Article(id=1210518241609379901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0879, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1658160000000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-19, revisedDate=1664467200000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539639141, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1670774400000, pubDateStr=2022-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539639141, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539639141, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539639141, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210518228766421884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='0', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539636078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539730802, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3644, endPage=3652, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210518243287101522, articleId=1210518241609379901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Study on the molecular mechanism of Cinnamomi Cortex-Rehmanniae Radix in preventing and treating osteoporosis based on multi-directional regulation of inflammatory factors, estrogen and bone homeostasis, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, the molecular mechanism of Cinnamomi Cortex-Rehmanniae Radix (CR) in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (OP) was investigated by integrating compatibility analysis of compound, bioinformatics and metabolomics. The rat OP models were established, and the Micro-CT indexes and pathological sections were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that compared with the model group, the indexes such as bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) were significantly increased after CR treatment (P < 0.05), and the bone trabeculae were arranged into mesh. The results of UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS mainly involved amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and estrogen metabolism pathways. Integrating bioinformatics and metabolomics analysis, it was finally found that: ① cinnamic acid and ethylcinnamate inhibit inflammatory factors such as TNF, IL-1β, and IL-13, thereby preventing and treating OP; ② multiple active ingredients of CR target ESR2, PPARG, and CYP19A1, GABRA1 and other targets, regulate cAMP synthesis, AMPK signaling pathway and lipid metabolism, thereby regulating estrogen levels to prevent and treat OP; ③ oleic acid, arachic acid, etc. act on AR, VDR and other targets, and regulate HIF-1 signaling pathway and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, thereby regulating osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and affecting calcium and phosphorus absorption to maintain bone homeostasis. This study clarified the molecular mechanism of CR in preventing and treating OP from the perspective of multi-directional regulation of inflammatory factors, estrogen and bone homeostasis, and provided theoretical basis for the clinical application of CR and the development of compound. This experiment complied with the ethical standards of animal experiments and was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine (No. SUCMDL20210309002).

