Article(id=1222467032113729761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222467024735949758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1146, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1545667200000, receivedDateStr=2018-12-25, revisedDate=1548950400000, revisedDateStr=2019-02-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769388452795, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1557590400000, pubDateStr=2019-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769388452795, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769388452795, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769388452795, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222467024735949758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2019', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='761', pageEnd='962', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769388451036, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769389391218, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1222470968216379866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222467024735949758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1222470968216379867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222467024735949758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=906, endPage=912, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222467032969367817, articleId=1222467032113729761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Comparison and theoretical modeling of capillary electrophoresis analysis for the interaction between caffeine and serum proteins, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The method for analyzing the interaction between caffeine and human serum albumin (HSA) was established by capillary electrophoresis. Under physiological conditions, the interaction between ligand (caffeine)-receptor (HSA) was studied with frontier-analysis (FA) method, Hummel-Dreyer (HD) method and plug-plug kinetic (PPK) method. The interaction parameters of caffeine-HSA system were obtained using non-linear equation, Scatchard equation and Klotz equation. The results showed that FA, HD and PPK methods were suitable for caffeine-HSA system, among them, HD method was the best, and the Non-linear equation was the best theoretical model to caffeine-HSA system. Interaction parameter tests showed that caffeine-HSA interaction was a single site interaction and the binding stability was moderate. The mechanism of caffeine-HSA interaction has been elucidated, which can provide valuable information for further research of alkaloids.

, correspAuthors=Ming GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2019 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qi-han XIA, Ming GUO, Ping HOU, Yi GU, Fu-rong ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1222467034793890191, articleId=1222467032113729761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=典型生物碱与血清蛋白相互作用CE分析方法比较与理论建模研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用毛细管电泳技术建立咖啡因(caffeine)和人血清白蛋白(HSA)相互作用的分析方法。在生理条件下建立配体-受体相互作用模型(caffeine-HSA),通过前沿分析(frontal-analysis,FA)法、简化Hummel-Dreyer(HD)法、区段-区段动力学(plug-plug kinetic,PPK)法测定两者间的相互作用。运用非线性方程、Scatchard方程、Klotz方程获得caffeine-HSA的相互作用参数,进而分析理论模型适用度。结果表明:FA法、HD法、PPK法均适用于caffeineHSA相互作用体系的分析,其中HD法最优,模型适用度分析得出非线性回归方程为最适理论模型。相互作用参数测试表明,caffeine-HSA相互作用体系之间发生的结合为单一类型的结合位点且结合稳定强度适中。相关工作阐明了caffeine-HSA相互作用的机制,可为典型生物碱的深入研究提供有益参考。

, correspAuthors=郭明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郭明, Tel:86-571-61075662, Fax:86-571-63732772, E-mail:
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Theoretical equation K /L·mol-1 n Fitting equation r
Non-linear regression 3.690×103 0.60 y = x / (0.448 09 + 1.653 4x) 0.975 1
Scatchard 6.752×103 0.49 y = 0.032 99 - 0.0675 2x 0.801 6
Klotz 0.917×103 1.35 y = 0.740 42 + 0.000 081x 0.920 1
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The binding constant K and the binding number n by FA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Theoretical equation K /L·mol-1 n Fitting equation r
Non-linear regression 3.690×103 0.60 y = x / (0.448 09 + 1.653 4x) 0.975 1
