Article(id=1210518235670253870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0357, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1648396800000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-28, revisedDate=1650124800000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539637725, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1670774400000, pubDateStr=2022-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539637725, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539637725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539637725, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210518228766421884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='0', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539636078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539730802, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3502, endPage=3512, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210518237025014084, articleId=1210518235670253870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanism study of Si Miao Formula on alleviating insulin resistance by increasing the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in mice, columnId=1210518233132692356, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Therapeutic Modulation of Gut Immune and Microbiota Homeostasis by Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In our previous study, we found that Si Miao Formula (SMF) had the effect of improving the disorder of glucose metabolism caused by high fat and high sucrose diet, and significantly altered the composition of gut microbiota, especially increasing the level of Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila). However, it is unclear that the role of intestinal flora and A. muciniphila play in SMF improving blood glucose homeostasis, and the mechanism of how SMF increases the level of A. muciniphila. Therefore, this study will explore the correlation between SMF improving the insulin resistance and increasing the level of A. muciniphila, as well as the mechanism of SMF-induced growth of A. muciniphila using the in vitro and in vivo experiments. We explored the effect of intestinal flora and A. muciniphila on SMF-improved insulin resistance through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and antibiotic intervention. In order to study the mechanisms underlying SMF on elevating A. muciniphila, we disassembled SMF to find the key component which can particularly elevate the number of A. muciniphila. Using the in vitro anaerobic culture system combined with cell and animal experiments, we explored the mechanism of the key component in elevating A. muciniphila. The research was approved by the Animal Ethical and Welfare Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Our results showed that the gut microbiota altered by SMF can improve high fat and sucrose diet induced insulin resistance in recipient mice, and the improvement was closely related to the abundance of A. muciniphila. Cortex Phellodendri played the most important role in regulating the composition of intestinal flora and increasing the number of A. muciniphila, of which, berberine was the key component of Cortex Phellodendri which up regulated A. muciniphila. We have found that berberine cannot directly promote the growth of A. muciniphila in vitro, but it can stimulate the expression of mucin, which, in turn, promote the growth of A. muciniphila. The above results show that the improved insulin sensitiviy by SMF depends on the increased level of A. muciniphila. The effect of SMF on elevating the amount of A. muciniphila might be correlated with the increased expression of mucin stimulated by berberine.

, correspAuthors=Hou-kai LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Juan YAN, Li-li SHENG, Yan LI, Yi-yang BAO, Hou-kai LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210518238845342132, articleId=1210518235670253870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=四妙方通过增加肠道Akkermansia muciniphila改善胰岛素抵抗的作用机制研究, columnId=1210518233338213258, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

四妙方能够改善高糖高脂饮食诱导的糖代谢紊乱, 并调控肠道菌群组成, 特别是增加肠道Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) 的丰度。但是, 肠道菌群和A. muciniphila在四妙方改善糖代谢中的确切作用, 以及四妙方上调A. muciniphila的机制尚不清楚。本研究将通过体内外实验探讨四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗与A. muciniphila的相关性及四妙方升高A. muciniphila的作用机制。利用肠道菌群移植及抗生素干扰等方法, 研究肠道菌群组成和A. muciniphila丰度变化对四妙方改善高糖高脂诱导的小鼠胰岛素抵抗的作用; 通过四妙方拆方动物实验和药效评价, 明确升高A. muciniphila的关键药味和组分; 利用体外厌氧培养系统结合细胞动物实验, 探索四妙方关键组分增加A. muciniphila含量的作用机制。动物福利和实验过程均遵循上海中医药大学动物伦理委员会的规定。结果显示, 四妙方改变的肠道菌群可在受体小鼠中发挥改善高糖高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗的作用, 且改善效果与A. muciniphila丰度呈正相关; 君药黄柏是四妙方中调控肠道菌群组成并增加A. muciniphila的关键药物, 而黄柏中主要活性成分小檗碱与黄柏在上调A. muciniphila丰度上作用相近。体外机制研究发现, 小檗碱不能直接促进A. muciniphila的生长, 但能通过激活肠细胞黏蛋白的表达, 间接促进A. muciniphila的增殖。上述结果表明, 四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗的作用很可能依赖于增加肠道A. muciniphila数量, 且四妙方升高A. muciniphila的作用很可能与君药黄柏中小檗碱激活肠细胞黏蛋白的表达有关。

, correspAuthors=李后开, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李后开, Tel/Fax: 86-21-51322729, E-mail:
