Article(id=1308455336487182805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1146, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731945600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-19, revisedDate=1739894400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789889662142, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1749657600000, pubDateStr=2025-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789889662142, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789889662142, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789889662142, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308455335962894804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='6', pageStart='1573', pageEnd='1964', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1749657600000', pubDateStr='2025-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789889662017, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893590327, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308471812564734359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308455335962894804, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1589, endPage=1593, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308455336675926486, articleId=1308455336487182805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The role and mechanism of autophagy in atherosclerosis, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Atherosclerosis is a multifaceted chronic inflammatory disorder intricately linked to various cardiovascular diseases, and its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role of autophagy, an essential intracellular degradation and regeneration mechanism, in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Autophagy modulates the development of atherosclerosis by influencing the functionality of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. Current research indicates that autophagy not only contributes to the initiation and advancement of atherosclerosis, but may also unveil potential therapeutic targets through its impact on associated signaling pathways such as mTOR, AMPK, and NF-κB. This paper aims to review the mechanisms underlying autophagy in atherosclerosis, assess its effects on atherosis-related cell types, and explore future research directions to provide novel insights and strategies for preventing and treating atherosclerosis.

, authors=Yuan-hong LIAO1, Shi-xiang AN2, Jing-kun LU2, Jun LI1, Yue-wu WANG1, *, authorsList=Yuan-hong LIAO, Shi-xiang AN, Jing-kun LU, Jun LI, Yue-wu WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yue-wu WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308455338705969625, articleId=1308455336487182805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=自噬在动脉粥样硬化中的作用及其机制研究, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

动脉粥样硬化是一种复杂的慢性炎症性疾病, 与多种心血管疾病密切相关, 其发病机制尚未完全阐明。近年来, 研究发现自噬作为细胞内重要的降解和再生机制, 在动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展中扮演了关键角色。自噬通过调节内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和巨噬细胞的功能, 影响动脉粥样硬化的进程。当前的研究表明, 自噬不仅在动脉粥样硬化的促发和进展中起作用, 还可能通过影响相关的信号通路, 如mTOR、AMPK和NF-κB等, 提供潜在的治疗靶点。本文旨在综述自噬在动脉粥样硬化中的作用机制, 分析其对动脉粥样硬化相关细胞的影响, 并探讨未来研究的方向, 以期为动脉粥样硬化的防治提供新的思路和策略。

, authors=廖园红1, 安世祥2, 陆景坤2, 李君1, 王跃武1, *, authorsList=廖园红, 安世祥, 陆景坤, 李君, 王跃武, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王跃武, authorNote=

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

廖园红、陆景坤、李君负责文章资料收集并初稿的完成; 廖园红、安世祥和王跃武负责文章修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王跃武, Tel: 15847177513, E-mail:
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Signaling pathwayRelationship with autophagyFunction
PI3K/Akt/mTORInhibits autophagyAggravation of atherosclerosis
AMPKPromotes autophagyInhibits the formation of foam cells and alleviates atherosclerosis
NF-κBPromotes autophagyReduces inflammation
JNKPromotes autophagyAlleviates atherosclerosis
P53/TERTPromotes autophagyProtects vascular smooth muscle cells and inhibits foam cell formation
PRKAA1/AMPKαPromotes autophagyInhibits the formation of foam cells
), ArticleFig(id=1308497369700856163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308455336487182805, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Autophagy-related pathways and their functions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Signaling pathwayRelationship with autophagyFunction
PI3K/Akt/mTORInhibits autophagyAggravation of atherosclerosis
AMPKPromotes autophagyInhibits the formation of foam cells and alleviates atherosclerosis
NF-κBPromotes autophagyReduces inflammation
JNKPromotes autophagyAlleviates atherosclerosis
P53/TERTPromotes autophagyProtects vascular smooth muscle cells and inhibits foam cell formation
PRKAA1/AMPKαPromotes autophagyInhibits the formation of foam cells
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自噬在动脉粥样硬化中的作用及其机制研究
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廖园红 1 , 安世祥 2 , 陆景坤 2 , 李君 1 , 王跃武 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(6): 1589-1593
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药学学报 |综述 2025 , 60 (6) : 1589 -1593
自噬在动脉粥样硬化中的作用及其机制研究
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廖园红1, 安世祥2, 陆景坤2, 李君1, 王跃武1, *
作者信息
  • 1内蒙古医科大学药学院, 内蒙古自治区 呼和浩特 010010
  • 2内蒙古医科大学基础医学院, 内蒙古自治区 呼和浩特 010010
通讯作者:
王跃武, Tel: 15847177513, E-mail:
作者简介:

