Article(id=1220364152900603948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220364151428403238, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0580, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1563465600000, receivedDateStr=2019-07-19, revisedDate=1567612800000, revisedDateStr=2019-09-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768887087320, onlineDateStr=2026-01-20, pubDate=1578758400000, pubDateStr=2020-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768887087320, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768887087320, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768887087320, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220364151428403238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2020', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768887086970, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768887655045, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220366534166365022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220364151428403238, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220366534166365023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1220364151428403238, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=60, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220364154666405944, articleId=1220364152900603948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Celastrol inhibits PAK1 kinase and inhibits the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is a member of the P21-activated protein kinase family that plays an important role in the proliferation and on cogenesis of pancreatic cancer. PAK1 is an important target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. At present, akinase inhibitor targeting PAK1 is still in the preclinical research stage. Therefore, screening for new PAK1 kinase inhibitors is of great significance. In this study the natural compound celastrol was found to have a significant inhibitory effect on PAK1, with an IC50 value of 3.614 μmol·L-1. Molecular docking results showed that celastrol had good binding to PAK1. An MTT assay indicated that celastrol inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells BxPC-3 and PANC-1. Mechanistic studies revealed that the inhibition of pancreatic cancer cells by celastrol was reversed by PAK1 siRNA. Celastrol inhibited PAK1 and the subsequent activation of downstream signaling pathways, thereby activating apoptosis signaling pathways and triggering apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. These findings suggested that celastrol induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells by suppressing the PAK1 kinase signaling pathway and has potential value for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