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Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12: 709629., articleTitle=Multi-pharmacology of berberine in atherosclerosis and metabolic diseases: potential contribution of gut microbiota, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210518251323396993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, awardId=81873059, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(81873059), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210518251419865993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, awardId=U21A20413, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20413), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210518251516334992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, awardId=TMSK-2021-403, language=CN, fundingSource=转化医学国家重大科技基础设施(上海) 开放课题(TMSK-2021-403), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210518251608609685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, awardId=2020JP016, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市卫生健康委员会中医药科研项目(2020JP016), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210518251721855901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, awardId=21XD1403500, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市优秀学术带头人项目(21XD1403500), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210518239172497872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210518239176692177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, companyId=1210518239172497872, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210518239222829523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, companyId=1210518239172497872, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210518248374801136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sXnC0ZQXAhF/2ezz/EXzFA==, figureFileBig=z8LNqIL9ttKrtn+1tBlzFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518248479658744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Effects of Si Miao Formula (SMF) on improving the insulin sensitivity. A: Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and area under the curve of GTT (AUC-GTT); B: Insulin tolerance test (ITT) and area under the curve of ITT (AUC-ITT); C: Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting serum insulin (FINS), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>####</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> Con; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> HFHS. Con: Mice in control group were supplied with chow diet for 16 weeks; HFHS: Mice in HFHS group were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet for 16 weeks; SMF: Mice in treatment group were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet supplemented with aqueous extracts of SMF for 16 weeks , figureFileSmall=sXnC0ZQXAhF/2ezz/EXzFA==, figureFileBig=z8LNqIL9ttKrtn+1tBlzFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518248668402440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PFFZKZnFtZr34HKzkIPZdg==, figureFileBig=ZxPKs6X3UXaeVUsUvyS0Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518248756482831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= SMF significantly changes the composition of gut microbes and increased the number of <i>A. muciniphila</i>. A: Principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) analysis based on weighted UniFrac similarity; OTU: Operational taxonomic units; PC: Principal component; B: Relative abundance of gut microbiota at the genus level; C: The number of <i>A. muciniphila</i> per ng fecal genomic DNA. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> Con; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> HFHS , figureFileSmall=PFFZKZnFtZr34HKzkIPZdg==, figureFileBig=ZxPKs6X3UXaeVUsUvyS0Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518248873923354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rboTsVvFq4LkhGT5wtaJGg==, figureFileBig=hb+I4adMDahtquyDvDfeYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250107048736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Fecal microbiota from SMF-fed mice improves insulin sensitivity. A: Experimental diagram; B: Body weight and energy intake; C: IPGTT; D: Fasting plasma glucose; E: ITT; F: The number of <i>A. muciniphila</i> per ng fecal genomic DNA. <i>n</i> = 4-5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> R-HFHS. R-HFHS: Mice in R-HFHS group were supplied with the fecal microbiota from high fat and high sucrose diet-fed mice for 18 weeks; R-SMF: Mice in R-SMF group were supplied with the fecal microbiota from SMF treated mice for 18 weeks , figureFileSmall=rboTsVvFq4LkhGT5wtaJGg==, figureFileBig=hb+I4adMDahtquyDvDfeYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250220294952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Q5mqf5K70WAfwTeTt6MysA==, figureFileBig=CHl8W8kviMy7R80C1oimUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250316763950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effect of different antibiotic on the number of <i>A. muciniphila</i> in mice. A: Experimental diagram; B: The number of <i>A. muciniphila</i> per ng fecal genomic DNA in control group mice; C: The number of <i>A. muciniphila</i> per ng fecal genomic DNA in SMF group mice. <i>n</i> = 5-7, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> DW. Con: Mice in control group were supplied with high fat and high sucrose diet for 20 weeks; SMF: Mice in SMF group were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet supplemented with aqueous extracts of SMF for 20 weeks. DW: Mice in DW group were provided with 30% (g·mL<sup>-1</sup>) sucrose solution; SPE: Mice in SPE group were provided with 30% sucrose