Article(id=1210518237075345734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0862, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1657814400000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-15, revisedDate=1664208000000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539638060, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1670774400000, pubDateStr=2022-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539638060, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539638060, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539638060, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210518228766421884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='0', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539636078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539730802, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3634, endPage=3643, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210518237612216673, articleId=1210518237075345734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Cellular behavior of carbon dots derived from Poria cocos polysaccharide, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The biological behavior of carbon dots, especially the mechanism of cellular uptake and intracellular distribution, is the basis of its biomedical applications. In this paper, blue fluorescent carbon quantum dots were synthesized by hydrothermal method with Poria cocos polysaccharide as raw material, and the specific biological behavior of carbon dots entering cells was explored to evaluate its biological activity. It was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Two different cell lines, immunocytes-RAW264.7 cells (mouse mononuclear macrophages cells) and cancer cells-4T1 cells (mouse breast cancer cells), were used as the research objects to study the uptake kinetics, uptake pathway, distribution and efflux of polysaccharide carbon dots in cells. The results showed that the carbon dots have a size distribution of 2 to 10 nm, and the average size was 6.85 nm. The carbon dots were mainly composed of C, O and N elements, with abundant surface functional groups such as -OH, C=O, C-N and C=C, and the fluorescence quantum yield was 4.72%. Carbon dots enter cells in a certain concentration and time dependence. Different cell lines have different uptake pathways. RAW264.7 cells enter the cells mainly by macrophage-specific phagocytosis, and a small part of the endocytosis is mediated by caveolin, while 4T1 cells are mainly mediated by grid protein endocytosis and giant cell drinking process. In summary, the synthesized carbon dots have good fluorescence properties, low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility, which can be used for cell imaging applications.

, correspAuthors=Lei WANG, Pei-yun WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cheng-yuan WU, Qian-qian HUANG, Wei-dong CHEN, Si-wei WANG, Qiang WANG, Yue ZHANG, Lei WANG, Pei-yun WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210518239256383959, articleId=1210518237075345734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=茯苓多糖衍生碳点的细胞行为学研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