, correspAuthors=Peng CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2020 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ling-xia ZHU, Xiao-yan SUN, Jiao CHEN, Xue-ting CAI, Peng CAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1220364156117635195, articleId=1220364152900603948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=雷公藤红素通过抑制PAK1抗胰腺癌作用及其机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

P21活化蛋白激酶1(p21-activated kinases 1,PAK1)是P21活化蛋白激酶家族成员之一,在胰腺癌细胞增殖和肿瘤形成过程中起着十分重要的作用,是胰腺癌治疗的重要靶点。目前,靶向PAK1的激酶抑制剂尚处于临床前研究阶段。因此,筛选开发出新的PAK1激酶抑制剂对于胰腺癌治疗具有重要的意义。本研究发现天然产物雷公藤红素(celastrol)对PAK1具有显著的抑制作用,其IC50约为3.614 μmol·L-1。分子对接结果显示,雷公藤红素与PAK1激酶结构域的ATP结合口袋结合。MTT实验结果表明,雷公藤红素对胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3、PANC-1的增殖均具有抑制作用。进一步机制研究显示,干扰PAK1后,雷公藤红素对胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3的抑制作用发生逆转。同时,雷公藤红素可以抑制PAK1及其下游信号通路蛋白的表达,从而激活凋亡信号通路引发胰腺癌细胞发生凋亡。上述研究结果表明,雷公藤红素可以通过靶向抑制PAK1激酶信号通路诱导胰腺癌细胞的凋亡,具有用于治疗胰腺癌的潜在价值。

, correspAuthors=曹鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*曹鹏, Tel:86-25-85608666, E-mail:
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Celastrol inhibits p21-activated kinases 1 (PAK1) enzymatic activity <i>in vitro</i> (B). <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=NYoAvjyuBYS/vrVdKd/IXg==, figureFileBig=YgCoOZRHNuOSdVuqMxOqTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220364163717714257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364152900603948, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Tfd750c6pB5G+FFDyB3Epg==, figureFileBig=uZSxVPb44GLvJHi9X7BIkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220364163797406040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364152900603948, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Interaction models between celastrol and PAK1. A: Celastrol is bound at the interface between N-lobe and C-lobe of PAK1; B: Specific binding mode of celastrol and PAK1 , figureFileSmall=Tfd750c6pB5G+FFDyB3Epg==, figureFileBig=uZSxVPb44GLvJHi9X7BIkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220364165760340329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364152900603948, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LaGWwH0CVSIvSFCMpePCdQ==, figureFileBig=+IqLJ6JhkB0O2QRrmm1WsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220364165861003633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364152900603948, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Celastrol inhibits PAK1 phosphorylation and its downstream signaling protein expression. A-C: Expression of PAK1 and MEK proteins was detected by Western blot at different doses of celastrol for 14 h; D-G: Expression of PAK1, cRAF and MEK1 proteins was detected by Western blot in 3 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> of celastrol for different reaction time. MEK: Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=LaGWwH0CVSIvSFCMpePCdQ==, figureFileBig=+IqLJ6JhkB0O2QRrmm1WsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220364165970055541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364152900603948, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CWm9vwt6OPSOVu6602QOvw==, figureFileBig=Z0pkyUkwrDdTa/gjEKm9dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220364166037164411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364152900603948, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Celastrol