solution which contained 50 ng·μL<sup>-1</sup> spectinomycin; VAN: Mice in VAN group were provided with 30% sucrose solution which contained 50 ng·μL<sup>-1</sup> vancomycin; SM: Mice in SM group were provided with 30% sucrose solution which contained 50 ng·μL<sup>-1</sup> streptomycin , figureFileSmall=Q5mqf5K70WAfwTeTt6MysA==, figureFileBig=CHl8W8kviMy7R80C1oimUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250413232951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yguDkAU/iPaCmFFVPecmfA==, figureFileBig=QFSsneNdoLjt/TSKUqtEPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250543256382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effect of SMF on improving glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance in the high fat and high sucrose fed mice with different antibiotics. A: IPGTT; B: ITT. <i>n</i> = 5-7, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Con , figureFileSmall=yguDkAU/iPaCmFFVPecmfA==, figureFileBig=QFSsneNdoLjt/TSKUqtEPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250639725383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HD8E11+JAsfYuN6Aiv52qA==, figureFileBig=b3ln7GDl5t8uoA7f54Mflw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250740388691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Effects of combinations of different herbs from SMF on improving the insulin sensitivity in mice. A: Experimental diagram; B: The number of <i>A. muciniphila</i> per ng fecal genomic DNA; C: Fasting plasma glucose; D: Serum insulin; E: HOMA-IR; F: Effects of <i>Cortex Phellodendri</i> on improving the insulin sensitivity; G: The fold change of <i>A. muciniphila</i> in mice. <i>n</i> = 5-8, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Con; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> HFHS. Con: Mice were supplied with chow diet for 16 weeks; HFHS: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet; SMF: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet and aqueous extracts of SMF; HCN: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet and aqueous extracts of SMF without <i>Coicis Semen</i>; HCY: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet and aqueous extracts of SMF without <i>Cyathulae Radix</i>; HYN: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet and aqueous extracts of SMF without <i>Atractylodis Rhizoma</i>; CYN: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet and aqueous extracts of SMF without <i>Cortex Phellodendri</i> for 16 weeks; HB: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet and aqueous extracts of <i>Cortex Phellodendri</i> for 16 weeks; BBR: Mice were fed with high fat and high sucrose diet and berberine for 16 weeks , figureFileSmall=HD8E11+JAsfYuN6Aiv52qA==, figureFileBig=b3ln7GDl5t8uoA7f54Mflw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518250878800737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6KDqPumBHVgeMlDaKZ002A==, figureFileBig=GqO9hAQjWLC/n/748ojq0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518251013018475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Mechanism of berberine in elevating <i>A. muciniphila</i>. A: Effect of berberine on the growth of <i>A. muciniphila</i> <i>in vitro</i>; B: Effect of berberine on <i>Muc2</i> gene expression in LS174T cells; C: Effect of mucin on the growth of <i>A. muciniphila</i> <i>in vitro</i>; D: The fold change of <i>A. muciniphila</i> level after berberine supplementation in mice; E: Periodic acid Schiff and Alcian blue stained colon tissue. Scale bar: 100 μm, opposing red arrows with shafts delineate the mucus layer; F: Blinded colonic mucus layer measurements from Alcian blue-stained sections; G: mRNA levels of <i>Muc2</i>, <i>Muc3</i>, <i>Muc4</i> in colon; H: mRNA levels of <i>Klf4</i>, <i>Hes</i>, <i>Relm</i>-<i>β</i>, <i>Tff3</i> in colon. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>####</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> Con; <sup>Δ</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> 6 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> berberine group; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> HFHS , figureFileSmall=6KDqPumBHVgeMlDaKZ002A==, figureFileBig=GqO9hAQjWLC/n/748ojq0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518251101098864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimerSequence (5'-3')
m-Muc2-FAAGTGAAGACCGAGATTGTGC
m-Muc2-RGTGCACACACACACCCTTG
m-Muc3-FTTCTATGGGCCACGGTGT
m-Muc3-RACTGGTTACTGTCACACTCACTCC
m-Muc4-FGAGGGCTACTGTCACAATGGAGGC
m-Muc4-RAGGGTTCCGAAGAGGATCCCGTAG
m-Gapdh-FAGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG
m-Gapdh-RTGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA
m-Hes-FCCAGCCAGTGTCAACACGA
m-Hes-RAATGCCGGGAGCTATCTTTCT
m-Klf4-FAGGAACTCTCTCACATGAAGCG
m-Klf4-RGGTCGTTGAACTCCTCGGTC
m-Relm-β-FCCATTTCCTGAGCTTTCTGG
m-Relm-β-RAGCACATCCAGTGACAACCA
m-Tff3-FCAGATTACGTTGGCCTGTCTCC
m-Tff3-RATGCTTGCTACCCTTGGACCAC
h-Gapdh-FGCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC
h-Gapdh-RTGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA
h-Muc2-FACCCGCACTATGTCACCTTC
h-Muc2-RGGGATCGCAGTGGTAGTTGT
A. muciniphila-FCAGCACGTGAAGGTGGGGAC
A. muciniphila-RCCTTGCGGTTGGCTTCAGAT