Scatchard 6.752×103 0.49 y = 0.032 99 - 0.0675 2x 0.801 6
Klotz 0.917×103 1.35 y = 0.740 42 + 0.000 081x 0.920 1
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Theoretical equations K/L·mol-1 n Fitting equation r
Non-linear regression 1.265×103 1.42 y = x / (0.000 56 + 0.706 7x) 0.994 4
Scatchard 1.361×103 1.35 y = 0.018 34 - 0.013 61x 0.943 7
Klotz 1.887×103 1.51 y = 0.015 07 + 0.018 87x 0.997 9
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The binding constant K and the binding number n by HD

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Theoretical equations K/L·mol-1 n Fitting equation r
Non-linear regression 1.265×103 1.42 y = x / (0.000 56 + 0.706 7x) 0.994 4
Scatchard 1.361×103 1.35 y = 0.018 34 - 0.013 61x 0.943 7
Klotz 1.887×103 1.51 y = 0.015 07 + 0.018 87x 0.997 9
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a0 /mol·L-1 ha0 ha3 ha2 t2 /min t3 /min Koff /s-1
1.0×10-3 6.136 6.020 6.087 4.496 4.018 0.020
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Dynamic parameter of Koff by PPK

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a0 /mol·L-1 ha0 ha3 ha2 t2 /min t3 /min Koff /s-1
1.0×10-3 6.136 6.020 6.087 4.496 4.018 0.020
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a0/mol·L-1 b0/mol·L-1 tcaffeine/min tHSA/min t1 /s c1/mmol·L-1 Kon/mol·s
1.0×10-3 5.0×10-6 4.496 4.018 25.522 7.932×10-4 67.956
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Dynamic parameter of Kon by PPK

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a0/mol·L-1 b0/mol·L-1 tcaffeine/min tHSA/min t1 /s c1/mmol·L-1 Kon/mol·s
1.0×10-3 5.0×10-6 4.496 4.018 25.522 7.932×10-4 67.956
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典型生物碱与血清蛋白相互作用CE分析方法比较与理论建模研究
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夏琪涵 1 , 郭明 1, 2, * , 侯平 1 , 顾奕 1 , 赵富荣 1
药学学报 | 研究论文 2019,54(5): 906-912
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2019, 54(5): 906-912
典型生物碱与血清蛋白相互作用CE分析方法比较与理论建模研究
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夏琪涵1, 郭明1, 2, * , 侯平1, 顾奕1, 赵富荣1
作者信息
  • 1.浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院, 浙江 杭州 311300
  • 2.浙江农林大学理学院, 浙江 杭州 311300

通讯作者:

*郭明, Tel:86-571-61075662, Fax:86-571-63732772, E-mail:
Comparison and theoretical modeling of capillary electrophoresis analysis for the interaction between caffeine and serum proteins
Qi-han XIA1, Ming GUO1, 2, * , Ping HOU1, Yi GU1, Fu-rong ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Forestry and Bio-technology, Zhejiang Agricultural & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
  • 2. School of Science, Zhejiang Agricultural & Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
出版时间: 2019-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1146
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利用毛细管电泳技术建立咖啡因(caffeine)和人血清白蛋白(HSA)相互作用的分析方法。在生理条件下建立配体-受体相互作用模型(caffeine-HSA),通过前沿分析(frontal-analysis,FA)法、简化Hummel-Dreyer(HD)法、区段-区段动力学(plug-plug kinetic,PPK)法测定两者间的相互作用。运用非线性方程、Scatchard方程、Klotz方程获得caffeine-HSA的相互作用参数,进而分析理论模型适用度。结果表明:FA法、HD法、PPK法均适用于caffeineHSA相互作用体系的分析,其中HD法最优,模型适用度分析得出非线性回归方程为最适理论模型。相互作用参数测试表明,caffeine-HSA相互作用体系之间发生的结合为单一类型的结合位点且结合稳定强度适中。相关工作阐明了caffeine-HSA相互作用的机制,可为典型生物碱的深入研究提供有益参考。

生物碱  /  咖啡因  /  人血清白蛋白  /  理论模型  /  相互作用参数

The method for analyzing the interaction between caffeine and human serum albumin (HSA) was established by capillary electrophoresis. Under physiological conditions, the interaction between ligand (caffeine)-receptor (HSA) was studied with frontier-analysis (FA) method, Hummel-Dreyer (HD) method and plug-plug kinetic (PPK) method. The interaction parameters of caffeine-HSA system were obtained using non-linear equation, Scatchard equation and Klotz equation. The results showed that FA, HD and PPK methods were suitable for caffeine-HSA system, among them, HD method was the best, and the Non-linear equation was the best theoretical model to caffeine-HSA system. Interaction parameter tests showed that caffeine-HSA interaction was a single site interaction and the binding stability was moderate. The mechanism of caffeine-HSA interaction has been elucidated, which can provide valuable information for further research of alkaloids.

