Article(id=1220655291838940015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220655289922143078, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0430, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1585497600000, receivedDateStr=2020-03-30, revisedDate=1587916800000, revisedDateStr=2020-04-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768956500253, onlineDateStr=2026-01-21, pubDate=1591891200000, pubDateStr=2020-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768956500253, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768956500253, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768956500253, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220655289922143078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2020', volume='55', issue='6', pageStart='1073', pageEnd='1356', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768956499796, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768957205309, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220658249112671213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220655289922143078, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220658249112671214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220655289922143078, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1125, endPage=1136, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220655292589720446, articleId=1220655291838940015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=New use of an old drug: advances in antiviral effect of chloroquine
in vivo and
in vitro, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Chloroquine is a quinine derivative which is synthesized by German scholars in 1934. In addition to its anti-malaria, treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus and immunomodulatory effects, chloroquine is also found valuable in broad-spectrum antiviral treatment. Clinical trials have confirmed that chloroquine has a good effect on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In 2019, there were many patients infected with novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2). Preliminary clinical trials showed that chloroquine had obvious curative effect on patients with SARS-CoV-2. We summarize the effects of chloroquine to different viruses, explain its mechanism, and compare the results of its experiments in vitro and in vivo. The antiviral effect of chloroquine in vivo and in vitro are not consistent, which may be related to the model of animal, dosage and distribution of chloroquine in vivo, and the design of clinical research.
, correspAuthors=Yu-sheng ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2020 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui WANG, Long-cai TONG, Rong LI, Guang WU, Yu-sheng ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1220655293944480716, articleId=1220655291838940015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=老药新用:氯喹体内外抗病毒研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
氯喹是1934年德国学者合成的一种奎宁衍生物。除了具有抗疟疾、治疗系统性红斑狼疮和免疫调节作用外,氯喹还显示具有广谱的抗病毒作用,临床试验也证实其对艾滋病有较好的疗效。2019年出现了许多新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)感染的患者,初步的临床试验显示,氯喹对SARS-CoV-2感染患者有明显的疗效。作者通过总结氯喹对不同病毒的作用,阐述其作用机制,分析比较其在体内外作用的效果。氯喹抗病毒的体内与体外结果不一致,可能与动物模型、氯喹的剂量及体内分布、临床研究设计有关。
, correspAuthors=周玉生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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The pathway of virus replication and possible mechanism of chloroquine to virus endocytosis, fusion, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, translation, assembly, budding, release. Chloroquine enters and accumulates in lysosomes along a pH gradient. In lysosome, chloroquine inhibits the degradation of cargo derived externally or internally in autolysosomes by increasing the pH to prevent the activity of lysosomal enzymes. This process can reduce the replication of virus. Inhibition of lysosomal activity can prevent MHC Ⅱ-mediated autoantigen presentation. MHC Ⅱ: Major histocompatibility complex class Ⅱ , figureFileSmall=ySl31C8jhtgHnWTugSPWkQ==, figureFileBig=pZCRLJ6Tqni4dPqAjLBesA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220655297828405557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655291838940015, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Main property | CQ[11, 12] | HCQ[13, 14] |