inhibits proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. A: Dose-response curves of BxPC-3 cells from 48 h MTT assays; B: Dose-response curves of PANC-1 cells from 48 h MTT assays; C: Photograph (100×) of PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells on drug treatment after 14 h. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=CWm9vwt6OPSOVu6602QOvw==, figureFileBig=Z0pkyUkwrDdTa/gjEKm9dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220364166179770758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364152900603948, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=G2TyInsYWCFobFO0XgvmtA==, figureFileBig=HpdVrAXN6AEulATpGtVLXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220364166293016974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364152900603948, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= PAK1 interference reverses the inhibitory effect of celastrol on proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. A: BxPC-3 cells are transfected with control siRNA and PAK1 siRNA for 48 h; B: The transfected BxPC-3 is treated with celastrol in 5 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> and 2.5 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> for 24 h. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> normal control (N.C.) group , figureFileSmall=G2TyInsYWCFobFO0XgvmtA==, figureFileBig=HpdVrAXN6AEulATpGtVLXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220364167643582880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364152900603948, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NUe/5UHwAOYWarExeo8puw==, figureFileBig=i5fLjvao875Xt4PV1uNH5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1220364167727468970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1220364152900603948, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Celastrol induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. 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雷公藤红素通过抑制PAK1抗胰腺癌作用及其机制研究
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朱陵霞 1, 2 , 孙晓艳 1, 2 , 陈姣 1, 2 , 蔡雪婷 1, 2 , 曹鹏 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2020,55(1): 60-66
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2020, 55(1): 60-66
雷公藤红素通过抑制PAK1抗胰腺癌作用及其机制研究
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朱陵霞1, 2, 孙晓艳1, 2, 陈姣1, 2, 蔡雪婷1, 2, 曹鹏1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.南京中医药大学附属中西医结合医院, 江苏 南京 210028, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210023

通讯作者:

*曹鹏, Tel:86-25-85608666, E-mail:
Celastrol inhibits PAK1 kinase and inhibits the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells
Ling-xia ZHU1, 2, Xiao-yan SUN1, 2, Jiao CHEN1, 2, Xue-ting CAI1, 2, Peng CAO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2. School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2020-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0580
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P21活化蛋白激酶1(p21-activated kinases 1,PAK1)是P21活化蛋白激酶家族成员之一,在胰腺癌细胞增殖和肿瘤形成过程中起着十分重要的作用,是胰腺癌治疗的重要靶点。目前,靶向PAK1的激酶抑制剂尚处于临床前研究阶段。因此,筛选开发出新的PAK1激酶抑制剂对于胰腺癌治疗具有重要的意义。本研究发现天然产物雷公藤红素(celastrol)对PAK1具有显著的抑制作用,其IC50约为3.614 μmol·L-1。分子对接结果显示,雷公藤红素与PAK1激酶结构域的ATP结合口袋结合。MTT实验结果表明,雷公藤红素对胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3、PANC-1的增殖均具有抑制作用。进一步机制研究显示,干扰PAK1后,雷公藤红素对胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3的抑制作用发生逆转。同时,雷公藤红素可以抑制PAK1及其下游信号通路蛋白的表达,从而激活凋亡信号通路引发胰腺癌细胞发生凋亡。上述研究结果表明,雷公藤红素可以通过靶向抑制PAK1激酶信号通路诱导胰腺癌细胞的凋亡,具有用于治疗胰腺癌的潜在价值。

P21活化蛋白激酶1  /  胰腺癌  /  雷公藤红素  /  增殖  /  凋亡

The p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) is a member of the P21-activated protein kinase family that plays an important role in the proliferation and on cogenesis of pancreatic cancer. PAK1 is an important target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. At present, akinase inhibitor targeting PAK1 is still in the preclinical research stage. Therefore, screening for new PAK1 kinase inhibitors is of great significance. In this study the natural compound celastrol was found to have a significant inhibitory effect on PAK1, with an IC50 value of 3.614 μmol·L-1. Molecular docking results showed that celastrol had good binding to PAK1. An MTT assay indicated that celastrol inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells BxPC-3 and PANC-1. Mechanistic studies revealed that the inhibition of pancreatic cancer cells by celastrol was reversed by PAK1 siRNA. Celastrol inhibited PAK1 and the subsequent activation of downstream signaling pathways, thereby activating apoptosis signaling pathways and triggering apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. These findings suggested that celastrol induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells by suppressing the PAK1 kinase signaling pathway and has potential value for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

p21-activated kinase 1  /  pancreatic neoplasms  /  tripterine  /  proliferation  /  apoptosis
朱陵霞, 孙晓艳, 陈姣, 蔡雪婷, 曹鹏. 雷公藤红素通过抑制PAK1抗胰腺癌作用及其机制研究. 药学学报, 2020 , 55 (1) : 60 -66 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0580
Ling-xia ZHU, Xiao-yan SUN, Jiao CHEN, Xue-ting CAI, Peng CAO. Celastrol inhibits PAK1 kinase and inhibits the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2020 , 55 (1) : 60 -66 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0580
胰腺癌是一种高度侵袭性的恶性癌症, 其死亡率与诊断率几乎相当, 5年生存率低于5%[1]。针对胰腺癌治疗的挑战主要有早期诊断不足以及治疗的药物极少。随着现代分子生物学的飞速发展, 人们对胰腺癌发生发展中涉及的信号通路更加清楚, 包括转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β)、Janus激酶/信号转导与转录激活子(Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of tran-ions, JAK/STAT)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)、核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)和Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLR)等信号通路[2]。临床治疗主要是以吉西他滨化疗为主, 然而并不能显著改善患者的生存质量。到目前为止, 已有多项临床试验探讨了吉西他滨联合化疗药或吉西他滨联合分子靶向药物在胰腺癌中的疗效, 结果没有一种方式能显著延长患者的生存期[3]。因此, 深入了解胰腺癌发生的遗传和分子变化, 研发出有效的药物是胰腺癌研究中亟待解决的问题之一。