alkaloid  /  caffeine  /  human serum albumin  /  theoretical model  /  interaction parameter
夏琪涵, 郭明, 侯平, 顾奕, 赵富荣. 典型生物碱与血清蛋白相互作用CE分析方法比较与理论建模研究. 药学学报, 2019 , 54 (5) : 906 -912 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1146
Qi-han XIA, Ming GUO, Ping HOU, Yi GU, Fu-rong ZHAO. Comparison and theoretical modeling of capillary electrophoresis analysis for the interaction between caffeine and serum proteins[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2019 , 54 (5) : 906 -912 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1146
生物碱为植物天然活性成分, 存在于毛茛科、罂粟科、小檗科等植物中[1, 2], 同科同属植物体内含有多种或数十种类型相似、化学结构相似的生物碱。该类化合物含负氧化氮离子, 属于有机体中的环状化合物, 其多数氮原子因结合在环内, 呈碱性, 能与酸成盐, 具有显著的药理学活性, 如镇痛、解痉、消炎杀菌、止咳平喘、抗心律失常作用等, 是中草药中重要的有效成分, 被应用于医药研究[3-6]。咖啡因(caffeine)小分子属于生物碱中甲基黄嘌呤类化合物, 普遍存在于植物体及各种食品当中, 服用中低剂量咖啡因具有抗氧化、舒张血管、兴奋心脏的生理作用, 高剂量使用会造成肠胃不适、失眠、精神错乱, 在剧烈运动后食用则会影响淋巴细胞的增殖性、敏感性以及抑制酶的活性。因其结构具有生物碱特征, 且涵盖了生物碱的主要活性, 可作为生物碱研究的模型化合物[7-9]。生物碱经过吸收代谢作用进入血液循环后, 通过血浆的贮存与转运[10], 被运输到达人体受体部位进而发挥药理作用[11], 且血清白蛋白作为血浆中少有的非糖蛋白质, 在与不同类型的内源物与外源物结合中扮演着重要角色[12, 13], 相较于其他蛋白质而言人血清白蛋白(human serum albumin, HSA)具有较好的亲和性且其三级结构、净电荷和溶解度大小均已熟知。因此, 研究咖啡因与HSA的相互作用可以在分子水平上认识生物碱与蛋白质的结合与载运机制, 有助于全面了解典型生物碱与HSA的药理作用[14]。目前, 研究生物碱与生物大分子相互作用的诸多文献中, 多以光谱方法、色谱方法为主[15-17], 光谱法具有进样少且灵敏的优点, 色谱法在研究相互作用时能对较复杂体系进行分离以减少共存化合物的干扰作用, 其中, 毛细管电泳技术(capillary electrophoresis, CE)[18, 19]除了光谱法与色谱法的优点以外, 还具有检测对象广、分离效率高、分离模式多、样品制备简便[20]及在模拟生理环境下能够维持生物介质活性的优势[21]。利用不同方法研究生物碱与HSA相互作用可以从不同角度获得相互作用力参数, 解析生物碱与HSA的输运机制, 进而关联宏观药效, 把衡量生物碱药效的剂量标准与方法由体外转变为体内, 为其产生的疗效给予全景式的科学依据支撑, 开展新方法的研究并建立相应的理论是极有意义的工作。CE法研究典型生物碱主要集中于植物体活性成分的含量测定与分离[22-24], 对与蛋白质结合并进行定量研究的药代动力学报道有限。虽已有应用荧光-紫外光谱法研究咖啡因[25], 获得了咖啡因自身的各系列参数, 但从分子水平探究咖啡因与血清白蛋白的药物病理作用还需深入, 完善分析方法。因此, 同时利用CE技术中的多种方法研究咖啡因与HSA相互作用并构建咖啡因与HSA相互作用的研究体系很有必要。