, correspAuthors=Xia SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fan PING, Lin ZHU, Xia SHEN, Qi-feng HAN, Ying LIU, Yong-gang YAN, Gang ZHANG, Liang PENG, Yan-yan CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210518245841432752, articleId=1210518241609379901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于炎症因子、雌激素及骨稳态的多向调控研究肉桂-熟地黄防治骨质疏松的分子作用机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究整合组方配伍分析、生物信息学和代谢组学探讨肉桂-熟地黄(Cinnamomi Cortex-Rehmanniae Radix, CR) 防治骨质疏松(osteoporosis, OP) 的分子作用机制。建立大鼠OP模型, 进行Micro-CT指标和病理切片综合评价, 结果显示与模型组相比, CR干预后的骨密度、骨体积分数等指标显著回调(P < 0.05), 骨小梁排列成网状。UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS研究结果主要涉及氨基酸代谢、脂类代谢及雌激素代谢途径。整合生物信息学和代谢组学分析, 最终发现: ①肉桂酸、肉桂酸乙酯抑制TNF、IL-1β、IL-13等炎性因子, 进而防治OP; ② CR多个活性成分靶向作用于ESR2、PPARG、CYP19A1、GABRA1等靶点, 调节cAMP的合成、AMPK信号通路及脂类代谢, 从而调节雌激素水平来防治OP; ③油酸、花生四烯酸等作用于AR、VDR等靶点, 调控HIF-1、AGE-RAGE信号通路, 从而调控成骨、破骨细胞, 影响钙磷吸收, 维持骨稳态。本研究从炎症因子、雌激素及骨稳态多向调控的角度阐明了CR防治OP的分子机制, 为CR的临床应用及复方开发提供理论依据。本实验符合动物实验伦理学标准且得到陕西中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批号: SUCMDL20210309002)。

, correspAuthors=沈霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*沈霞, Tel: 86-29-38185165, E-mail:
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PPARG: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; CYP19A1: Cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1; GABRA1: Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1; AR: Androgen receptor; ESR2: Estrogen receptor 2; VDR: Vitamin D3 receptor; CA2: Carbonic anhydrase 2; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL-1<i>β</i>: Interleukin-1 beta; IL-13: Interleukin-13 , figureFileSmall=41xqQvvjiSqKLuC+hYGqvw==, figureFileBig=t1SEQw3Q+FFykYjEjx4aUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518255563829911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241609379901, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3VqRcCIy1fkZuIYf0SZOew==, figureFileBig=K49uWL9hwiI2wYWAi49DaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518255668687516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241609379901, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Monitoring results of lumbar tissue indexes in rats. A: Bone mineral density (BMD); B: Bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV); C: Trabecular number (Tb.N); D: Trabecular thickness (Tb.Th); E: Trabecular separation (Tb.sp). <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> model group , figureFileSmall=3VqRcCIy1fkZuIYf0SZOew==, figureFileBig=K49uWL9hwiI2wYWAi49DaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518255786128034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241609379901, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=w5q61OQF2LkolUBMa8HSGw==, figureFileBig=5a+L6l6sxJPknVhrRvmekQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518255882597029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241609379901, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= CT 3D imagery of rat lumbar tissue. 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A: PCA diagram in positive ion mode; B: PCA diagram in negative ion mode; C: OPLS-DA diagram in positive ion mode of control <i>vs</i> model group; D: OPLS-DA diagram in negative ion mode of control <i>vs</i> model group; E: OPLS-DA diagram in positive ion mode of model <i>vs</i> CR group; F: OPLS-DA diagram in negative ion mode of model <i>vs</i> CR group , figureFileSmall=3wD0CfV8VJJ16Nky9XmFnw==, figureFileBig=8GVWZg+w/929rMcQvskdnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256440439493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241609379901, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compatibility of traditional Chinese medicineSupportConfidenceLiftCo-occurrence
Cinnamomi Cortex-Rehmanniae Radix0.1811.77
Cinnamomi Cortex-Corni Fructus0.130.711.855
Cinnamomi Cortex-Poria0.10.571.484
Cinnamomi Cortex-Astragali Radix0.10.571.114
), ArticleFig(id=1210518256536908487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241609379901, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Frequency of compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine with Cinnamomi Cortex

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compatibility of traditional Chinese medicineSupportConfidenceLiftCo-occurrence
Cinnamomi Cortex-Rehmanniae Radix0.1811.77
Cinnamomi Cortex-Corni Fructus0.130.711.855
Cinnamomi Cortex-Poria0.10.571.484
Cinnamomi Cortex-Astragali Radix0.10.571.114
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基于炎症因子、雌激素及骨稳态的多向调控研究肉桂-熟地黄防治骨质疏松的分子作用机制
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平凡 1, 2 , 朱琳 1, 2 , 沈霞 1, 2, * , 韩奇峰 1 , 刘莹 1, 2 , 颜永刚 1, 2 , 张岗 1, 2 , 彭亮 1, 2 , 陈艳琰 1
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(12): 3644-3652
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(12): 3644-3652
基于炎症因子、雌激素及骨稳态的多向调控研究肉桂-熟地黄防治骨质疏松的分子作用机制
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平凡1, 2, 朱琳1, 2, 沈霞1, 2, * , 韩奇峰1, 刘莹1, 2, 颜永刚1, 2, 张岗1, 2, 彭亮1, 2, 陈艳琰1
作者信息
  • 1.陕西中医药大学药学院, 陕西 西咸新区 712046
  • 2.陕西省秦岭中草药应用开发工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西咸新区 712046

通讯作者:

*沈霞, Tel: 86-29-38185165, E-mail:
Study on the molecular mechanism of Cinnamomi Cortex-Rehmanniae Radix in preventing and treating osteoporosis based on multi-directional regulation of inflammatory factors, estrogen and bone homeostasis