), ArticleFig(id=1210518251205956472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518235670253870, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer sequence of each gene. Muc2: Mucin-2; Muc3: Mucin-3; Muc4: Mucin-4; Gapdh: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Hes: Hes family BHLH transcription factor; Klf4: Kruppel like factor 4; Relm-β: Resistin-like molecule beta; Tff3: Trefoil factor 3; m: Mouse; h: Human; A. muciniphila: Akkermansia muciniphila; F: Forward; R: Reverse

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PrimerSequence (5'-3')
m-Muc2-FAAGTGAAGACCGAGATTGTGC
m-Muc2-RGTGCACACACACACCCTTG
m-Muc3-FTTCTATGGGCCACGGTGT
m-Muc3-RACTGGTTACTGTCACACTCACTCC
m-Muc4-FGAGGGCTACTGTCACAATGGAGGC
m-Muc4-RAGGGTTCCGAAGAGGATCCCGTAG
m-Gapdh-FAGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG
m-Gapdh-RTGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA
m-Hes-FCCAGCCAGTGTCAACACGA
m-Hes-RAATGCCGGGAGCTATCTTTCT
m-Klf4-FAGGAACTCTCTCACATGAAGCG
m-Klf4-RGGTCGTTGAACTCCTCGGTC
m-Relm-β-FCCATTTCCTGAGCTTTCTGG
m-Relm-β-RAGCACATCCAGTGACAACCA
m-Tff3-FCAGATTACGTTGGCCTGTCTCC
m-Tff3-RATGCTTGCTACCCTTGGACCAC
h-Gapdh-FGCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC
h-Gapdh-RTGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA
h-Muc2-FACCCGCACTATGTCACCTTC
h-Muc2-RGGGATCGCAGTGGTAGTTGT
A. muciniphila-FCAGCACGTGAAGGTGGGGAC
A. muciniphila-RCCTTGCGGTTGGCTTCAGAT
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四妙方通过增加肠道Akkermansia muciniphila改善胰岛素抵抗的作用机制研究
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严娟 , 盛丽莉 , 李艳 , 包义扬 , 李后开 *
药学学报 | 专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控 2022,57(12): 3502-3512
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药学学报 | 专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控 2022, 57(12): 3502-3512
四妙方通过增加肠道Akkermansia muciniphila改善胰岛素抵抗的作用机制研究
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严娟, 盛丽莉, 李艳, 包义扬, 李后开*
作者信息
  • 上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203

通讯作者:

*李后开, Tel/Fax: 86-21-51322729, E-mail:
Mechanism study of Si Miao Formula on alleviating insulin resistance by increasing the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in mice
Juan YAN, Li-li SHENG, Yan LI, Yi-yang BAO, Hou-kai LI*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2022-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0357
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四妙方能够改善高糖高脂饮食诱导的糖代谢紊乱, 并调控肠道菌群组成, 特别是增加肠道Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) 的丰度。但是, 肠道菌群和A. muciniphila在四妙方改善糖代谢中的确切作用, 以及四妙方上调A. muciniphila的机制尚不清楚。本研究将通过体内外实验探讨四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗与A. muciniphila的相关性及四妙方升高A. muciniphila的作用机制。利用肠道菌群移植及抗生素干扰等方法, 研究肠道菌群组成和A. muciniphila丰度变化对四妙方改善高糖高脂诱导的小鼠胰岛素抵抗的作用; 通过四妙方拆方动物实验和药效评价, 明确升高A. muciniphila的关键药味和组分; 利用体外厌氧培养系统结合细胞动物实验, 探索四妙方关键组分增加A. muciniphila含量的作用机制。动物福利和实验过程均遵循上海中医药大学动物伦理委员会的规定。结果显示, 四妙方改变的肠道菌群可在受体小鼠中发挥改善高糖高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗的作用, 且改善效果与A. muciniphila丰度呈正相关; 君药黄柏是四妙方中调控肠道菌群组成并增加A. muciniphila的关键药物, 而黄柏中主要活性成分小檗碱与黄柏在上调A. muciniphila丰度上作用相近。体外机制研究发现, 小檗碱不能直接促进A. muciniphila的生长, 但能通过激活肠细胞黏蛋白的表达, 间接促进A. muciniphila的增殖。上述结果表明, 四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗的作用很可能依赖于增加肠道A. muciniphila数量, 且四妙方升高A. muciniphila的作用很可能与君药黄柏中小檗碱激活肠细胞黏蛋白的表达有关。

四妙方  /  胰岛素抵抗  /  Akkermansia muciniphila  /  小檗碱  /  黏蛋白

In our previous study, we found that Si Miao Formula (SMF) had the effect of improving the disorder of glucose metabolism caused by high fat and high sucrose diet, and significantly altered the composition of gut microbiota, especially increasing the level of Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila). However, it is unclear that the role of intestinal flora and A. muciniphila play in SMF improving blood glucose homeostasis, and the mechanism of how SMF increases the level of A. muciniphila. Therefore, this study will explore the correlation between SMF improving the insulin resistance and increasing the level of A. muciniphila, as well as the mechanism of SMF-induced growth of A. muciniphila using the in vitro and in vivo experiments. We explored the effect of intestinal flora and A. muciniphila on SMF-improved insulin resistance through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and antibiotic intervention. In order to study the mechanisms underlying SMF on elevating A. muciniphila, we disassembled SMF to find the key component which can particularly elevate the number of A. muciniphila. Using the in vitro anaerobic culture system combined with cell and animal experiments, we explored the mechanism of the key component in elevating A. muciniphila. The research was approved by the Animal Ethical and Welfare Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Our results showed that the gut microbiota altered by SMF can improve high fat and sucrose diet induced insulin resistance in recipient mice, and the improvement was closely related to the abundance of A. muciniphila. Cortex Phellodendri played the most important role in regulating the composition of intestinal flora and increasing the number of A. muciniphila, of which, berberine was the key component of Cortex Phellodendri which up regulated A. muciniphila. We have found that berberine cannot directly promote the growth of A. muciniphila in vitro, but it can stimulate the expression of mucin, which, in turn, promote the growth of A. muciniphila. The above results show that the improved insulin sensitiviy by SMF depends on the increased level of A. muciniphila. The effect of SMF on elevating the amount of A. muciniphila might be correlated with the increased expression of mucin stimulated by berberine.