目前, 该技术已成功用于研究一些模型小分子与生物大分子之间的相互作用。如Liu等[26]应用毛细管电泳法研究了牛血清白蛋白与盐酸异丙肾上腺素的相互作用, 其研究的物质较为经典, 但在血清白蛋白的选择上, 人血清蛋白优于牛血清蛋白, 选择更贴近人体蛋白质结构的HSA更合适; Guo等[27]采用亲和毛细管电泳法对不同形态铬离子与牛血清白蛋白结合的反应机制进行了研究, 解析了亲和毛细管法下多种形态铬离子的结合, 为本文提供了有益的多维参考。从已有的文献来看, 生物碱与HSA相互作用的报道甚少, 同时应用多种CE方法检测生物碱与血清蛋白相互作用的研究也较少, 在相互作用理论中以多个理论方程描述生物碱与血清蛋白的相互作用较为新颖, 开展典型生物碱与HSA的研究能够更清晰地认识两者的结合情况及生物碱的输运药理机制。
构建caffeine-HSA相互作用体系, 采用多种毛细管电泳应用模式:前沿分析(frontal-analysis, FA)法[28]、简化的Hummel-Dreyer (HD)法、区段-区段动力学法(plug-plug kinetic, PPK法)进行咖啡因和HSA之间的研究。毛细管柱作为区带分离通道, 当柱内缓冲液pH > 3时, 柱壁硅羟基解离成带负电荷的SiO-2, 其与接触柱壁的溶液作用, 形成双电层。高电压电场下, 双电层的水和阳离子溶液层整体朝着阴极方向移动, 形成电渗和电渗流, 使带电粒子整个流体像塞子一样匀速向前运动, 不同带电粒子按带正电物质、中性物质、带负电物质的迁移顺序分别流出, 进而得到相应的结合反应参数, 同时分析对比所得结果, 从而获得caffeine-HSA相互作用的最适方法。相关结果可为研究咖啡因及其他生物碱类化合物对人体各机体各功能的影响提供进一步的作用机制参考。
仪器与试剂  P/ACETMMDQ毛细管电泳仪、未涂层熔融石英毛细管柱(60.2 cm×50 μm ID, 有效长度50 cm) (美国Beckman-Coulter公司); 32 karat software色谱工作站(美国Beckman公司); 分析天平(赛多利斯科学仪器); 1810D自动双重纯水蒸馏器(上海申生科技有限公司); Eppendorf移液器100~1 000 μL (上海肯强仪器有限公司); ZD-2型精密酸度计(上海雷磁仪器厂); 2.5 mL一次性无菌注射器(圣光医用制品有限公司); KQ-250DB型数控超声清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司); 0.45 μm混合纤维素酯微孔滤膜若干。
咖啡因(C8H10N4O2, 相对分子质量194.19, 含量≥ 98.5%, 上海玉博生物科技有限公司); HSA (纯度96%~99%, 美国索来宝公司); Na2HPO4·12H2O (含量≥99%;国药集团化学试剂有限公司); Na2HPO4·2H2O (含量≥99%, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); NaOH (含量≥96%, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); N, N-二甲基甲酰胺(N, N-dimethylformamide, DMF, 分析纯, 上海德茂化工有限公司)。其他试剂均为分析纯。
缓冲液及母液配制   模拟生理酸度条件下(pH 7.4)进行咖啡因与HSA的相互作用实验, 由于体外实验相较于体内实验有较高的重复性, 受环境影响小, 故较适用于本实验。
配制0.2 mol·L-1 Na2HPO4溶液和0.2 mol·L-1 NaH2PO4溶液, 取Na2HPO4溶液81 mL与NaH2PO4溶液19 mL定容于1 L量瓶中, 即配成浓度为0.02 mol·L-1、pH 7.4的磷酸空白缓冲液(即用不添加任何物质的磷酸缓冲液作为空白背景电解质以模拟生理条件, 下同)。称取咖啡因0.048 6 g, 以pH 7.4、浓度0.02 mol·L-1磷酸空白缓冲液溶解, 定容于容量瓶中, 摇匀备用; 称取HSA 0.166 3 g, 以pH 7.4、浓度0.02 mol·L-1磷酸缓冲液溶解, 转移定容至25 mL量瓶中, 摇匀备用, 即配制成浓度为1.0×10-2 mol·L-1的咖啡因母液和1.0×10-4 mol·L-1的HSA母液。