Fan PING1, 2, Lin ZHU1, 2, Xia SHEN1, 2, * , Qi-feng HAN1, Ying LIU1, 2, Yong-gang YAN1, 2, Gang ZHANG1, 2, Liang PENG1, 2, Yan-yan CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xixian New Area 712046, China
  • 2. Shaanxi Qinling Application Development and Engineering Center of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Xixian New Area 712046, China
出版时间: 2022-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0879
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本研究整合组方配伍分析、生物信息学和代谢组学探讨肉桂-熟地黄(Cinnamomi Cortex-Rehmanniae Radix, CR) 防治骨质疏松(osteoporosis, OP) 的分子作用机制。建立大鼠OP模型, 进行Micro-CT指标和病理切片综合评价, 结果显示与模型组相比, CR干预后的骨密度、骨体积分数等指标显著回调(P < 0.05), 骨小梁排列成网状。UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS研究结果主要涉及氨基酸代谢、脂类代谢及雌激素代谢途径。整合生物信息学和代谢组学分析, 最终发现: ①肉桂酸、肉桂酸乙酯抑制TNF、IL-1β、IL-13等炎性因子, 进而防治OP; ② CR多个活性成分靶向作用于ESR2、PPARG、CYP19A1、GABRA1等靶点, 调节cAMP的合成、AMPK信号通路及脂类代谢, 从而调节雌激素水平来防治OP; ③油酸、花生四烯酸等作用于AR、VDR等靶点, 调控HIF-1、AGE-RAGE信号通路, 从而调控成骨、破骨细胞, 影响钙磷吸收, 维持骨稳态。本研究从炎症因子、雌激素及骨稳态多向调控的角度阐明了CR防治OP的分子机制, 为CR的临床应用及复方开发提供理论依据。本实验符合动物实验伦理学标准且得到陕西中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批号: SUCMDL20210309002)。

肉桂-熟地黄  /  骨质疏松  /  中药配伍  /  代谢组学  /  骨稳态

In this study, the molecular mechanism of Cinnamomi Cortex-Rehmanniae Radix (CR) in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (OP) was investigated by integrating compatibility analysis of compound, bioinformatics and metabolomics. The rat OP models were established, and the Micro-CT indexes and pathological sections were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that compared with the model group, the indexes such as bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) were significantly increased after CR treatment (P < 0.05), and the bone trabeculae were arranged into mesh. The results of UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS mainly involved amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and estrogen metabolism pathways. Integrating bioinformatics and metabolomics analysis, it was finally found that: ① cinnamic acid and ethylcinnamate inhibit inflammatory factors such as TNF, IL-1β, and IL-13, thereby preventing and treating OP; ② multiple active ingredients of CR target ESR2, PPARG, and CYP19A1, GABRA1 and other targets, regulate cAMP synthesis, AMPK signaling pathway and lipid metabolism, thereby regulating estrogen levels to prevent and treat OP; ③ oleic acid, arachic acid, etc. act on AR, VDR and other targets, and regulate HIF-1 signaling pathway and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, thereby regulating osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and affecting calcium and phosphorus absorption to maintain bone homeostasis. This study clarified the molecular mechanism of CR in preventing and treating OP from the perspective of multi-directional regulation of inflammatory factors, estrogen and bone homeostasis, and provided theoretical basis for the clinical application of CR and the development of compound. This experiment complied with the ethical standards of animal experiments and was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine (No. SUCMDL20210309002).

