Article(id=1221483544887611636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1221483541674774769, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0967, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1592064000000, receivedDateStr=2020-06-14, revisedDate=1594569600000, revisedDateStr=2020-07-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1769153971168, onlineDateStr=2026-01-23, pubDate=1605110400000, pubDateStr=2020-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1769153971168, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1769153971168, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769153971168, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1221483541674774769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2020', volume='55', issue='11', pageStart='2491', pageEnd='2750', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1769153970402, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769154342560, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1221485102668890897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1221483541674774769, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1221485102673085202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1221483541674774769, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2736, endPage=2745, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1221483545361567996, articleId=1221483544887611636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Comparative plastomic analysis of three Bulbophyllum medicinal plants and its significance in species identification, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bulbophyllum orchids are popular for its ornamental appearance and great medicinal values. However, there is still a lack of research on phylogenetic relationship and species identification for this genus. In this study, the plastome sequences of three medicinal Bulbophyllum orchids (Bulbophyllum affine, Bulbophyllum pectinatum, Bulbophyllum funingense) were sequenced and analyzed. After assembly and annotation, it was found that the plastomes of Bulbophyllum plants encoded a total of 108 genes, including 74 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. Based on the analysis of mVISTA and comparison between junctions, it was found that the plastome structure of Bulbophyllum orchids was relatively conserved, and the variation mainly existed in the non-coding regions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Bulbophyllum orchids were closely related to Dendrobium orchids. SSR analysis of Bulbophyllum showed that most SSRs were located in the intergenic spacer and had the most single nucleotide repeats. In addition, based on the comparative analysis of non-coding sequences, a total of 10 high-variability sequences were screened out, among which the combination of five non-coding region sequences, including psbI-trnS, psbC-trnS, clpP-ex1-psbB, psaJ-rpl33, rpl33-rps18, had the highest sequence variability and could be used in the species identification study of medicinal plants of Bulbophyllum. In conclusion, this study provides a theoretical basis for phylogenetic relationship and species identification of Bulbophyllum orchids through the comparative analysis of plastome sequences of three medicinal plants of the genus Bulbophyllum.