Si Miao Formula  /  insulin resistance  /  Akkermansia muciniphila  /  berberine  /  mucin
严娟, 盛丽莉, 李艳, 包义扬, 李后开. 四妙方通过增加肠道Akkermansia muciniphila改善胰岛素抵抗的作用机制研究. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3502 -3512 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0357
Juan YAN, Li-li SHENG, Yan LI, Yi-yang BAO, Hou-kai LI. Mechanism study of Si Miao Formula on alleviating insulin resistance by increasing the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3502 -3512 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0357
四妙方出自清代张秉承的《成方便读》, 由黄柏、苍术、薏苡仁、牛膝四味中药组成, 是治疗风湿痹症、痛风的经典方剂。痛风的中医证候分为: 湿热蕴结、瘀热阻滞、痰浊阻滞及肝肾阴虚四型, 湿热蕴结是痛风最常见的证型[1]。非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD) 在中医中属于“肝癖”的范畴, 湿热蕴结也是其常见证型之一[2]。以上中医学理论表明, 湿热蕴结证在痛风和NAFLD中都是比较常见的中医证型。同时现代药理学研究显示四妙方具有良好的降尿酸效果[3], 而尿酸累积可诱导胰岛素抵抗和炎症反应[4-6], 增加肝脏脂质蓄积, 高尿酸血症是NAFLD的独立危险因素之一[7], 因此降尿酸可能成为NAFLD潜在的治疗靶标。本课题组前期基于中医“异病同治”的治则, 以降尿酸为靶点, 研究四妙方改善NAFLD的效果。药效学结果表明, 四妙方可降低高糖高脂饮食喂养小鼠的血清尿酸水平及肝脏脂质变性, 并改善小鼠胰岛素抵抗[8]。肠道菌群测序结果发现, 四妙方能调控肠道菌群的组成, 特别是增加肠道“益生菌”Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) 的丰度, 而本课题组前期研究发现A. muciniphila具有调节血糖作用[9]。然而, 肠道菌群, 特别是A. muciniphila, 在四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗中的作用并不清楚。
肠道微生物群数量和多样性的变化是许多代谢性疾病发生发展的重要因素[10]。临床研究表明, 与健康人相比, 2型糖尿病患者肠道菌群组成紊乱, A. muciniphila丰度显著降低, 拟杆菌及丁酸产生菌的含量显著下降[11]。同时有研究发现, 将健康人的肠道菌群移植给胰岛素抵抗患者可显著改善患者的胰岛素敏感性[12]。因此, 靶向肠道菌群调节已成为临床上改善2型糖尿病极具潜力的治疗手段。
A. muciniphila作为一种新生代的“益生菌”, 在改善糖脂代谢方面具有重要的作用[13, 14]。临床和动物研究发现, A. muciniphila与肥胖和2型糖尿病呈负相关[15-17], 并且给予A. muciniphila干预可明显改善由高脂饮食引起的小鼠代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗、炎症激活和脂肪沉积等[13, 14, 18]A. muciniphila作为一种黏液降解细菌, 可通过降解黏蛋白产生短链脂肪酸(乙酸和丙酸)[19, 20], 并与丁酸产生菌相互作用, 促进丁酸产生[21], 从而激活肠道内胃肠激素分泌, 调节宿主能量平衡, 改善葡萄糖稳态等[22-26]; 同时, 黏液又可作为细菌生长的能量来源, 促进A. muciniphila生长[19]。近年来有研究发现A. muciniphila活菌、巴氏灭活的A. muciniphilaA. muciniphila的不同组分(Amuc_1100、P9、AmEVs等) 可通过激活Toll样受体调控肠道稳态、改善肠道通透性减少脂多糖渗漏减轻机体炎症、激活胰高血糖素样肽-1分泌改善机体代谢等途径改善高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗[26-29]。同时, A. muciniphila改善2型糖尿病的临床研究也已被批准[30]。上述研究表明, A. muciniphila在改善糖脂代谢方面具有十分重要的作用。
本课题组前期研究证实了四妙方对肥胖小鼠的胰岛素抵抗具有改善作用, 且其能恢复肥胖小鼠的肠道菌群失衡、增加A. muciniphila丰度等[8]。但四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗的作用与其增加肠道A. muciniphila丰度的关系, 以及四妙方升高A. muciniphila的物质基础与机制并不清楚。因此, 本研究将通过肠道菌群移植及抗生素干扰方法, 研究四妙方改变的肠道菌群组成及增加的A. muciniphila在改善胰岛素敏感性方面的作用; 通过四妙方拆方实验探究其升高A. muciniphila的物质基础; 通过细菌体外厌氧培养及细胞、动物实验研究四妙方关键组分升高A. muciniphila的作用机制, 揭示四妙方通过调控肠道菌组成, 进而改善胰岛素抵抗的作用机制。
