Article(id=1222466552318911235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222466550314030044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-0966, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1540310400000, receivedDateStr=2018-10-24, revisedDate=1544284800000, revisedDateStr=2018-12-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769388338402, onlineDateStr=2026-01-26, pubDate=1552320000000, pubDateStr=2019-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769388338402, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769388338402, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769388338402, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1222466550314030044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2019', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='393', pageEnd='586', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769388337923, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769389281170, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1222470506633224654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222466550314030044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1222470506633224655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1222466550314030044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=399, endPage=406, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1222466553006777101, articleId=1222466552318911235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanisms of ferroptosis and its involvement in Parkinson's disease, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Ferroptosis is a novel type of regulated cell death with morphology, biochemistry and mechanisms differing from traditional cell death types such as apoptosis, necrosis and pyroptosis. The regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis mainly involve iron metabolism, amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism. It has been found that ferroptosis plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, malignant tumors and ischemic reperfusion injury. Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases and its etiology and pathogenesis remains unclear. Recent studies revealed that ferroptosis might be involved in the pathogenesis of PD, as evidenced by high iron content, depletion of reduced form of glutathione and elevated levels of lipid peroxides detectable in the midbrain of PD patients. Both in vitro and in vivo models of PD have shown that some ferroptosis inhibitors have the ability of attenuating the symptoms and one iron chelator is undergoing a clinic trial. We here summarize the mechanisms of ferroptosis and its association with PD, in an effort to suggest potential novel targets for therapies of PD.
, correspAuthors=Dan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2019 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhe ZHAO, Xiu-qi BAO, Dan ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1222466553627534111, articleId=1222466552318911235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=铁死亡调控机制及其在帕金森病中的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
铁死亡是一种新型的细胞程序性死亡方式,其形态、生化特征及作用机制均不同于凋亡、自噬、坏死、焦亡等已知的细胞死亡形式。铁死亡的调控机制主要涉及铁代谢、氨基酸代谢及脂质代谢。已有研究发现铁死亡在神经、肿瘤、缺血再灌注损伤等疾病的发生发展中起关键作用。帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)是中枢神经系统最常见的神经退行性疾病之一,其病因及发病机制尚未阐明。近期研究发现,PD患者中脑处具有高铁、低还原型谷胱甘肽及高过氧化脂质等特点,提示PD发病机制与铁死亡密切相关。在PD中,一些铁死亡抑制剂表现出缓解疾病的能力,其中一种铁离子螯合剂已进入临床试验阶段。本文系统总结铁死亡的主要调控机制并梳理其与PD的联系,为治疗PD提供新的潜在靶点。
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Ferroptosis is mainly regulated by iron metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism. 1) Lipid metabolism: iron-dependent lipid peroxides (L-OOH) that execute ferroptosis come from peroxidation of PE containing AA and AdA, which is catalyzed by LOXs. 2) Iron metabolism: the expression and efficiency of Tf and TfR can influence the intake of iron. Iron bound with ferritin can be set free by NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, which causes the accumulation of free ferrous ion. Increased free iron leads to the peroxidation of specific PUFAs. However, HSPB1 can regulate this process negatively by lowering intracellular iron. 3) Amino acid metabolism: imported by system xc-, cystine is reduced to synthesize GSH which is used to deplete L-OOH via GPX4. Main inducers and inhibitors of ferroptosis are shown in red. Erastin and RSL3 induce ferroptosis by inhibiting system xc- and GPX4, respectively. Through binding and attenuating the extra iron ions, chelators suppress this event. Ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1 are antioxidants with high activity of inhibiting ferroptosis by eliminating the lipid peroxides. Tf: Transferrin; TfR: Transferrin receptor; SLC3A2: Solute carrier family 3 member 2; AA: Arachidonic acid; AdA: Adrenic acid; PKC: Protein kinase C; HSPB1: Heat shock protein beta1; ACSL4: Acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4; LPCAT3: Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3; NCOA4: Nuclear receptor coactivator 4; Fe2+: Ferrous ion; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acid; PE: Phosphatidylethanolamine; LOXs: Lipoxygenases; GSH: Reduced glutathione; GSSG: Glutathione disulfide; GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4 , figureFileSmall=5iOgD1BBZEc4taU6/i/p1g==, figureFileBig=CtC9n4h1FcOmaHetSAIGvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1222466556680987623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466552318911235, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Type | Biochemical feature | Activation condition | Key gene | Inhibitor | Relevant disease |
| Ferroptosis | Iron metabolism | Erastin | GPX4 | Ferrostatin-1 | Neurodegenerative diseases |
| | GSH deficiency | RSL3 | SLC7A11 | Liproxstatin-1 | Cancer |
| | Lipid peroxidation | | | DFO | Ischemia-reperfusion injury |
| Apoptosis | DNA fragmentation | Intrinsic: DNA damage; ROS overload | Intrinsic: Caspase-3; Bcl-2 | Caspase family inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK | Cancer |
| | Caspase activation | Extrinsic: death receptor activation | Extrinsic: Fas; caspase-8 | | Viral infection |
| Autophagy | Increased lysosomal activity | Nutritional deficiency | LC3 | PI3K inhibitor | Cancer |
| | P62 degradation | ER stress | ATG genes | | Parkinson disease |
| Necrosis | Opening of PTPC | Severe oxidative stress | CYPD | Cyclosporin A | Infection |
| | | Cytosolic Ca2+ overload | | Sanglifehrin A | Toxins, trauma |
| Pyroptosis | Inflammatory caspase activation | LPS | Caspase-1 | Caspase-1 inhibitor Z-YVAD-FMK | Infection |
| | | | GSDMD | | Inflammation |
), ArticleFig(id=1222466556790039535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1222466552318911235, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
Features of different kinds of cell death. GSH: Reduced glutathione; RSL3: RAS-selective lethal small molecule 3; GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4; SLC7A11: Solute carrier family 7 member 11; DFO: Deferoxamine; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; Z-VAD-FMK: Z-Val-Ala-Asp (OMe) fluoromethylketone; p62: Nucleoporin 62; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; LC3: Microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3; ATG: Autophagy-related genes; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PTPC: Permeability transition pore complex; Ca2+: Calcium ion; CYPD: Cyclophilin D; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; GSDMD: Gasdermin D; Z-YVAD-FMK: Z-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp (OMe) fluoromethylketone
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| Type | Biochemical feature | Activation condition | Key gene | Inhibitor | Relevant disease |
| Ferroptosis | Iron metabolism | Erastin | GPX4 | Ferrostatin-1 | Neurodegenerative diseases |
| | GSH deficiency | RSL3 | SLC7A11 | Liproxstatin-1 | Cancer |
| | Lipid peroxidation | | | DFO | Ischemia-reperfusion injury |
| Apoptosis | DNA fragmentation | Intrinsic: DNA damage; ROS overload | Intrinsic: Caspase-3; Bcl-2 | Caspase family inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK | Cancer |
| | Caspase activation | Extrinsic: death receptor activation | Extrinsic: Fas; caspase-8 | | Viral infection |
| Autophagy | Increased lysosomal activity | Nutritional deficiency | LC3 | PI3K inhibitor | Cancer |
| | P62 degradation | ER stress | ATG genes | | Parkinson disease |
| Necrosis | Opening of PTPC | Severe oxidative stress | CYPD | Cyclosporin A | Infection |
| | | Cytosolic Ca2+ overload | | Sanglifehrin A | Toxins, trauma |
| Pyroptosis | Inflammatory caspase activation | LPS | Caspase-1 | Caspase-1 inhibitor Z-YVAD-FMK | Infection |
| | | | GSDMD | | Inflammation |
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