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-tao NIU, Xiao-yu DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2020 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-peng YANG, Zi-le ZHU, Ya-juan FAN, Fei ZHU, Yue-jun CHEN, Zhi-tao NIU, Xiao-yu DING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1221483549144830255, articleId=1221483544887611636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=三种石豆兰属药用植物的叶绿体基因组比较分析及其在物种鉴定中的意义, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

石豆兰属(Bulbophyllum)植物具有极高的观赏和药用价值,然而有关其系统发育关系和物种鉴定仍缺乏研究。因此,本研究对石豆兰属3种药用植物(赤唇石豆兰、长足石豆兰、富宁卷瓣兰)的叶绿体基因组进行了测序分析,并以此为基础开展了相应研究。经组装注释后发现,石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组共编码108个基因,其中蛋白质编码基因74个、转运RNA基因30个、核糖体RNA基因4个。基于mVISTA和节点处比较分析发现,石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组结构较为保守,差异主要存在于非编码区。系统进化分析表明,石豆兰属与石斛属亲缘关系最近。SSR分析显示单核苷酸重复数目最多,且大部分SSR位点存在于基因间隔区。此外,对非编码序列进行比较分析,共筛选出10个高变序列,其中psbI-trnSpsbC-trnSclpP-ex1-psbBpsaJ-rpl33rpl33-rps18这5个非编码区序列的组合,具有最高的序列变异度,可用于石豆兰属药用植物的鉴定研究。综上可知,本研究通过对石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组的比较分析,为系统发育关系和物种鉴定提供了理论依据。

, correspAuthors=牛志韬, 丁小余, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*牛志韬, E-mail:;
丁小余, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2020, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=YJGLdnfp44t2yz+ITB4ehw==, magXml=thqp9M5N6SDJIn/9ma3t9w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=y0PRXqIJDCLiALwEbGXXBg==, pdfFileSize=1307740, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=mm6B4npjvaZ83v6E42d+AQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=XGD+H0t6B6NAGn080lWGJg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=杨嘉鹏, 朱紫乐, 范雅娟, 朱菲, 陈粤珺, 牛志韬, 丁小余)}, authors=[Author(id=1221483549912387919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1221483544887611636, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1221483550180823388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1221483544887611636, authorId=1221483549912387919, language=EN, stringName=Jia-peng YANG, firstName=Jia-peng, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Species B. affine B. pectinatum B. funingense
Plastome length/bp 148 230 147 169 147 464
LSC length/bp 78 178 77 478 77 564
SSC length/bp 17 280 17 529 17 094
IR length/bp 26 386 26 081 26 403
GC content/% 37.86 38.01 37.92
GC content of LSC/% 35.83 36.01 35.89
GC content of SSC/% 30.38 30.87 30.68
GC content of IR/% 43.3 43.37 43.25