实验动物  雄性C57BL/6J小鼠, SPF级, 4周龄, 购自上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司, 许可证号: SCXK (沪) 2017-0005, 动物合格证号: 20170005059267。小鼠饲养于上海中医药大学实验动物中心, 上海中医药大学伦理委员会已批准本研究中的所有实验, 动物福利和实验过程均遵循上海中医药大学动物伦理委员会的规定。
菌株和细胞  A. muciniphila (BAA 835) 购自ATCC库; LS174T人结肠腺癌细胞购自中国科学院细胞库。
药品与试剂  高脂饲料(货号D12492, Research Diets公司); 蔗糖(货号G66841B)、氨苄西林钠盐(货号77396C) (上海泰坦科技股份有限公司); 黄柏、苍术、薏苡仁、牛膝(上海康桥中药饮片有限公司); 注射用盐酸万古霉素[货号VL0657, VIANEXS.A. (PLANTC) 公司]; 甲硝唑(货号M1547)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO, 货号D2650)、黏液蛋白Type Ⅲ (货号M1778) (Sigma公司); 壮观霉素二盐酸盐五水合物溶液[货号B541016-0001, 生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司]; 硫酸链霉素(货号XW38107401)、葡萄糖(货号63005518)、NaHCO3 (货号10018960) (国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 生物合成人胰岛素注射液(丹麦诺和诺德公司); 血糖测试仪(Performa, 罗氏ACCU-CHEK公司); 粪便基因组DNA提取试剂盒(货号DP328-02)、FastKing一步法除基因组cDNA第一链合成预混试剂(货号KR118)、动物组织总RNA提取试剂盒(货号DP431)[天根生化科技(北京) 有限公司]; 小鼠胰岛素(INS) 试剂盒(ELISA) (货号ml001983, 上海酶联生物科技有限公司); 盐酸小檗碱(货号B802465, Macklin公司); DMEM培养基(货号12800017)、双抗(货号1989513) (GIBCO公司); 胎牛血清(货号1805172, Biological Industries公司); 磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS, Solarbio公司); 胰酶-EDTA (货号MA0233, 大连美仑生物技术有限公司); RNAiso Plus (货号9109, Takara公司); 脑心浸液培养基(货号BD 237500, 美国BD公司); 阿利新蓝-过碘酸-雪夫(AB-PAS) 染色(货号GP1041, 武汉塞维尔生物科技有限公司)。
仪器  二氧化碳培养箱(型号CCL-170B-8, Esco公司); 真空过滤系统(货号BS-500-XT, Biosharp公司); 超微量分光光度计(型号Colibri, 德国Berthold Technologies公司); 实时定量PCR仪(型号CFX Connect, 美国Bio-Rad公司); 高通量组织研磨仪(型号SKSI, 上海必横生物有限公司); 多功能酶标仪(Spark10M, 瑞士帝肯公司); 恒温厌氧箱(BACTRON EZ-2, 美国Shellab公司)。
四妙方药液的提取浓缩  称取黄柏200 g、苍术100 g、薏苡仁200 g、牛膝100 g, 共计药物600 g混匀, 加入4.8 L水, 4 ℃浸泡过夜。煮沸后, 计时1.5 h, 获得第1遍药液。后加3.6 L水煎煮第2遍后, 将两次所得滤液混匀, 浓缩至药液浓度为1 g·mL-1 (生药量)。
四妙方药效学实验  将18只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分成3组, 分别为正常对照组(control, Con)、高糖高脂组(high fat high sucrose, HFHS) 和四妙方组(high fat high sucrose-Si Miao Formula, SMF)。正常对照组小鼠喂食普通饲料16周; 高糖高脂组小鼠使用高脂饲料联合饮用30%的蔗糖水喂养16周; 四妙方组小鼠喂食高糖高脂饮食同时进行四妙方给药16周(小鼠每天的给药剂量按照生药量计算为10 g·kg-1)。每周记录小鼠体重及摄食量, 在15和16周分别进行葡萄糖耐量实验(intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, IPGTT) 和胰岛素耐量实验(insulin tolerance test, ITT)。
肠道细菌16S rRNA测序  小鼠干预16周后, 取各组小鼠新鲜的盲肠内容物进行肠道细菌16S rRNA测序, 测序工作委托上海美吉生物科技有限公司进行。微生物多样性测序平台为Illumina Miseq, 测序原理为合成测序法。对样品进行可操作分类单元(OTU) 划分, 采取属分类进行肠道菌群的分类学组成分析[31]
粪菌移植实验  将上述四妙方药效学实验中的高糖高脂组和四妙方组小鼠作为供体, 从给药第2周起收集各组小鼠粪便进行粪菌移植实验。受体小鼠参照文献[32]中的方法, 饮用水中添加终浓度为1 g·L-1的氨苄西林, 联合混合抗生素溶液(万古霉素∶新霉素∶甲硝唑= 1∶2∶2) 每12 h灌胃1次, 连续干预7天建立伪无菌小鼠模型。将9只伪无菌小鼠随机分成2组, 分别为高糖高脂受体组(R-HFHS) 和四妙方受体组(R-SMF), 分别接受来自HFHS组和SMF组小鼠的粪便。所有受体小鼠每周记录1次体重、摄食量及饮水量, 在16和17周分别进行IPGTT和ITT。