样品溶液配制  用移液器分别精密移取不同体积的咖啡因母液和HSA母液定容至10 mL量瓶中。将咖啡因母液稀释成浓度为1.0×10-4~1.0×10-3 mol·L-1的各个梯度样品溶液、浓度为1.0×10-5 mol·L-1的HSA溶液与不同浓度梯度(1.0×10-4~1.0×10-3 mol·L-1) caffeine-HSA混合溶液, 编号1~10。称取0.1 g NaOH溶解定容至25 mL量瓶中, 即配成浓度为1.0×10-2 mol·L-1的NaOH溶液。将上述所配溶液均用0.45 μm混合纤维素酯微孔滤膜过滤2次并脱气5 min, 备用。
建立caffeine-HSA相互作用体系  应用CE技术, 将FA法、HD法、PPK法的理论应用于实践部分, 在分子研究水平上探究生物碱咖啡因与HSA的相互作用, 通过两者间结合的配比、结合常数、结合位点等参数的分析, 从而进一步对受体和配体之间的相互作用力进行表征与测量, 以此作为评价指数, 进而对分子间结合形式做出判断, 并构建合理的理论模型, 应用多个方程进行模型适用度分析。
实验前用0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH、二次蒸馏水以及空白PBS缓冲液冲洗毛细管各5 min, 并用相应的运行缓冲液冲洗5 min, 每隔两次实验之间使用0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH、二次蒸馏水以及空白PBS缓冲液冲洗毛细管各5 min, 每个浓度梯度(1.0×10-4~1.0×10-3 mol·L-1咖啡因样品溶液, 1.0×10-4~1.0×10-3 mol·L-1 caffeine-HSA混合溶液), 测定3个重复, 求取平均值。
前沿分析法(FA):该方法以PBS为空白及运行缓冲液, 以含不同浓度梯度的caffeine-HSA混合溶液为测试样品, 阳极进样, 进行CE法前沿分析。电泳条件:分离电压15 kV; 压力进样: 0.5 psi, 15 s; 冲洗压力: 20 psi, 3 min; 分离时间: 12 min; 柱温25 ℃; 检测波长: 214 nm。
简化的Hummel-Dreyer法(HD):该方法以给定的咖啡因浓度条件下分别进两次样, 一次空白, 一次样品, 根据两次进样所获得的实验数据以分析咖啡因与HSA的结合情况。以含有不同浓度的咖啡因为背景电解质, 空白PBS缓冲液为空白测试样品, 以仅含有浓度为1.0×10-5 mol·L-1的HSA溶液为进样样品, 阳极进样, 进行简化的HD分析。电泳条件:分离电压15 kV; 压力进样: 0.5 psi, 15 s; 冲洗压力: 20 psi, 3 min; 分离时间: 12 min; 柱温25 ℃; 检测波长: 214 nm。
区段-区段动力学法(PPK):该方法中, 样品分3组进样, 第一组和第二组样品的分离电压保持为20 kV, 第三组先施加20 kV电压0.5 min, 再将电压调整为15 kV, 三组进样中, 为了减少分离电压的变化而对峰高造成影响, 用适量体积分数的DMF溶液作为参照。进样顺序为第一组: DMF、PBS、咖啡因(1.0×10-3 mol·L-1); 第二组: DMF、HSA (1.0×10-5 mol·L-1)、咖啡因(1.0×10-3 mol·L-1); 第三组: DMF、HSA (1.0×10-5 mol·L-1)、咖啡因(1.0×10-3 mol·L-1)。电泳条件:分离电压15、20 kV; 压力进样: 0.5 psi, 15 s; 冲洗压力: 20 psi, 3 min; 分离时间: 12 min; 柱温25 ℃; 检测波长: 214 nm。
