Article(id=1210518241164783676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0902, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1658678400000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-25, revisedDate=1661788800000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539639035, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1670774400000, pubDateStr=2022-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539639035, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539639035, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539639035, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210518228766421884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='0', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539636078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539730802, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3660, endPage=3668, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210518244386009232, articleId=1210518241164783676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Preparation of drug loading system of black phosphorus nanosheets and its anti-ischemic brain injury, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, black phosphorus nanosheets (BP) were prepared by the ordinary liquid phase method, and resveratrol was loaded on the BP after being modified by polyethylene glycol. The brain targeting of BP was investigated by fluorescent protein labeling, and the effects of black phosphorus on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were studied by 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, neurobehavioral evaluation, and brain edema. Protein immunoblotting analysis was used to explore the molecular mechanism of the BP drug delivery system on ischemic brain injury. Hemolysis test and hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) staining were used to evaluate its biocompatibility. The results showed that BP had excellent drug loading capacity, uniform drug loading system structure and particle size, stable drug release curve, and excellent photothermal effect. Through the analysis and comparison of fluorescence intensity, it was found that BP can increase the permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) under the condition of near-infrared light assisted irradiation, and make drugs more pass through the BBB. In addition, the black phosphorus nano tablet drug delivery system can significantly improve the neurobehavioral disorder of mice after modeling, and the cerebral infarction area and brain edema degree are significantly decreased. Western blot experiments showed that the drug delivery system could play an anti-ischemic brain injury role by activating the expression of antioxidant signaling pathway proteins nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The hemolysis test and H & E test results of the BP drug carrier system showed that it had no obvious toxicity and high safety. In conclusion, the BP prepared in this study had high drug loading, good photothermal performance, and high safety. Under the near-infrared condition, they also have certain brain targeting ability, which can improve the therapeutic effect of drugs in the brain. Animal welfare and experimental procedures were following the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University.

, correspAuthors=Xing TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mei-li ZHANG, Meng ZHANG, Shu-jiang YIN, Jing HOU, Wen-tian ZHAO, Xing TIAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210518250685854054, articleId=1210518241164783676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=黑磷纳米片载药体系的制备及其抗缺血性脑损伤的作用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究采用普通液相法制备黑磷纳米片(black phosphorus nanosheets, BP), 并经聚乙二醇修饰后将白藜芦醇负载于BP上, 得BP载药体系。采用荧光蛋白标记法考察BP的脑靶向性, 并通过TTC (2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) 染色法、神经行为学评价、脑水肿考察等实验研究黑磷载药后抗脑缺血/再灌注脑损伤的作用。使用蛋白免疫印迹分析方法探究BP载药体系作用于缺血性脑损伤的分子机制, 采用溶血实验、苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, H & E) 染色实验评估其生物相容性。结果表明, BP载药能力优异, 其载药体系结构、粒径均一且释药曲线稳定, 具有优异的光热效应。通过对荧光强度的分析对比, 发现BP在近红外光辅助照射条件下可增加血脑屏障通透性, 使药物更多通过血脑屏障。此外, BP载药体系能明显改善造模后小鼠的神经行为障碍, 脑梗死面积及脑水肿程度显著下降。蛋白免疫印迹分析实验证明, 此载药体系可通过激活抗氧化信号通路蛋白核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2, Nrf2)、血红素氧合酶-1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1) 的表达, 从而发挥抗缺血性脑损伤作用。BP载药体系的溶血实验及H & E实验结果表明, 其不具有明显毒性, 安全性高。综上, 本研究制备的BP载药量高、光热性能良好、安全性高, 在近红外光条件下, 还具有一定的脑靶向能力, 可提高药物在脑部的治疗效果。动物福利和实验过程均遵循石河子大学一附院动物伦理委员会的规定。

, correspAuthors=田星, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*田星, Tel: 18290761869, E-mail:
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Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Medicine Resource Utilization of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832099, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210518251235307926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, companyId=1210518251218530708, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.新疆植物药资源利用教育部重点实验室, 新疆 石河子 832099)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210518255723213471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SkOZ5Ke4R7nDjYDfxcz+8w==, figureFileBig=Bqx/aSuK4d959HT3J1m/qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518255807099557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= A: Effect of ultrasonic time on the particle size of black phosphorus nanosheets (BP). B: Effects of different concentrations and concentrations rate of BP on drug loading rate (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>, %). <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> RES: BP = 1. C: Effect of PEG modification and drug loading on the particle size of BP. D: Effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification and drug loading on the stability of BP. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> BP. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. RES: Resveratrol , figureFileSmall=SkOZ5Ke4R7nDjYDfxcz+8w==, figureFileBig=Bqx/aSuK4d959HT3J1m/qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518255995843249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Czkd7bOk4PjqMUpijzaoQg==, figureFileBig=PmmsLKiWnj+OulIysVC20g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256088117939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Electron microscopic observation of BP modified with PEG and before and after drug loading. A: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) of BP; B: Transmission electron microscope (TEM) of BP; C: BP modified by PEG; D: BP after drug loading. Scale bar: 500 nm; E: Effect of near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation on the temperature of BP. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> water/1W; F: Effect of NIR irradiation on drug release rate of BP. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> RES. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=Czkd7bOk4PjqMUpijzaoQg==, figureFileBig=PmmsLKiWnj+OulIysVC20g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256188781240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pBncnciVeOsTgVkAtEgSvQ==, figureFileBig=zrwwiqCZ522LYXoUBZwqVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256352359104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Fluorescence imaging results at different time points in each group , figureFileSmall=pBncnciVeOsTgVkAtEgSvQ==, figureFileBig=zrwwiqCZ522LYXoUBZwqVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256440439492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VF0GoiYF9d5qLumnTOUKJg==, figureFileBig=HdeEAjLmeCnPwtVo7jidXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256532714183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Fluorescence signals of main organs of mice at 6 h after injection. A: Fluorescence imaging of main organs; B: Fluorescence intensity of main organs. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Cy5.5 + NIR; <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> BP-Cy5.5. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=VF0GoiYF9d5qLumnTOUKJg==, figureFileBig=HdeEAjLmeCnPwtVo7jidXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256616600270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=B/AHELsghYwGqufHQqgBmQ==, figureFileBig=ycR/enQLYs7ODFqWnJUWVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256687903444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= A: 2, 3, 5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining results of each group. B: Effect of each group on cerebral infarct volume. C: The effect of administration on postoperative neurobehavior of mice. D: Effect of each group on rain water content. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>▲▲</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> model; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> RES , figureFileSmall=B/AHELsghYwGqufHQqgBmQ==, figureFileBig=ycR/enQLYs7ODFqWnJUWVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256767595228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=b6e9XJUprcXGnmFWkS8KKg==, figureFileBig=atIRU6YtiVE1S9lMG/l5JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518256952144609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= A: Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expressions in brain tissues of mice in each group. B, C: Effects of different treatment groups on Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression in mouse brain tissues. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>▲▲</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> model; <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> RES , figureFileSmall=b6e9XJUprcXGnmFWkS8KKg==, figureFileBig=atIRU6YtiVE1S9lMG/l5JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518257027642085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DpBoM+RnEfRQQt57dGxHww==, figureFileBig=C9j9FFhoecINwwRNx5w0vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518257132499692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Effects of different concentrations of each component on hemolysis test results. A: Hemolysis rate of RES; B: Hemolysis rate of BP; C: Hemolysis rate of BP-PEG-RES. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=DpBoM+RnEfRQQt57dGxHww==, figureFileBig=C9j9FFhoecINwwRNx5w0vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518257241551603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8a6bCvnffZGtkEbKiVvULg==, figureFileBig=XFx7wcc7nlTlJNO1pSVDYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518257400935161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518241164783676, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= The effect of each component on the hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) staining results of each tissue after one week of injection. 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黑磷纳米片载药体系的制备及其抗缺血性脑损伤的作用
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张媚丽 1, 2 , 张梦 1, 2 , 殷淑江 1, 2 , 侯靓 1, 2 , 赵闻天 1, 2 , 田星 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(12): 3660-3668
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(12): 3660-3668
黑磷纳米片载药体系的制备及其抗缺血性脑损伤的作用
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张媚丽1, 2, 张梦1, 2, 殷淑江1, 2, 侯靓1, 2, 赵闻天1, 2, 田星1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.石河子大学药学院, 新疆 石河子 832099
  • 2.新疆植物药资源利用教育部重点实验室, 新疆 石河子 832099

通讯作者:

*田星, Tel: 18290761869, E-mail:
Preparation of drug loading system of black phosphorus nanosheets and its anti-ischemic brain injury
Mei-li ZHANG1, 2, Meng ZHANG1, 2, Shu-jiang YIN1, 2, Jing HOU1, 2, Wen-tian ZHAO1, 2, Xing TIAN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832099, China
  • 2. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Medicine Resource Utilization of the Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832099, China
出版时间: 2022-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0902
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本研究采用普通液相法制备黑磷纳米片(black phosphorus nanosheets, BP), 并经聚乙二醇修饰后将白藜芦醇负载于BP上, 得BP载药体系。采用荧光蛋白标记法考察BP的脑靶向性, 并通过TTC (2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) 染色法、神经行为学评价、脑水肿考察等实验研究黑磷载药后抗脑缺血/再灌注脑损伤的作用。使用蛋白免疫印迹分析方法探究BP载药体系作用于缺血性脑损伤的分子机制, 采用溶血实验、苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, H & E) 染色实验评估其生物相容性。结果表明, BP载药能力优异, 其载药体系结构、粒径均一且释药曲线稳定, 具有优异的光热效应。通过对荧光强度的分析对比, 发现BP在近红外光辅助照射条件下可增加血脑屏障通透性, 使药物更多通过血脑屏障。此外, BP载药体系能明显改善造模后小鼠的神经行为障碍, 脑梗死面积及脑水肿程度显著下降。蛋白免疫印迹分析实验证明, 此载药体系可通过激活抗氧化信号通路蛋白核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2, Nrf2)、血红素氧合酶-1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1) 的表达, 从而发挥抗缺血性脑损伤作用。BP载药体系的溶血实验及H & E实验结果表明, 其不具有明显毒性, 安全性高。综上, 本研究制备的BP载药量高、光热性能良好、安全性高, 在近红外光条件下, 还具有一定的脑靶向能力, 可提高药物在脑部的治疗效果。动物福利和实验过程均遵循石河子大学一附院动物伦理委员会的规定。

黑磷  /  白藜芦醇  /  药物载体  /  缺血性脑损伤  /  靶向性

In this study, black phosphorus nanosheets (BP) were prepared by the ordinary liquid phase method, and resveratrol was loaded on the BP after being modified by polyethylene glycol. The brain targeting of BP was investigated by fluorescent protein labeling, and the effects of black phosphorus on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were studied by 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, neurobehavioral evaluation, and brain edema. Protein immunoblotting analysis was used to explore the molecular mechanism of the BP drug delivery system on ischemic brain injury. Hemolysis test and hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) staining were used to evaluate its biocompatibility. The results showed that BP had excellent drug loading capacity, uniform drug loading system structure and particle size, stable drug release curve, and excellent photothermal effect. Through the analysis and comparison of fluorescence intensity, it was found that BP can increase the permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) under the condition of near-infrared light assisted irradiation, and make drugs more pass through the BBB. In addition, the black phosphorus nano tablet drug delivery system can significantly improve the neurobehavioral disorder of mice after modeling, and the cerebral infarction area and brain edema degree are significantly decreased. Western blot experiments showed that the drug delivery system could play an anti-ischemic brain injury role by activating the expression of antioxidant signaling pathway proteins nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The hemolysis test and H & E test results of the BP drug carrier system showed that it had no obvious toxicity and high safety. In conclusion, the BP prepared in this study had high drug loading, good photothermal performance, and high safety. Under the near-infrared condition, they also have certain brain targeting ability, which can improve the therapeutic effect of drugs in the brain. Animal welfare and experimental procedures were following the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University.