碳点的生物学行为, 特别是关于细胞摄取和细胞内分布机制研究, 是其生物医学应用的基础。本研究以茯苓多糖为原料, 采用水热法合成了蓝色荧光碳量子点, 探索碳点进入细胞的具体生物学行为, 以评估其生物学活性。利用透射电子显微镜、紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱对其进行了表征; 以免疫细胞-RAW264.7细胞(小鼠单核巨噬细胞) 和癌细胞-4T1细胞(小鼠乳腺癌细胞) 这两种不同的细胞系为研究对象, 研究茯苓多糖碳点在细胞内的摄取动力学过程及其摄取途径、分布和外排等过程。研究结果显示, 茯苓多糖衍生碳点的粒径分布范围为2~10 nm, 平均粒径为6.85 nm, 主要由C、O和N元素组成, 具有-OH、C=O、C-N、C=C等丰富的表面官能团, 荧光量子产率为4.72%。碳点进入细胞可呈现出一定的浓度和时间依赖性, 不同的细胞系, 摄取内吞途径不一。在RAW264.7细胞内主要以巨噬细胞特有的吞噬作用摄取进入细胞内, 少部分通过小窝蛋白介导的内吞作用, 而对于4T1细胞主要是通过网格蛋白介导的内吞作用和巨胞饮过程。综上, 合成的中药衍生碳点具有良好的荧光特性、低细胞毒性和优异的生物相容性, 可用于细胞成像应用研究。

, correspAuthors=王雷, 吴培云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴培云, E-mail: ;
王雷, E-mail:
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School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
2. MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei 230012, China
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2.省部共建安徽道地中药材品质提升协同创新中心, 安徽 合肥 230012
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School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
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2. MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei 230012, China
3. Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei 230012, China
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A: Transmission electron microscope images of CDs; B: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; C: XRD spectrum; D: Zeta potential; E: UV-vis absorption spectra, fluorescence excitation and emission spectra. The illustrations showed the photos of CDs solution under ambient light and 365 nm UV light , figureFileSmall=7TYvniQH5tiNmWgV8678aw==, figureFileBig=kkwSoDhRF8/x+h7vi9UINw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518251671524251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518237075345734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SXRrlHptl5c2CGwU7fc+TQ==, figureFileBig=+QahpazC4ZE3gsNr/FUoag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518251755410335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518237075345734, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey spectrum of PCP-CDs (A), and XPS spectrum of C1s region (B), N1s region (C), and O1s region (D) , figureFileSmall=SXRrlHptl5c2CGwU7fc+TQ==, figureFileBig=+QahpazC4ZE3gsNr/FUoag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518251877045163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518237075345734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RtkdGE/zD23F1VfJMiA0nA==, figureFileBig=BDbGO7VTXmsfXFAak9M50A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518251969319856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518237075345734, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Cytotoxicity of CDs by MTT assay. A: RAW264.7 cells; B: 4T<sub>1</sub> cells. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=RtkdGE/zD23F1VfJMiA0nA==, figureFileBig=BDbGO7VTXmsfXFAak9M50A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518252049011639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518237075345734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mG9Sof0dQfrrOkVmbFC2ww==, figureFileBig=tlLL3YiVKxAzurXpaL/mRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518252132897725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518237075345734, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The confocal fluorescent microscopic images of the RAW264.7 cells and 4T<sub>1</sub> cells incubated with CDs, the fluorescence images of the RAW264.7 cells and 4T<sub>1</sub> cells are collected in the blue channel (420-480 nm, <i>λ</i><sub>ex</sub> = 405 nm), the green channel (520-560 nm, <i>λ</i><sub>ex</sub> = 488 nm) and bright field, the scale bar stands for 50 μm , figureFileSmall=mG9Sof0dQfrrOkVmbFC2ww==, figureFileBig=tlLL3YiVKxAzurXpaL/mRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518252258726855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518237075345734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=a4XqeZw/EcQ67gaG/hoQrQ==, figureFileBig=abhQYhFOKBzxhrEr1oZ56A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518252359390158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518237075345734, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Dose dependent cellular uptake of CDs in RAW264.7 (A) and 4T<sub>1</sub> (B) cells measured by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Time dependent cellular uptake of CDs in RAW264.7 (C) and 4T<sub>1</sub> (D) cells measured by confocal laser scanning microscope, the scale bar stands for 50 μm. Time dependent cellular uptake of CDs in RAW264.7 (E) and 4T<sub>1</sub> (F) cells measured by fluorescence activated cell sorting. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=a4XqeZw/EcQ67gaG/hoQrQ==, figureFileBig=abhQYhFOKBzxhrEr1oZ56A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518252489413592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518237075345734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=X1bqHJD7wet5gyIiuAzvGg==, figureFileBig=nARNih2rNPwHC/yfp5NhgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518252602659807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518237075345734, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Cytotoxicity of cell pathway inhibitors to RAW264.7 (A) and 4T<sub>1</sub> (B) cells incubated for 2 h, 4 h, and 24 h. 10 μmol·mL<sup>-1</sup> chlorpromazine, 1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> filipin, 50 μmol·mL<sup>-1</sup> amiloride and 1 μmol·mL<sup>-1</sup> lantrunculin A. Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis of CDs cell uptake pathway. C: RAW264.7 cells; D: 4T<sub>1</sub> cells. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> no inhibitors group, using one-way ANOVA. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=X1bqHJD7wet5gyIiuAzvGg==, figureFileBig=nARNih2rNPwHC/yfp5NhgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518252707517414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518237075345734, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iZKMqu8y+Kj3R9VxYS5rVw==, figureFileBig=nZq7aECjtzBD56Zu8r9q4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518252862706670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518237075345734, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Distribution of CDs in RAW264.7 and 4T<sub>1</sub> cells [carbon dots showed blue fluorescence; acridine orange hemi (zinc chloride) salt (AO) showed green fluorescence], the scale bar stands for 50 μm (A). Distribution of CDs in 4T<sub>1</sub> (B) and RAW264.7 (C) cells (carbon dots showed blue fluorescence. Mito tracker red and lyso tracker showed red fluorescence), the scale bar stands for 100 μm. 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茯苓多糖衍生碳点的细胞行为学研究
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吴成圆 1 , 黄倩倩 1 , 陈卫东 1, 2, 3 , 王思维 1 , 王强 1 , 张越 1, 2 , 王雷 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 吴培云 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(12): 3634-3643
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(12): 3634-3643
茯苓多糖衍生碳点的细胞行为学研究
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吴成圆1, 黄倩倩1, 陈卫东1, 2, 3, 王思维1, 王强1, 张越1, 2, 王雷1, 2, 3, 4, * , 吴培云1, *
作者信息
  • 1.安徽中医药大学药学院, 安徽 合肥 230012
  • 2.省部共建安徽道地中药材品质提升协同创新中心, 安徽 合肥 230012
  • 3.中药复方安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012
  • 4.药物制剂技术与应用安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012

通讯作者:

*吴培云, E-mail: ;
王雷, E-mail:
Cellular behavior of carbon dots derived from Poria cocos polysaccharide
Cheng-yuan WU1, Qian-qian HUANG1, Wei-dong CHEN1, 2, 3, Si-wei WANG1, Qiang WANG1, Yue ZHANG1, 2, Lei WANG1, 2, 3, 4, * , Pei-yun WU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
  • 2. MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei 230012, China
  • 3. Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei 230012, China
  • 4. Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei 230012, China
出版时间: 2022-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0862
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碳点的生物学行为, 特别是关于细胞摄取和细胞内分布机制研究, 是其生物医学应用的基础。本研究以茯苓多糖为原料, 采用水热法合成了蓝色荧光碳量子点, 探索碳点进入细胞的具体生物学行为, 以评估其生物学活性。利用透射电子显微镜、紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱对其进行了表征; 以免疫细胞-RAW264.7细胞(小鼠单核巨噬细胞) 和癌细胞-4T1细胞(小鼠乳腺癌细胞) 这两种不同的细胞系为研究对象, 研究茯苓多糖碳点在细胞内的摄取动力学过程及其摄取途径、分布和外排等过程。研究结果显示, 茯苓多糖衍生碳点的粒径分布范围为2~10 nm, 平均粒径为6.85 nm, 主要由C、O和N元素组成, 具有-OH、C=O、C-N、C=C等丰富的表面官能团, 荧光量子产率为4.72%。碳点进入细胞可呈现出一定的浓度和时间依赖性, 不同的细胞系, 摄取内吞途径不一。在RAW264.7细胞内主要以巨噬细胞特有的吞噬作用摄取进入细胞内, 少部分通过小窝蛋白介导的内吞作用, 而对于4T1细胞主要是通过网格蛋白介导的内吞作用和巨胞饮过程。综上, 合成的中药衍生碳点具有良好的荧光特性、低细胞毒性和优异的生物相容性, 可用于细胞成像应用研究。

茯苓多糖  /  碳点  /  细胞摄取  /  细胞成像  /  细胞行为学

The biological behavior of carbon dots, especially the mechanism of cellular uptake and intracellular distribution, is the basis of its biomedical applications. In this paper, blue fluorescent carbon quantum dots were synthesized by hydrothermal method with Poria cocos polysaccharide as raw material, and the specific biological behavior of carbon dots entering cells was explored to evaluate its biological activity. It was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Two different cell lines, immunocytes-RAW264.7 cells (mouse mononuclear macrophages cells) and cancer cells-4T1 cells (mouse breast cancer cells), were used as the research objects