), ArticleFig(id=1221483555062993617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1221483544887611636, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The basic information of chloroplast genomes of Bulbophyllum orchids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species B. affine B. pectinatum B. funingense
Plastome length/bp 148 230 147 169 147 464
LSC length/bp 78 178 77 478 77 564
SSC length/bp 17 280 17 529 17 094
IR length/bp 26 386 26 081 26 403
GC content/% 37.86 38.01 37.92
GC content of LSC/% 35.83 36.01 35.89
GC content of SSC/% 30.38 30.87 30.68
GC content of IR/% 43.3 43.37 43.25
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Non-coding
region
SNP GC
content/%
InDel Sequence
variability/%
psbI-trnS 30 25.24 10 25.16
clpP-ex1-psbB 50 28.22 42 19.83
psbC-trnS 16 41.01 9 19.08
psaJ-rpl33 63 24.84 31 17.09
rpl33-rps18 20 27.98 9 16.67
rpl16-ex1-rps3 20 21.01 11 15.82
trnP-psaJ 26 24.1 25 15.45
trnT-trnL-ex1 50 29.81 19 15.2
accD-psaI 89 29.46 26 15.05
atpH-atpI 60 30.3 15 14.37
), ArticleFig(id=1221483555281097448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1221483544887611636, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic information of non-coding regions which have top ten sequence variability

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Non-coding
region
SNP GC
content/%
InDel Sequence
variability/%
psbI-trnS 30 25.24 10 25.16
clpP-ex1-psbB 50 28.22 42 19.83
psbC-trnS 16 41.01 9 19.08
psaJ-rpl33 63 24.84 31 17.09
rpl33-rps18 20 27.98 9 16.67
rpl16-ex1-rps3 20 21.01 11 15.82
trnP-psaJ 26 24.1 25 15.45
trnT-trnL-ex1 50 29.81 19 15.2
accD-psaI 89 29.46 26 15.05
atpH-atpI 60 30.3 15 14.37
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三种石豆兰属药用植物的叶绿体基因组比较分析及其在物种鉴定中的意义
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杨嘉鹏 1, 2 , 朱紫乐 1 , 范雅娟 1, 2 , 朱菲 1, 2 , 陈粤珺 1 , 牛志韬 1, 2, * , 丁小余 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2020,55(11): 2736-2745
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2020, 55(11): 2736-2745
三种石豆兰属药用植物的叶绿体基因组比较分析及其在物种鉴定中的意义
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杨嘉鹏1, 2, 朱紫乐1, 范雅娟1, 2, 朱菲1, 2, 陈粤珺1, 牛志韬1, 2, * , 丁小余1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.南京师范大学生命科学学院, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.南京师范大学江苏省石斛兰产业化技术工程中心, 江苏 南京 210023

通讯作者:

*牛志韬, E-mail:;
丁小余, E-mail:
Comparative plastomic analysis of three Bulbophyllum medicinal plants and its significance in species identification
Jia-peng YANG1, 2, Zi-le ZHU1, Ya-juan FAN1, 2, Fei ZHU1, 2, Yue-jun CHEN1, Zhi-tao NIU1, 2, * , Xiao-yu DING1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2. Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Technical Industrialization for Dendrobium, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2020-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0967