四妙方联合不同抗生素干预实验  将48只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分成2组, 分别为高糖高脂对照组和四妙方干预组。两组小鼠分别被分成4个亚组, 为高糖高脂组(DW)、壮观霉素组(SPE)、万古霉素组(VAN)、链霉素组(SM), 对照组每亚组5只小鼠, 四妙方干预组每亚组7只小鼠, 均使用高脂饲料联合饮用30%的蔗糖水进行饲养, 所用抗生素均溶解在30%的蔗糖水中, 浓度为50 ng·mL-1。对照组灌胃生理盐水, 四妙方干预组灌胃四妙方, 各组抗生素干预持续至实验结束, 分别在19和20周进行IPGTT和ITT。
四妙方拆方实验  分别除去四妙方中的君、臣、佐、使药组成不同的药味组合, 根据各药味在全方中的占比[黄柏(黄)∶苍术(苍)∶薏苡仁(薏)∶牛膝(牛) = 2∶1∶2∶1], 设置给药剂量, 四妙方全方组给药剂量为10 g·kg-1, 黄薏牛组(HYN) 给药剂量为8.33 g·kg-1; 黄苍牛组(HCN) 给药剂量为6.67 g·kg-1; 黄苍薏组(HCY) 给药剂量为8.33 g·kg-1; 苍薏牛组(CYN) 给药剂量为6.67 g·kg-1; 黄柏组(HB) 给药剂量为3.33 g·kg-1。各拆方组药液提取方法与上述四妙方全方提取浓缩步骤相同。将55只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分成8组, 正常对照组(Con, n = 5), 高糖高脂组(HFHS, n = 8), 四妙方及其拆方组每组7只小鼠。正常对照组小鼠喂食正常饮食, 其余组别均使用高糖高脂进行饲养, 干预周期为16周。
IPGTT  将蔗糖水换成普通水, 小鼠禁食不禁水14 h后进行IPGTT。实验开始前, 小鼠尾尖取血测定空腹血糖(FPG) 值。腹腔注射10%葡萄糖溶液(1 g·kg-1), 尾尖取血分别测定注射后0、15、30、60、90、120 min时血糖值, 绘制IPGTT曲线并计算曲线下面积(AUC)。
ITT  将蔗糖水换成普通水, 小鼠禁食不禁水4 h, 进行ITT。腹腔注射胰岛素(0.75 U·kg-1), 尾尖取血分别测定0、15、30、60、90、120 min时血糖值, 绘制ITT曲线并计算AUC。
空腹胰岛素(FINS) 测定及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR) 计算  取小鼠血清, 根据小鼠INS试剂盒操作说明进行检测。HOMA-IR计算方法如下: FPG (mmol·L-1) × FINS (μU·mL-1)/22.5。
粪便A. muciniphila含量测定  按照粪便基因组DNA提取试剂盒操作说明提取小鼠粪便基因组DNA, 以A. muciniphila的相对保守基因为检测的靶基因, 参考文献中的引物设计[33], 建立实时荧光定量PCR反应体系, 检测不同粪便样本中A. muciniphila保守基因的拷贝数, 计算粪便细菌全基因组DNA中A. muciniphila的含量。
小檗碱体外干预A. muciniphila实验  配制盐酸小檗碱药液体外干预A. muciniphila, 药物终浓度为: 1、10、100 μmol·L-1。培养条件为: 37 ℃恒温厌氧(N2∶CO2∶H2 = 95∶5∶5), 培养至0、12、24、36、48、72 h取样, 将待测样本充分振荡混匀后, 12 000 r·min-1离心2 min, 上清液作为空白对照, 使用酶标仪分别测定待测样本及其上清在600 nm处的吸光度(A), 取每个药物浓度3个重复实验的平均值进行计算, 以时间为横坐标, ΔA600为纵坐标绘制生长曲线。
黏蛋白体外干预A. muciniphila实验  配制含有黏蛋白的脑心浸液培养基, 含量为0.25%, 以单独的脑心浸液培养基作为对照, 将处于对数生长期的A. muciniphila液按照1∶10的比例加入到两种培养基中, 培养至0、6、12、24、36、48 h取样, 测定菌液在600 nm处的A值, 以时间为横坐标, ΔA600为纵坐标绘制生长曲线。
小檗碱干预LS174T细胞实验  将细胞铺到12孔板中(每孔2×104个), 于37 ℃培养24 h; 使用DMSO配制浓度为0、0.5、2、6 mmol·L-1的盐酸小檗碱储液, 各浓度使用含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基稀释1 000倍, 制备含药培养基; 每孔加入1 mL的含药培养基, 于37 ℃细胞培养箱继续培养24 h, 每个浓度设3个复孔, 对照孔不含盐酸小檗碱, 空白孔中不含细胞和盐酸小檗碱。Trizol法提取细胞RNA, 按照逆转录试剂盒操作说明, 将RNA逆转成cDNA, 并进行实时荧光定量PCR检测。
小檗碱对动物肠道黏蛋白分泌影响实验  将10只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分成2组, 分别为高糖高脂组(HFHS) 和小檗碱组(BBR), 均采用高糖高脂饮食进行饲养。HFHS组小鼠灌胃纯水作为对照, BBR组小鼠灌胃小檗碱溶液(100 mg·kg-1), 共干预16周。16周后收集小鼠各组织样本, 结肠组织使用卡诺氏液(无水乙醇∶氯仿∶乙酸= 6∶3∶1) 固定[34], 并进行AB-PAS染色, 通过ImageJ测量结肠黏液层厚度。按照试剂盒操作说明提取结肠RNA, 逆转成cDNA后进行实时荧光定量PCR, 检测结肠黏蛋白分泌及杯状细胞分化相关基因表达, 引物序列详见表 1
数据分析  使用GraphPad Prism 9.1.1软件进行数据计算及曲线生成, 采用Student's t test或单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA) 对各组间差异显著性进行统计学分析, 以平均值±标准差($ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s) 表示。