| Structure |  |  |
| Clinical application form | Chloroquine phosphate | Hydroxychloroquine sulfate |
| Approved indications | Infection of P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, susceptible strains of P. falciparum, and rheumatic diseases | Uncomplicated malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, and systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Solubility in water/mg·mL-1 | 50 | > 20 |
| pH | 3.5-4.5 | 3.5-5.5 |
| t1/2/day | 40-60 | 40 |
| Bioavailability/% | Solution: 52-102 Oral tablets: 67-114 | 67-74 |
| Side effects | Multiple cardiac effects including meaningful prolongation of the QT interval | The same as CQ |
| Toxicity | Headache, drowsiness, visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting, cardiovascular collapse, shock, convulsions, respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest and hypokalemia | Headache, drowsiness, visual disturbances, cardiovascular collapse, convulsions, hypokalemia, rhythm and conduction disorders including QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation |
), ArticleFig(id=1220655297950040383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655291838940015, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison of main properties of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Main property | CQ[11, 12] | HCQ[13, 14] |
| Structure |  |  |
| Clinical application form | Chloroquine phosphate | Hydroxychloroquine sulfate |
| Approved indications | Infection of P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, susceptible strains of P. falciparum, and rheumatic diseases | Uncomplicated malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, and systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Solubility in water/mg·mL-1 | 50 | > 20 |
| pH | 3.5-4.5 | 3.5-5.5 |
| t1/2/day | 40-60 | 40 |
| Bioavailability/% | Solution: 52-102 Oral tablets: 67-114 | 67-74 |
| Side effects | Multiple cardiac effects including meaningful prolongation of the QT interval | The same as CQ |
| Toxicity | Headache, drowsiness, visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting, cardiovascular collapse, shock, convulsions, respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest and hypokalemia | Headache, drowsiness, visual disturbances, cardiovascular collapse, convulsions, hypokalemia, rhythm and conduction disorders including QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation |
), ArticleFig(id=1220655298142978389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655291838940015, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compound | Virus | Cell | Evaluation index of cell activity and toxicity | Reference |
| EC50/μmol·L-1 | CC50/μmol·L-1 | EC90/μmol·L-1 | SI |
| CQ | HCoV-229E-GFP | Huh7 | 3.3 ± 1.2 | > 50 | ND | > 15 | |
| SARS-CoV | Vero E6 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | > 128 | ND | > 31 | |
| MERS-CoV | Huh7 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 58.1 ± 1.1 | ND | 19.4 | |
| HCoV-OC43 | HRT-18 | 0.306 ± 0.009 1 | 419 ± 192.5 | ND | 1 369 | [36] |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Vero E6 | 1.13 | > 100 | 6.90 | > 88.5 | [38] |
| | Vero | 23.9 (24 h) 5.47 (48 h) | ND | ND | ND | [40] |
