Article(id=1210518243484233820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1459, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1633622400000, receivedDateStr=2021-10-08, revisedDate=1636041600000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539639588, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1670774400000, pubDateStr=2022-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539639588, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539639588, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539639588, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210518228766421884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='0', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539636078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539730802, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3535, endPage=3545, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210518244033687667, articleId=1210518243484233820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The effect of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. on intestinal function and gut microbiota homeostasis in aging mice, columnId=1210518233132692356, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Therapeutic Modulation of Gut Immune and Microbiota Homeostasis by Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aging can cause degenerative changes in the function of multiple tissues and organs in the body. Gastrointestinal diseases and intestinal dysfunction are very common in the elderly people. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of the total extract of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. on intestinal function and gut microbiota homeostasis in natural aging mice, which will provide clues for further mechanism study. The natural aging mice model is established and animal experiments follow the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The overall health of the mice was evaluated by the "frailty index" scoring method. The intestinal absorption and transport function were measured by detecting intestinal glucose absorption capacity, transport time, lipase and amylase activities of aging mice. Intestinal inflammation was assessed by detecting inflammatory cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pathological changes in the intestines of aging mice were tested by hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) staining and alizarin blue (AB) staining. The qRT-PCR method was used to explore the gene transcription level related with the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells. Microbiota analysis based on 16S rDNA were used to evaluate the composition of gut microbiota. The results showed that Astragalus had a tendency to reduce the "frailty index" of aging mice, but did not show a significant difference. In some indicators of aging phenotype, Astragalus has the most significant effect on hair loss and physical fitness. In terms of intestinal function, Astragalus could increase intestinal glucose absorption capacity, shorten intestinal transportation time and promote lipase secretion in aging mice. The levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-‍α) in the aging intestinal tissue were reduced after Astragalus administration. Astragalus also ameliorated the pathological degeneration of the intestinal tissue of aging mice by increasing the length of small intestinal villi, the thickness of colonic mucosa and goblet cell number. In addition, Astragalus elevated the expression of genes associated with the proliferation and differentiation in jejunum and modulated gut microbiota, especially restoring the abundance of Lachnospiraceae. Taken together, the above research results demonstrate the total extract of Astragalus as a key factor improving the intestinal function and gut microbiota homeostasis of aging mice.