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

廖园红、陆景坤、李君负责文章资料收集并初稿的完成; 廖园红、安世祥和王跃武负责文章修改。

The role and mechanism of autophagy in atherosclerosis
Yuan-hong LIAO1, Shi-xiang AN2, Jing-kun LU2, Jun LI1, Yue-wu WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China
  • 2School of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, China
出版时间: 2025-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1146
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动脉粥样硬化是一种复杂的慢性炎症性疾病, 与多种心血管疾病密切相关, 其发病机制尚未完全阐明。近年来, 研究发现自噬作为细胞内重要的降解和再生机制, 在动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展中扮演了关键角色。自噬通过调节内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和巨噬细胞的功能, 影响动脉粥样硬化的进程。当前的研究表明, 自噬不仅在动脉粥样硬化的促发和进展中起作用, 还可能通过影响相关的信号通路, 如mTOR、AMPK和NF-κB等, 提供潜在的治疗靶点。本文旨在综述自噬在动脉粥样硬化中的作用机制, 分析其对动脉粥样硬化相关细胞的影响, 并探讨未来研究的方向, 以期为动脉粥样硬化的防治提供新的思路和策略。

自噬  /  动脉粥样硬化  /  自噬调节剂  /  作用机制  /  信号通路

Atherosclerosis is a multifaceted chronic inflammatory disorder intricately linked to various cardiovascular diseases, and its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role of autophagy, an essential intracellular degradation and regeneration mechanism, in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Autophagy modulates the development of atherosclerosis by influencing the functionality of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. Current research indicates that autophagy not only contributes to the initiation and advancement of atherosclerosis, but may also unveil potential therapeutic targets through its impact on associated signaling pathways such as mTOR, AMPK, and NF-κB. This paper aims to review the mechanisms underlying autophagy in atherosclerosis, assess its effects on atherosis-related cell types, and explore future research directions to provide novel insights and strategies for preventing and treating atherosclerosis.