P21活化激酶(p21-activated kinases, PAKs)属于丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶家族, 是Cdc42和Rac的效应蛋白, 位于多条肿瘤相关信号通路的交汇处。根据其结构与功能, 可以分为2个亚群, PAK1-3为亚群Ⅰ, PAK4-6为亚群Ⅱ[4]。PAKs可以介导许多细胞过程, 包括促进细胞的存活、增殖与迁移, 抑制细胞的凋亡, 调节细胞骨架动力学和细胞黏附等[5]。PAK1参与多种肿瘤发生发展的过程, 如非小细胞肺癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、乳腺癌和黑色素瘤[6-10]等。与癌旁组织相比, 胰腺癌组织中的PAK1表达量有显著增加[11]。PAK1抑制剂能抑制胰腺癌星状细胞生长进而延长胰腺癌小鼠的生存期[12]。由此可见, PAK1是胰腺癌治疗的重要靶点, 抑制PAK1有望开发出治疗胰腺癌的分子靶点药物。
本研究发现传统中药成分雷公藤红素(celastrol)能有效抑制PAK1活性, 并采用分子对接的方式考察了雷公藤红素与靶蛋白PAK1的相互作用模式; 为了进一步考察雷公藤红素对PAK1及其下游信号通路的影响, 以胰腺癌细胞为模型, 检测了雷公藤红素对PAK1相关蛋白表达的作用效果; 为明确雷公藤红素在胰腺癌细胞的药效, 采用MTT法、流式细胞术、siRNA转染等方法考察雷公藤红素对胰腺癌细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及可能的作用机制。本研究为雷公藤红素治疗胰腺癌提供了初步的研究基础。
细胞  人胰腺癌细胞PANC-1用含10%胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS)的DMEM培养基进行培养; 人胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3用含10% FBS的1640培养基进行培养。以上细胞均购自上海中国科学院细胞库。
试剂  雷公藤红素(美国TargetMol公司); PAK1 (美国AdooQ BioScience公司); ADP-GloTM激酶检测试剂盒(美国Promega公司); MTT (美国Sigma公司); LipofectamineTM 3000试剂(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 凋亡检测试剂盒PE Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I (美国BD Pharmingen公司); PAK1抗体、BAX抗体、Bcl-2抗体、cleaved-PARP抗体、PARP抗体、cleaved caspase-3抗体、caspase-3抗体、GAPDH抗体(美国Cell Signaling Technology公司)。
仪器设备  PowerPACTM凝胶电泳仪(美国Bio-Rad公司); Multiskan全波长酶标仪(美国Thermo Scientific公司); FACS Aria II流式细胞仪(美国BD Pharmingen公司); CKX41倒置显微镜(日本Olympus公司); Axio observer A1倒置荧光显微镜(德国Carl Zeiss公司)。
ADP-Glo TM激酶检测化合物的激酶抑制性  将底物与PAK1酶预先混匀, 加入化合物, 于30 ℃摇床上孵育20 min, 再加入ATP, 形成酶-底物-ATP-化合物混合液, 总体积为10 μL, 于30 ℃摇床上孵育30 min。到达时间点后, 加入ADP-GloTM试剂10 μL, 终止激酶反应并消耗体系中剩余的ATP, 于30 ℃摇床上孵育40 min, 再加入激酶检测试剂20 μL于30 ℃摇床上孵育30 min, 将反应体系中ADP转化为ATP并允许使用荧光素酶或荧光素反应测量新合成的ATP。产生的光与激酶测定中产生ADP的量相关, 其指示激酶活性。于酶标仪上测量发光并计算化合物对酶活性的抑制率[13]
分子对接  从PDB数据库(http://www.rcsb.org)下载PAK1与竞争型抑制剂结合的复合物结构4EQC (PDB ID), 采用Schrodinger 2015-3软件的Prep Wiz模块对蛋白结构进行预处理:去除水分子, 加氢, 在pH 7.4下优化氢键, 使用OPLS3力场对蛋白进行限制性能量优化, 使重原子的RMSD收敛于0.3Å (1 Å = 0.1 nm)。在Glide模块中以晶体结构的原有配体所在位点为中心, 定义周围15Å内为活性口袋(即ATP结合口袋)生成格点文件用于后续分子对接。从Selleck库(https://www.selleck.cn)下载雷公藤红素的结构文件, 在LigPrep模块中对小分子进行质子化加氢, 并使用OPLS3力场进行能量最小化得到最优构象。将准备好的受体、配体在Glide中进行分子对接, 对接模式选用SP (standard precision)。
MTT比色法   取对数生长期的人胰腺癌BxPC-3、PANC-1细胞, 磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)清洗2遍, 胰酶消化, 以每孔5×103个细胞接种于96孔板中, 周围一圈用灭菌的PBS封闭, 避免边缘效应。将化合物梯度稀释为9个浓度, 每个浓度设置3个复孔并设置一组对照孔, 于37 ℃培养箱中培养48 h。培养结束后, 每孔加入5 mg·mL-1 MTT 10 μL于37 ℃培养箱中孵育4 h, 弃掉上清, 再加入DMSO 100 μL, 避光振荡15 min, 采用酶标仪测定570 nm/630 nm处的吸光度(A)值并计算增殖抑制率。计算公式:细胞生长抑制率(%) = (溶剂对照孔A值-药物处理孔A值) / (溶剂对照孔A值-空白对照孔A值)×100%。