, correspAuthors=Jian-ming GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-ting YIN, Shu-hui YANG, Cheng-xi LI, Yun LIU, Yu-meng WANG, Jin-ao DUAN, Jian-ming GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210518250597773661, articleId=1210518243484233820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=黄芪对自然衰老小鼠肠道功能及菌群稳态的作用研究, columnId=1210518233338213258, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

伴随着衰老的进程, 机体内多个组织、器官功能发生退行性改变。肠道功能失调及菌群稳态失衡是老年人常见表现。本研究旨在探讨黄芪对自然衰老小鼠肠道功能及菌群稳态的影响, 为进一步的抗衰老机制研究提供依据。采用自然衰老小鼠模型, 动物实验遵循南京中医药大学动物伦理委员会规定。首先采用“虚弱指数”综合评分对小鼠衰老表型进行整体评价。检测小鼠肠道葡萄糖吸收能力、肠道运输时间、肠道脂肪酶以及淀粉酶的活性, 评估肠道吸收和运输功能, 酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA) 检测结肠炎症因子水平, 苏木精-伊红(H & E) 染色评价肠道绒毛长度, 阿立新蓝(AB) 染色评价肠道黏膜厚度及杯状细胞数量, 利用qRT-PCR方法检测肠道干细胞增殖与分化相关基因的转录水平, 16S rDNA测序分析肠道菌群组成。结果显示, 在衰老整体表型方面, 黄芪具有降低衰老小鼠“虚弱指数”的趋势, 但并没有显著性差异。在衰老表型的某些指标上, 黄芪对衰老小鼠毛发以及体能的改善作用最为显著。在肠道功能方面, 黄芪可增加衰老小鼠肠道葡萄糖吸收能力, 缩短肠道运输时间, 促进脂肪酶分泌。黄芪可降低衰老小鼠肠道组织中炎症因子如肿瘤坏死因子α (TNF-α)、白介素6 (IL-6) 水平; 增加小肠绒毛长度、结肠黏膜厚度以及杯状细胞数量, 促进肠干细胞的增殖与分化, 改善肠道屏障功能。此外, 黄芪能增加小鼠肠道菌群多样性, 恢复肠道菌群稳态, 恢复毛螺菌科等多种细菌的丰度。上述研究结果提示, 黄芪可改善自然衰老小鼠的某些表型, 对小鼠肠道功能及菌群稳态的改善作用尤其显著。

, correspAuthors=郭建明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郭建明, Tel: 86-25-85811917, E-mail:
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Cell Host Microbe, 2018, 24: 833-846.e6., articleTitle=Microbiota-derived lactate accele-rates intestinal stem-cell-mediated epithelial development, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210518251122061707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210518251130450316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, companyId=1210518251122061707, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210518251138838925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, companyId=1210518251122061707, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=南京中医药大学, 江苏省中药资源产业化过程协同创新中心, 江苏 南京 210023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210518256037786289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mg1dHBG55Prbx7QMZIJnDA==, figureFileBig=NaN70cO88ZsAzvqQgc+BCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256121672374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The total score of frailty index in different groups. <i>n</i> = 6-8, mean ± SEM. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 , figureFileSmall=mg1dHBG55Prbx7QMZIJnDA==, figureFileBig=NaN70cO88ZsAzvqQgc+BCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256360747713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0qHJhm3b1/mXdsLJ/mtzKg==, figureFileBig=gKn1w9bU0VNDnIH74n6veQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256457216709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Effects of <i>Astragalus</i> on the daily indicators of aging phenotype. A-C: Changes of body weight, water and food consumption in different groups; D: Representative pictures of hematoxylin-eosin (H & E)-stained skin tissue. Scale bar: 282.5 μm; E: Number of hair follicles; F, G: Evaluation of forepaw (F) and all-paw (G) grip strength; H: Evaluation of swimming time. <i>n</i> = 6-8, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 , figureFileSmall=0qHJhm3b1/mXdsLJ/mtzKg==, figureFileBig=gKn1w9bU0VNDnIH74n6veQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256562074313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DHfEJF6yQNRlL8+yvX/Atw==, figureFileBig=DIoDzpUMF4YMB4JnmsFjfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256637571792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Effects of <i>Astragalus</i> on the intestinal function and inflammatory cytokines of aging mice. A: Glucose absorption ability; B: Area