to study the uptake kinetics, uptake pathway, distribution and efflux of polysaccharide carbon dots in cells. The results showed that the carbon dots have a size distribution of 2 to 10 nm, and the average size was 6.85 nm. The carbon dots were mainly composed of C, O and N elements, with abundant surface functional groups such as -OH, C=O, C-N and C=C, and the fluorescence quantum yield was 4.72%. Carbon dots enter cells in a certain concentration and time dependence. Different cell lines have different uptake pathways. RAW264.7 cells enter the cells mainly by macrophage-specific phagocytosis, and a small part of the endocytosis is mediated by caveolin, while 4T1 cells are mainly mediated by grid protein endocytosis and giant cell drinking process. In summary, the synthesized carbon dots have good fluorescence properties, low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility, which can be used for cell imaging applications.

Poria cocos polysaccharide  /  carbon dot  /  cellular uptake  /  cell imaging  /  cell behavior
吴成圆, 黄倩倩, 陈卫东, 王思维, 王强, 张越, 王雷, 吴培云. 茯苓多糖衍生碳点的细胞行为学研究. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3634 -3643 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0862
Cheng-yuan WU, Qian-qian HUANG, Wei-dong CHEN, Si-wei WANG, Qiang WANG, Yue ZHANG, Lei WANG, Pei-yun WU. Cellular behavior of carbon dots derived from Poria cocos polysaccharide[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3634 -3643 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0862
碳点(carbon dots, CDs), 也称为碳量子点或碳纳米点, 是一种直径小于10 nm的具有显著荧光性能的零维碳基荧光纳米材料[1, 2]。与传统的量子点相比, CDs具有低毒性、高生物相容性、良好的水溶性、优异的光学性能和易于合成等特性。自2004年发现以来[3], 因其良好的性能被广泛应用于分析检测[4]、传感[5]、生物成像[6]、光热治疗[7]和生物医学[8]等领域。CDs合成可采用多种原料, 这些材料通常包括无机材料[9]、生物材料[10]和废弃物[11], 主要通过水热或微波处理等合成方式。
碳点独特的性质使其在生物医学方面具有很好的潜力, 特别是用于检测各种类型的疾病, 如神经退行性疾病(阿尔茨海默症[12]、帕金森症[13])、系统性溶菌酶淀粉样变性[14]等。碳点的生物学行为, 尤其是关于细胞摄取和细胞内分布机制的研究, 是其生物医学应用的基础[15]。Kaminari等[16]采用柠檬酸和乙二胺, 通过微波辅助法, 在不同程度上将两个不同烷基长度的烷基化三苯基膦官能团进行功能化反应, 得到一种具有溶酶体/线粒体亚细胞定位的功能化CDs。Algarra等[17]以小鼠MC3T3-E1前成骨细胞为模型, 进行纳米颗粒的细胞成像。研究发现这些碳点不需要进一步功能化就可以选择性地定位在细胞质中, 并且可以通过细胞吞噬作用来实现。纳米粒的细胞内化过程不仅取决于其纳米粒自身的大小、形态、表面电荷、表面官能团等, 还与细胞类型相关[18]。通过与细胞内不同的亚细胞成分或细胞器之间相互作用, 递送至相应的靶器官内。因此, 研究碳点的内吞机制及细胞内分布状况, 对于评估其生物学特性, 评价内化纳米粒细胞毒性及其在生物医学中的应用尤为重要。
本研究采用水热法, 以茯苓多糖(Poria cocos polysaccharide) 为原料, 合成了蓝色荧光碳量子点, 对其进行表征。本课题组前期调查研究发现茯苓多糖具有调节机体免疫力、抗肿瘤、保肝等药理活性[19], 因此以两种不同的细胞系: 免疫细胞-小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7和癌细胞-小鼠乳腺癌细胞4T1为研究对象, 利用激光共聚焦显微镜和流式细胞仪研究茯苓多糖衍生碳点(Poria cocos polysaccharide carbon dots, PCP-CDs) 的细胞内吞速率、途径和外排, 同时通过细胞器特异性染料进行共定位观察CDs细胞内运输和分布, 探究其细胞动力学过程。
仪器  AB135-S型十万分之一电子分析天平(德国METTLER TOLEDO公司); TG16-WS台式高速离心机(长沙湘仪离心机仪器有限公司); FD-1A-50型冷冻干燥机(江苏天翎仪器有限公司); JEM-2100型透射电子显微镜(日本电子株式会社); SPECORD600紫外分光光度计(德国耶拿分析仪器股份公司); 尼高力6700傅里叶红外光谱仪、Multiskan Spectrum酶标仪(北京赛默飞世尔科技有限公司); F-4600荧光分光光度计(日本Hitachi公司); SF-CJ-1A型超净工作台(上海三发科学仪器有限公司); BDFACSCelesta流式细胞仪(美国BD公司); ESCO二氧化碳培养箱(新加坡Esco公司); 倒置生物显微镜(苏州艾视特光学仪器有限公司); 激光共聚焦显微镜(日本Olympus公司); Cascada Ⅲ·Ⅰ型超纯水仪(美国PALL公司); 透析袋(M.W. 1 000 Da) (美国USA进口透析袋)。