Cinnamomi Cortex-Rehmanniae Radix  /  osteoporosis  /  Chinese medicine compatibility  /  metabonomics  /  bone homeostasis
平凡, 朱琳, 沈霞, 韩奇峰, 刘莹, 颜永刚, 张岗, 彭亮, 陈艳琰. 基于炎症因子、雌激素及骨稳态的多向调控研究肉桂-熟地黄防治骨质疏松的分子作用机制. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3644 -3652 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0879
Fan PING, Lin ZHU, Xia SHEN, Qi-feng HAN, Ying LIU, Yong-gang YAN, Gang ZHANG, Liang PENG, Yan-yan CHEN. Study on the molecular mechanism of Cinnamomi Cortex-Rehmanniae Radix in preventing and treating osteoporosis based on multi-directional regulation of inflammatory factors, estrogen and bone homeostasis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3644 -3652 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0879
骨质疏松(osteoporosis, OP) 是最常见的骨骼系统疾病, 多见于50岁以后绝经的妇女, 已经成为中老年人最常见的疾病之一。OP是一种以骨量低、骨组织微结构损坏, 骨脆性增加, 易发生骨折为特征的全身性骨病[1]。OP的发病机制复杂多样, 其主要机制是由破骨细胞介导的骨吸收过度或成骨细胞介导的骨形成不足而导致骨重建过程的失衡。而骨骼的长期制动、雌激素水平下降及慢性炎症等均为OP发生的重要因素[2, 3]。目前治疗OP主要有两种方法, 其一是化药治疗, 常用的为双膦酸盐类药物, 但其对患者胃肠道有一定的刺激作用。另一种是传统中药治疗, 中医上根据临床症状将OP归为“骨痿、骨痹、骨枯”等范畴, 主要使用滋补肝肾、补肾健脾、活血化瘀等为主要功效的中药材来治疗OP[4, 5]。补肾壮骨类中药可以增加骨骼密度, 缓解疼痛症状, 且具备不良反应小、安全有效、可长期服用等优点。
肉桂具有补火助阳、引火归元、散寒止痛、温通经脉的功效, 为温补肾阳之常用药物, 又是多个经典补肾名方中的常用药。研究发现肉桂可通过抑制NF-κB配体诱导活化T细胞核因子和激活c-fos表达从而治疗OP, 并且肉桂所含肉桂醛具有抑制破骨细胞形成的作用[6], 给肉桂治疗OP提供一定的理论基础。熟地黄具有滋阴补血、益精填髓的功效。同时, 研究表明熟地黄中所含的豆甾醇及地黄苷等成分对生物体内炎症因子的调节及破骨细胞生成都有影响[7-10]。然而, 有关肉桂-熟地黄(Cinnamomi Cortex-Rehmanniae Radix, CR) 协同治疗OP的分子作用机制方面研究较少, 故通过组方配伍分析寻找与肉桂配伍规律高的中药组成药对, 进一步研究其对OP的作用机制。
网络药理学已经广泛应用于中药作用机制的研究[11], 本课题组前期主要围绕桃核承气汤双向调节治疗脑卒中、清热解毒药防治冠状病毒进行网络药理学研究[12, 13]。代谢组学是系统生物学的重要组成部分[14], 通过现代检测手段如各种色谱等进行代谢物的定性定量分析, 并通过一系列数据分析得到代谢物产物影响通路, 从而解析生物体内动态变化的代谢物综合信息来了解其可能受影响的部位和代谢作用机制[15]。网络药理学结合代谢组学研究, 其多视角、整体交互的特点与中医药整体观念、证候的复杂体系不谋而合。因此, 本研究从中医“肾主骨”理论出发, 运用数据挖掘对肉桂进行配伍组方用药分析, 结合网络药理学和代谢组学对肉桂及其配伍中药防治OP的分子机制进行探究, 为临床用药和新药开发提供一定的数据支持。
基于组方分析研究肉桂治疗OP的配伍规律  利用古今医案云平台(V2.3.5) 收集整理现代医案库、名医医案录和共享医案录, 检索信息中医疾病输入“骨痹、骨枯、骨痿”, 西医疾病输入“骨质疏松”。纳入标准为: ①符合OP症状, 筛选出关于肾精亏虚型OP的相关医案; ②主要治疗方法为中药方剂治疗, 排除其他西医和针灸等治疗方法; ③医案要完整, 包括姓名、性别、中医疾病、中医证候, 方剂组成等。根据筛选的结果, 将编号、方剂组成、中医证候等信息录入古今医案云平台。对数据进行标准化, 最后导入分析池, 对用药数据进行频次统计、关联分析、中医证候分析。
活性成分及其相关靶点的数据库构建  依据口服生物利用度(oral bioavailability, OB) ≥ 30%和类药性(drug-likeness, DL) ≥ 0.18[13], 在TCMSP、TCMIP、BATMAN-TCM、CNKI数据库中分别检索“肉桂”和“熟地黄”得到活性成分和靶点, 接下来再利用Swiss Target Prediction、TCMIP最新在线数据库进行相关靶点的补充。在Genecards、OMIM、Drug bank、TTD数据库中以“osteoporosis”为关键词进行搜索。将CR对应靶点和OP靶点导入Venny 2.0中取交集, 即构建了CR防治OP的靶点库。
多算法虚拟筛选和通路富集  将交集靶点导入STRING平台, 设置选项中设置“high confidence > 0.700”, 得到的蛋白-蛋白相互作用网络(protein-protein interaction networks, PPI) 使用Cytoscape 3.7.2软件中的MCODE相关算法和CytoHubba相关算法进行分析, 筛选重要靶点。并使用Cytoscape 3.7.2构建“CR活性成分-靶点-疾病”网络。将重要靶点导入Metascape数据库, 在京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG) 数据库进行通路分析。