autophagy  /  atherosclerosis  /  autophagy modulator  /  mechanism of action  /  signaling pathway
廖园红, 安世祥, 陆景坤, 李君, 王跃武. 自噬在动脉粥样硬化中的作用及其机制研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1589 -1593 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1146
Yuan-hong LIAO, Shi-xiang AN, Jing-kun LU, Jun LI, Yue-wu WANG. The role and mechanism of autophagy in atherosclerosis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (6) : 1589 -1593 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1146
动脉粥样硬化是一种以动脉内膜脂质沉积、炎症反应及平滑肌细胞增殖为特征的疾病, 常导致心脏病、脑卒中等严重后果。近年来的研究表明, 自噬作为细胞自我降解和再生的重要过程, 在动脉粥样硬化的形成和进展中扮演了关键角色。自噬不仅参与细胞内环境的稳态维持, 还通过清除细胞内的损伤成分和病原体, 降低炎症反应, 从而在动脉粥样硬化的病理过程中发挥重要作用。
自噬的失调与多种心血管疾病密切相关。研究表明, 动脉粥样硬化的发生与自噬功能的减弱密切相关, 低自噬水平可能导致脂质积聚和炎症反应的加剧, 从而加速动脉粥样硬化的进展。如低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLc) 被认为在促进自噬过程中起到重要作用, 而其水平的升高则可能与动脉粥样硬化的严重程度相关联[1, 2]。
本文将探讨自噬在动脉粥样硬化中的具体机制, 包括自噬如何通过调节炎症、氧化应激和细胞凋亡等途径影响动脉粥样硬化的发展。同时, 讨论自噬作为潜在治疗靶点的可能性, 探讨通过调节自噬来改善动脉粥样硬化的治疗策略。通过深入理解自噬在动脉粥样硬化中的作用, 或许能够为未来的治疗方法提供新的思路和方向。
自噬是细胞内一种重要的降解机制, 主要通过溶酶体对细胞内的成分进行降解和回收。根据不同的运输方式, 自噬可以分为3种主要类型: 巨自噬、微自噬和伴侣介导的自噬。巨自噬是最常见的一种形式, 涉及形成自噬体以包裹细胞内的物质并将其送往溶酶体进行降解。微自噬通过溶酶体膜的内陷或突触直接包裹细胞质中的小分子物质或部分细胞成分, 并将其运入溶酶体内进行降解。与巨自噬相比, 微自噬的过程更简单, 主要降解小分子物质或小型细胞结构。而伴侣介导的自噬则通过特定的伴侣蛋白HSC70识别并结合目标蛋白, 选择性地运输目标蛋白质到溶酶体进行降解[3]。按降解底物特异性包括选择性自噬和非选择性自噬。按功能需求可以分为经典自噬和适应性自噬。
自噬过程分为5个主要阶段: 诱导、自噬体形成、自噬体与溶酶体融合、降解和回收。诱导阶段是自噬过程的起始, 主要通过mTOR、AMPK、PI3K等信号通路的调控来激活。自噬体的形成始于内质网和高尔基体生成的膜泡, 这些膜泡通过ATG8蛋白连接并封闭成自噬囊泡。形成的自噬体逐渐向溶酶体移动, 并通过SNARE复合体的作用实现融合, SNARE复合体是介导膜融合的蛋白质复合体。融合后形成的自噬溶酶体包含目标物质, 这些物质被溶酶体内的水解酶降解。降解产物被回收到细胞质中, 供合成新的细胞器或作为能量来源之用。
自噬不仅是细胞内物质代谢的关键调节机制, 还在细胞应对压力、维持细胞稳态和适应环境变化中发挥着重要作用。自噬的失调与多种疾病的发生密切相关, 包括神经退行性疾病和代谢性疾病等[4]。因此, 研究自噬的基本机制及其生物学意义对于理解细胞功能及其在疾病中的作用至关重要。
自噬在维持细胞稳态方面发挥着不可或缺的作用。它通过降解受损的细胞器、聚集的蛋白质和其他细胞内的废物, 帮助细胞清除不必要或有害的成分, 从而维持细胞的正常功能和代谢平衡[5]。在正常生理条件下, 自噬能够有效地回收细胞内的营养物质, 提供能量支持细胞的生长和分裂。此外, 自噬还在应对各种细胞压力和病理状态中起到保护作用, 如在缺氧、营养缺乏和感染等情况下, 自噬能够通过清除损伤和病原体来促进细胞生存[6]。然而, 当自噬功能失调时, 可能导致细胞内环境的紊乱, 进而引发一系列疾病, 如代谢综合征、心血管疾病和肿瘤等[7]。因此, 深入研究自噬在细胞稳态中的作用, 不仅有助于理解细胞的生理机制, 还为相关疾病的预防和治疗提供了新的思路[8]。
动脉粥样硬化是一种慢性炎症性疾病, 涉及脂质代谢失调, 其发展与自噬的调节密切相关。自噬是一种细胞内降解过程, 有助于维持细胞的稳态。研究表明, 自噬功能缺陷与动脉粥样硬化的发生发展密切相关, 而增强自噬则能减轻动脉粥样硬化的进程。因此, 深入理解自噬的调控机制及其与动脉粥样硬化的关系, 对于开发新的治疗策略具有重要意义[9]。