black phosphorus  /  resveratrol  /  drug carrier  /  ischemic brain injury  /  targeting
张媚丽, 张梦, 殷淑江, 侯靓, 赵闻天, 田星. 黑磷纳米片载药体系的制备及其抗缺血性脑损伤的作用. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3660 -3668 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0902
Mei-li ZHANG, Meng ZHANG, Shu-jiang YIN, Jing HOU, Wen-tian ZHAO, Xing TIAN. Preparation of drug loading system of black phosphorus nanosheets and its anti-ischemic brain injury[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3660 -3668 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0902
脑血管疾病具有极高的死亡率和致残率, 是危害人类生命健康最主要的三大疾病之一, 是世界重点防治的疾病之一。脑血管疾病有缺血性与出血性两种类型, 其中缺血性脑血管病占整个脑血管疾病的60%以上。脑缺血病理过程中, 脑血流量的减少使葡萄糖和氧气输送不足, 导致三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP) 水平显著降低。由于ATP缺乏导致钙的快速流入, 从而诱发谷氨酸兴奋性毒性、氧化应激和炎症反应, 导致不可逆的组织损伤和梗塞[1]。由于大部分药物无法有效通过血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB), 使得治疗脑卒中的药物少之又少。重组人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂[2]是目前食品药品监督管理局批准临床治疗该病的唯一药物。但重组人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂的治疗窗非常狭窄, 只有7%的患者才有资格接受这种治疗。治疗脑卒中需开发新的方法或递药系统来促进药物有效通过血脑屏障从而达到治疗效果。
黑磷纳米片(black phosphorus nanosheets, BP) 即磷烯, 具有独特的结构和性质, 自2014年首次成功剥离后正在成为后起之秀[3]。由于与光的强相互作用, BP在近红外区域具有高消光系数、高光热转换效率及高荧光量子产率, 在光热疗法、光声成像和荧光成像等领域具有较大的潜能。Sun等[4]使用简单的液相剥离方法制备出了平均尺寸为2.6 ± 1.8 nm的BP量子点(black phosphorus quantum dot, BPQD), 可通过肾脏快速清除, 能避免可能的长期毒性。细胞实验表明, 超小型BPQD具有有效的光热杀灭效果和良好的生物相容性。Tao等[5]发现BP的载药量为108%, 远高于传统材料。BP可通过加载药物、靶向分子和荧光分子, 实现靶向检测-治疗组合性能和光控药物释放能力[6]。此外, BP最重要的特征是其在生理条件下可降解为磷酸盐[7], 这是体内普遍存在的代谢物。以上研究结果表明, BP具有作为下一代智能载药平台的巨大潜力。
白藜芦醇(resveratrol, RES) 是一种多酚类化合物, 广泛存在于虎杖、藜芦、葡萄等植物内[8]。已有研究表明RES具有抗氧化与清除自由基的药物活性[9], 且对大鼠脑皮层神经元具有较强的神经保护作用[10], 因此, RES是一种较理想的神经保护药物。然而, 由于RES难溶于水, 且在体内代谢快速, 同时大部分进入体循环的药物被BBB所阻挡, 从而导致正常给药途径下的RES不具有长效治疗效果[11]。如何利用现代药剂学手段提高RES溶解度和生物利用度已成为一个备受关注的问题。
因此, 本实验设计通过液相剥离法制备低层且尺寸均匀的BP, 使其具备一定的BBB透过性, 同时经聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG) 修饰后提高其脑靶向能力, 连接RES构建出完整的脑靶向BP载药体系。采用小鼠大脑中动脉栓塞再灌注模型, 探究不同剂型下RES对小鼠脑缺血/再灌注后氧化应激损伤的神经保护作用, 为BP的脑疾病应用开发和临床使用提供实验和理论依据。
