Article(id=1222466554181177362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222466550314030044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-0870, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1537459200000, receivedDateStr=2018-09-21, revisedDate=1542384000000, revisedDateStr=2018-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769388338846, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1552320000000, pubDateStr=2019-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769388338846, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769388338846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769388338846, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222466550314030044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2019', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='393', pageEnd='586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769388337923, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769389281170, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1222470506633224654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222466550314030044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1222470506633224655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222466550314030044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=420, endPage=431, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222466554718048314, articleId=1222466554181177362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Recent progress in the research on pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Chinese medicinal herb "Zicao" and their metabolic toxicity, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a class of hepatotoxic compounds that are largely found in plants. "Zicao" is one of the most commonly-used Chinese herbal medicines from multiple sources, owing to its anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects. However, many studies have shown that this herb and its relative species contain hepatotoxic PAs. These PAs may cause hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome following metabolic activation, and are therefore considered as potential toxic substances. Even though the toxicity of "Zicao" in clinical use has not been reported, the existence of PAs will undoubtedly post a threat for its safety in long-term use. It has now become the focus of many researchers to disclose and prevent its potential risk of intoxication. This review summarizes recent progress and key scientific evidence found in the research of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from "Zicao" and its relative species, including their metabolic toxicity. We comment on the need of future studies, such as providing a reference or guidance for safety evaluation of this medicinal herb in clinical practice.
, correspAuthors=Jun TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2019 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun TANG, Min CHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1222466556148306056, articleId=1222466554181177362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=紫草中的吡咯里西啶类成分及其代谢毒性研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
吡咯里西啶生物碱(pyrrolizidine alkaloids,PAs)是植物中较常见的一类肝毒性成分。紫草为我国常用中药之一,因具有抗炎、促进伤口愈合等作用而广泛应用于临床,但研究表明含有PAs。这类成分在体内大量暴露及代谢活化可致肝窦阻塞综合征,故被认为是许多含PAs中草药引起肝损伤作用的潜在物质基础。尽管有关紫草的临床毒害未见报道,但PAs的存在无疑为其安全用药埋下了隐患,揭示和控制其毒性风险已成为紫草研究的一个重要方向。本文拟从吡咯里西啶类成分及其代谢毒性两个方面对紫草及其相关品种的安全性研究进展及存在的主要问题做一概述,并对进一步的研究提出建议,以期为全面系统评价紫草的用药风险和指导其临床合理用药提供参考。
, correspAuthors=汤俊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2019, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=VN6TJMEQ6rvwl0fF0IHd5g==, magXml=YzfkCeLl96ityjyXrNkZRg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ysUQU9BY6gP8n1drjp7MPA==, pdfFileSize=649610, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=j6/rZ0ceAbpzwbI1igSB2w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YajNZcF0m/XxqxGcc4tZAg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=汤俊, 程敏)}, authors=[Author(id=1222466556685177007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=tangj0205@whu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1222466556794228918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, authorId=1222466556685177007, language=EN, stringName=Jun TANG, firstName=Jun, middleName=null, lastName=TANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, *, address=1. Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1222466556899086525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, authorId=1222466556685177007, language=CN, stringName=汤俊, firstName=俊, middleName=null, lastName=汤, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, *, address=1.武汉大学药学院, 组合生物合成与新药发现教育部重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430071, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1222466556467073178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1222466556475461787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, companyId=1222466556467073178, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1222466556479656092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, companyId=1222466556467073178, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.武汉大学药学院, 组合生物合成与新药发现教育部重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430071)])]), Author(id=1222466557012332743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1222466557129773261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, authorId=1222466557012332743, language=EN, stringName=Min CHENG, firstName=Min, middleName=null, lastName=CHENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