根据溶液在毛细管柱内的迁移速率受电泳和电渗的双重作用与影响, 且不同带电粒子的不同迁移速度和caffeine-HSA结合的特异性差异能够达到物质分离的机制, 实验中咖啡因分子与HSA相互作用时, 咖啡因与HSA的结合为非共价键, 且为可逆平衡过程: P + nM ↔ MnP, P代表HSA, M代表咖啡因, MnP代表caffeine-HSA复合物。CE分离过程中涉及咖啡因与HSA的结合、解离平衡以及组分的分离(图 1), 由于游离的咖啡因和HSA、caffeine-HSA复合物的荷质比不同, 因而电泳迁移速率不同, 由此可以应用FA法、HD法、PPK法分离可逆平衡体系中游离的咖啡因、游离的HSA和游离的caffeine-HSA复合物, 进而可通过检测信号进行分析。
FA法:毛细管的载体电解质为空白PBS, 以含caffeine-HSA的缓冲液为进样样品, 各溶液在毛细管区带中形成游离的咖啡因、游离的HSA和caffeine-HSA复合物3种状态的区带。电泳过程中, 3种状态的区带总是处于动态结合与解离平衡的过程, 当HSA、复合物的迁移速率大于咖啡因的迁移速率时, 区带状态由叠加状态转向为分离状态; 当复合物未能够完全分离时, 检测信号为连续的3个平台, 分别为咖啡因区带、HSA区带、caffeine-HSA复合物区带; 当HSA区带、caffeine-HSA复合物区带的迁移速率相近且与游离的咖啡因区带能够完全分离, 检测信号为两个独立的正峰(图 2)。分析图 2可知, 10个样品(编号1~10), 利用FA法测得caffeine-HSA相互作用中, 均出现两个峰, a峰和b峰。a峰为HSA/caffeine-HSA复合物的紫外吸收峰, b峰为咖啡因小分子的紫外吸收峰。随着咖啡因浓度的增大, b峰复合物的紫外吸收也逐渐增大, 且b峰比a峰的出峰时间早, 说明两者发生了可逆结合反应, 形成了复合物, 且咖啡因与HSA两者的荷质比不同, 咖啡因的荷质比小于HSA与caffeine-HSA复合物的荷质比, 故咖啡因的迁移速率大于复合物, 出峰在复合物之前。
简化HD法:咖啡因与HSA在毛细管柱中发生相互作用, 在电场作用下不断地进行可逆动态平衡, 在电泳过程中出现咖啡因、HSA、复合物3个区带, 反映在电泳谱图上为一个负峰与一个正峰。负峰对应区带中咖啡因的浓度低于背景缓冲液浓度的部分, 差值部分代表caffeine-HSA结合的量, 正峰对应未能够完全分离而具有相似迁移速率的HSA与复合物(图 3)。分析图 3可知, 10个样品(编号1~10), 利用HD法测得的电泳谱图中共出现一正一负两个峰, a峰和b峰。a峰为HSA/caffeine-HSA复合物的紫外吸收峰, b峰为咖啡因小分子的紫外吸收峰, 说明HD法适用于caffeine-HSA的相互作用。图中, 随着咖啡因浓度的增大, a峰复合物的紫外吸收峰呈现递减趋势, 说明两者发生了可逆结合反应, 形成了复合物, 使HSA的吸收峰降低, 且b峰比a峰的出峰时间早, 说明HSA与caffeine-HSA复合物带负电荷, 其电泳方向与电渗方向相反, HSA与caffeine-HSA两者的荷质比相近, 区带中的复合物并没有完全分开, 因此, 出现了正峰a, 区带中咖啡因的浓度低于空白缓冲液中咖啡因的浓度, 因此, 出现了负峰, 两者间的差值为caffeine-HSA结合值。
PPK法:咖啡因与HSA在毛细管柱中发生相互作用。第一组进样形成咖啡因、DMF两个峰, 第二组、第三组进样则形成咖啡因、DMF及复合物3个峰, 由于实验进样中的分离电压不同, 样品的迁移时间也会发生改变(图 4)。分析图 4可知, PPK法中caffeine-HSA相互作用下, 以适量体积分数的DMF溶液作为参比, 第一组(a): DMF、PBS、咖啡因(1.0×10-3 mol·L-1), 形成了咖啡因、DMF两个正峰; 第二组(b): DMF、HSA、咖啡因(1.0×10-3 mol·L-1), 形成了咖啡因、DMF、caffeine-HSA和HSA复合物3个正峰; 第三组(c): DMF、HSA (1.0×10-5 mol·L-1)、咖啡因(1.0×10-3 mol·L-1), 形成了咖啡因、DMF、caffeine-HSA和HSA复合物3个正峰。由理论可知, PPK法适用于两种物质的相互作用。由于第二组与第三组进样的分离电压不同, 因此迁移时间也不同。