药品与试剂  黑磷粉末(南京先丰纳米材料科技有限公司); N-甲基吡咯烷酮(N-methylpyrrolidone, NMP, 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); RES、肝素钠(安徽泽升科技有限公司); PEG-NH2、荧光蛋白Cy5.5 (Cy5.5-PEG-NH2) (广州市碳水科技有限公司); NaHCO3、EDTA·2Na (天津市盛奥化学试剂有限公司); 无水乙醇(天津市风船化学试剂科技有限公司); 生理盐水(四川科伦药业股份有限公司); 磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)、苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, H & E) 染色试剂盒、4×蛋白上样缓冲液、RIPA裂解液、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、Tris、SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate)、甘氨酸、30%制胶液、TTC (2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) (北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 手术器械及线栓(北京西浓科技有限公司); 抗体Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) 及HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) (武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司); 氟化聚偏乙烯(PVDF) 微孔转移膜(Millipore公司); 四甲基乙二胺(TEMED, Sigma公司)。
仪器  冷冻离心机(赛默飞世尔科技有限公司); 超纯水机(德国默克密理博公司); 细胞破碎仪(南京雪莱生物科技有限公司); 冷冻干燥机(上海胜卫电子科技有限公司); 酶标仪(Thermo公司); HH-2数显恒温水浴锅(金坛市晶玻实验仪器厂); 石蜡包埋机(上海寰熙医疗器械有限公司); 石蜡切片机(孝感市亚光医用电子技术有限公司); Axio Imager A蔡司正置荧光显微镜(北京冠普佳科技有限公司); 小动物活体成像仪(广州博鹭腾生物科技有限公司); 激光多普勒血流检测仪(深圳市瑞沃德生命科技有限公司)。
动物  SPF级雄性昆明种小鼠, 6~8周龄, 体重为25 ± 5 g, 购于新疆医科大学动物中心, 使其在适宜环境下适应性饲养1周, 自由饮用水和食物。本实验所用动物保护指南是由石河子大学一附院动物保护委员会所制定。动物福利和实验过程均遵循石河子大学一附院动物伦理委员会的规定。
BP的制备  取预先-20 ℃保存的研钵, 置于冰上, 加入100 μL冰NMP。称取黑磷粉末30 mg, 放入研钵中, 避光低温研磨1 h, 将研磨后的混悬液转移至EP管中, 加入冰NMP定容至30 mL。将所得黑磷混悬液分为8组, 在500 W超声机中分别用冰水浴避光超声, 期间不断换水保证低温状态, 随后在细胞破碎仪中以500 W功率继续超声1 h。完成后取出混悬液, 4 ℃下静置过夜。取静置后的混悬液上层, 在2 000 r·min-1、4 ℃条件下离心5 min, 取上层液, 经2次15 000 r·min-1、4 ℃离心5 min后将NMP置换为等体积的超纯水, 即得BP混悬液。
BP的PEG修饰及载药  取BP混悬液5 mL, 加入10倍黑磷重量的PEG-NH2 (相对分子质量3 400), 涡旋5 min混匀, 500 W超声30 min后于300 r·min-1、4 ℃避光振摇24 h, 完毕后以12 000 r·min-1、4 ℃下离心10 min, 去除上清液即得PEG修饰后的BP (BP-PEG), 将其重悬于PBS中并存于4 ℃。取适量RES, 用无水乙醇溶解, 将BP-PEG混悬液以12 000 r·min-1、4 ℃离心10 min后去除上清液, 加入RES溶液, 300 r·min-1、4 ℃避光振摇48 h后, 以10 000 r·min-1、4 ℃离心10 min, 收集上清液用于评估BP的载药量, 加入超纯水重新混悬即得黑磷载白藜芦醇(BP-PEG-RES) 溶液。
BP的光热效应研究  实验分为空白组、1W组、2W组。空白组吸取1 mL超纯水置于EP管中, 1W组、2W组则取用1 mL BP混悬液, 将EP管于4 ℃下严密封存过夜。调节近红外激光发射器功率至1 W·cm-2并将发射头调至EP管上方3 cm处, 照射空白组、1W组, 并于1、3、5、7、9、10 min记录温度数据。2W组调节近红外激光发射器功率至2 W·cm-2重复上述实验。