样品与试剂  茯苓多糖(纯度≥ 40%, 成都克洛玛生物科技有限公司, 批号CHB190302); 乙二胺(纯度≥ 99%)、硫酸奎宁(纯度≥ 98.6%), 上海阿拉丁试剂有限公司, 批号分别为E112642、D1710058; 二甲基亚砜(DMSO, 分析纯, 上海润捷化学试剂有限公司, 批号20190510); 盐酸阿米洛利(amiloride, 98%, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司, 批号C14056762); 盐酸氯丙嗪(CPZ)、菲律宾菌素(filipin), 美国MedChemExpress LLC公司, 批号分别为C14326793、HY-N6716; 红海海绵素A (lantrunculin A)、吖啶橙半氯化锌盐[acridine orange hemi (zinc chloride) salt, AO]、溶酶体红色荧光探针(life lyso tracker red DND-99)、线粒体红色荧光探针(life mito tracker red CMXRos), 上海懋康生物科技有限公司, 批号分别为MZ5809、MX4230、L7528、M7512; 胎牛血清(美国HyClone公司, 批号RB39736)、DMEM培养基(南京维森特生物技术有限公司, 批号319005183); RPMI1640培养基(北京赛默飞世尔科技有限公司, 批号8122108); 100×青霉素-链霉素溶液(上海碧云天生物技术有限公司, 批号C0222); MTT (98%, 美国Sigma公司, 批号H25N11B130393); 其他试剂为分析纯。
细胞  小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞株、小鼠乳腺癌细胞4T1细胞株(中国科学院上海生命科学研究院细胞资源中心); 实验用水为超纯水。
茯苓多糖衍生碳点(PCP-CDs) 的合成  碳点的制备方法采用本课题组之前报道的方法[20]。首先, 称取0.45 g茯苓多糖粉末, 溶于30 mL蒸馏水, 再加入乙二胺溶液5.5 mL, 超声搅拌, 然后将混合物转移到50 mL特氟隆高压釜中, 200 ℃水热反应5 h, 待反应冷却至室温下, 溶液由无色变为黑棕色, 表明CDs的形成。将溶液以13 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 弃去沉淀, 上清液采用0.22 μm有机膜过滤, 然后在超纯水中用(M.W. 1 000 Da) 透析袋透析24 h (透析液每6 h更换一次), 去除杂质, 最后冷冻干燥得到碳点固体粉末。
CDs的表征  称取适量CDs, 用去离子水溶解, 以0.22 μm微孔滤膜滤过, 超声后将样品点在铜网上, 室温阴干, 利用透射电镜(transmission electron microscopy, TEM) 分析CDs的形貌特征及粒径大小分布。利用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis absorption, UV-vis) 和荧光光谱(fluorescence spectroscopy, FL) 分析CDs的光学特征。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR) 测试碳点的红外吸收光谱, 分析样本的表面基团。利用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD) 对CDs的结构类型进行表征。将制备的碳点的水溶液冷冻干燥获得粉末, 以固体粉末进行X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS) 分析, 表征碳点的元素组成和元素配位情况。
CDs荧光量子产率(quantun yield, QY) 测量  以硫酸奎宁作为荧光标准品(λex = 360 nm, QY = 54%), 将其溶于0.1 mol·L-1 H2SO4作为参比物质, QY测定公式(1) 如下[21]:
${\rm{Q}}{{\rm{Y}}_{\rm{C}}} = {\rm{Q}}{{\rm{Y}}_{\rm{S}}}\left( {{I_{\rm{C}}}/{I_{\rm{S}}}} \right)\left( {{\eta ^2}_{\rm{C}}/\eta _{\rm{S}}^2} \right)\left( {{A_{\rm{S}}}/{A_{\rm{C}}}} \right) $
其中, QYC和QYS分别表示CDs和硫酸奎宁的量子产率; I代表积分荧光强度; ηCηS分别表示CDs溶解在超纯水中(ηC = 1.33) 和硫酸奎宁溶解在0.1 mol·L-1 H2SO4中(ηS = 1.33) 的溶剂折射率; ACAS分别表示CDs和硫酸奎宁在相同激发波长下的紫外吸光度。为避免内滤波效应, 固定激发波长下所测得吸光度需保持在0.05以下。
MTT测定  采用MTT法测定CDs的细胞毒性。精密称取CDs粉末40 mg溶于10 mL培养基中, 轻轻摇晃使其充分溶解, 随后用不含血清的培养基按梯度逐级稀释为质量浓度为4、2、1、0.5、0.25和0.125 mg·mL-1的CDs溶液。
将RAW264.7、4T1细胞分别按每孔5×104密度接种于96孔板中, 放置于细胞培养箱内5% CO2、37 ℃培养24 h后弃去培养基。用含不同浓度(4、2、1、0.5、0.25和0.125 mg·mL-1) CDs的培养基培养细胞24 h, 每个浓度平行6孔。每孔加入20 μL MTT溶液(5 mg·mL-1), 继续培养4 h。随后吸弃上层培养液, 每孔平行加入150 μL DMSO, 并置于摇床上震荡10 min至蓝紫色结晶溶解, 使用酶标仪于490 nm波长处检测吸光度(A) 值。
CDs细胞内成像  采用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(CLSM) 观察CDs在RAW264.7和4T1细胞中的成像行为。将细胞悬浮液按每孔5×105密度接种于加有细胞爬片的6孔板中, 每孔2 mL, 在细胞培养箱内5% CO2、37 ℃条件下培养24 h后弃去培养基, 加入含CDs 2 mg·mL-1的新鲜培养基继续孵育24 h, 弃去培养基。使用PBS缓冲液润洗3次后, 取出细胞爬片进行封片, 在共聚焦显微镜下观察并拍照。
CDs的细胞摄取动力学检测  通过CLSM和流式细胞技术(FACS) 两种方法对CDs的浓度依赖性和时间依赖性细胞摄取动力学进行检测。将RAW264.7细胞和4T1细胞以每孔5×105个细胞接种于6孔板上用于FACS检测, 或以5×104个细胞接种于玻璃底培养皿用于CLSM成像。
浓度依赖性细胞摄取: 待细胞过夜贴壁后, 去除原培养液, 加入含不同浓度CDs (0.125、0.25、0.5、1和2 mg·mL-1) 的新鲜培养基孵育24 h后(每组3个复孔), 倾倒混合液。加入PBS将细胞重悬, 全程操作注意避光, 使用流式细胞仪检测细胞内荧光强度, 激发波长设定为405 nm, 每个样品收集10 000个细胞。
时间依赖性细胞摄取: 待细胞贴壁后去除原培养液, 加入CDs (2 mg·mL-1) 孵育不同时间(0、45、90、180、360、1 440 min), 每组平行3孔, 随后移出原培养液, 加入PBS将细胞重悬, 全程操作注意避光, 使用流式细胞仪检测不同孵育时间后细胞内的荧光强度, 激发波长设定为405 nm, 每个样品收集10 000个细胞。