| HCQ | SARS-CoV-2 | Vero | 6.14 (24 h) 0.72 (48 h) | ND | ND | ND | |
| CQ | EBOV | HeLa | 16 | > 50 | ND | > 3.1 | [41] |
| ZIKV MR766 | Vero | 9.82 ± 2.79 | 134.54 ± 16.76 | ND | 13.70 | [45] |
| ZIKV MR766 | hBME-C | 14.20 ± 0.18 | 116.61 ± 9.70 | ND | 8.21 | |
| ZIKV MR766 | hNSC | 12.36 ± 2.76 | 94.95 ± 9.38 | ND | 7.68 | |
| ZIKV PLCal_ZV | Vero | 5.31 ± 0.64 | > 100 | ND | > 18.8 | [48] |
| DECQ | ZIKV PLCal_ZV | Vero | 7.01 ± 0.81 | 68.61 ± 7.19 | ND | 9.8 | |
| CQ | CHIKV | Vero | 7.0 ± 1.5 (IC50, pre-treatment 24 h) | ND | 15 ± 1.8 (IC90) | ≈ 37.14 | [49] |
| | | 17.2 ± 2.1 (IC50, post-treatment 1 h) | ND | 30 ± 4.1 (IC90) | ≈ 15.29 |
| | | 10.0 ± 1.2 (IC50, concurrent-treatment) | ND | 22 ± 3.8 (IC90) | ≈ 26 |
| HSV-1 | Vero E6 | 0.02 ± 0.002 | 0.7 ± 0.017 | ND | 33.0 | [51] |
), ArticleFig(id=1220655298243641693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655291838940015, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=
Cytoactivity and toxicity of chloroquine to different viruses. All experiments were performed in triplicate and data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), except reference 38, 40, 41 not mentioned; DECQ: Desethylchloroquine; HCoV-229E-GFP: Green fluorescent protein-expressing recombinant Human coronavirus 229E; SARS-CoV: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; MERS-CoV: Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus; HCoV-OC43: Human coronavirus OC43; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; EBOV: Ebola virus; ZIKV MR766: A Zika virus strain of the Africa; ZIKV PLCal_ZV: A Zika virus strain of the Asian lineage; CHIKV: Chikungunya virus; HSV-1: Herpes simplex virus 1; EC50: 50% Effective concentration; CC50: 50% Cytotoxic concentration; EC90: 90% Effective concentration; IC50: 50% Inhibitory concentration; IC90: 90% Inhibitory concentration; SI: Selective index (SI = CC50/EC50); ND: Not determined
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compound | Virus | Cell | Evaluation index of cell activity and toxicity | Reference |
| EC50/μmol·L-1 | CC50/μmol·L-1 | EC90/μmol·L-1 | SI |
| CQ | HCoV-229E-GFP | Huh7 | 3.3 ± 1.2 | > 50 | ND | > 15 | |
| SARS-CoV | Vero E6 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | > 128 | ND | > 31 | |
| MERS-CoV | Huh7 | 3.0 ± 1.1 | 58.1 ± 1.1 | ND | 19.4 | |
| HCoV-OC43 | HRT-18 | 0.306 ± 0.009 1 | 419 ± 192.5 | ND | 1 369 | [36] |
| SARS-CoV-2 | Vero E6 | 1.13 | > 100 | 6.90 | > 88.5 | [38] |
| | Vero | 23.9 (24 h) 5.47 (48 h) | ND | ND | ND | [40] |
| HCQ | SARS-CoV-2 | Vero | 6.14 (24 h) 0.72 (48 h) | ND | ND | ND | |
| CQ | EBOV | HeLa | 16 | > 50 | ND | > 3.1 | [41] |
| ZIKV MR766 | Vero | 9.82 ± 2.79 | 134.54 ± 16.76 | ND | 13.70 | [45] |
| ZIKV MR766 | hBME-C | 14.20 ± 0.18 | 116.61 ± 9.70 | ND | 8.21 | |
| ZIKV MR766 | hNSC | 12.36 ± 2.76 | 94.95 ± 9.38 | ND | 7.68 | |
| ZIKV PLCal_ZV | Vero | 5.31 ± 0.64 | > 100 | ND | > 18.8 | [48] |
| DECQ | ZIKV PLCal_ZV | Vero | 7.01 ± 0.81 | 68.61 ± 7.19 | ND | 9.8 | |
| CQ | CHIKV | Vero | 7.0 ± 1.5 (IC50, pre-treatment 24 h) | ND | 15 ± 1.8 (IC90) | ≈ 37.14 | [49] |
| | | 17.2 ± 2.1 (IC50, post-treatment 1 h) | ND | 30 ± 4.1 (IC90) | ≈ 15.29 |
| | | 10.0 ± 1.2 (IC50, concurrent-treatment) | ND | 22 ± 3.8 (IC90) | ≈ 26 |
| HSV-1 | Vero E6 | 0.02 ± 0.002 | 0.7 ± 0.017 | ND | 33.0 | [51] |
), ArticleFig(id=1220655298340110696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655291838940015, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Animal | Virus | CQ dose/mg·kg-1 | Administration | n | Duration/day | Survival rate/% | Reference |
| C57BL/6 mice | HCoV-OC43 | 1 5 15 | sc, qd, prepartum | 21 42 70 | 60 | 33.3 92.9 100 | [36] |
| | 1 5 15 | sc, qd, postpartum | 31 42 76 | | 0 83.3 97.4 | |
C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice | EBOV | 90 | bid, ip | | 14 | 80 | [41] |