体外释药实验  实验分为RES组、BP-PEG-RES组、BP-PEG-RES+近红外(near-infrared, NIR) 照射组。将上述溶液添加至透析袋中, 使用封口器夹住透析袋两侧, 其中BP-PEG-RES+NIR组在透析过程开始前进行808 nm、2 W·cm-2、10 min的近红外光照射。将3组同时放置于装有99 mL超纯水的烧杯中, 于50 r·min-1、37 ℃摇床中孵育。分别于1、5、30 min和1、2、4、8、12、24 h时吸取1 mL外部溶液(收集完成后及时补液), 并评估306 nm处的吸光度(A) 值以量化RES释放量, 按公式(1) 计算各时间点的药物释放率。
$ 药物释放率 = 药物释放量 / 总载药量$
黑磷载药体系脑靶向性考察  根据“BP的PEG修饰及载药”项的方法使黑磷连接荧光蛋白Cy5.5, 获得BP-PEG-Cy5.5。随机挑选体重为25 ± 5 g的雄性小鼠分为3组并标记。①空白对照组: 尾静脉注射5 mg·kg-1 Cy5.5荧光蛋白; ② BP-PEG-Cy5.5组: 尾静脉注射5 mg·kg-1 Cy5.5剂量的BP-PEG-Cy5.5; ③ BP-PEG-Cy5.5+NIR组: 尾静脉注射5 mg·kg-1 Cy5.5剂量的BP-PEG-Cy5.5, 注射后立即照射808 nm、2 W·cm-2的NIR 10 min。分别于给药后1、2、3、6、12、24 h进行小动物活体成像并拍照观察。重复实验并于6 h时处死小鼠, 解剖收集心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑组织进行小动物活体成像拍照, 使用Image J图像处理软件处理结果。
黑磷载药体系抗缺血性脑损伤能力考察
构建小鼠缺血性脑损伤(MCAO) 模型  随机挑选体重为25 ± 5 g的雄性小鼠分为4组并标记: ①假手术空白组; ② MCAO再灌注造模组; ③ RES组: MCAO再灌注造模后, 立即尾静脉注射30 mg·kg-1 RES混悬液并照射808 nm、2 W·cm-2的NIR 10 min; ④ BP-PEG-RES组: MCAO再灌注造模后立即尾静脉注射30 mg·kg-1 RES剂量的BP-PEG-RES混悬液(PBS) 并照射808 nm、2 W·cm-2的NIR 10 min。
行为学评价  于手术后24 h观察小鼠行为, 按照Longa等[12]评分标准, 0分为正常表现, 无神经行为学特征表现; 1分为小鼠在俯卧体位下不能完全伸展左侧前肢; 2分为小鼠出现左侧肢体瘫痪状态, 自主行走时有向左侧伏倒倾向, 同时较常出现追尾现象; 3分为小鼠行走时向左侧伏倒, 或小鼠不能独自站立且偶有向一侧翻滚的表现; 4分为无自主活动意识, 出现行为障碍。各组分别于术后24 h进行行为学评分。
脑含水量  术后24 h断头取脑, 称定湿重, 100 ℃烘箱干燥24 h后称定干重, 通过公式(2) 计算各组脑含水量。
$ 脑含水量 (\%) = (C_{湿重} - C_{干重}) / C_{湿重} × 100\% $
其中, C湿重C干重分别表示脑组织烘烤前后的重量(mg)。
TTC染色  术后24 h断头取脑, 立即放置于-80 ℃冷冻30 min, 用刀片将脑组织均匀切成5片, 浸润在2% TTC溶液中, 避光37 ℃孵育30 min, 期间每隔5 min翻动1次。孵育完毕后, 取出组织, 使用超纯水冲洗后用多聚甲醛固定12 h, 观察并拍照。以Image J图像分析软件对图像进行分析。
蛋白免疫印迹分析(Western blot)   上述各组于再灌注24 h时后断头取脑, 使用干净刀片取损伤侧脑组织并称重, 按比例加入蛋白裂解缓冲液, 用冰水浴球磨机匀浆5 min, 随后冰上孵育30 min, 经12 000 r·min-1、4 ℃条件冷冻离心5 min, 取上清液1 mL测脑组织总蛋白, 按比例加入蛋白上样缓冲液与电泳缓冲液, 煮沸10 min。经10%变性聚丙烯酰氨凝胶垂直电泳, 通过湿转法将目标蛋白转移至硝酸纤维素膜上, 使用5% BSA于4 ℃条件下封闭2 h, 随后加入抗Nrf2、HO-1及β-actin一抗, 25 ℃孵育30 min, 并经4 ℃过夜孵育后加入二抗25 ℃孵育2 h, 经ChemiDocXPS发光系统显影。拍照并使用Image J图像分析软件对图像进行分析, 以目的条带与β-actin条带光密度的比值作为目标蛋白的相对表达含量。
BP及其载药制剂的溶血性考察  随机挑选雄性小鼠, 取小鼠血液制成4%的红细胞悬液。取EP管, 向其中加入100 μL红细胞悬液备用。溶血实验分为5组, 分别为: ①阳性组: 向管中加入100 μL超纯水; ②阴性组: 向管中加入100 μL的PBS; ③ RES组: 分别向管中加入100 μL低、中、高浓度的RES溶液; ④ BP组: 分别向管中加入100 μL低、中、高浓度的BP混悬液; ⑤ BP-PEG-RES组: 分别向管中加入100 μL低、中、高浓度的BP-PEG-RES混悬液。其中低、中、高剂量组浓度均为2.25、4.5、9 mg·mL-1。各组于37 ℃孵育3 h后加入800 μL PBS, 轻摇混匀后, 以2 500 r·min-1、4 ℃条件离心5 min, 精密吸取200 μL上清液于96孔板中, 使用酶标仪检测540 nm处的吸光度。采用公式(3) 计算溶血率(hemolysis, %):