内皮细胞在维持血管的完整性和功能中起着至关重要的作用。自噬通过清除损伤的细胞器和蛋白质, 帮助内皮细胞抵御氧化应激和炎症反应, 从而促进内皮细胞的生存和功能。研究发现, 自噬的活性与内皮细胞的功能密切相关, 缺乏自噬会导致内皮细胞功能障碍, 进而促进动脉粥样硬化的形成[10]。如内皮细胞在高糖环境下表现出自噬水平的上升, 这与Sirt6和KLF4的表达增加有关, 这些因子共同调节自噬的活性, 保护内皮细胞免受损伤[11]。此外, 增强自噬可减少内皮细胞的炎症反应, 限制动脉粥样硬化的进展[12]。自噬在血管生成中扮演关键角色。研究表明, 自噬通过调控内皮细胞的增殖、迁移和分泌功能, 促进血管生成。如自噬激活可以增强内皮细胞对血管生成刺激因子(如VEGF) 的响应能力, 从而促进血管新生。此外, 自噬还通过调节内皮细胞分泌的旁分泌因子(如VEGF、Ang-1和乳酸等), 进一步支持血管生成。因此, 调节内皮细胞自噬功能可能成为防治动脉粥样硬化的新策略。
平滑肌细胞在动脉粥样硬化的形成中扮演着重要角色, 其增殖和表型转变直接影响动脉壁的结构和功能。自噬在平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移中也发挥着调节作用。研究表明, 动脉粥样硬化的病理过程伴随着平滑肌细胞的增殖和表型转变, 而自噬的激活被认为是抑制这些过程的关键因素[13]。如PDGF-BB刺激可诱导平滑肌细胞的自噬活性, 进而促进其表型转变和增殖, 但通过抑制自噬可以显著降低这类反应[14]。此外, 研究还发现, 超高尿酸血症通过抑制自噬促进平滑肌细胞的表型转变, 从而加剧动脉粥样硬化的进展[15]。因此, 调节平滑肌细胞的自噬水平不仅有助于理解动脉粥样硬化的机制, 也为其治疗提供了新的靶点。
自噬在巨噬细胞的极化过程中发挥着重要作用。研究表明, 自噬的激活能够促进巨噬细胞向M2型极化, 而抑制自噬则倾向于促进M1型极化(图1)。如在肝细胞中, 巨噬细胞的自噬抑制导致了M1型极化的增加, 这与NF-κB信号通路的失调有关[16]。此外, 结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis) 能够通过抑制巨噬细胞的自噬来逃避免疫反应, 从而促进M1型极化[17]。在其他研究中, 发现自噬的抑制会导致巨噬细胞中CEBPB的积累, 这进一步抑制了JAK-STAT信号通路的激活, 造成M2标志物表达的下降[18]。这些结果表明, 自噬在调节巨噬细胞的极化状态方面具有重要的生物学意义, 可能成为治疗相关疾病的新靶点。
自噬在巨噬细胞的炎症反应中扮演着双重角色。一方面, 自噬通过清除细胞内的病原体和损伤的细胞器, 抑制炎症反应。如巨噬细胞自噬的激活被发现能够抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活, 从而降低IL-1β和IL-18等促炎因子的释放[19]。另一方面, 过度的自噬也可能导致巨噬细胞的功能失调, 进而加重炎症反应。在急性肺损伤模型中, 研究发现自噬的抑制能够减少巨噬细胞的凋亡和M1型极化, 同时促进M2型极化, 从而减轻炎症反应[20]。此外, HMGB1蛋白在自噬和细胞焦亡中也起着重要作用, 其在细胞内外的不同定位能够调节巨噬细胞的自噬和炎症反应[21]。因此, 调节自噬的水平可能为治疗炎症相关疾病提供新的策略。
动脉粥样硬化是一种复杂的慢性疾病, 其发病机制涉及多种细胞和信号通路的相互作用。自噬作为一种细胞内降解过程, 在动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展中扮演了重要角色。自噬相关信号通路的调控, 尤其是mTOR和AMPK信号通路, 对动脉粥样硬化的影响逐渐受到重视。
mTOR信号通路在细胞生长、增殖和自噬调控中起着核心作用。在动脉粥样硬化中, mTOR信号通路的异常激活被认为与内皮细胞功能障碍、平滑肌细胞增殖及巨噬细胞泡沫细胞形成密切相关。研究表明, mTOR通路的激活可以抑制自噬, 导致细胞内脂质的积累, 从而促进动脉粥样硬化的进展。PM2.5暴露会通过激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路抑制巨噬细胞的自噬, 进而加重动脉粥样硬化的病理变化[22]。此外, 研究还发现, 多柔比星(doxorubicin) 等药物通过干扰mTOR信号通路, 可能导致心脏毒性和动脉粥样硬化的加重[23]。因此, 调节mTOR信号通路的活性, 尤其是通过应用mTOR抑制剂, 可能为动脉粥样硬化的治疗提供新的策略。
AMPK作为细胞能量代谢的关键调节因子, 在动脉粥样硬化中同样发挥了重要作用。AMPK信号通路通过调节细胞的能量平衡和自噬活动, 影响动脉粥样硬化的进展。研究表明, AMPK的激活可以抑制mTOR信号通路, 从而促进自噬, 改善内皮细胞功能, 降低炎症反应。如天然产物莫林水合物(Morin hydrate) 和甘草素(calycosin) 能够通过激活AMPK信号通路, 促进巨噬细胞的自噬, 抑制泡沫细胞的形成, 减轻动脉粥样硬化的病理变化[24, 25]。此外, AMPK还可以通过调节胆固醇代谢和炎症反应, 减缓动脉粥样硬化的进展[26]。因此, 靶向AMPK信号通路可能成为动脉粥样硬化治疗的新方向, 进一步的研究需要探索如何有效地激活AMPK以改善心血管健康。