利用FA法、HD法、PPK法, 研究caffeine-HSA体系的相互作用, 实验所获电泳谱图中样品溶液基线较稳并呈现出良好的峰形, 峰高及峰面积随样品溶液浓度的增大而增长, 有良好的增长趋势。可采用非线性回归方程、Scatchard方程以及Klotz方程分析处理上述体系。此实验条件下的结果具有稳定性、准确性、可参照性以及可重复性。
PBS缓冲液配制系列不同浓度的样品溶液, 在相同条件下获各梯度电泳谱图。以峰面积A对浓度C进行线性回归, 得到良好的线性关系, 即线性回归方程: A= 563 754.3 + 32 965.7C, N= 6, 相关系数r = 0.998 6。
假设植物活性成分咖啡因与HSA的结合是理想状态即小分子与蛋白的结合位点是相互独立的, 两者间的关系可用多级平衡方程式表示, 即:
$R = \frac{{{C_{\rm{b}}}}}{{{C_{\rm{p}}}}} = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\frac{{{n_i}{K_i}{C_{\rm{f}}}}}{{1 + {K_i}{C_{\rm{f}}}}}} $
由式(1)可知, R为小分子与蛋白的结合比, Cb是结合小分子的浓度, Cp是蛋白质的总浓度, Cf是游离小分子的浓度, m是两者结合位点总类数, ni是第i类位点数, Ki是第i类位点的结合常数, 若小分子和所有结合位点的亲和力相同, 即m= 1, 方程可简化为游离小分子的浓度Cf与结合比R呈非线性关系, 即方程:
$R = \frac{{nK{C_{\rm{f}}}}}{{1 + K{C_{\rm{f}}}}}$
可将此方程(2)变形CfR的非线性方程:
$R = \frac{{{C_{\rm{f}}}}}{{\frac{1}{{nK}} + \frac{{{C_{\rm{f}}}}}{n}}}$
可将此方程(3)简化为RR/Cf的线性方程: R/Cf = -KR+nK (Scatchard方程[29])。根据斜率与截距可直接求出结合常数K和结合位点n (Klotz方程[30])。
$\frac{1}{R} = \frac{1}{n} = \frac{1}{{nK{C_{\rm{f}}}}}$
图 23结合表 12图 5可见, 咖啡因与HSA存在一个结合位点, 咖啡因与HSA之间存在结合强度适中的结合作用, 结合常数K都是103数量级, 且HD法优于FA法。电泳过程中, 游离的HSA和caffeine-HSA结合物难以分开, 混合在一起迁移。
PPK法中咖啡因小分子与生物大分子HSA的结合常数K由结合速率常速Kon与解离常数Koff的比值决定[31]。设咖啡因为物质A, HSA为物质B, caffeine-HSA复合物为物质C, caffeine-HSA的动力学参数KonKoffK可由以下方程得到:
$\begin{array}{l}{K_{{\rm{off}}}} = \frac{1}{{{t_3}-{t_2}}}\ln \frac{{{h_{{\rm{a0}}}}-{h_{{\rm{a}}2}}}}{{{h_{{\rm{a}}0}}-{h_{{\rm{a}}3}}}} = \frac{1}{{{t_3} - {t_2}}}\ln \frac{{{h_{{\rm{b0}}}} - {h_{{\rm{b}}2}}}}{{{h_{{\rm{b}}0}} - {h_{{\rm{b}}3}}}}\\{K_{{\rm{on}}}} = \frac{1}{{{t_1}\left( {{a_0} - {b_0}} \right)}}\ln = \frac{{{b_0}{a_1}}}{{{a_0}{b_1}}} = \frac{1}{{{t_1}\left( {{a_0} - {b_0}} \right)}}\ln \frac{{{b_0}\left( {{a_0} - {c_1}} \right)}}{{{a_0}\left( {{b_0} - {c_1}} \right)}}\\K = \frac{{{K_{{\rm{on}}}}}}{{{K_{{\rm{off}}}}}}\end{array}$