$ \text { 溶血率 }(\%)=\left(A_{\mathrm{t}}-A_{\mathrm{nc}}\right) /\left(A_{\mathrm{pc}}-A_{\mathrm{nc}}\right) \times 100 \%$
其中, At为实验溶液吸光度值, Anc为阴性对照组吸光度值, Apc为阳性对照组吸光度值。
组织病理学观察  随机挑选体重为25 ± 5 g的雄性小鼠并标号。实验分4组: ①空白对照组; ② RES组; ③ BP组; ④ BP-PEG-RES组。给药组每天定时分别通过尾静脉注射30 mg·kg-1 RES、BP与BP-PEG-RES (RES剂量) 0.2 mL, 空白对照组注射等体积的PBS。一周后处死, 解剖并分离出心、肝、脾、肺、肾组织, 固定、上蜡、包埋成蜡块、切片、脱蜡、染色, 并用光学显微镜进行形态学观察。
统计学分析  数据表示为均值±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s), 采用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计分析, 两组间比较采用独立样本t检验, P < 0.05表示数据差异具有统计学意义。
为了确定最佳超声时间, 本实验通过对不同超声时间下黑磷混悬液的取样并考察粒径。其中, 黑磷研磨后在超声5 h前的粒径大小随着超声时间增加而急剧下降, 在超声6 h后粒径变化差异减小, 表明超声时间总时长控制在6 h时即可获得粒径尺寸小于300 nm的BP (图 1A)。
为探究不同药物浓度与BP浓度比例对总体载药率的影响, 通过分别给予BP浓度的1、2、3、4、5倍的RES剂量载药。结果表明, 当RES∶BP = 3∶1时, 载药率达到最高(P < 0.01, 图 1B)。
对BP和经PEG修饰及载药后的制剂进行表征, 首先采用马尔文粒度仪考察3种状态的粒径尺寸及zeta电位的变化, 其中BP经PEG修饰后无明显体积变化, 在载药后发生堆叠聚合导致马尔文测得粒径尺寸偏大(图 1C), 而BP在经过PEG修饰后稳定性增加, 但在完全载药后, 稳定性有所下降(图 1D)。对制剂进行电镜观察, 结果表明, 黑磷经过6 h超声后具有低层数片状结构, 分散性良好, PEG修饰及载药后载药点明显, 总体尺寸平均, 层状结构未变化(图 2A~D)。
为评估制备的BP的光热反应能, 考察了不同功率下的近红外激光照射对于BP混悬液温度的影响, 结果表明, 与空白组相比, 1 W·cm-2功率照射10 min的BP温度显著提高(P < 0.01); 与空白组和1W组相比, 2 W·cm-2功率照射10 min温度显著提高(P < 0.01) (图 2E)。体外释药结果表明, RES可在1 h内可完全溶解于透析袋外溶液之中, 而NIR照射能显著提高BP的释药能力(P < 0.01, 图 2F)。
为研究NIR照射对BP脑靶向能力的影响, 采用荧光标记法考察了BP在NIR照射条件下的血脑屏障透过性及脑靶向性的差异, 通过体内各时间点荧光强度对比结果(图 3), 发现小鼠在6 h时的脑部荧光强度最高, 所以选择6 h时间点小鼠进行解剖并进行各组织荧光强度分析(图 4A)。通过对各组织荧光强度的统计分析, 结果表明(图 4B), BP具有一定的血脑屏障透过性及脑靶向性(P < 0.01), 而NIR照射能显著提高其脑靶向性(P < 0.01)。
为考察不同给药组脑部梗死面积的差异性, 对各组小鼠脑组织进行TTC染色, 通过Image J软件对图片进行分析处理, 结果表明(图 5AB), 小鼠MCAO造模再灌注24 h后, 造模组缺血侧脑组织有明显的梗死现象, 与模型组相比, RES组及BP-PEG-RES组脑梗死体积明显缩小(P < 0.01), BP-PEG-RES组脑梗死面积显著小于RES组(P < 0.01)。
为研究黑磷载药体系对小鼠MCAO造模后的神经行为学的改善程度, 对不同组的小鼠进行行为学评分, 结果表明(图 5C), 与空白组比较, 模型组小鼠术后24 h出现明显的神经行为障碍(P < 0.01); RES组及BP-PEG-RES组小鼠仍有神经行为障碍症状, 但与模型组比较, RES组能改善小鼠神经行为障碍症状(P < 0.05), 而BP-PEG-RES组能显著降低小鼠神经行为障碍(P < 0.01)。
为研究各组脑含水量的差异, 将各组小鼠脑组织进行干燥称重, 对比结果表明, 与空白组比较, 模型组小鼠术后24 h缺血侧脑组织含水量明显增加(P < 0.01); 与模型组比较, RES组及BP-PEG-RES组小鼠脑组织含水量均明显减轻(P < 0.01), 且BP-PEG-RES组治疗效果明显高于RES组(图 5D)。