NF-κB信号通路与细胞自噬息息相关, 在某些情况下, NF-κB信号通路的激活可以促进自噬的发生。如NF-κB通过诱导自噬相关基因(如Atg5、Atg7等) 的表达, 增强自噬活性。此外, NF-κB信号通路的激活还可以通过抑制JNK信号通路来保护细胞免受凋亡, 相反, 自噬也可以通过降解IKKβ等关键蛋白来抑制NF-κB信号通路的激活。HMGB1蛋白通过自噬降解IKKβ, 从而抑制NF-κB的激活。在疾病应用方面, 通过抑制NF-κB信号通路可以增强自噬活性, 从而用于治疗炎症性疾病。丹参素通过抑制NF-κB信号通路促进自噬, 提高缺血性皮瓣存活率。
另外, JNK、P53/TERT、PRKAA1/AMPKα等信号通路亦与细胞自噬相关。JNK信号通路的激活能够促进自噬的发生, JNK通过磷酸化Bcl-2家族蛋白(如Bcl-xL), 破坏其与Beclin-1的结合, 从而促进自噬, JNK激活后可促进c-jun和c-fos等转录因子的表达, 进而调控自噬相关基因的转录。P53/TERT通过激活AMPK/mTOR信号通路和调控线粒体功能促进自噬, 从而保护血管平滑肌细胞并抑制泡沫细胞形成。PRKAA1/AMPKα的磷酸化激活, 也能够直接或间接调控自噬相关通路。其相关通路如表1所示。
自噬是一种高度保守的细胞自我降解过程, 在维持细胞稳态和应对各种压力中发挥着重要作用。近年来, 自噬作为动脉粥样硬化治疗的新靶点受到了广泛关注。研究表明, 自噬在动脉粥样硬化中具有双重作用, 既可能促进动脉粥样硬化的发展, 也可能起到保护作用。既可以通过清除损伤成分、调节脂质代谢和抑制炎症反应来发挥保护作用, 也可能因过度激活而导致细胞死亡、促进泡沫细胞形成和加重炎症反应。为了有效利用自噬调节剂, 研究者们开始探索各种自噬调节剂的潜力, 在天然产物与药物干预方面, 黄酮类化合物(如柚皮素、槲皮素和绿茶多酚)、草豆蔻素、芦荟苷等, 通过激活自噬通量, 减少炎症和氧化损伤。mTOR抑制剂(如雷帕霉素) 通过抑制mTOR信号通路, 促进自噬相关蛋白表达, 稳定斑块。另外, 海藻糖、白藜芦醇等通过诱导自噬或抗氧化作用, 发挥抗动脉粥样硬化效果[27]。与此同时, 纳米药物载体的开发为自噬调节剂的靶向递送提供了新的可能性, 如碳点和脂质体, 用于实现自噬通量的控释和响应性释放。这些纳米材料能够有效调节自噬途径, 并与传统疗法相结合, 提高治疗效果[28]。此外, 针对自噬相关蛋白的基因编辑技术也在不断发展, 为自噬调节剂的研究提供了新的思路和工具[29]。
尽管自噬调节剂在实验室研究中展现出良好的抗动脉粥样硬化效果, 但将其推广到临床应用仍面临诸多挑战。首先, 自噬在动脉粥样硬化中的双重作用, 适当的自噬可以清除脂质和炎症因子, 促进胆固醇的外排。过度的自噬同样可能导致细胞凋亡、线粒体功能障碍和氧化应激增加, 从而加剧动脉粥样硬化的病理过程。自噬调节剂的开发和应用面临特异性不足、临床监测和评估困难和不良反应多等问题[29]。且动脉粥样硬化是一个复杂的多因素疾病, 不同阶段的病理过程可能需要不同的自噬调节策略, 这使得确定何时以及如何调节自噬成为关键问题。此外, 临床试验中的个体差异、药物的生物相容性及其不良反应也需要被充分考虑。如某些自噬抑制剂可能会对正常细胞造成损害, 进而影响患者的整体健康状况[28]。此外, 尽管纳米技术在自噬调节剂的靶向递送中展现出很大潜力, 但其在临床应用中的安全性和有效性仍需更多的研究来验证[28, 30]。因此, 未来的研究需要更加关注自噬调节剂的个性化治疗策略, 以便在最大化治疗效果的同时, 降低潜在的不良反应和风险。
自噬在动脉粥样硬化中扮演复杂角色, 既有保护作用, 通过清除损伤成分和减少炎症反应减缓病程, 也可能因异常激活促进病理进展。自噬调控内皮细胞黏附功能, 参与免疫调节和血管生成, 维持细胞稳态。在早期阶段, 自噬促进胆固醇排出, 减少泡沫细胞形成, 因此调节自噬活性可能成为干预动脉粥样硬化的重要策略。未来研究需明确自噬的调控机制及其潜在治疗应用, 并整合不同研究结果, 以全面理解其作用机制。研究者应探索通过药物或基因干预调控自噬, 以有效预防和治疗动脉粥样硬化。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1146
  • 接收时间:2024-11-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-19
  • 修回日期:2025-02-19
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    1内蒙古医科大学药学院, 内蒙古自治区 呼和浩特 010010
    2内蒙古医科大学基础医学院, 内蒙古自治区 呼和浩特 010010

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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