Western blot实验   取对数生长期的细胞, 以每孔2×105个/mL的细胞数接种于6孔板中, 待细胞完全贴壁后加入化合物, 14 h后弃上清, 用预冷的PBS清洗2遍, 洗去残留的培养基, 加入RIPA裂解液在冰上裂解30 min后收取蛋白, 用BCA定量, 将蛋白调整到统一浓度, 加入loading buffer后用煮样器煮8 min, 每孔上样量为30 μL。电泳后用5%脱脂牛奶室温封闭1 h, 于4 ℃冰箱孵育一抗过夜, 用TBST清洗3遍(间隔10 min), 室温孵育二抗1 h, 再次用TBST清洗3遍, 于ECL曝光显影。
小干扰RNA (siRNA)转染  取对数生长期的胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3, 以每孔2×105个/mL的细胞数接种于6孔板中, 每孔2 mL, 于细胞培养箱中培养过夜。在1.5 mL离心管中加入opti-MEMTM培养基125 μL和LipofectamineTM 3000试剂7 μL, 另取1只1.5 mL离心管, 加入opti-MEMTM培养基125 μL和siRNA 7 μL, 充分混匀, 孵育15 min, 将复合物加入6孔板中, 转染48 h。
流式细胞仪检测凋亡  取对数生长期的胰腺癌细胞PANC-1, 以每孔2×105个/mL的细胞数接种于6孔板中, 于细胞培养箱中培养过夜, 加入不同浓度的化合物处理24 h, 胰酶消化收集细胞, 用PBS清洗细胞2次, 收集1×105个细胞, 加入结合缓冲液100 μL重悬细胞后, 加入Annexin V-PE试剂5 μL, 再加入染料7-AAD 5 μL, 混匀, 室温避光孵育15 min后, 采用流式细胞仪检测凋亡情况。
统计学方法   使用SPSS 13.0进行统计学分析, 每个样品重复3次, 实验数据表示为均数±标准差, 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析。P < 0.05认为差异有统计学意义。
利用ADP-GloTM激酶检测试剂盒, 建立PAK1抑制剂的筛选方法。对实验室现有的化合物进行初步筛选, 初筛浓度设置为10 μmol·L-1, 结果发现雷公藤红素(图 1A)对PAK1具有显著的抑制作用。将雷公藤红素进行梯度稀释, 设置浓度为300、100、33.33、11.11、3.7、1.23、0.41、0.14和0.05 μmol·L-1, 使用ADP-GloTM激酶检测试剂盒检测其体外的IC50 (图 1B)。利用Graphpad Prism7计算得到其体外IC50值约为3.614 μmol·L-1
根据体外酶活实验提示, 雷公藤红素对PAK1的抑制活性是ATP浓度依赖性的, 推测雷公藤红素可能是ATP竞争型抑制剂, 所以采用PAK1与竞争型抑制剂结合的复合物结构(PDB ID: 4EQC)进行分子对接。PAK1主要由N-lobe和C-lobe构成, 中间由铰链区连接, ATP结合口袋就位于N-lobe和C-lobe的界面处, 这也是雷公藤红素与PAK1的作用位点(图 2A)。雷公藤红素与PAK1的具体结合模式见图2B, 其羰基氧与Leu347的骨架氨基形成氢键作用, 羟基与Thr406的侧链羟基形成氢键作用, 羧基与Lys538的侧链形成氢键作用; 此外, 雷公藤红素还与Ile276、Leu396、Val284、Val328、Leu347、Tyr346、Ala29等形成疏水作用。雷公藤红素与PAK1的对接打分值为-4.975, 结合自由能为-33.448 kcal·mol-1
不同浓度的雷公藤红素干扰胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3细胞14 h后(图 3A), Western blot结果显示, 磷酸化的PAK1蛋白与PAK1蛋白表达量均随着浓度的升高而降低(图 3B), PAK1的下游信号蛋白丝裂原活化的细胞外信号调节激酶(mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, MEK)的磷酸化水平也随着给药浓度的升高而表达减少(图 3C); 不同时间点同一浓度3 μmol·L-1处理胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3 (图 3D), Western blot结果显示, 随着给药时间的增加, PAK1磷酸化蛋白和PAK1蛋白均有所下降(图 3E), 下游信号蛋白cRAF原癌基因, 丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(cRAF proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase, cRAF) (图 3F)与MEK (图 3G)的磷酸化水平均有下降。上述结果表明, 雷公藤红素抑制了PAK1信号通路, 且抑制效果呈浓度与时间依赖性。
为了探究雷公藤红素能否通过抑制PAK1的活化而抑制胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3、PANC-1的增殖, 使用MTT法检测雷公藤红素对胰腺癌细胞的生长抑制性。将雷公藤红素梯度稀释, 设置浓度为50、25、12.5、6.25、3.13、1.56、0.78、0.39和0.20 μmol·L-1, 处理细胞48 h后, 发现可以显著抑制BxPC-3 (图 4A)、PANC-1 (图 4B)细胞的增殖, 且成浓度依赖性。使用GraphPad Prism 7软件分析, 雷公藤红素对BxPC-3细胞48 h的IC50值为1.327 μmol·L-1, 对PANC-1细胞48 h的IC50值为2.059 μmol·L-1。加药14 h后细胞形态发生变化(图 4C)。
为了探究PAK1是否为雷公藤红素抑制胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3增殖作用的靶点, 使用siRNA干扰BxPC-3中的PAK1 (图 5A), 再用MTT法检测雷公藤红素对干扰PAK1的BxPC-3细胞增殖的抑制作用, 发现在5和2.5 μmol·L-1浓度下, 雷公藤红素对BxPC-3细胞增殖的抑制作用明显降低, 与阴性对照组相比, 具有显著性差异(图 5B)。