| BALB/c mice | SARS-CoV | 50 10 1 | bid, ip | 15 | 3 | ND | [53] |
| | 50 10 1 | bid, in | 15 | 3 | ND | |
Chinese rhesus macaques | SIV | 25 (late infected) 25 (chronically infected) | qod | 3 | 30 | ND | [61] |
BALB/c mice (female) or A129 mice | ZIKV | 20 | 0 hpi 12 hpi 24 hpi, ip | 20 18 8 | 10 | 0 hpi, 90 | [62] |
| Male cynomolgus | CHIKV | 14 | sc | 6 | 23 | ND | [63] |
), ArticleFig(id=1220655298419802485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655291838940015, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=
The animal experiments of chloroquine to different viruses. SIV: Simian immunodeficiency virus; ZIKV: Zika virus; ip: Intraperitoneal; bid: Bis in die; in: Intranasal; sc: Subsutaneous; qod: Quaque omni die; hpi: Hours post-incubation; ND: Not determined
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Animal | Virus | CQ dose/mg·kg-1 | Administration | n | Duration/day | Survival rate/% | Reference |
| C57BL/6 mice | HCoV-OC43 | 1 5 15 | sc, qd, prepartum | 21 42 70 | 60 | 33.3 92.9 100 | [36] |
| | 1 5 15 | sc, qd, postpartum | 31 42 76 | | 0 83.3 97.4 | |
C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice | EBOV | 90 | bid, ip | | 14 | 80 | [41] |
| BALB/c mice | SARS-CoV | 50 10 1 | bid, ip | 15 | 3 | ND | [53] |
| | 50 10 1 | bid, in | 15 | 3 | ND | |
Chinese rhesus macaques | SIV | 25 (late infected) 25 (chronically infected) | qod | 3 | 30 | ND | [61] |
BALB/c mice (female) or A129 mice | ZIKV | 20 | 0 hpi 12 hpi 24 hpi, ip | 20 18 8 | 10 | 0 hpi, 90 | [62] |
| Male cynomolgus | CHIKV | 14 | sc | 6 | 23 | ND | [63] |
), ArticleFig(id=1220655298516271490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655291838940015, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Classification | Virus | Type of nucleic acid | Cell experiment related to CQ | Animal experiment related to CQ | Clinical trial related to CQ |
| Coronaviridae | HCoV-229E | +ssRNA | Yes[35] | No | No |
| SARS-CoV | +ssRNA | Yes[35] | Yes[53] | No |
| MERS-CoV | +ssRNA | Yes[35] | No | No |
| HCoV-OC43 | +ssRNA | Yes[36] | Yes[36] | No |
| SARS-CoV-2 | +ssRNA | Yes[38, 40] | No | Yes[66, 67] |
| Filoviridae | EBOV | -ssRNA | Yes[41] | Yes[41] | No |
| Retroviridae | HIV | +ssRNA | No | Yes[61] | Yes[73, 74] |
| Flaviviridae | DENV | +ssRNA | No | No | Yes[77] |
| ZIKV | +ssRNA | Yes[45, 48] | Yes[62] | No |
| Togaviridae | CHIKV | +ssRNA | Yes[49] | Yes[63] | Yes[65] |
| Herpesviridae | HSV-1 | dsDNA | Yes[51] | No | No |
), ArticleFig(id=1220655298595963274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220655291838940015, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=
The introduction of different viruses and experiments related to chloroquine in vitro and in vivo. HcoV-229E: Human coronavirus 229E; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; dsDNA: Double-stranded DNA; +ssRNA: Positive-sense single-stranded RNA; -ssRNA: Negative-sense single-stranded RNA
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Classification | Virus | Type of nucleic acid | Cell experiment related to CQ | Animal experiment related to CQ | Clinical trial related to CQ |
| Coronaviridae | HCoV-229E | +ssRNA | Yes[35] | No | No |
| SARS-CoV | +ssRNA | Yes[35] | Yes[53] | No |
| MERS-CoV | +ssRNA | Yes[35] | No | No |
| HCoV-OC43 | +ssRNA | Yes[36] | Yes[36] | No |
| SARS-CoV-2 | +ssRNA | Yes[38, 40] | No | Yes[66, 67] |
| Filoviridae | EBOV | -ssRNA | Yes[41] | Yes[41] | No |
| Retroviridae | HIV | +ssRNA | No | Yes[61] | Yes[73, 74] |
| Flaviviridae | DENV | +ssRNA | No | No | Yes[77] |
| ZIKV | +ssRNA | Yes[45, 48] | Yes[62] | No |
| Togaviridae | CHIKV | +ssRNA | Yes[49] | Yes[63] | Yes[65] |
| Herpesviridae | HSV-1 | dsDNA | Yes[51] | No | No |
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