为考察各组小鼠脑组织中Nrf2、HO-1蛋白表达的差异, 通过Western blot实验进行分析, 并通过Image J软件处理结果。结果表明(图 6), 与空白组比较, 模型组Nrf2、HO-1蛋白表达明显增高(P < 0.01), 与模型组比较, RES组与BP-PEG-RES组Nrf2、HO-1蛋白表达明显增高(P < 0.01), 且BP-PEG-RES组Nrf2、HO-1蛋白表达明显高于RES组(P < 0.01)。
为评估RES、BP与BP-PEG-RES的溶血能力, 分别考察了其低、中、高浓度(2.25、4.5、9 mg·mL-1) 下的溶血性质。通过观察可发现, 除阳性组具有明显变色外, 其他组别上清液呈透明无色状态, 通过对比各组A值结果, 表明RES、BP、BP-PEG-RES在低、中、高浓度下均不表现出明显的溶血性(图 7)。
为考察各组分在最高给药剂量下的组织毒性, 考察了在最大给药剂量连续注射1周后的RES、BP及BP-PEG-RES的生物安全性, 结果表明, 在1周时间内的每天连续注射最大剂量的RES、BP及BP-PEG-RES不会产生明显的组织毒性(图 8)。
为了改善RES的低溶解度和体内半衰期短的缺点, 提高其生物利用度, 同时进一步开发神经保护剂应用于脑部疾病的前景, 本研究设计了一种具有优异的脑部给药潜力的二维纳米材料—BP载药体系。该体系利用静电吸附原理将PEG和RES分子功能化修饰到带负电荷的BP的表面构建而成, 并可通过BP的光热效应对药物释放进行控制, 通过近红外光辅助的靶向效果提高药物在脑部的治疗水平, 降低用药风险。
本研究经过体内、外实验, 表明了: ① BP-PEG-RES具备近红外光响应性控制释放能力, 在近红外光照条件下, 可显著提高RES的释放效率, 具备改善RES在体内的药物代谢动力学特点; ②体内小动物活体荧光成像实验表明, 由于BP具有光热效应, 在近红外光照射的辅助条件下, 可增加BBB通透性, 使得该载药体系具备提高RES在脑部的治疗效果的能力; ③体内造模实验证实了BP-PEG-RES具有优于直接给药的治疗效果; ④溶血实验与组织病理染色结果表明BP具有良好的生物相容性, 且有大量研究验证, BP在体内可被降解为磷酸盐[13], 这些都佐证了该载药体系具有良好的生物安全性。
基于本研究, 后续有更多工作有待进一步讨论研究。首先, BP在载药后稳定性有所下降, 在室温条件下即可发生部分团聚, 且在与空气接触后易发生氧化而导致结构破坏, 但黑磷的大部分优点都基于其低层数的纳米片状结构基础, 因此, 如何提高BP的稳定性需进一步探讨。其次, BP脑靶向性大部分来自于近红外光的介导, 只是一种有限的被动靶向方式, 且近红外光对头骨的穿透效果有一定限制, 而发热反应也会降低患者顺应性, 需要一种更高效的主动靶向以降低BP被网状内皮系统摄取的程度, 从而增加药物进入脑组织的治疗浓度。最后, 虽然在短期内使用黑磷不会出现明显的组织毒性, 但脑卒中作为一种病程较长的疾病, 长期用药条件下黑磷的生物安全性需进一步考察, 这也是该载药体系向临床转化的一个重点考察。
综上所述, 该载药体系如成功向临床转化将不仅可负载RES用于手术再通后的缺血性脑损伤, 更重要的是, 其或许可作为药物的通用载体负载治疗其他疾病的药物用于目标疾病的靶向治疗, 成为治疗其他脑部疾病的一种新策略。
作者贡献: 田星、张媚丽负责提出研究选题、实验思路及设计研究方案; 张媚丽、张梦、殷淑江、侯靓、赵闻天负责实验研究过程; 殷淑江、侯靓、赵闻天负责材料支持及采集整理数据; 张媚丽负责起草、修改论文; 田星负责技术指导及论文最终版本修订。
利益冲突: 本研究不存在研究者与公开研究成果有关的利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81960334)
  • 石河子大学大学生创新创业训练项目(202210759031)
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2022年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0902
  • 接收时间:2022-07-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-25
  • 修回日期:2022-08-30
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81960334)
石河子大学大学生创新创业训练项目(202210759031)
作者信息
    1.石河子大学药学院, 新疆 石河子 832099
    2.新疆植物药资源利用教育部重点实验室, 新疆 石河子 832099

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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