2, address=2. Wuhan Institute for Drug and Medical Device Control, Wuhan 430075, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1222466557259796693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, authorId=1222466557012332743, language=CN, stringName=程敏, firstName=敏, middleName=null, lastName=程, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
2, address=2.武汉药品医疗器械检验所, 湖北 武汉 430075, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1222466556563542179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1222466556571930788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, companyId=1222466556563542179, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Wuhan Institute for Drug and Medical Device Control, Wuhan 430075, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1222466556576125093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, companyId=1222466556563542179, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.武汉药品医疗器械检验所, 湖北 武汉 430075)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1222466557394014428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Zicao), Keyword(id=1222466557507260645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=pyrrolizidine alkaloid), Keyword(id=1222466557628895469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=metabolic toxicity), Keyword(id=1222466557763113206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=drug-induced liver injury), Keyword(id=1222466557905719551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=safety evaluation), Keyword(id=1222466558018965768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=紫草), Keyword(id=1222466558132211989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=吡咯里西啶生物碱), Keyword(id=1222466558253846814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=代谢毒性), Keyword(id=1222466558354510117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=药源性肝损伤), Keyword(id=1222466558509699374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=安全性评价)], refs=[Reference(id=1222466560229364148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=525, pageEnd=557, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Chinese Herbals Editor Board, the State Administrative Bureau of Chinese Medicine of China, journalName=Chinese Herbals (中华本草), refType=null, unstructuredReference=
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Polygonum Multiflorum (He shou wu), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1222466559998677409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, awardId=31270401, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(31270401), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1222466560095146406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, awardId=201601021, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北省食品药品监督管理局科研项目(201601021), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1222466556467073178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1222466556475461787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, companyId=1222466556467073178, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1222466556479656092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, companyId=1222466556467073178, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.武汉大学药学院, 组合生物合成与新药发现教育部重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430071)]), AuthorCompany(id=1222466556563542179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1222466556571930788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, companyId=1222466556563542179, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Wuhan Institute for Drug and Medical Device Control, Wuhan 430075, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1222466556576125093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, companyId=1222466556563542179, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.武汉药品医疗器械检验所, 湖北 武汉 430075)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1222466558715220284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bwIhNeEBQtxxc7ieoySbOg==, figureFileBig=j6/rZ0ceAbpzwbI1igSB2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1222466558866215239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Structures of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) found in Chinese medicinal herb "Zicao". A: Two core structures of necine bases of PAs in Boraginaceae plants; B: Two PA components found in Arnebia euchroma; C: Three PA components found in Lithospermum erythrorhizon , figureFileSmall=bwIhNeEBQtxxc7ieoySbOg==, figureFileBig=j6/rZ0ceAbpzwbI1igSB2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1222466559147233628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pa5kO85o/9zPmv43H/Wohg==, figureFileBig=mwyolohPg3LyhqccqKLibA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1222466559268868455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Structures of hepatotoxic PAs found in the relative plants of Chinese medicinal herb "Zicao" , figureFileSmall=pa5kO85o/9zPmv43H/Wohg==, figureFileBig=mwyolohPg3LyhqccqKLibA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1222466559428252016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=K6r48X3IHGeQEggeVjMm/g==, figureFileBig=Gtee+v0yWIcqiYv1i3aK5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1222466559566664058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=