under the curve (AUC) of different groups; C: Lipase and amylase activity in ileum; D: Whole gut transit time; E: Colon and small intestine length; F: Representative pictures of intestine; G: Inflammatory cytokines including TNF-<i>α</i>, IL-6 and IL-10 in colon. <i>n</i> = 6-8, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01. TNF-<i>α</i>: Tumor necrosis factor-<i>α</i>; IL: Interleukin , figureFileSmall=DHfEJF6yQNRlL8+yvX/Atw==, figureFileBig=DIoDzpUMF4YMB4JnmsFjfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256717263575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iXoOWY3jIpFXJxgbTCJswg==, figureFileBig=HbNoTvpUadiTc5nH0XPpqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256880841437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effect of <i>Astragalus</i> on pathological changes of intestine tissue in aging mice. A: Representative pictures of H & E-stained jejunum tissue. Scale bar: 500 μm; B: Height of intestine villi and crypt in jejunum; C: Representative pictures of PAS-stained colon tissue. Scale bar: 500 μm; D: Number of goblet cell and thickness of mucus layer in colon. <i>n</i> = 6-8, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 , figureFileSmall=iXoOWY3jIpFXJxgbTCJswg==, figureFileBig=HbNoTvpUadiTc5nH0XPpqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256977310434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ENhqmqit979Sn2dsUYAQrw==, figureFileBig=JB6zM70ouuPFCWPNWt6gcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518257082168039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effect of <i>Astragalus</i> on the transcription of mRNA related to the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells. A: mRNA levels of Lgr5, Wnt3, Notch1, KI67 and Casp3 in jejunum; B: mRNA levels of Muc2, Lyz1, Neurog3 and Atoh1 in jejunum. <i>n</i> = 5-6, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 , figureFileSmall=ENhqmqit979Sn2dsUYAQrw==, figureFileBig=JB6zM70ouuPFCWPNWt6gcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518257212191473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wtp6thEnGaRxMusYxHzz1g==, figureFileBig=vR8PqEuaeaJxngPQubpGEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518257384157942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= <i>Astragalus</i> regulates the intestinal microbiota dysbiosis on the overall level in aging mice. A: Principal component analysis (PCA) based on Bray-Curtis similarity; B: Shannon index in different groups; C: Relative abundance of gut microbiota at the phylum level; D, E: Relative abundance of the significantly-altered bacteria at the phylum levels, including Actinobacteriota and Campilobacterota. <i>n</i> = 5-6, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 , figureFileSmall=wtp6thEnGaRxMusYxHzz1g==, figureFileBig=vR8PqEuaeaJxngPQubpGEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518257480626940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1UcEqufLJTCsIxIGxiNIwQ==, figureFileBig=Jf7Qz46w7xImWGTLztcw0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518257581290248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= <i>Astragalus</i> partly improves the relative abundance of Firmicutes in aging mice. A: Relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae at the genus level; B: Relative abundance of Firmicutes at the genus level except Lachnospiraceae; C: Relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae at the species level; D: Relative abundance of Firmicutes at the species level except Lachnospiraceae. <i>n</i> = 5-6, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=1UcEqufLJTCsIxIGxiNIwQ==, figureFileBig=Jf7Qz46w7xImWGTLztcw0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518257648399116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IhVkJAuhwTUUwJ4QrdRycQ==, figureFileBig=pJMP3fXzbt3Vxt7IPthBIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518257753256722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= The