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石豆兰属(Bulbophyllum)植物具有极高的观赏和药用价值,然而有关其系统发育关系和物种鉴定仍缺乏研究。因此,本研究对石豆兰属3种药用植物(赤唇石豆兰、长足石豆兰、富宁卷瓣兰)的叶绿体基因组进行了测序分析,并以此为基础开展了相应研究。经组装注释后发现,石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组共编码108个基因,其中蛋白质编码基因74个、转运RNA基因30个、核糖体RNA基因4个。基于mVISTA和节点处比较分析发现,石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组结构较为保守,差异主要存在于非编码区。系统进化分析表明,石豆兰属与石斛属亲缘关系最近。SSR分析显示单核苷酸重复数目最多,且大部分SSR位点存在于基因间隔区。此外,对非编码序列进行比较分析,共筛选出10个高变序列,其中psbI-trnSpsbC-trnSclpP-ex1-psbBpsaJ-rpl33rpl33-rps18这5个非编码区序列的组合,具有最高的序列变异度,可用于石豆兰属药用植物的鉴定研究。综上可知,本研究通过对石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组的比较分析,为系统发育关系和物种鉴定提供了理论依据。

石豆兰属  /  叶绿体基因组  /  系统发育关系  /  物种鉴定

Bulbophyllum orchids are popular for its ornamental appearance and great medicinal values. However, there is still a lack of research on phylogenetic relationship and species identification for this genus. In this study, the plastome sequences of three medicinal Bulbophyllum orchids (Bulbophyllum affine, Bulbophyllum pectinatum, Bulbophyllum funingense) were sequenced and analyzed. After assembly and annotation, it was found that the plastomes of Bulbophyllum plants encoded a total of 108 genes, including 74 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. Based on the analysis of mVISTA and comparison between junctions, it was found that the plastome structure of Bulbophyllum orchids was relatively conserved, and the variation mainly existed in the non-coding regions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Bulbophyllum orchids were closely related to Dendrobium orchids. SSR analysis of Bulbophyllum showed that most SSRs were located in the intergenic spacer and had the most single nucleotide repeats. In addition, based on the comparative analysis of non-coding sequences, a total of 10 high-variability sequences were screened out, among which the combination of five non-coding region sequences, including psbI-trnS, psbC-trnS, clpP-ex1-psbB, psaJ-rpl33, rpl33-rps18, had the highest sequence variability and could be used in the species identification study of medicinal plants of Bulbophyllum. In conclusion, this study provides a theoretical basis for phylogenetic relationship and species identification of Bulbophyllum orchids through the comparative analysis of plastome sequences of three medicinal plants of the genus Bulbophyllum.

Bulbophyllum  /  chloroplast genome  /  phylogenetic relationship  /  species identification
杨嘉鹏, 朱紫乐, 范雅娟, 朱菲, 陈粤珺, 牛志韬, 丁小余. 三种石豆兰属药用植物的叶绿体基因组比较分析及其在物种鉴定中的意义. 药学学报, 2020 , 55 (11) : 2736 -2745 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0967
Jia-peng YANG, Zi-le ZHU, Ya-juan FAN, Fei ZHU, Yue-jun CHEN, Zhi-tao NIU, Xiao-yu DING. Comparative plastomic analysis of three Bulbophyllum medicinal plants and its significance in species identification[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2020 , 55 (11) : 2736 -2745 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0967