CDs的细胞摄取途径  通过使用不同的细胞摄取抑制剂分析CDs细胞内吞机制。具体检测如下: 10 μmol·L-1氯丙嗪、0.1 μg·mL-1菲律宾菌素、50 μmol·L-1阿米洛利和1 μmol·L-1红海海绵素A加入细胞中分别孵育2、4和24 h后测定其细胞活性。随后, 将RAW264.7细胞和4T1细胞在含有抑制剂的无血清培养基中预处理45 min后, 加入2 mg·mL-1 CDs继续孵育3 h, FACS分析细胞内荧光强度。该实验选取既未添加抑制剂也未加入CDs为阴性对照组, 选取仅加入CDs为阳性对照组, 独立实验重复3次。
CDs的细胞内分布  使用CLSM对CDs和AO (细胞核特异性染料) 双标记RAW264.7细胞和4T1细胞进行观察, 确定CDs分布于细胞核还是细胞质中。将细胞先与CDs孵育24 h, 4%多聚甲醛室温避光固定, 加入AO (10 μg·mL-1) 染色, 用PBS润洗后于CLSM下观察, CDs的激发/发射波长为405/420~480 nm, AO激发/发射波长为488/520~650 nm。
使用细胞器特异性荧光标记物溶酶体红色荧光探针和线粒体红色荧光探针, 进行CDs与溶酶体和线粒体共定位染色分析, 以确定CDs在细胞质中的分布情况。将RAW264.7细胞和4T1细胞接种于激光共聚焦培养皿中, 细胞器染色均在CDs与细胞孵育24 h后进行, 溶酶体染色为75 nmol·L-1溶酶体红色荧光探针37 ℃孵育85 min, 线粒体染色为500 nmol·L-1线粒体红色荧光探针37 ℃孵育45 min。CDs、溶酶体红色荧光探针和线粒体红色荧光探针的激发/发射波长分别为405/420~480 nm、579/580~625 nm和577/565~620 nm。
CDs的细胞外排/分解作用  将RAW264.7细胞和4T1细胞与CDs孵育3 h后, 加入新鲜的不含药物培养液继续孵育5、15、30、45、60、120和360 min, 采用FACS定量检测细胞内荧光强度。通过FACS定量计算胞吐作用外排后细胞内的荧光强度, 如公式(2):
$ {F_{{\rm{exo }}}} = 1 - {I_t}/{I_0} $
其中, It表示胞吐作用不同时间点后细胞内荧光强度; I0表示胞吐作用前细胞内的初始荧光强度。
统计学分析  采用SPSS 23.0 (美国IBM公司) 对各组间数据首先进行方差齐性和正态分布检验, 对于方差不齐和/或不符合正态分布的参数, 采用非参数检验, 对于方差齐并且符合正态分布的参数, 采用one-way ANOVA单因素方差分析, 采用LSD检验组间两两比较, P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
透射电子显微镜图像(图 1A) 显示, CDs颗粒为球形单分散颗粒, 尺寸均一, 有较好的分散性。颗粒直径范围极窄(2~10 nm), 平均颗粒直径为6.85 nm。利用红外光谱(FT-IR) 对茯苓多糖和CDs的表面基团进行表征, 结果如图 1B所示, 3 387 cm-1的宽吸收峰是O-H、N-H键的伸缩振动峰, 2 926 cm-1为C-H键的伸缩振动, 1 641和1 412 cm-1处的峰值与COO-拉伸振动有关。C-N和N-H伸缩振动的特征吸收带分别出现在1 581和851 cm-1, 1 024 cm-1处的峰值归因于C-O[22]。XRD图(图 1C) 显示CDs的衍射峰位于22.76°和22.89°, 表明其不是完整的晶体, 属于无定型结构。通过对CDs水溶液进行zeta电位测定, 其结果为-18.8 mV (图 1D), 显示负电, 这表明CDs表面可能含有羧基等基团。另外, 由于CDs之间具有同种电荷, 相互排斥, 因此, CDs在水溶液中不易发生聚集。通过荧光光谱和紫外吸收光谱表征CDs的光学性质(图 1E), 在图 1E的紫外吸收光谱中, 可以观察到在大约283和332 nm处的两个强吸收带, 283 nm处的吸收峰对应于C=C/C=N的π-π*跃迁, 332 nm处的弱肩峰归因于CDs表面上C=O/C-NH2部分中的n-π*跃迁[23]。在365 nm紫外灯照射下, CDs发出强烈的蓝色荧光(图 1E)。此外, 图 1E显示在371 nm激发下, 在446 nm处有强荧光发射峰。以硫酸奎宁(54%) 为荧光参照物, 用参比法测得CDs的荧光量子产率为4.72%。
利用XPS进一步验证CDs的表面元素特征。在XPS总谱图(图 2A) 中, 284.8、398.22和531.16 eV处的三个峰分别对应于C1s、N1s和O1s, 清楚地表明CDs含有C、N和O, 且原子比(%) 为C∶N∶O = 64.45∶1.81∶33.74 (图 2A)。如图 2B所示, 从C1s的分峰拟合图中可看出-COOH在287.12 eV、C=N/O-C=O在286.28 eV、C-OH在284.83 eV、C-O/C-N在283.42 eV、C-N在283.11 eV、C=C/C-C在282.52 eV的结合能峰[24]。N1s的分峰拟合图由400.53、398.47、397.59、396.60和395.17 eV五个峰组成, 分别对应N-O、N-H、石墨氮、吡咯氮和吡啶氮(图 2C)。从高分辨率O1s XPS光谱(图 2D) 来看, 531.36、531.08和530.19 eV的三个峰分别来自H-O-H、C=O和C-OH[25]。从FT-IR和XPS的数据可以看出, 合成的CDs具有丰富的亲水基团, 如羟基(-OH)、羧基(-COOH)、酰胺基(-NH2) 等, 有助于提高CDs在水溶液中的溶解度。
为探索碳点纳米材料在活细胞成像中的潜在应用, 除了其优异的光学性质外还需要低毒性。因此, 本研究采用MTT法测定了CDs对小鼠RAW264.7巨噬细胞和小鼠4T1乳腺癌细胞的毒性作用。RAW264.7细胞和4T1细胞与不同浓度的CDs共孵育24 h后的MTT实验结果表明(图 3), 当CDs浓度低于2 mg·mL-1时, 所有细胞存活率保持在80%以上, 当浓度高达4 mg·mL-1时, 细胞存活率低于80%。上述结果表明, 相较于传统的荧光量子点而言, 本实验所制备的CDs具有较低的细胞毒性, 可在细胞标记和生物成像方面显示出巨大的潜力。
采用共聚焦显微镜观察CDs在RAW264.7和4T1细胞中的成像行为, 结果见图 4, 细胞内检测到明亮的荧光。这表明, CDs可进入细胞, 并且其高的光致发光效率满足了细胞成像的需求。
将RAW264.7细胞和4T1细胞与不同浓度CDs作用24 h后, FACS分析其细胞内平均荧光强度, 发现RAW264.7细胞内CDs含量与其浓度成线性正相关(R2 > 0.95), 且在2 mg·mL-1时CDs的细胞摄取率高达97%, 而对于同样条件下, 4T1细胞摄取率较低, 在24 h后摄取率只达70% (图 5AB)。