heat map shows the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae at the genus level in different groups , figureFileSmall=IhVkJAuhwTUUwJ4QrdRycQ==, figureFileBig=pJMP3fXzbt3Vxt7IPthBIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518257853920024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=j3GO5ui/7l/lK7za+zd8OQ==, figureFileBig=hfONCX4V4bCh7ZP9nryFUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518259049296667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= <i>Astragalus</i> modulated the relative abundance of other phyla except Firmicutes in aging mice. Relative abundance of the significantly-altered bacteria in Bacteroidota (A), Desulfobacterota (B), Actinobacteriota (C), Proteobacteria (D). <i>n</i> = 5-6, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 , figureFileSmall=j3GO5ui/7l/lK7za+zd8OQ==, figureFileBig=hfONCX4V4bCh7ZP9nryFUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518259175125789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer (5′-3′)
β-ActinForward: CTACAGCTTCACCACCACAG
Reverse: ACCGCTCGTTGCCAATAGTG
Lgr5Forward: TTACGTCTTGCTGGAAATGCT
Reverse: AGCATAAGCACTTTGAGGCTG
Wnt3Forward: TTCTTACTTGAGGGCGGAGA
Reverse: ACCCGTATCCCAGACAGGA
Notch1Forward: GCTGCCTCTTTGATGGCTTCGA
Reverse: CACATTCGGCACTGTTACAGCC
Casp3Forward: TGACTGGAAAGCCGAAACTC
Reverse: AGCCTCCACCGGTATCTTCT
KI67Forward: TGCCAGGCTATGCTAATGACT
Reverse: GCTCTTGTGTGGTGTGGACT
Muc2Forward: GCTGACGAGTGGTTGGTGAATG
Reverse: GATGAGGTGGCAGACAGGAGAC
Lyz1Forward: GAGACCGAAGCACCGACTATG
Reverse: CGGTTTTGACATTGTGTTCGC
Neurog3Forward: CGCAAGAAGGCCAATGATCG
Reverse: AGAAGCTGTGGTCCGCTATG
Atoh1Forward: AGCAAACAGGTGAATGGGGT
Reverse: CTCCGACAGAGCGTTGATG
), ArticleFig(id=1210518259288372003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518243484233820, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers for target genes in mice. Lgr5: Leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; Casp3: Caspase 3; Muc2: Mucin 2; Lyz1: Lysozyme 1; Neurog3: Neurogenin 3; Atoh1: Atonal homolog 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer (5′-3′)
β-ActinForward: CTACAGCTTCACCACCACAG
Reverse: ACCGCTCGTTGCCAATAGTG
Lgr5Forward: TTACGTCTTGCTGGAAATGCT
Reverse: AGCATAAGCACTTTGAGGCTG
Wnt3Forward: TTCTTACTTGAGGGCGGAGA
Reverse: ACCCGTATCCCAGACAGGA
Notch1Forward: GCTGCCTCTTTGATGGCTTCGA
Reverse: CACATTCGGCACTGTTACAGCC
Casp3Forward: TGACTGGAAAGCCGAAACTC
Reverse: AGCCTCCACCGGTATCTTCT
KI67Forward: TGCCAGGCTATGCTAATGACT
Reverse: GCTCTTGTGTGGTGTGGACT
Muc2Forward: GCTGACGAGTGGTTGGTGAATG
Reverse: GATGAGGTGGCAGACAGGAGAC
Lyz1Forward: GAGACCGAAGCACCGACTATG
Reverse: CGGTTTTGACATTGTGTTCGC
Neurog3Forward: CGCAAGAAGGCCAATGATCG
Reverse: AGAAGCTGTGGTCCGCTATG
Atoh1Forward: AGCAAACAGGTGAATGGGGT
Reverse: CTCCGACAGAGCGTTGATG
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黄芪对自然衰老小鼠肠道功能及菌群稳态的作用研究
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尹佳婷 , 杨淑惠 , 李成曦 , 刘云 , 王雨萌 , 段金廒 , 郭建明 *
药学学报 | 专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控 2022,57(12): 3535-3545
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药学学报 | 专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控 2022, 57(12): 3535-3545
黄芪对自然衰老小鼠肠道功能及菌群稳态的作用研究
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尹佳婷, 杨淑惠, 李成曦, 刘云, 王雨萌, 段金廒, 郭建明*
作者信息
  • 南京中医药大学, 江苏省中药资源产业化过程协同创新中心, 江苏 南京 210023

通讯作者:

*郭建明, Tel: 86-25-85811917, E-mail:
The effect of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. on intestinal function and gut microbiota homeostasis in aging mice
Jia-ting YIN, Shu-hui YANG, Cheng-xi LI, Yun LIU, Yu-meng WANG, Jin-ao DUAN, Jian-ming GUO*
Affiliations
  • Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2022-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1459
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伴随着衰老的进程, 机体内多个组织、器官功能发生退行性改变。肠道功能失调及菌群稳态失衡是老年人常见表现。本研究旨在探讨黄芪对自然衰老小鼠肠道功能及菌群稳态的影响, 为进一步的抗衰老机制研究提供依据。采用自然衰老小鼠模型, 动物实验遵循南京中医药大学动物伦理委员会规定。首先采用“虚弱指数”综合评分对小鼠衰老表型进行整体评价。检测小鼠肠道葡萄糖吸收能力、肠道运输时间、肠道脂肪酶以及淀粉酶的活性, 评估肠道吸收和运输功能, 酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA) 检测结肠炎症因子水平, 苏木精-伊红(H & E) 染色评价肠道绒毛长度, 阿立新蓝(AB) 染色评价肠道黏膜厚度及杯状细胞数量, 利用qRT-PCR方法检测肠道干细胞增殖与分化相关基因的转录水平, 16S rDNA测序分析肠道菌群组成。结果显示, 在衰老整体表型方面, 黄芪具有降低衰老小鼠“虚弱指数”的趋势, 但并没有显著性差异。在衰老表型的某些指标上, 黄芪对衰老小鼠毛发以及体能的改善作用最为显著。在肠道功能方面, 黄芪可增加衰老小鼠肠道葡萄糖吸收能力, 缩短肠道运输时间, 促进脂肪酶分泌。黄芪可降低衰老小鼠肠道组织中炎症因子如肿瘤坏死因子α (TNF-α)、白介素6 (IL-6) 水平; 增加小肠绒毛长度、结肠黏膜厚度以及杯状细胞数量, 促进肠干细胞的增殖与分化, 改善肠道屏障功能。此外, 黄芪能增加小鼠肠道菌群多样性, 恢复肠道菌群稳态, 恢复毛螺菌科等多种细菌的丰度。上述研究结果提示, 黄芪可改善自然衰老小鼠的某些表型, 对小鼠肠道功能及菌群稳态的改善作用尤其显著。

自然衰老小鼠  /  肠道衰老  /  肠道功能  /  肠道菌群  /  黄芪

Aging can cause degenerative changes in the function of multiple tissues and organs in the body. Gastrointestinal diseases and intestinal dysfunction are very common in the elderly people. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of the total extract of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. on intestinal function and gut microbiota homeostasis in natural aging mice, which will provide clues for further mechanism study. The natural aging mice model is established and animal experiments follow the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The overall health of the mice was evaluated by the "frailty index" scoring method. The intestinal absorption and transport function were measured by detecting intestinal glucose absorption capacity, transport time, lipase and amylase activities of aging mice. Intestinal inflammation was assessed by detecting inflammatory cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The pathological changes in the intestines of aging mice were tested by hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) staining and alizarin blue (AB) staining. The qRT-PCR method was used to explore the gene transcription level related with the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells. Microbiota analysis based on 16S rDNA were used to evaluate the composition of gut microbiota. The results showed that Astragalus had a tendency to reduce the "frailty index" of aging mice, but did not show a significant difference. In some indicators of aging phenotype, Astragalus has the most significant effect on hair loss and physical fitness. In terms of intestinal function, Astragalus could increase intestinal glucose absorption capacity, shorten intestinal transportation time and promote lipase secretion in aging mice. The levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-‍α) in the aging intestinal tissue were reduced after Astragalus administration. Astragalus also ameliorated the pathological degeneration of the intestinal tissue of aging mice by increasing the length of small intestinal villi, the thickness of colonic mucosa and goblet cell number. In addition, Astragalus elevated the expression of genes associated with the proliferation and differentiation in jejunum and modulated gut microbiota, especially restoring the abundance of Lachnospiraceae. Taken together, the above research results demonstrate the total extract of Astragalus as a key factor improving the intestinal function and gut microbiota homeostasis of aging mice.

aging mouse  /  intestinal aging  /  intestinal function  /  gut microbiota  /  Astragalus
尹佳婷, 杨淑惠, 李成曦, 刘云, 王雨萌, 段金廒, 郭建明. 黄芪对自然衰老小鼠肠道功能及菌群稳态的作用研究. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3535 -3545 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1459