石豆兰属(Bulbophyllum Thouars), 隶属于兰科(Orchidaceae), 约2 200种, 主要分布于热带和亚热带地区。我国约有105种, 广泛分布于贵州、广西、云南和福建等地[1]。石豆兰属植物不仅具有观赏价值, 还具备极高的药用价值, 可以清热润燥、化痰消肿。近年来, 对石豆兰属植物的研究主要集中在组织培养、化学成分和传粉生物学等方面, 并取得了较大进展[2-4], 但对其物种鉴别的研究却难以顺利开展, 主要原因在于: ①复杂的环境因素和传粉者的选择压力导致石豆兰属植物之间产生了较多相似的形态特征, 使它们难以区分; ②加工后的石豆兰药材与石斛属(Dendrobium Sw.)、石仙桃属(Pholidota Lindl. ex Hook.)、金石斛属(Flickingeria Hawkes)药材极为相似; ③缺乏能有效鉴别石豆兰属药用植物的DNA分子标记。因此, 亟需建立一种快速准确的石豆兰属药用植物的鉴别方法[5]
叶绿体是半自主性细胞器, 拥有自己特有的基因组。叶绿体基因组具有“环形”结构、DNA裸露、以操纵子为单元进行转录等特征[6]。陆生植物的叶绿体基因组较为保守, 大小为100~170 kbp, 可分为4个部分:大单拷贝区(large single copy, LSC)、小单拷贝区(small single copy, SSC)和两个反向重复区(inverted repeat, IRB和IRA)。叶绿体基因组约有120个基因, 主要包含3类:与基因表达相关的基因、与光合作用相关的基因和RNA基因。与核基因组和线粒体基因组相比, 叶绿体基因组具有结构保守、单亲遗传不存在重组、序列变异度适中等特点, 是分子生物学研究中的重要工具[7]
叶绿体基因组在长期的进化过程中, 结构上发生了一些变异[8], 如IR收缩[9]、倒位[10, 11]、基因和内含子的丢失[12]等。这些结构变异可以用于探讨物种间叶绿体基因组的进化关系。叶绿体基因组在序列上的变异主要集中在非编码区, 这些非编码区序列不仅可以应用于系统地理和系统发育研究, 还可以有效应用于物种鉴定研究[13]。例如:高变序列ndhF-rpl32rpl32-trnLndhC-trnV5′rps16-trnQpsbE-petLtrnT-psbDpetA-psbJrpl16 intron, 可用于被子植物的系统发育研究[14]。Shaw等[14, 15]基于大量的数据统计, 筛选出可应用于物种鉴定的叶绿体基因组3个高变区域: ① ccsAndhF的区域, 其中包含两个最易变的非编码区ndhF-rpl32rpl32-trnL; ② matK3′trnG的一个较大区域, 其中包含几个变异度较高的区域, 包括matK5′trnK-3′rps165′rps16-trnQtrnS-5′trnG等; ③ rpoBpsbD的一个较小的区域, 其中包括trnT-psbDrpoB-trnC。围绕这些区域筛选出的有效片段已成功应用于石斛属、兰属、蝴蝶兰属等药用植物的鉴定研究中。
近年来随着第二代测序技术的迅猛发展[16], 测序成本不断降低, 利用比较叶绿体基因组的方法, 筛选高变序列用于物种鉴定研究已变得可行[17-22]。因此, 本研究利用第二代测序技术, 测序、组装获得了3个石豆兰属药用植物叶绿体基因组, 结合其他兰科植物叶绿体基因组进行了比较, 分析了其属内叶绿体基因组的结构变化, 明确了系统发育关系, 并筛选出适合石豆兰属药用植物鉴定的叶绿体基因组高变序列。这些高变序列可以应用于石豆兰属药用植物的鉴定研究。
植物材料和DNA提取  本研究测序的3个石豆兰属药用植物(赤唇石豆兰Bulbophyllum affine Lindl、长足石豆兰Bulbophyllum pectinatum Finet、富宁卷瓣兰Bulbophyllum funingense Z. H. Tsi et S. C. Chen)保存在南京师范大学生命科学学院植物所温室。上述石豆兰属植物每个个体取2 g新鲜叶片, 利用试剂盒(DNeasy Plant Mini Kit, Qiagen, Germany)提取总DNA。
DNA测序和叶绿体基因组的组装注释  提取的满足质量标准的DNA样本(浓度 > 300 ng·μL-1, A260/A230 > 1.7, A260/A280值间于1.8到2.0)用于高通量测序。测序平台为Illumina Hiseq 4000, 每个DNA样本获得约7.3 Gb raw data。用CLC Genomics Workbench 6.0.1 (CLC Bio, Aarhus, Denmark)组装。去除coverage < 50×的序列, 以Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.叶绿体基因组为参照, 对3个石豆兰叶绿体基因组进行组装。使用DOGMA和在线tRNA-scan进行基因注释[23, 24]。通过BLAST和3个石豆兰叶绿体基因组的多序列比对, 确定每个注释基因的边界。
GC含量统计和mVISTA分析  利用Vector NTI版本信息提取出叶绿体基因组中每个基因的位置信息。用基因位置信息整理LSC/IRB/SSC/IRA的节点信息。统计3个石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组的LSC/IRB/SSC/IRA 4个区域及整体的GC含量。将各个叶绿体基因组的基因位置文件和序列文件提交到在线mVISTA网站上进行分析[25-29]
SC/IR节点图谱的绘制  参考Zhu等[30]的文章中对LSC/IRB/LSC/IRA区域的4个节点的绘制方法, 基于新测序的3个石豆兰属植物(B. affineB. pectinatumB. funingense)、已有的2个石斛属植物(Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo、Dendrobium tosaense Makino)和1个蝴蝶兰属植物[Phalaenopsis equestris (Schauer) Rchb.]绘制节点图谱。
SSR分析  利用MISA软件对石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组进行分析[18, 19, 23, 31], 参数设置为:单核苷酸重复次数 > 8, 二核苷酸重复次数 > 6, 三核苷酸、四核苷酸、五核苷酸和六核苷酸重复次数 > 5; 2个SSR之间的最小距离设置为100 bp。