通过流式细胞术检测不同浓度的雷公藤红素对胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3凋亡的影响, 并进一步通过Western blot技术检测雷公藤红素对凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响。流式结果表明:给药24 h后, 随着雷公藤红素浓度增加, 细胞凋亡率明显上升, 与对照组相比, 具有统计学意义(图 6AB)。同时, Western blot结果表明(图 6C), 雷公藤红素上调了分裂的DNA修复酶(cleaved-poly ADP-ribose polymerase, cleaved-PARP) (图 6D)以及分裂的含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(cleaved caspase-3)蛋白水平, 而含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(caspase-3)蛋白无明显变化(图 6E); BCL2-associated X的蛋白质(BAX)随着给药浓度增加而上升, 而B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2蛋白(B cell lymphoma/lewkmia-2, Bcl-2)随着药物浓度增加而下降, Bax/Bcl-2比值上升(图 6F), 所有结果与对照组比均具有统计学意义。上述结果表明, 雷公藤红素可以促进胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3的凋亡。
胰腺癌是常见的恶性肿瘤之一, 其5年生存率低于5%, 近年来其发病率及死亡率呈上升趋势。目前临床上治疗胰腺癌以化疗为主, 大多数针对胰腺癌的靶向治疗的临床试验都没有取得成功[14]。因此, 寻找新的治疗靶点及药物就显得十分重要。
PAK1在胰腺癌细胞增殖和肿瘤形成过程中发挥着十分重要的作用。在超过95%的胰腺癌中存在鼠类肉瘤病毒癌基因(kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene, KRAS)突变, KRAS可以直接和间接的激活Rho GTP酶如RAC1和Cdc42从而激活PAK1, PAK1活化后进一步激活下游多种信号途径, 从而促进肿瘤细胞的存活、增殖与迁移, 抑制凋亡, 调节细胞骨架动力学和细胞黏附[15]等。CRAF-MEK-ERK信号通路是其经典的下游信号通路, 当上游信号分子PAK1被活化时, 信号级联通路被激活, 细胞外调节蛋白激酶由胞质转位到核内, 进而介导ATF、c-fos等转录因子的活化, 从而调控多种生物学反应[16]。因此, PAK1被认为是一个潜在的治疗胰腺癌的靶点, 抑制PAK1可以有效抑制胰腺癌的发生发展。本研究通过建立PAK1抑制剂筛选方法发现雷公藤红素是一种潜在的PAK1抑制剂, 其体外酶活性IC50约等于3.614 μmol·L-1, 分子模拟对接结果显示雷公藤红素与PAK1有良好的结合性, 通过Western blot实验发现, 雷公藤红素可以抑制PAK1的磷酸化及其下游信号通路。敲低PAK1后, 雷公藤红素对胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3抑制作用明显下降。
目前已经报道的PAK1抑制剂大多数是在实验室中化学合成, 也有少量是天然产物, 包括乐园树酮(glaucarubinone)、冲绳蜂胶(onikawa propolis)和海参皂苷(frondosides)等[17]。本研究筛选出来的雷公藤红素是首次报道来自药用植物的PAK1抑制剂。
已知雷公藤红素具有显著的抗肿瘤效应, 对多种肿瘤类型都有良好的治疗效果, 包括肝癌、乳腺癌和肺癌[18-20]等。然而其抗肿瘤机制至今尚未有定论。Rajendran等[21]首次证明雷公藤红素通过抑制信号传导与转录激活因子3 (signal transducer and activator of trasnscription, STAT3)信号从而抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、诱导凋亡。Mou等[22]发现通过激活线粒体及FasL介导的途径, 雷公藤红素可以诱导非小细胞肺癌细胞A549的凋亡。Yadav等[23]发现雷公藤红素能够下调趋化因子受体4 (recombinant chemokine C-X-C-motif receptor 4, CXCR4)的表达, 从而抑制胰腺癌细胞和结肠癌细胞的侵入和转移。然而, 雷公藤红素对PAK1的作用尚无报道。本研究发现雷公藤红素对PAK1具有显著的抑制作用, 进而抑制胰腺癌细胞生长, 诱导凋亡。本研究结果不仅刷新了雷公藤红素的抗肿瘤作用机制, 也为后续PAK1抑制剂的设计提供了参考和借鉴。
细胞凋亡途径通常可以分为半胱天冬酶依赖性和半胱天冬酶非依赖性。Caspase-3对半胱天冬酶依赖性细胞凋亡的起着决定性作用。Caspase-3的顺序激活导致PARP裂解, 从而导致细胞凋亡[24]。作者发现caspase-3和PARP都被雷公藤红素切割。此外, 促凋亡蛋白和抗凋亡蛋白之间的比值决定了细胞对凋亡信号的易感性[25]。雷公藤红素可以促进BAX的表达而降低Bcl-2的表达, 从而导致Bax/Bcl-2的比值上升。与雷公藤红素诱导胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3凋亡的结果相一致。
综上所述, 本研究证实雷公藤红素可以通过抑制PAK1从而抑制肿瘤活性, 具有广阔的开发前景, 随着研究不断深入, 以PAK1为靶点设计筛选的靶向药物也会进入一个新的阶段。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81873057)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973527)
  • 江苏省社会发展——临床前沿技术项目(BE2018755)
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2020年第55卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0580
  • 接收时间:2019-07-19
  • 首发时间:2026-01-20
  • 出版时间:2020-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2019-07-19
  • 修回日期:2019-09-05
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81873057)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973527)
江苏省社会发展——临床前沿技术项目(BE2018755)
作者信息
    1.南京中医药大学附属中西医结合医院, 江苏 南京 210028, 江苏 南京 210023
    2.南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210023

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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