Jia-ting YIN, Shu-hui YANG, Cheng-xi LI, Yun LIU, Yu-meng WANG, Jin-ao DUAN, Jian-ming GUO. The effect of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. on intestinal function and gut microbiota homeostasis in aging mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3535 -3545 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1459
目前, 全世界老年人口的比例正在迅速增长。据估计, 到2050年, 世界老年人口(60岁及以上) 的比例将从2013年的8.41亿增加到20亿, 占世界人口的21%[1]。中国第7次人口普查结果显示, 60岁及以上人口占全国人口的18.7%, 相比2010年上升5.44%, 人口老龄化程度进一步加深, 将给我国的医疗体系带来沉重的压力和严峻的挑战。
衰老是生命体在增龄过程中发生的退行性变化, 随着时间推移, 机体细胞、组织、器官功能均会逐渐衰退。神经系统衰退、心血管老化、胃肠道功能紊乱而引发的疾病是最常见的衰老相关疾病, 危害着全人类的健康。目前, 临床上常用的抗衰老药物主要包括化学药物、生物药物等, 化学药物包括哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR) 抑制剂、二甲双胍和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+) 增强剂等[2]。但是长期服用会存在明显的不良反应且有些药物价格昂贵。因此, 对延缓衰老药物的研究与开发是国内外学术界及产业界持续关注的热点。
1908年, 诺贝尔奖得主、益生菌专家梅契尼科夫在《长寿》一书中写道: “衰老始于肠道”[3]。肠道由于其免疫和营养摄入的功能, 被认为是调节机体延长寿命的重要器官。衰老可导致肠道稳态失衡, 具体表现为小肠消化及吸收功能减退、肠运动功能减弱[4]、消化酶分泌不足[5]、炎症水平增加[6]、组织退行性变化、肠干细胞(intestine stem cell, ISC) 新生分化功能衰退[7]和肠道菌群紊乱[8]等。因此, 恢复肠道稳态, 延缓衰老进程, 改善老年人群的生活质量, 具有重要的意义。
黄芪是最常用的“扶正固本, 补中益气”中药之一。黄芪原名为黄耆, 《本草纲目》中称: “耆, 长也, 色黄者黄耆, 乃补药之长”。药理研究表明, 黄芪具有抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节、抗癌、降血脂、抗高血糖和保肝作用。研究证实, 黄芪对衰老进程中出现的代谢和免疫失调神经系统衰退心血管老化、自由基堆积[9]、肠道菌群紊乱[10]等方面都具有一定的改善作用。然而, 黄芪对于衰老时肠道稳态失衡的调控作用尚未见报道。此外, 黄芪的作用多基于D-半乳糖诱导的衰老加速模型[11]以及快速老化小鼠(senescence accelerated mouse/prone, SAMP) 模型[12], 很少采用自然衰老小鼠模型进行研究。因此, 本研究采用自然衰老小鼠模型[13], 观察黄芪对自然衰老小鼠肠道功能及菌群稳态的影响, 为进一步的机制研究提供实验依据。
动物   雄性SPF级的C57BL/6小鼠, 体重25 ± 5 g, 购自山东斯科贝斯生物科技股份有限公司(中国), 许可证号: SCXK (鲁) 20160001, 动物合格证号: 1108382011000416。小鼠饲养于南京中医药大学药物安全评价中心, 动物实验获得南京中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准。
药品与试剂   黄芪饮片购自安徽省万生中药饮片有限公司(批号: 2219044); PBS购自南京生航生物技术有限公司(批号: BC20191230); 乙二胺四乙二钠购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司(批号: 20160824); 甲基纤维素(批号: C11556751)、胭脂红(批号: C11707035)、无水葡萄糖(批号: C11434522) 购自上海麦克林生化科技有限公司; 血糖试纸购自Roche Diabetes Care GmbH罗氏血糖健康医护公司; 肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 测试盒(批号: 202103)、白介素-10 (interleukin-10, IL-10) 测试盒(批号: 202103)、白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6) 测试盒(批号: 202103) 购自南京金益柏生物科技有限公司; 淀粉酶试剂盒(批号: 20210315)、脂肪酶试剂盒(批号: 20210316) 均购自南京建成生物有限公司; 生理盐水购于四川科伦药业股份有限公司(批号: L221020703)。Trizol试剂(批号: P10327)、EasyScript One-Step gDNA Removal、cDNA Synthesis SuperMix (批号: P20329) 和TransStart Top Green qPCR SuperMix均购于北京全式金生物技术有限公司。
仪器   Microfuge 22R低温高速离心机(Beckman公司)、Millipore Direct-Q3 Advantag超纯水系统(美国Millipore公司)、XW-80A微型旋涡混合仪(上海沪西分析仪器厂)、Tissuelyer-48组织研磨机(上海净信实业发展有限公司)、ST60-4微孔板恒温振荡器(杭州米欧仪器有限公司)、ENSPIRE多功能酶标仪(PerkinElmer公司)、ML-204/02电子天平(上海梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司)、ZS-ZL抓力测试仪(北京众实迪创科技发展有限公司)、DFC7000 T显微镜(Leica公司)、ABI-7500实时荧光定量PCR仪(赛默飞世尔科技公司)。
药物配制、分组及给药   黄芪水提物: 准确称取黄芪干燥根200 g, 加8倍的水煎煮3次, 每次2 h; 合并水提液并进行旋蒸浓缩, 冷却, 缓慢加入95%乙醇使乙醇浓度为80%, 静置过夜后抽滤, 得沉淀, 复溶挥去醇味, 最后冷冻干燥得到产物。黄芪醇提物: 取水提后剩余药渣加12倍量60%醇煎煮3次, 每次2 h, 合并醇提液并进行旋蒸浓缩, 挥去醇味, 最后冷冻干燥得到产物。黄芪总提物: 将水提物及醇提物按其得率进行配比得到黄芪总提物。
将16只13月龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分为2组, 分别为老年组(Aged) 和黄芪给药组(HQ), 每组8只。另取8只3~4月龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠作为年轻对照组(Young), 空白组小鼠每天规律给水喂食。给药: 正常组及模型组小鼠每日灌胃超纯水1次, 每10 g小鼠体重灌胃0.1 mL。中国药典中规定黄芪临床用量为9~30 g, 考虑到给药时间较长, 本研究选择临床低剂量(10 g) 进行考察。按照人与小鼠剂量换算, 黄芪组小鼠每日灌胃黄芪总提物(2 g·kg-1) 1次, 连续灌胃5个月至小鼠为18月龄。
日常体征观察   每周记录各组小鼠体重, 连续17周, 观察其体重变化。记录各组小鼠在灌胃第5个月即小鼠18月龄时的每周平均饮食饮水量, 连续监测4周。同时观察小鼠皮毛情况、行为等一般状态。
临床相关虚弱指数测量评分   在给药5个月后, 对小鼠进行基于临床相关的虚弱指数测量评分, 其中包括31项参数, 主要涉及外皮、身体/肌肉骨骼情况、眼睛、鼻、泌尿生殖和呼吸系统等方面, 每种参数根据严重程度, 以盲法评为0、0.5或1级, 具体评分方法参考以往文献[14]
肠道吸收、运动及消化功能检测   营养吸收功能: 葡萄糖吸收实验, 小鼠禁食16 h后灌胃2 mg·g-1葡萄糖溶液。在0、30、60、90和120 min时进行小鼠尾静脉取血, 血糖试纸测定其血糖水平, 采用DAS软件计算血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)。运动功能: 小鼠单独置于笼盒中, 将250 μL的6% (w/v) 胭脂红染料在0.5% (w/v) 甲基纤维素中混匀。从灌胃胭脂红染料到第一颗红色粪便出现的时间记录为肠道运输时间。消化酶分泌功能: 取一段回肠匀浆, 取上清。按照说明书要求测定其脂肪酶和淀粉酶的活性。