系统进化分析  从NCBI上下载兰科植物的叶绿体全基因组[D. officinaleD. tosaenseDendrobium primulinum Lindl.、Dendrobium hercoglossum Rchb. F.、Dendrobium falconeri Hook.、Phalaenopsis equestrisBletilla striata (Thunb. ex Murray) Rchb. F.、Goodyera fumata Thw.、Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw.、Cymbidium longibracteatum Y. S. Wu et S. C. Chen、Oncidium Gower Ramsey、Oncidium sphacelatum Lindl.]。利用Mafft 7.220对以上15个兰科植物叶绿体基因组进行比对, 将G. fumata作为外群, 利用RAxML构建Maximum Likelihood (ML)系统发育树[21, 22]
序列变异度分析和高变区的筛选与验证  将基因的位置信息整理成非编码区的位置信息, 从序列FASTA文件中提取出每个非编码区的序列。用MEGA 5.0逐个比对每一个非编码区, 去除两端空缺。使用DnaSP 5.10统计出3个石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组非编码区的SNP、InDel、保守位点、GC含量等信息[21, 32]。去除其中的保守位点数不足100的非编码区。利用公式: Sequence Variability = (SNP + InDel) / (SNP + InDel + Conserved site)计算非编码区的变异度[33]。基于非编码区的变异度和GC含量绘制分布图。
将15个兰科植物的前5变异度非编码区比对后串联, 将G. fumata作为外群, 利用RAxML构建Maximum Likelihood (ML)系统发育树。
新测序获得的3个石豆兰叶绿体基因组(赤唇石豆兰Bulbophyllum affine LC556091、长足石豆兰Bulbophyllum pectinatum LC556092、富宁卷瓣兰Bulbophyllum funingense LC556093)为环形双链DNA, 大小为147 169~148 230 bp (表 1图 1)。叶绿体基因组包含一对反向重复区域(inverted repeat): IRA和IRB, 和两个单拷贝区域(single copy): LSC和SSC (图 1)。LSC、SSC和IR区域的大小分别为77 478~78 178 bp、17 094~17 529 bp和26 081~26 403 bp。总GC含量为37.86%~38.01%, LSC的GC含量为35.83%~36.01%, SSC的GC含量为30.38%~30.87%, IR的GC含量为43.25%~43.37%。石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组拥有74个蛋白质编码基因、30个tRNA基因和4个rRNA基因。
基于B. affine叶绿体基因组, 利用mVISTA软件对新测序的3个石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组进行了比较分析(图 2)。结果表明, ① tRNA与rRNA编码基因在石豆兰属植物中极其保守; ②基因编码区比非编码区保守, 变异较高的区域基本集中在LSC和SSC区域中。这与之前的研究结论一致[34-36]
基于节点图谱(图 3)可见, 6个植物的LSC/IRB节点位于rpl22基因中, SSC/IRA节点则位于ycf1基因中, 这使得IRB/SSC节点处保留了部分ycf1基因片段, IRA/LSC节点处保留了部分rpl22基因片段。在前期研究中, 节点图谱主要有3种类型: ① SSC/IRA节点在(-) ycf1中, LSC/IRB节点在rpl22rps19之间; ② SSC/IRA节点在(-) ycf1中, LSC/IRB节点在rps19中; ③ SSC/IRA节点在(-) ycf1中, LSC/IRB节点在rpl22中。第一种和第三种主要包含单子叶植物[22, 23, 26, 30], 而第二种则包含双子叶植物和单子叶植物[21, 24, 32]。本研究中, 石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组节点处变化不大, 结构较为保守, 属于常见的第三种类型, 即SSC/IRA节点在(-) ycf1中, LSC/IRB节点在rpl22中, 与兰科其他属植物的节点图谱类型相近。
利用MISA软件对石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组进行分析, 在B. affineB. funingenseB. pectinatum这3种石豆兰中分别检测到95、98、100个SSR位点(图 4A), 大部分位于基因间隔区(intergenic spacer, IGS)。检测到的SSR位点包括单核苷酸重复、双核苷酸重复以及复合型SSR (图 4B), 其中单核苷酸重复最多, 在这3种石豆兰中分别有75、75、82个, 并且主要分布在LSC区域中。由图 4可知, 石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组中的SSR主要是由A和T组成的, 其中大部分是以A/T碱基构成的单核苷酸重复, 其次是由AT/TA构成的二核苷酸重复。
基于全叶绿体基因组构建的ML系统发育树可知(图 5A), 在石豆兰属内, B. affineB. funingense的亲缘关系更近。在整个兰科植物属间关系上, 与石豆兰属植物亲缘关系最近的属是石斛属植物。
基于石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组非编码区的GC含量和变异度分布图可知(图 6), IR区域的非编码区变异度明显低于LSC (P < 0.001)和SSC (P < 0.001)区域。同时, IR区域的GC含量明显高于LSC (P < 0.001)和SSC (P < 0.001)区域。可见, GC含量高的区域变异度相对较低[33, 37]图 6中突出标记了前10变异度非编码区。同时, 列举了前10变异度非编码区的基本信息(表 2), 分别是psbI-trnSpsbC-trnSclpP-ex1-psbBpsaJ-rpl33rpl33-rps18trnP-psaJrpl16-ex1-rps3trnT-trnL-ex1accD-psaIatpH-atpI。它们全部分布在LSC区域中。在基于前5变异度非编码区构建的ML系统发育树中(图 5B), 拓扑结构与基于全叶绿体基因组构建的ML系统发育树相同。由此可见, 前5变异度非编码区不仅能够正确区分石豆兰属植物与兰科其他属植物, 而且也能正确区分石豆兰属中的不同植物。最后, psbI-trnS + psbC-trnS + clpP-ex1-psbB + psaJ-rpl33 + rpl33-rps18的片段组合具有最高的变异度, 推荐用于石豆兰属植物的物种鉴定研究。