实验动物  56天未生育的雌性Wistar大鼠50只, 购于成都达硕实验动物有限公司, 许可证号: SCXK (川) 2020-030, 饲养于陕西省中医药管理局中药药效机制与物质基础重点研究室。本实验符合动物实验伦理学标准且得到陕西中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批号: SUCMDL20210309002)。
药物与试剂  熟地黄购于运城市神农中药材有限公司(批号: 20210501), 肉桂购于陕西泓森中药饮片有限公司(批号: 20210184), 经陕西中医药大学颜永刚教授鉴定肉桂、地黄均为正品, 且符合2020年版中国药典标准。按照右归丸中肉桂∶熟地黄的配伍比例1∶4制备其水煎液。阿仑膦酸钠片购于石药集团欧意药业有限公司(批号: 007200603); 青霉素钠购于哈药集团股份有限公司(批号: 20100610-1); 色谱级甲醇、乙腈(德国Merck公司), 甲酸、2-氯苯丙氨酸(美国Thermo Fisher公司) 均为分析纯。实验用水通过使用Milli-Q水净化系统(美国Millipore公司) 进行净化。
仪器  QTOF/MS-6545质谱仪、1290InfinityLC超高效液相色谱仪(美国Aglient公司); 涡旋混合器MIX-200 (上海净信实业发展有限公司); 离心机5427R (德国Eppendorf公司); Micro-CT SKYSCAN 1276 (美国Bruker公司); 电子调温电热套98-I-B (天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司)。
分组和给药  将50只大鼠随机分组为: 空白组、模型组、假手术组、CR组以及阳性组, 每组10只。给予大鼠灌胃给药, CR组给予肉桂(0.63 g·kg-1·d-1)-熟地黄(2.52 g·kg-1·d-1) 浓缩水煎液, 阳性组给予阿仑膦酸钠片1.05 mg·kg-1·d-1, 空白组、假手术组、模型组给予等体积量蒸馏水, 灌胃时间持续90天。
造模  除空白组外, 各组大鼠腹部注射10%水合氯醛(0.003 mL·g-1) 进行麻醉, 然后手术背部入路摘取双侧卵巢, 即建立OP模型, 假手术切除双侧卵巢处等体积脂肪[16]。术后注射0.3 mL 20万单位青霉素钠进行术后消炎3天, 恢复一周后, 进行药物干预。
取材及样品处理  末次灌胃后禁食12 h, 动物麻醉后, 进行腹主动脉取血, 每只取5 mL新鲜血液, 并将其进行2 000 r·min-1离心处理, 取上清液, 置于-80 ℃备用。取出腰椎L4于冰袋上去除多余组织和肌肉, 处理干净之后放入含有组织固定液的样品管中。
Micro-CT检测  将去除肌肉和筋膜的腰椎L4置于Micro-CT中进行扫描, 设置源电压为75 kV, 源电流为200 μA, 对其进行骨密度及多元参数的检测和计算, 并对其进行三维重建。
苏木精-伊红(HE) 染色  于40 g·L-1多聚甲醛溶液中取出腰椎L4并清洗, 10% EDTA脱钙15天。梯度乙醇脱水后浸蜡, 包埋, 制5 μm厚度切片, 摊片后60 ℃烘干, 多功能染色机染色, 倒置光学显微镜10倍观察, 机载系统拍照。
样本制备  取血清样本50 μL和20%乙腈甲醇内标提取液300 μL加入到对应的已编号的2 mL微量离心管中。涡旋3 min, 在4 ℃和12 000 r·min-1条件下离心10 min; 取200 μL上清液, -20 ℃放置30 min, 然后以12 000 r·min-1 (4 ℃) 离心3 min。取180 μL等分的上清液到对应进样瓶内衬管中, 用于上机分析。
色谱条件  色谱柱Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm), 美国Waters公司; 流动相A: 超纯水(0.1%甲酸); 流动相B: 乙腈(0.1%甲酸); 梯度程序为: 0~11 min, 5%~90% B; 11~12 min, 90% B; 12~12.1 min, 90%~5% B; 12.1~14 min, 5% B。柱温: 40 ℃; 流速: 0.40 mL·min-1; 进样量: 2 µL。所有样品均由LC-MS系统按照机器指令采集。
质谱条件  采用双喷射流电喷雾离子源, 正负离子模式质谱参数: 离子源电压: 正离子模式2 500 V, 负离子模式1 500 V; 雾化器电压: 40 V; 碎裂压力: 135 V; 辅气流速: 8 L·min-1; 离子源温度和鞘气温度均为325 ℃; 鞘气流速: 11 L·min-1
数据分析  原始数据经过ProteoWizard转换为mzML格式, 采用XCMS程序进行峰提取对齐, 保留时间校正。采用“SVR”方法对峰面积进行校正, 并对各组样本中缺失率 > 50%的峰进行过滤。校正筛选后的峰, 通过检索实验室自建数据库、整合公共库、AI预测库及metDNA方法得到代谢物鉴定信息。使用IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0统计软件进行数据统计分析, 组间数据采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), 两组样本分析采用独立样本t检验, 分析数据以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
通过对符合条件的63条医案结果进行中医证候分析, 在不同证候型OP中筛选出治疗肾精亏虚型OP的医案, 最终纳入医案的共32条, 占比58.18%。将32个处方的中药进行排序, 总共153个中药, 总频次525, 其中使用频次最高的中药为熟地黄, 占比58.97%。设置支持度为0.1, 置信度为0.5, 筛选出与肉桂关联中药的频次, 结果可见与肉桂配伍频次最高的为熟地黄(表 1), 且置信度为1, 证明了肉桂和熟地黄配伍的合理性, 故以CR为药对探究其治疗OP的作用机制。
通过数据挖掘和虚拟筛选, 共得到CR有效成分19个、CR靶点1 016个、OP靶点共1 724个。CR与OP交集靶点共192个, 占比8.1%。
