他病毒衣壳表面蛋白RSV F、SARS-CoV-2 S、HBV capsid与Apts(HA) 相互作用。结果显示, Apt(HA)-1/9/25在与上述干扰组分相互作用过程中峰面积无显著性变化(图2C), 说明这3条适配体与干扰蛋白不发生交叉结合, 特异性良好。而Apt(HA)-S结合, 说明Apt(HA)-4/9320在与HA识别与结合时易受到体液环境以及其他病毒蛋白干扰。
病毒的天然蛋白与重组蛋白可能存在构象差异。HA属于病毒包膜蛋白, 其部分结构域插入至病毒或宿主的膜上, 而适配体是否能够稳定结合HA的胞外结构是决定其病毒阻断功能的关键。因此, 通过CE方法评价了亲和力与特异性最优的Apt(HA)-1与5种灭活流感病毒的结合。基于CE的相互作用分析是在内径为75 μm的熔融石英空心玻璃管中进行, 直径为100~300 nm的流感病毒颗粒与Apt(HA)-1以天然状态在三维的自由溶液中相互作用, 这种不受固定化限制的生物分子间的结合评价更接近体内环境。本研究采用了灵敏的激光诱导荧光CE模式(CE-LIF) 评估病毒颗粒与荧光标记的Apt(HA)-1之间的相互作用。由于病毒颗粒不含荧光, 因此在LIF检测器下只能观察到Apt(HA)-1和Apt(HA)-1-病毒复合物, 排除了其他组分的干扰。
结果如图3A所示, 游离的Apt(HA)-1在约4.5 min出现信号峰。将70 000 TU·mL-1的灭活流感病毒通过正常人唾液(10倍稀释) 进行2倍梯度稀释, 在分别加入5种灭活流感病毒后, 游离的Apt(HA)-1峰面积显著降低, 表明Apt(HA)-1与灭活病毒发生结合。且随着灭活病毒颗粒数的增加, 游离的Apt(HA)-1逐渐减少, 当灭活流感病毒浓度高于35 000 TU·mL-1时, 出现可检测到的Apt(HA)-1-病毒复合物。定量分析显示, 游离核酸峰面积降低与灭活病毒颗粒数(547~35 000 TU·mL-1内) 呈良好的线性关系(R2均大于0.95) (图3B)。
作为一种潜在的抑制剂, 适配体的细胞毒性评价尤为重要, 可用于排除因其毒性造成的细胞死亡而影响抗病毒效果的判断。为此, 本研究用Apts(HA) 处理A549细胞, 以检测Apts(HA) 的细胞毒性。CCK-8结果显示(图4), Apts(HA) 对A549无细胞毒性(对细胞活力的抑制作用均不超过5%), 表明Apts(HA) 并不产生直接细胞毒性。
首先, 在A549细胞中, 检测Apts(HA) 对A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8, H1N1) 和A/Fort Monmouth/1/1947 (FM1, H1N1) 流感病毒mRNA水平的影响。如图5A~D所示, Apts(HA) 对流感病毒国际通用株A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) 和A/Fort Monmouth/1/1947 (H1N1) 均有很好抑制作用, 可剂量依赖性抑制A/Puerto Rico/8/34 NP mRNA和A/Fort Monmouth/1/1947 M2 mRNA的水平, IC50结果见图5E。由于该组适配体在筛选过程中所使用的靶标为流感病毒PR8株(H1N1) 的HA蛋白, 因此其对PR8株的IC50比对FM1(H1N1) 低一个数量级。选择对这两株流感病毒的抑制效果最好的Apt(HA)-1适配体, 进一步评价其对H1N1耐药株、H3N2及其耐药株的抑制活性。
耐药是导致临床抗病毒治疗失败的主要原因之一, 在此作者还研究了适配体Apt(HA)-1对临床分离的金刚烷胺耐药株A/Hunanzhuhui/1222/2010 (Zhuhui, H3N2) 和A/Fujiantongan/196/2009 (Tongan, H3N2)、达菲耐药株A/Liaoningzhenxing/1109/2010 (Zhenxing, H1N1) 的作用。结果显示, Apt(HA)-1对耐药株同样具有很好抑制作用(图5F), IC50分别为2.673 ± 0.175、0.549 ± 0.153、0.295 ± 0.067 μmol·L-1, 表明Apt(HA)-1具有广谱抗流感病毒的作用, 且与金刚烷胺和达菲无交叉耐药现象。
流感病毒, 尤其是甲型流感病毒, 因其快速突变能力和高度传染性, 在全球范围内持续引发大量感染和死亡病例, 已成为公共卫生领域的重大威胁。传统的抗流感药物, 如神经氨酸酶抑制剂(如奥司他韦) 和酸性聚合酶核酸内切酶抑制剂(如巴洛沙韦), 在治疗流感病毒方面虽然展现了一定程度的疗效, 但由于流感病毒的高突变率, 耐药性问题日益严重。因此, 针对流感病毒, 开发新型抗病毒策略已成为迫切需要。
在众多新型抗病毒策略中, 适配体作为一种新型分子识别元件, 在抗病毒药物领域具有广阔的应用前景。与传统的抗病毒药物相比, 适配体具有以下优势: ①高亲和力和高特异性, 能够精确靶向病毒蛋白; ②分子量小, 易于穿透组织和细胞; ③易于合成和修饰, 可以通过化学修饰提高其稳定性和生物利用度; ④低免疫原性, 不易引起免疫反应。
尽管适配体具有诸多优势, 前景广阔, 适配体药物化仍面临关键挑战: ①体内稳定性: 体内的核酸酶会导致适配体快速降解, 从而影响其疗效。因此, 开发新型核酸修饰技术, 提高适配体对核酸酶的抗性, 是当前研究的重点之一。②药代动力学: 适配体在体内的系统清除速率快, 半衰期短, 导致其疗效持续时间有限。通过构建适配体-纳米载体复合系统, 可以延长适配体在体内的循环时间, 提高其疗效。③靶向递送: 如何提高适配体在感染部位的富集效率, 是当前研究的另一大挑战。通过优化给药途径和剂型, 以及开发智能递送系统(如pH响应型或酶响应型纳米载体), 可以实现适配体的精准靶向递送。随着生物技术的不断进步, 适配体药物开发将重点关注以下几个方面: ①多靶点协同治疗: 开发针对流感病毒多个靶点的适配体, 如HA/NA双靶向适配体鸡尾酒疗法, 以提高治疗效果, 减少耐药性的产生。②智能递送系统: 构建能够响应体内环境变化的智能递送系统, 如pH响应型或酶响应型纳米载体, 以实现适配体的精准释放和高效作用。③诊疗一体化: 开发兼具诊断和治疗功能的适配体探针, 实现疾病的早期诊断和及时治疗, 提高患者的生存率和生活质量。
总之, 流感病毒抗病毒适配体的研究近年来取得了显著进展, 靶向HA、NA、M2和NP蛋白的适配体已显示出良好的抗病毒效果。随着技术的不断进步和研究的深入, 适配体有望成为下一代抗病毒药物的重要组成部分, 为人类应对流感等病毒性疾病的威胁提供有力武器。本研究通过筛选和鉴定靶向甲型流感病毒HA蛋白的适配体, 不仅为流感病毒的治疗提供了新的策略和方法, 也为适配体在抗病毒领域的应用提供了重要的实验依据。

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2025年第60卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0281
  • 接收时间:2025-03-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-13
  • 修回日期:2025-03-31
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    1中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 中国医学科学院抗病毒药物研究重点实验室, 北京 100050
    2北京理工大学生命学院, 北京 100081

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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