式(5)中, a0b0c1分别为咖啡因、HSA和caffeine-HSA的浓度; ha0为咖啡因浓度为a0时的峰高与DMF峰高的比值, ha2ha3hb0hb3所代表的含义以此类推。t2t3为不同运行电压下咖啡因或HSA的出峰时间, t1为咖啡因与HSA发生结合作用的时间, 通过分析咖啡因与HSA的相互作用的峰高(图 4)进行计算, 第一次进样可获得参数ha0: hcaffeine/hDMF, 第二次进样可获得参数ha2: hcaffeine/hDMF, 第三次进样可获得参数ha3: hcaffeine/hDMF。根据方程式即可求得KonKoff及caffeine-HSA相互作用的结合常数K[26, 31]K= Kon/Koff= 3.455 4×103 mol·L-1, 详细参数参照表 3表 4
本实验分别用FA法、HD法、PPK法研究了caffeine-HSA的相互作用, 对应非线性回归方程、Scatchard方程和Klotz方程测得caffeine-HSA的结合常数K、结合位点数n及相关系数r。经过对比发现3种方法均适用于分析caffeine-HSA体系, 使用3种不同理论方程构建的相互作用模型均能有效反映两者间的作用效果。其中, FA法出峰清晰, 峰高随着样品浓度的递增, 呈现出有规律的增长趋势, 且由相应方程所获参数综合对比可知非线性回归方程更适合于FA法的分析; HD法中随着样品浓度的递增, 代表结合咖啡因的负峰逐渐增高, 代表游离蛋白与复合物的正峰降低, 两者间的结合值也呈现增长趋势, 由相应方程所获参数综合对比可知非线性回归方程和Klotz方程更适用于HD法的分析; PPK法实验操作简单, 耗时较短, 但所获得的相关结合位点数不足, 有关参数信息有限, 可作为验证其他实验结果有效性的辅助手段。综合比较, PPK法简便快捷, FA法和HD法所获参数完整, 且简化的HD法更适用, 其中非线性回归方程为最优方程。
采用毛细管电泳体系的3种方法, 所获得的结合信息较为全面、分析快捷准确, 反映了咖啡因和HSA的结合状况, 即咖啡因浓度越大其与HSA结合的峰面积越大且两者的相关结合系数较好, 由此, 可说明咖啡因与HSA发生了结合反应且能够影响HSA的活性, 相关数据能够从分子水平上解释其药理的实质内涵, 提高其疗效和安全性, 为咖啡因的药用价值及系列生理作用提供理论科学的理论支持。本文的相关结果证明了毛细管电泳法在生物碱与HSA领域的可靠性, 不仅对咖啡因与HSA相互作用具有探究意义, 也可为生物碱类化合物和血清蛋白的研究提供进一步的理论参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(20877072)
  • 浙江省省院合作科技项目资助(2015SY11)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1146
  • 接收时间:2018-12-25
  • 首发时间:2026-01-26
  • 出版时间:2019-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2018-12-25
  • 修回日期:2019-02-01
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(20877072)
浙江省省院合作科技项目资助(2015SY11)
作者信息
    1.浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院, 浙江 杭州 311300
    2.浙江农林大学理学院, 浙江 杭州 311300

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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