将交集靶点构建PPI网络, 网络中包含192个节点、907条边。利用MCODE相关算法和CytoHubba相关算法筛选出了69个重要靶点(图 1A)。将交集靶点和CR化学成分通过Cytoscape 3.9.2构建“活性成分-靶点-OP”网络, 共有213个节点(图 1B)。根据degree值排名, 得到CR治疗OP的关键成分有油酸、花生四烯酸、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、肉桂酸、肉桂酸乙酯、肉桂醇、肉桂醛等。核心靶点有PPARG、CYP19A1、GABRA1、ESR2、AR、VDR、CA2、TNF、IL-1β、IL-13等。
将CR治疗OP的69个重要靶点进行KEGG富集分析, 筛选出与治疗OP密切的通路信号, 包括雌激素、IL-17、Th17、AGE-RAGE、MAPK、破骨细胞分化、PI3K-Akt、NF-κB等信号通路(图 1C)。由此得出CR治疗OP与调节雌激素、炎症相关通路、破骨细胞分化相关。
通过Micro-CT检测大鼠腰椎的各项指标。结果显示, 与空白组相比, 模型组腰椎骨密度(bone mineral density, BMD)、骨体积分数(bone volume/tissue volume, BV/TV)、骨小梁数量(trabecular number, Tb.N) 及骨小梁厚度(trabecular thickness, Tb.Th) 均显著下调(P < 0.01); 与模型组相比, 经过药物干预的CR组和阳性组, BMD、BV/TV、Tb.N均发生显著的回调(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)、Tb.Th也一定程度升高(图 2A~D)。如图 2E所示, 与空白组相比, 模型组大鼠的骨小梁间隙(trabecular separation, Tb.sp) 明显升高(P < 0.01), 而CR组和阳性组给予药物干预, Tb.sp又显著降低(P < 0.05)。其中BMD是影响OP的重要因素, 也是导致骨折等OP并发症的主要原因; BV/TV表示骨组织体积与组织体积比值, 可直接反映骨量变化情况; Tb.N是给定长度内骨组织与非骨组织的交点数量, 发生OP时Tb.N的值减小; Tb.Th是骨小梁的平均厚度, 发生OP时, Tb.Th值减小; Tb.sp是骨小梁之间的髓腔平均宽度, Tb.sp增加, 提示骨吸收增加, 可能发生OP[17]。通过三维CT影像(图 3) 也可以看出, 与空白组及假手术组比较, 模型组腰椎L4部分骨小梁稀疏; 而与模型组相比, CR组和阳性组腰椎L4的骨小梁数量及密度均显著增多。通过以上多指标评价及三维CT影像可以认为大鼠OP造模成功, 且CR可以改善OP大鼠所造成的骨小梁减少。
在大鼠的腰椎组织HE染色切片中可以看到(图 4), 与空白组相比, 假手术组的骨小梁数量及厚度未见明显减少, 排列整齐, 骨小梁连续性好; 模型组的骨小梁变细, 数目减少稀疏, 连接性降低, 出现大片无骨小梁骨髓区; 在进行CR及阿仑膦酸钠片给药干预之后, 与模型组相比, 骨小梁的数量显著增多, 连接性较好, 进一步表明CR的治疗效果。
首先采用无监督模式识别的主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA) 对空白组、模型组、CR组血清样本差异进行直观显示。结果表明, QC样本在PCA图中均呈现中心聚集, 表明在分析过程中样本具有良好的重复性和仪器稳定性, 正负离子模式下三组均有明显区分, 见图 5AB。紧接着在各组间两两进行有监督模式识别的正交偏最小二乘法判别(OPLS-DA) 分析, 结果均未出现过拟合, 显示正负离子模式下空白组能与模型组明显区分, 见图 5CD; CR干预治疗前后能够明显区分, 见图 5EF
根据VIP ≥ 1, P<0.05, fold change ≥ 1.2和fold change ≤ 0.83进行筛选, 认为其差异显著, 筛选出CR调节OP的差异代谢物。在正负离子模式下, 分别鉴定空白组、模型组和CR组的差异代谢物。与空白组相比, 模型组有162个代谢物发生变化; 与模型组相比, CR组有219个代谢物发生变化。共有74个交集差异代谢物, 其中有63个差异代谢物在空白组和模型组、模型组和CR组发生相反趋势的变化。其中4-叔丁基苯甲酸、喹啉、5-羟甲基尿嘧啶、PE-NMe2 [18∶1(9Z)/18∶4(6Z, 9Z, 12Z, 15Z)]、2-苯甲酰胺基乙酸甲酯、羟基乙酸、牛磺胆酸、氢化肉桂酸等40个代谢物下调转为上调。丙烯酰胺、肌酸、7-甲基黄嘌呤、油酸酰胺、六甘醇、L-乳酸、L-异亮氨酸、尿酸等23个代谢物有明显趋势从上调转为下调。结果表明, CR主要通过调节4-叔丁基苯甲酸、氢化肉桂酸、7-甲基黄嘌呤、油酸酰胺、牛磺胆酸、牛磺鹅去氧胆酸等代谢物进而治疗OP。
针对上述差异代谢物, 对其进行代谢途径富集分析。差异代谢物显著富集于氨基酸的合成代谢、脂类代谢及雌激素的生成、HIF-1信号通路的调节等。其中氨基酸途径的合成代谢包括丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢以及苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸代谢等。脂类代谢途径包括胆汁酸的合成。雌激素的生成包括cAMP的合成以及AMPK信号通路的调节作用等。
中医学认为“肾生骨髓, 在体为骨”, 骨的发育生长均依赖于肾精的滋养[18]。根据文献记载及临床症状, 将OP在中医的病候证型分为四类: 肾精亏虚、肝血虚证、瘀血阻络、脾胃气虚。通过组方配伍分析肾精亏虚证引起的OP, 分析其处方组成, 寻找与温肾补阳药肉桂最佳的配伍中药, 发现与肉桂配伍频次、关联度最高的是熟地黄。熟地黄为中药中的补血养阴之佳品, 而肉桂为药食同源的补火助阳佳品, 两者结合, 阴阳双补, 故选用肉桂与熟地黄组成药对进行研究。
首先, 通过虚拟筛选CR治疗OP的活性成分作用靶点及分子通路分析, 发现油酸、花生四烯酸、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、肉桂酸、肉桂酸乙酯、肉桂醇靶向作用于ESR2、PPARG、CYP19A1、GABRA1、AR、VDR等靶点。ESR2为雌激素受体, 是介导对骨量的遗传影响和骨质疏松症风险的候选基因[19]。PPARG参与调控雌激素合成关键酶的基因转录, 其可以调节胎盘雌激素合成关键酶、基质金属蛋白酶mRNA表达进而影响雌激素的生成[20]。CYP19A1对雌性小鼠卵泡的发育有重要作用, 其主要原因是影响雌激素生成[21]。GABRA1也参与调控雌激素合成相关通路。AR在骨髓间质干细胞(MSCs)、成骨、破骨细胞及骨细胞中均有明显表达, 主要通过促进MSCs向成骨细胞分化, 促进成骨细胞骨化、矿化以及抑制破骨细胞分化等方式进行, 调控机制与Wnt/β-catenin、MAPK等通路有关[10]。VDR为核激素受体, 主要与机体内活性维生素D结合, 发挥维持钙磷平衡、调节成骨及破骨细胞分化等多种生物学作用[22]。肉桂酸乙酯、肉桂酸通过作用于IL-13、IL‐1β、TNF等炎症因子发挥抗炎作用从而防治OP。此外, TNF-α还通过激活NF-κB促进RANKL诱导的破骨细胞, 从而影响骨形成[23]。Du等[24]研究发现肉桂醛抑制破骨细胞生成, 可以明显提高OP大鼠BMD, 对骨小梁宽度、厚度、表面积也有提高。综上, 花生四烯酸、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、肉桂酸乙酯、肉桂醇、肉桂醛是CR治疗OP的活性成分, 主要靶向作用于PPARG、CYP19A1、GABRA1、AR、ESR2、VDR、CA2、TNF、IL-1β、IL-13等, 影响炎症反应、雌激素调节及骨稳态平衡从而防治OP。