The main metabolic pathways and associated toxic insults (hepatotoxicity and tumorigenicity) of two representative 1, 2-unsaturated PAs (one is retronecine-type, monocrotaline and another heliotridine-type, lasiocarpine) in rats. M-M1−M-M5: 5 common metabolites produced in rat livers both in vivo and in vitro from monocrotaline; L-M1−L-M12, 12 metabolites produced by rat liver microsomes in vitro from lasiocarpine. GSH: Reduced glutathione; DHP: (±)-6, 7-Dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine; UGTs: UDP glucuronosyl transferases; CYPs: Cytochromes P450s; FMOs: Flavin-containing monooxygenases; IB: Intestinal bacteria. Given the relevance to structure and species, the metabolic pathways for different PAs may vary from each other. As the PA composition in different sources of "Zicao" is underappreciated, their specific PAs and underlying toxicological mechanisms may be further studied. , figureFileSmall=K6r48X3IHGeQEggeVjMm/g==, figureFileBig=Gtee+v0yWIcqiYv1i3aK5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1222466559738630538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| No. | Chemical namea | Chemical formulab | PA typec | Plant origin | Reference |
| 1 | O7-Angeloylretronecine | C13H19NO3 | RE | AE | [8, 17] |
| 2 | O9-Angeloylretronecine | C13H19NO3 | RE | AE | [8, 17] |
| 3 | Intermedine | C15H25NO5 | RE | LE | [8] |
| 4 | Myoscorpine | C20H31NO6 | RE | LE | [8] |
| 5 | Hydroxymyosorpine | C20H31NO7 | RE | LE | [8] |
| 6 | Europine | C16H27NO6 | HE | AB | [18] |
| 7 | Heliotrine | C16H27NO5 | HE | AB | [18] |
| 8 | Lycopsamine | C15H25NO5 | RE | AB, LC | [18, 20] |
| 9 | Echimidine | C20H31NO7 | RE | AB | [18] |
| 10 | Lithosenine | C20H33NO8 | RE | LO | [19] |
| 11 | Acetyllithosenine | C22H35NO9 | RE | LO | [19] |
| 12 | O7-Acetyllycopsamine | C17H27NO6 | RE | LC | [20] |
| 13 | O7-Acetylintermedine | C17H27NO6 | RE | LC | [20] |
| 14 | Canescine | C20H33NO7 | RE | LC | [20] |
| 15 | Canescenine | C20H33NO7 | RE | LC | [20] |
| 16 | Acetylcanescine | C22H35NO8 | RE | LC | [20] |
| 17 | Acetylcanescenine | C22H35NO8 | RE | LC | [20] |
| 18 | Uplandicine | C17H27NO7 | RE | OAW | [21] |
| 19 | Leptanthine | C15H25NO6 | RE | OL | [22] |
| 20 | Leptanthine N-oxide | C15H25NO7 | RE | OL | [22] |
| 21 | 3'-O-Acetylechihumiline N-oxide | C22H33NO9 | RE | OL | [22] |
| 22 | Echihumiline | C20H31NO7 | RE | OL | [22] |
| 23 | Echihumiline N-oxide | C20H31NO8 | RE | OL | [22] |
| 24 | O7-Acetylechinatine N-oxide | C17H27NO7 | HE | OE, OK | [23, 24] |
| 25 | Viridinatine N-oxide isomer | C22H37NO9 | HE | OE | [23] |
| 26 | 7-Epiechimiplatine N-oxide | C15H25NO7 | HE | OE, OK | [23, 24] |
| 27 | Onosmerectine N-oxide | C15H25NO7 | HE | OE | [23] |
| 28 | 3'-O-Acetylechinatine N-oxide | C17H27NO7 | HE | OK | [24] |
), ArticleFig(id=1222466559851876756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466554181177362, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
A list of hepatotoxic PAs in Chinese medicinal herb "Zicao" and its relative plants. aAs the stereoisomerism is very common in PAs of Boraginaceae plants, the PA components identified only by GC or LC tandem MS are not included in this list. As for many other proposed PAs, see the main text for details; bSee Figures 1 and 2 for structures; cRE: Retronecine-type PA; HE: Heliotridine-type PA. AE: Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst.; LE: Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. The relative plants of Chinese medicinal herb "Zicao": AB: Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) I. M. Johnst.; LO: Lithospermum officinale L.; LC: L. canescens; OAW: O. arenaria Waldst. et Kit.; OL: O. leptantha Heldr.; OE: O. erecta Sibth. & Sm.; OK: O. kaheirei Teppner
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| No. | Chemical namea | Chemical formulab | PA typec | Plant origin | Reference |
| 1 | O7-Angeloylretronecine | C13H19NO3 | RE | AE | [8, 17] |
| 2 | O9-Angeloylretronecine | C13H19NO3 | RE | AE | [8, 17] |
| 3 | Intermedine | C15H25NO5 | RE | LE | [8] |
| 4 | Myoscorpine | C20H31NO6 | RE | LE | [8] |
| 5 | Hydroxymyosorpine | C20H31NO7 | RE | LE | [8] |
| 6 | Europine | C16H27NO6 | HE | AB | [18] |
| 7 | Heliotrine | C16H27NO5 | HE | AB | [18] |
| 8 | Lycopsamine | C15H25NO5 | RE | AB, LC | [18, 20] |
| 9 | Echimidine | C20H31NO7 | RE | AB | [18] |
| 10 | Lithosenine | C20H33NO8 | RE | LO | [19] |
| 11 | Acetyllithosenine | C22H35NO9 | RE | LO | [19] |
| 12 | O7-Acetyllycopsamine | C17H27NO6 | RE | LC | [20] |
| 13 | O7-Acetylintermedine | C17H27NO6 | RE | LC | [20] |
| 14 | Canescine | C20H33NO7 | RE | LC | [20] |
| 15 | Canescenine | C20H33NO7 | RE | LC | [20] |
| 16 | Acetylcanescine | C22H35NO8 | RE | LC | [20] |
| 17 | Acetylcanescenine | C22H35NO8 | RE | LC | [20] |
| 18 | Uplandicine | C17H27NO7 | RE | OAW | [21] |
| 19 | Leptanthine | C15H25NO6 | RE | OL | [22] |
| 20 | Leptanthine N-oxide | C15H25NO7 | RE | OL | [22] |
| 21 | 3'-O-Acetylechihumiline N-oxide | C22H33NO9 | RE | OL | [22] |
| 22 | Echihumiline | C20H31NO7 | RE | OL | [22] |
| 23 | Echihumiline N-oxide | C20H31NO8 | RE | OL | [22] |
| 24 | O7-Acetylechinatine N-oxide | C17H27NO7 | HE | OE, OK | [23, 24] |
| 25 | Viridinatine N-oxide isomer | C22H37NO9 | HE | OE | [23] |
| 26 | 7-Epiechimiplatine N-oxide | C15H25NO7 | HE | OE, OK | [23, 24] |
| 27 | Onosmerectine N-oxide | C15H25NO7 | HE | OE | [23] |
| 28 | 3'-O-Acetylechinatine N-oxide | C17H27NO7 | HE | OK | [24] |
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