石豆兰属植物具有极高的观赏价值和药用价值。目前, 对石豆兰属植物的研究在组织培养、化学成分和传粉生物学等方面取得了较大进展[2-4], 但对其物种鉴别研究却成果甚微, 因此开发出石豆兰属药用植物的专属DNA条形码将会带来巨大的价值。本研究基于二代高通量测序技术和比较基因组学研究方法对3种石豆兰属药用植物进行了分析研究。结果显示, 石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组在基因组结构和基因序列方面相当保守。本研究还统计并计算了所有非编码区的GC含量和变异度。结果显示, 石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组的高变序列具有多样性和聚集性。最后, 筛选了5个变异度最高的高变序列用于石豆兰属药用植物的物种鉴定。
前期研究表明, 叶绿体基因组在基因组结构和基因序列方面相当保守[38-40]。在序列长度方面, 叶绿体基因组总长度差异在1 200 bp以内, LSC、SSC和IR各区域的长度差异分别在700、500和400 bp以内。此外, LSC、SSC和IR区域的节点处高度保守, 表明石豆兰属植物的叶绿体基因组结构高度保守。mVISTA分析表明, 3个石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组的基因序列高度相似。此外, LSC、SSC、IR各个区域的GC含量明显不同, 变化幅度都在0.5%以内, 可见石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组各个区域明显不同, 并且在属内各个区域的序列十分相似。因此, 石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组在基因序列方面也相当保守。
叶绿体基因组的高变序列具有多样性与聚集性, 例如: ①在Phalaenopsis属植物中trnS-trnGpsaC-ndhEclpP-psbBrpl16 intron、rpoB-trnCtrnT-psbDrbcL-accDrpl32-trnLccsA-ndhDndhC-trnV具有最高的变异度, 而在Cymbidium属植物中rpl32-trnLtrnE-trnTtrnH-psbAtrnK-rps16trnT-trnL具有最高的变异度[14], 表明兰科植物叶绿体基因组的高变序列存在多样性; ②前期研究表明, 被子植物的高变序列主要存在于3个区域中, Niu等[15]进一步针对石斛属植物叶绿体基因组高变区进行分析, 总结出4个高变序列聚集区。本研究筛选的最高变的10个非编码区序列中只有psbI-trnStrnT-trnL-ex1在其他兰科植物中出现, 表明叶绿体基因组的高变序列具有多样性。石豆兰属植物的高变序列全部集中在LSC区域, 并且出现了明显的聚集, 主要分为两个聚集区(psbI-trnSaccD-psbB区域)。石豆兰属植物与亲缘关系较近的石斛属植物的高变序列聚集区有较大的差异, 可见兰科不同属植物的高变序列聚集区也具有特异性。因此, 有必要针对兰科重要属筛选高变序列, 用于属内植物的有效鉴定。
高变序列适合用于构建DNA条形码。前期研究表明, 对叶绿体基因组进行比较基因组学研究筛选出的高变序列, 能够有效地应用于种间鉴别[41, 42]和系统发育研究[14]。例如: ①非编码区片段: rpl32-trnLtrnE-trnTtrnH-psbAtrnK-rps16trnT-trnLCymbidium属植物中具有较高的序列变异度, 在Cymbidium属植物的种间鉴别中有巨大潜力; ② trnS-trnGpsaC-ndhEclpP-psbBrpl16 intron、rpoB-trnCtrnT-psbDrbcL-accDrpl32-trnLccsA-ndhDndhC-trnV这10个非编码区片段因具有最高的序列变异度可以有效应用于Phalaenopsis属的物种鉴别[14]。高变序列由于其序列短的特点, 其能作为DNA条形码经济、快速地区分不同属种的植物。ML系统发育树分析表明, 石豆兰属植物与石斛属植物亲缘关系十分接近, 然而两个属的高变序列存在较大差异。石豆兰属包含大量药用植物, 因此筛选其属内特异性DNA条形码意义重大。因此, 基于本研究结果, 推荐石豆兰属植物叶绿体基因组中最高变的5个非编码区(psbI-trnSpsbC-trnSclpP-ex1-psbBpsaJ-rpl33rpl33-rps18)组合用于设计鉴定石豆兰属药用植物的专属DNA条形码。
作者贡献:牛志韬、丁小余和杨嘉鹏负责研究设计; 杨嘉鹏、朱紫乐和陈粤珺负责实验操作; 杨嘉鹏、朱紫乐、范雅娟和朱菲负责数据分析; 杨嘉鹏负责论文撰写。所有的作者都对原稿的最终版本做出了贡献。
利益冲突:无相关利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(31670330)
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2020年第55卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0967
  • 接收时间:2020-06-14
  • 首发时间:2026-01-23
  • 出版时间:2020-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2020-06-14
  • 修回日期:2020-07-13
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(31670330)
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    1.南京师范大学生命科学学院, 江苏 南京 210023
    2.南京师范大学江苏省石斛兰产业化技术工程中心, 江苏 南京 210023

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*牛志韬, E-mail:;
丁小余, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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