为进一步研究细胞摄取CDs是否存在时间依赖性, 将2 mg·mL-1 CDs与细胞孵育不同时间(0~24 h), CLSM和FACS检测细胞内CDs荧光强度。图 5CD显示CDs细胞内吞作用的实时动态共聚焦成像, 随着孵育时间的增加, CDs不聚集于细胞膜表面, 可进入细胞质中, 但不进入细胞核内, 且细胞内荧光强度持续增加, 24 h后可达最高值。同时, CDs的细胞摄取速率随孵育时间延长而增加, 在RAW264.7细胞内, 0~90 min内增速明显, 360~1 440 min趋于平衡, 即360 min时细胞摄取速率几乎不变, 达到最高值; 在4T1细胞内, 0~180 min内增速明显, 180~1 440 min增速缓慢, 24 h后摄取率达70%, 这些结果表明CDs进入细胞内的速率呈现一定的时间依赖性, 如图 5EF所示。
采用不同的细胞摄取抑制剂去确定CDs进入两种不同细胞内的具体内吞途径。首先, 本研究采用MTT法测定最适浓度下抑制剂的细胞毒性, 如图 6AB所示, 10 μmol·mL-1盐酸氯丙嗪、1 μg·mL-1菲律宾菌素、50 μmol·mL-1阿米洛利和1 μmol·mL-1红海海绵素A分别与RAW264.7细胞和4T1细胞孵育4 h内其细胞活性保持在80%以上, 在作用24 h后可能存在一定的细胞毒性, 这表明在研究细胞摄取途径实验时间内, 摄取抑制剂的细胞毒性低, 可消除非特异性细胞毒性对细胞摄取作用的影响。
氯丙嗪是一种阳离子两亲性药物, 能通过将网格蛋白及其衔接蛋白从质膜转移至细胞内体上来抑制网格蛋白包被小窝形成, 被用于抑制网格蛋白介导内吞作用[26], 氯丙嗪的加入使得CDs在4T1细胞中的摄取率下降了11.1% (P < 0.001, 图 6CD), 说明网格蛋白介导的内吞作用是4T1细胞摄取CDs的重要途径之一。
菲律宾菌素是小窝蛋白介导的内吞抑制剂[27], 研究发现它对RAW264.7细胞摄取CDs具有轻微抑制作用(P < 0.05, 图 6CD), 说明小窝介导的内吞作用可能参与其摄取途径。
阿米洛利可抑制细胞膜上Na+/H+ ATP酶, 常用于抑制巨胞饮作用[28], 随着阿米洛利的加入可明显抑制4T1细胞摄取CDs, 其摄取率降低至21.6% (P < 0.000 1, 图 6CD), 表明巨胞饮作用是4T1细胞摄取CDs的主要途径。
红海海绵素A分离自红海海绵, 是针对于小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫吞噬作用的有效抑制剂[29], 可阻断肌动蛋白依赖性吞噬作用, 不影响细胞活力[30]。从图 6CD中可明显看到, 随着红海海绵素A的引入, RAW264.7细胞对于CDs的吞噬可显著降低至50%以下(P < 0.001), 证明了巨噬细胞的吞噬作用是CDs进入细胞的主要方式。
首先将CDs与细胞核染料AO共孵育发现CDs主要分布于细胞质中, 未能进入细胞核内(图 7A)。进一步利用不同细胞器特异性染料(溶酶体红色荧光探针和线粒体红色荧光探针) 去确定CDs在细胞质内的分布情况, 结果如图 7BC所示, 内化的CDs主要被转运至溶酶体, 少量分布于线粒体中。
图 7D所示, 随着与不含药物培养基孵育时间延长, 细胞内CDs的荧光强度逐渐降低, 对于RAW264.7细胞, 在其45 min后Fexo就可达到峰值一半, 120 min后Fexo趋于稳定; 而4T1细胞, 约在1 h后Fexo可达到峰值一半, 360 min后Fexo达到最高值。推测随着孵育时间增加, 细胞内荧光强度降低的原因有两种可能, 一是由于溶酶体化学降解作用, 因为通过分布研究发现, 细胞摄取CDs后多靶向分布于溶酶体中, 而溶酶体内由于含有大量的水解酶, 可以发生降解作用, 从而可能导致其荧光强度降低; 二是因为胞外排作用, 将药物由细胞内外排出细胞液中, 从而造成胞内荧光强度降低。
碳点具有很多优于其他荧光纳米材料的优良性质, 这使其在生物医学方面具有良好的发展前景, 特别是用于检测各种类型的疾病。而碳点的生物学行为, 特别是关于细胞摄取和细胞内分布机制的研究, 是其生物医学应用的基础。本研究以茯苓多糖为碳源, 采用水热法合成了蓝色荧光碳量子点, 利用TEM、UV-vis、FL、FT-IR、XRD和XPS对PCP-CDs粒径、结构、光学特征、元素组成和表面官能团等表征鉴定, 发现PCP-CDs粒径分布在2~10 nm, 平均粒径为6.85 nm, 主要由C、O和N元素组成, 具有OH、C=O、C-N、C=C等丰富的表面官能团, 荧光量子产率为4.72%。
茯苓多糖具有调节机体免疫力、抗肿瘤等药理活性。本研究通过两种不同的细胞系, 免疫细胞RAW264.7和乳腺癌细胞4T1为模型, 研究CDs在细胞内的摄取动力学过程及其摄取途径、分布和外排等过程。制备的CDs具有稳定明亮的荧光特性, 可用于细胞内荧光成像, 在RAW264.7和4T1细胞中摄取呈一定的浓度和时间依赖性, 其中在RAW264.7细胞中其浓度还呈现出线性相关性(R2 > 0.95)。通过FACS分析各种细胞通路抑制剂作用后的细胞摄取情况研究发现, CDs在RAW264.7细胞内主要通过吞噬作用以及小窝蛋白介导的内吞作用摄取进入细胞内, 而对于4T1细胞则是通过网格蛋白介导的内吞作用和巨胞饮过程。通过细胞核染料AO以及细胞器特异性探针, 发现CDs经细胞内吞摄取后主要分布于细胞质内, 几乎不分布于细胞核中, 通过特异性细胞器靶向研究发现, 多聚集于溶酶体中, 少量分布于线粒体内, 且细胞外排/分解实验结果也可看出, 摄入后的CDs可随时间外排至胞外中或通过溶酶体自身降解作用, 在细胞内发生分解。因此, 制备的CDs可用于细胞成像, 拓宽了非药理活性中药成分纳米粒的应用范围。
作者贡献: 吴成圆负责实验方案设计与实施、结果分析及文章撰写; 黄倩倩、王强、王思维、张越参与实验实施和数据采集; 陈卫东、王雷、吴培云负责实验监督、论文修改和基金获得。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 安徽省自然科学基金项目(1908085QH351)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82073923)
  • 安徽省菌类药物研发“115”产业创新团队(皖人才办【2020】4号)
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2022年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0862
  • 接收时间:2022-07-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-15
  • 修回日期:2022-09-27
基金
安徽省自然科学基金项目(1908085QH351)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82073923)
安徽省菌类药物研发“115”产业创新团队(皖人才办【2020】4号)
作者信息
    1.安徽中医药大学药学院, 安徽 合肥 230012
    2.省部共建安徽道地中药材品质提升协同创新中心, 安徽 合肥 230012
    3.中药复方安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012
    4.药物制剂技术与应用安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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