肠道炎症因子测定及肠组织病理学检查   采用ELISA方法按照试剂盒上的说明检测小鼠结肠组织中的TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10的浓度。采集空肠组织并固定于4%多聚甲醛组织固定液中, 常规石蜡包埋, 制片, 小肠切片脱蜡后进行H & E染色。采集结肠组织并固定于卡诺氏固定液中, 常规石蜡包埋, 切片脱蜡后进行AB染色。显微镜下观察拍照, Image Pro进行分析。
肠道不同类型细胞标志物相关基因转录水平检测   采用常规方法提取肠道组织中RNA并按照逆转录试剂盒说明书转录得到互补的cDNA, 最终使用PCR基因扩增仪进行扩增。PCR反应每个样品进行3次重复实验, PCR扩增反应条件为94 ℃预变性30 s, 然后进入循环阶段, 每个循环包括94 ℃变性5 s, 60 ℃退火34 s, 72 ℃延伸30 s, 共45个循环。最后以目的基因与β-actin含量比值表示目的基因的表达水平。扩增数据按照2-ΔΔCt的方法进行数据处理。使用的引物序列见表 1
肠道细菌16S rDNA测序   黄芪给药5个月后, 取各组小鼠新鲜粪便, 粪便微生物16S rDNA测序委托上海美吉生物科技有限公司进行。微生物多样性测序平台为Illumina Miseq, 测序原理为合成测序法。对样品进行可操作分类单元(OTU) 划分, 采取门、纲、目、科、属分类, 进行菌群的分类学组成分析。
统计学方法   采用GraphPad Prism version 8.0软件进行数据统计分析。所有数据均以$ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s表示(n ≥ 3)。采用Nonparametric Mann-Whitney Test进行组间差异性分析。P < 0.05为有统计学显著性差异, P < 0.01为有统计学极显著差异。
对于人类而言, 衰老研究的目的不仅是延长寿命, 更重要的是延长健康寿命。鉴于寿命(实际年龄) 和健康寿命(生物学年龄) 会出现不对等, 因此需要对机体健康状况进行评估。“虚弱指数” (frailty index, FI) 是一种包括31项特定参数来量化机体虚弱程度的指标, 在临床已被作为衡量老龄化的指标之一[15]。本研究评估了在黄芪给药5个月后每只小鼠(18月龄) 的各项指标评分以及总FI (图 1)。结果显示, 年轻组整体评分最低, 健康状态最好, 衰老组的FI评分显著升高, 表明健康状态显著降低。与衰老组相比, 黄芪给药组FI整体评分有降低趋势, 但无显著性差异, 说明黄芪对衰老小鼠的衰老表型有一定的改善趋势。
在对于小鼠的日常体征观察中发现, 黄芪对衰老小鼠的体重、饮水量和饮食量无影响(图 2A~C), 但是黄芪对于衰老小鼠毛发的改善作用效果显著(图 2D)。衰老小鼠出现皮毛光泽度下降以及脱毛等现象, 黄芪给药后, 小鼠皮毛光泽度增加, 脱毛现象减轻。皮肤组织H & E切片结果也表明, 衰老小鼠皮肤毛囊数量显著降低, 黄芪给药后小鼠毛囊数量增加(图 2DE)。
除此之外, 衰老小鼠出现抓力降低, 游泳时间显著缩短, 提示衰老小鼠的力量及耐力均显著减退(图 2F~H)。黄芪干预对衰老小鼠抓力无显著改善作用(图 2FG), 但是能显著增加其游泳时间(图 2H), 提示黄芪能改善衰老小鼠的耐力, 但对肌肉力量无改善作用。
衰老会导致机体代谢功能下降, 其中消化系统的变化尤为显著, 表现为肠道的吸收及运输功能下降等[16]。通过葡萄糖吸收实验以评估小鼠的肠道吸收功能, 结果显示, 衰老小鼠吸收葡萄糖的能力显著降低, 黄芪给药组在30、60、120 min时葡萄糖吸收能力显著增加(图 3A)。同时, 黄芪能增加葡萄糖的浓度-时间曲线下面积(图 3B), 提示黄芪可显著改善衰老小鼠的肠道吸收功能。此外, 衰老小鼠肠道中的淀粉酶和脂肪酶分泌下降[17], 黄芪给药后脂肪酶较衰老组分泌增多, 活性增强, 但对于淀粉酶无影响(图 3C)。以上结果表明, 黄芪对衰老小鼠的肠道吸收功能具有改善作用。
在衰老过程中, 由于肠道收缩蠕动功能减弱, 肠道运输时间增长。本研究结果也发现, 衰老小鼠肠道运输时间显著增加, 提示衰老小鼠出现肠道运动功能障碍。黄芪给药组的肠道运输时间显著降低, 说明黄芪能够减轻衰老小鼠肠道运动功能障碍(图 3D)。同时发现, 衰老小鼠结肠与小肠的长度出现代偿性增长, 这可能也是衰老时肠道运输时间增长的原因之一, 但黄芪给药不影响其长度变化(图 3EF)。以上结果提示, 黄芪是通过促进肠道的运动功能进而缩短肠道运输时间。
ELISA检测结果显示, 衰老小鼠肠道中TNF-α和IL-6等促炎因子水平升高[18], 抗炎因子IL-10水平显著降低, 提示衰老小鼠出现肠道炎症。黄芪给药后, 小鼠肠道中TNF-α和IL-6水平均显著降低, 但IL-10水平无显著改变(图 3G)。以上结果提示, 黄芪对衰老小鼠肠道组织的免疫平衡具有调节作用。
衰老会导致肠道组织结构发生改变。随着年龄的增长, 小肠的消化和吸收能力下降, 肠黏膜屏障受损, 具体表现为肠绒毛数量减少、长度变短[19], 隐窝数量减少, 杯状细胞减少, 肠道黏膜变薄[20]。空肠组织H & E染色结果可见, 与年轻组小鼠相比, 衰老小鼠的空肠绒毛长度缩短。黄芪给药后, 小鼠的空肠绒毛长度显著增加, 基本恢复至年轻组小鼠水平(图 4AB)。与年轻组小鼠相比, 衰老小鼠的小肠隐窝深度显著降低, 黄芪对衰老小鼠的隐窝深度无显著影响(图 4B)。杯状细胞是一种肠道分泌细胞, 能够分泌黏蛋白, 形成黏膜屏障保护肠道[21]。结肠AB染色结果显示, 与年轻组小鼠相比, 衰老小鼠结肠组织的杯状细胞数量减少, 结肠黏膜厚度变薄, 黄芪给药后能显著逆转这一趋势, 增加衰老小鼠杯状细胞数量和结肠黏膜厚度, 改善肠道病理情况(图 4CD)。
衰老最终导致组织再生能力和器官维持能力下降。老龄小鼠小肠再生潜力下降, ISC数量减少, 功能衰退。Wnt信号通路作为维持肠黏膜更新的主要动力[22], 在ISC的增殖与分化中起重要作用。Notch信号通路导向ISC分化的方向[23]。结果发现, 与年轻小鼠相比, 衰老小鼠ISC标志物富含亮氨酸重复序列的G蛋白偶联受体5 (leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5, Lgr5)、增殖相关信号通路Wnt3、增殖标志物KI67[24]、分化相关信号通路Notch基因表达降低, 凋亡标志物半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3 (caspase 3, Casp3) 升高黄芪能够通过激活Wnt和Notch通路, 增加ISC标志物Lgr5的表达, 但是黄芪对于KI67以及Casp3无显著影响(图 5A)。
ISC可分化为不同的分泌系细胞, 主要包括杯状细胞、潘氏细胞、内分泌细胞和分泌细胞。在衰老进程中, 杯状细胞标志物黏蛋白2 (mucin 2, Muc2) 表达显著降低, 潘氏细胞标志物溶菌酶1 (lysozyme 1, Lyz1)、内分泌细胞神经原素3 (neurogenin 3, Neurog3) 和分泌细胞标志物无调同源物1 (atonal homolog 1, Atoh1) 表达有一定的下降趋势, 黄芪可促进Muc2、Atoh1及Neurog3表达升高, 但对于Lyz1表达无显著性影响, 表明黄芪能够增加肠道杯状细胞、内分泌细胞和分泌细胞数量, 但对于潘氏细胞无影响(图 5B), 提示黄芪能调控ISC向分泌细胞系的分化, 使肠道功能性细胞增多。
近年来, 大量研究表明肠道衰老往往伴随着肠道菌群的紊乱, 肠道微生物群落在调节机体健康状况和寿命中起到了关键作用[25]
对小鼠肠道菌群进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA) (图 6A), 年轻与衰老组小鼠肠道菌群的整体组成存在较大差异。此外, 衰老组Shannon指数较年轻组明显下降, 黄芪能够提高Shannon指数(图 6B), 提示黄芪干预后恢复小鼠肠道菌群多样性。在门水平下, 年轻组与衰老组的肠道菌群表现出一定的差异(图 6C), 衰老小鼠放线菌门细菌丰度显著升高, 弯曲菌门细菌丰度显著降低, 而黄芪对于肠道菌群门水平无显著影响(图 6DE)。
进一步分析发现, 黄芪对厚壁菌门(Firmicutes) 下的科、属、种具有明显的调控作用, 尤其对毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae) 下的属和种的调控效应最为显著, 而对其他菌门的调控作用较少。在毛螺菌科细菌属水平下进一步分析发现(图 7A), 黄芪可以使其部分下降的菌属丰度被显著调回, 具体表现为上调Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_groupLachnoclostridiumLachnospiraceae_FCS020_groupFamily_XIII_UCG-001的丰度。