通过大鼠去势手术建造OP模型, 利用UHPLC-QTOF/MS技术和多元统计分析方法分别比较了对照组与模型组、模型组与CR组大鼠血清中的代谢物, 发现CR影响大鼠OP的63个差异代谢物和86条差异代谢通路, 主要包括: ①影响氨基酸代谢途径; ②影响脂类代谢; ③影响雌性激素的合成、释放。通过差异代谢物的结果发现, 与空白组比较, 模型组L-异亮氨酸、L-高丝氨酸、L-脯氨酸等代谢物显著上调; 与模型组相比, 在CR组中显著下调, 可以认为CR干预影响了氨基酸代谢途径进而防治OP。研究[25-27]发现氨基酸的失调可诱发OP、肥胖、脂肪肝等疾病。脂类代谢包括初级胆汁酸合成、类固醇生物合成、花生四烯酸代谢、神经鞘磷脂的合成等。胆汁酸可以影响肠道对维生素D的吸收, 并且对成骨细胞有破坏作用, 影响钙、磷吸收、新骨形成及旧骨溶解, 致低骨密度及骨流失, 引起OP[28]。与模型组相比, CR组的牛磺胆酸、牛磺鹅去氧胆酸等相关代谢物从含量下调恢复至上调值水平。除此之外, 由于去势手术可以使大鼠的雌激素减少, 而雌激素又可以减少胆汁酸的排出[29], 又可以影响雌激素的合成等。综上, CR主要通过氨基酸代谢途径、脂质代谢途径以及雌激素代谢途径等影响OP。
将生物信息学预测的主要调节通路与UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS代谢通路联合分析, 共同富集到4条通路, 分别是HIF-1信号通路、cAMP信号通路、AGE-RAGE信号通路、AMPK信号通路。HIF-1通路与促进成骨细胞功能密切相关, 激活HIF-1通路可以促进脊髓损伤的修复、骨折的愈合速度和增加BMD[30, 31]。cAMP信号通路的表达影响生物体内的雌激素水平[32], 同时其参与甲状旁腺激素(PTH) 对成骨的调节的中间环节作用[33], 对OP的治疗起主要作用。AGE-RAGE信号通路在特定环境中也参加促进成骨细胞分化的过程[34]。AMPK信号通路参与胰岛素抵抗的病理进展, 调节性激素水平[35], 进而影响OP。综上, CR通过HIF-1信号通路、cAMP信号通路、AGE-RAGE信号通路、AMPK信号通路调节生物体内雌性激素水平, 促进成骨细胞分化, 从而防治OP。
综上, CR防治OP的分子作用机制主要包括: ①肉桂酸、肉桂酸乙酯通过抑制TNF、IL-1β、IL-13等炎性相关因子, 发挥抗炎作用从而防治OP; ②油酸、花生四烯酸、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、肉桂酸、肉桂酸乙酯、肉桂醇靶向作用于ESR2、PPARG、CYP19A1、GABRA1等靶点, 调节cAMP的合成、AMPK信号通路及脂类代谢, 从而调节雌激素水平来防治OP; ③油酸、花生四烯酸、β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇、肉桂酸、肉桂酸乙酯作用于AR、VDR等靶点, 调控HIF-1、AGE-RAGE信号通路, 影响胆汁酸代谢, 从而调控成骨细胞和破骨细胞, 影响钙磷吸收, 维持骨稳态。此项研究阐明了CR防治OP的分子作用机制, 为临床科学、安全用药奠定理论基础。
作者贡献: 平凡参与实验设计、动物实验研究及数据分析, 并完成论文初稿撰写; 朱琳参与动物实验研究及数据整理; 沈霞参与实验设计, 研究项目管理与指导及论文审阅与修订; 韩奇峰参与实验数据整理; 刘莹参与动物实验研究; 颜永刚参与实验设计验证与核实及研究资金获取; 张岗参与研究课题监管与指导; 彭亮参与实验设计验证与核实; 陈艳琰参与研究概念生成及研究基金获取。
利益冲突: 本研究内容无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973592)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81974525)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2022JM-538)
  • 陕西中医药大学“秦药”品质评价及资源开发学科创新团队项目(2019-QN01)
  • 陕西高校青年创新团队(2020)
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2022年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0879
  • 接收时间:2022-07-19
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-19
  • 修回日期:2022-09-30
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973592)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81974525)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2022JM-538)
陕西中医药大学“秦药”品质评价及资源开发学科创新团队项目(2019-QN01)
陕西高校青年创新团队(2020)
作者信息
    1.陕西中医药大学药学院, 陕西 西咸新区 712046
    2.陕西省秦岭中草药应用开发工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西咸新区 712046

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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