此外, 相对于厚壁菌门下其他菌科的菌属, 黄芪也有一定的调控作用。主要包括unclassified_f_Anaerovoracaceaeunclassified_c_ClostridiaCandidatus_ArthromitusRuminococcus, 使其显著上调(图 7B)。
细菌种水平分析结果与属水平呈现相似的趋势, 黄芪干预使毛螺菌科下细菌种水平显著扩增, 促进unclassified_g__LachnoclostridiumMarvinbryantiag_norank_f__UCG-010Dorea_sp._5-2uncultured_bacterium_g__Family_XIII_UCG-001等有益菌的生长(图 7C)。同时, 对于厚壁菌门下其他种水平的细菌, 主要包括uncultured_bacterium_g_Colidextribacteruncultured_bacterium_g_Oscillibacterunclassified_c_Clostridia, 显著逆转其下降的趋势(图 7D)。
热图显示(图 8), 年轻小鼠与衰老小鼠在毛螺菌属细菌中具有显著性差异, 衰老小鼠毛螺菌属细菌整体丰度显著下降, 而黄芪能显著回调毛螺菌属细菌相对丰度。
除对部分厚壁菌门的细菌发挥上调作用以外, 黄芪能够升高拟杆菌门下菌种unclassified_g_Odoribacter (图 9A)、脱硫菌门下菌属Bilophila和菌种uncultured_bacterium_g_Bilophila的细菌丰度(图 9B)。同时, 对于放线菌门科水平Actinomycetaceae、属水平Actinomyces以及种水平unclassified_g_Enterorhabdus都有一定的下调作用(图 9C), 而放线菌属多为致病菌。此外, 对变形菌门细菌菌属Proteobacteria以及菌种unidentified_rumen_bacterium_RF32也有一定的调控作用(图 9D)。
综上, 黄芪可恢复衰老小鼠的肠道菌群生物多样性, 选择性地促进衰老小鼠肠道内的厚壁菌门(Firmicutes) 毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae) 下细菌的生长, 抑制放线菌的生长, 改善了衰老小鼠肠道菌群失调, 恢复小鼠肠道稳态。
目前, 全世界老年人口的比例正在迅速增长, 衰老已是国际面临的难题。衰老是不可逆转的自然规律, 研究者不能阻止衰老, 但能延缓衰老。中药多靶点多环节的作用机制以及其部分能够药食两用的特性是延缓衰老的一个重要方向。在抗衰老方面, 黄芪具有独特的疗效。黄芪中的有效成分环黄芪醇, 是现今唯一发现的端粒酶激活剂, 黄芪多糖[26]、甲苷和黄酮[27]等活性成分具有免疫调节及抗氧化作用。黄芪改善衰老在许多组织器官中已有研究, 但黄芪对于肠道衰老研究甚少。仅有研究发现, 黄芪可以调控臭氧诱导的衰老小鼠的肠道菌群紊乱, 但并不深入。因此, 本研究建立自然衰老小鼠模型, 全面探讨黄芪对于肠道功能及菌群稳态的影响。研究结果显示, 黄芪不影响衰老小鼠的整体虚弱指数, 但对毛发以及体能有显著性作用。在肠道功能方面, 黄芪可促进肠道的吸收及运输; 降低衰老小鼠肠道组织炎症水平; 改善衰老小鼠的肠道组织病理变性。此外, 黄芪给药能促进肠干细胞的增殖与分化, 改善肠道菌群紊乱。
肠道微生物组被认为是宿主的“第二基因组”, 对维持机体的稳态具有重要作用。有研究表明老年机体的肠道微生态特征为多样性较低, 而益生菌群如毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、瘤胃菌科(Ruminococcaceae)[28]和艾克曼菌属(Akkermanisia) 会有所减少[29]。黄芪可以调控肠道菌群紊乱, 主要通过上调衰老相关菌群如厚壁菌门(Firmicutes) 下毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae) 细菌的丰度。
文献报道, 毛螺菌科可以加速菌群毒素的排泄和脂肪酸的生物合成, 从而缓解肠道炎症[30]。有研究证实Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group被认为是肠道益生菌, 与肠道炎症呈负相关[31], 这与本研究结果相一致。衰老小鼠饮食中缺乏色氨酸会降低毛螺菌科丰度, 导致炎症因子如IL-6的升高[32]。同时, 毛螺菌科中的某些菌属如Lachnospiraceae_NK46_groupLachnoclostridiuLachnospiraceae_FCS020_group为短链脂肪酸产生菌, 其主要产物丁酸盐优先作为肠黏膜的主要能量来源, 保护肠道屏障功能[33]。但丁酸对于肠道的作用也有一定的争议, 有文献报道丁酸在一定浓度下会限制肠干细胞的增殖, 导致肠道KI67表达减少[34]。细菌代谢产物乙酸是为宿主提供能量的主要来源, 参与多种碳水化合物的代谢[35]。黄芪可以通过调节部分短链脂肪酸合成细菌的丰度, 进而提高肠道内短链脂肪酸的含量, 调节菌群平衡及改善肠道功能。
毛螺菌科细菌可将色氨酸代谢为3-羧基醛和犬尿酸, 这些代谢产物对肠上皮屏障功能具有一定的保护作用, 可增长肠道绒毛长度, 增厚黏液层[36]。毛螺菌科细菌也参与初级胆汁酸向次级胆汁酸的生成, 胆汁酸能够作为消化液促进脂类的消化与吸收并且刺激肠道蠕动[37]。这可能也是黄芪能够改善肠道蠕动与吸收功能的重要原因之一。
除毛螺菌科以外, 本研究发现的其他差异菌种如瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus, 其主要发酵代谢产物为乙酸和甲酸, 能够吸收单糖和降解黏蛋白, 这可能是黄芪增加衰老小鼠肠道吸收葡萄糖能力的原因。脱硫菌门下菌属Bilophila与心血管疾病风险呈显著负相关, 嗜胆菌属可代谢三甲胺及其前体, 且不产生氧化三甲胺, 对衰老有改善作用[38]。黄芪对于放线菌门中的部分致病菌丰度也有一定的下调作用。
随着年龄增长, 小鼠小肠消化吸收功能减退, 这与小鼠小肠上皮细胞增殖能力下降, 杯状细胞、潘氏细胞和干细胞数目减少有关。肠干细胞的减少和功能衰退是肠道衰老的重要体现。本研究发现黄芪通过激活Wnt和Notch信号通路, 调控肠干细胞的增殖与分化, 特别是调控其向分泌细胞系的分化, 使肠道功能性细胞增多, 但并不影响与细胞增殖与凋亡的相关基因。目前, 肠道菌群调控肠干细胞是一个研究热点。已有研究证实, 罗伊氏乳杆菌能够增加丁酸的含量, 促进肠上皮细胞的增殖。植物乳杆菌产生的乳酸能够激活G蛋白偶联受体81受体, 诱导基质细胞和潘氏细胞分泌Wnt3细胞因子, 激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路, 促进肠干细胞介导的上皮细胞再生[39]。这提示黄芪对于肠道干细胞的增殖与分化的促进作用以及对于肠道菌紊乱的调节可能是探索黄芪延缓肠道衰老的重要突破口, 但其具体机制还需要进一步研究。
本研究从肠道功能及菌群稳态等方面探讨黄芪改善肠道衰老的作用特征, 为黄芪用于延缓衰老及开发利用提供科学依据。黄芪对于肠道菌群以及肠干细胞的调控机制尚需进一步研究。
作者贡献: 尹佳婷为本文所涉及实验的主要完成者及文章主要撰写者; 杨淑惠、李成曦负责部分实验研究; 刘云及王雨萌负责部分数据采集与处理分析工作; 段金廒为本文提供修改意见; 郭建明提出本文思路并参与文章撰写与修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
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2022年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1459
  • 接收时间:2021-10-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2021-10-08
  • 修回日期:2021-11-05
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    南京中医药大学, 江苏省中药资源产业化过程协同创新中心, 江苏 南京 210023

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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