首先通过四妙方干预16周对小鼠血糖稳态的影响研究发现, 四妙方干预显著改善高糖高脂饮食诱导的糖耐量异常(IPGTT结果, 图 1A), 并可明显改善小鼠的胰岛素敏感性(ITT结果, 图 1B), 同时, 四妙方干预后可显著降低高糖高脂喂养小鼠的FPG、FINS及HOMA-IR (图 1C)。
通过四妙方干预小鼠的肠道菌群组成分析发现, 3组小鼠的肠道菌群结构存在较大差异(图 2A)。在属水平上, 四妙方干预后, Akkermansia的相对丰度从0.02%升至25.16% (图 2B)。由于16S rRNA测序结果为相对丰度, 并不能反映样本中特定菌种的绝对含量, 因此本研究通过荧光定量PCR方法对小鼠肠道内的A. muciniphila进行了绝对定量分析。结果显示, 四妙方干预后, 小鼠粪便A. muciniphila的含量为HFHS组小鼠的8.6倍(图 2C)。A. muciniphila作为新型候选益生菌, 临床和动物研究发现, A. muciniphila干预可显著调节血糖水平并改善机体炎症[14]。因此, 本研究推测四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗与肠道菌群结构的改变及A. muciniphila含量的增加相关。
通过粪菌移植实验, 进一步研究了肠道菌群在四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗中的作用(图 3A)。抗生素预处理7天后, 肠道菌群16S rRNA的拷贝数由每毫克粪便(2.7 ± 1.3)×109 copies降低为(7.5 ± 1.9)×104 copies, 表明伪无菌小鼠模型建立成功。粪菌移植实验结果显示, 两组受体小鼠的能量摄入无统计学差异, 但与R-HFHS组小鼠相比, R-SMF组小鼠体重增长减缓(图 3B)。IPGTT结果发现, 与R-HFHS组相比, R-SMF组小鼠的葡萄糖耐受程度明显改善(图 3C), 且R-SMF组小鼠的空腹血糖值显著低于R-HFHS组(图 3D), 表明四妙方干预改变的肠道菌群可改善由高糖高脂饮食诱导的糖耐量受损。ITT结果显示, 与R-HFHS组相比, R-SMF组小鼠的胰岛素敏感性显著增强(图 3E)。以上结果均能反映四妙方干预改变的肠道菌群可改善高糖高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗。同时, 结果发现四妙方受体小鼠肠道A. muciniphila数量显著增加, 表明A. muciniphila也会随着菌群移植过程定植到受体小鼠肠道内(图 3F), 提示四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗与肠道菌群结构变化及A. muciniphila含量增加密切相关。
为了探究四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗是否与A. muciniphila相关, 本研究使用不同抗菌谱的抗生素改变小鼠肠道内A. muciniphila数量, 并在此基础上给予四妙方干预观察其是否仍具有改善胰岛素抵抗的作用(图 4A)。对小鼠肠道A. muciniphila绝对定量分析发现, 与DW组相比, 壮观霉素与链霉素显著抑制小鼠肠道内的A. muciniphila的增长, 万古霉素显著升高A. muciniphila的含量(图 4B)。四妙方干预后, 壮观霉素仍可显著降低小鼠粪便A. muciniphila含量(P < 0.000 1), 而链霉素抑制A. muciniphila生长的作用消失; 万古霉素组与链霉素组小鼠粪便A. muciniphila数量与DW组相比无统计学差异(图 4C)。
为了探究各组小鼠的胰岛素敏感性差异, 本研究进行了IPGTT和ITT。IPGTT结果显示, 除壮观霉素饮水组外, 四妙方干预可显著改善高糖高脂喂养的其他组小鼠的葡萄糖耐受情况(图 5A)。ITT结果显示, 除壮观霉素组外, 在其他条件下, 四妙方均具有改善胰岛素抵抗的作用(图 5B)。以上结果说明, 壮观霉素干预消除了四妙方改善高糖高脂喂养小鼠胰岛素抵抗的作用, A. muciniphila在四妙方改善高糖高脂喂养小鼠胰岛素敏感性中发挥重要作用。
肠道A. muciniphila在四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗过程中起重要作用, 但四妙方升高A. muciniphila的物质基础尚不清楚。因此本研究对四妙方进行拆方, 分别除去四妙方中的君、臣、佐、使药, 组成不同的药味组合进行动物实验, 分析四妙方不同药味组合对小鼠肠道内A. muciniphila含量的影响(图 6A)。结果发现, 与高糖高脂饮食喂养小鼠相比, 含有君药黄柏的药味组合显著升高小鼠粪便中A. muciniphila含量(P < 0.01), 而由苍术、薏苡仁和牛膝三味中药组成的复方对小鼠肠道A. muciniphila的含量无显著影响(图 6B)。同时, 发现含有黄柏的药味组合均能显著降低高糖高脂喂养小鼠的FPG、FINS和HOMA-IR, 但苍术、薏苡仁和牛膝药味组合无此作用(图 6C~E)。
为进一步明确黄柏是否是四妙方升高A. muciniphila改善胰岛素抵抗的关键中药, 本研究将黄柏单独给予高糖高脂喂养小鼠(图 6F)。结果发现, 与高糖高脂喂养小鼠相比, 单独黄柏干预也可显著升高A. muciniphila的含量(P < 0.000 1), 且与四妙方干预组无统计学差异。同时黄柏干预后, 可显著降低高糖高脂喂养小鼠的FPG、FINS和HOMA-IR, 与四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗作用一致。上述结果表明, 四妙方升高A. muciniphila含量改善胰岛素抵抗依赖君药黄柏。
为了进一步探究黄柏升高A. muciniphila的关键化学成分, 结合本团队前期四妙方汤剂化学成分的含量测定结果, 本研究发现四妙方汤剂色谱图中的主要成分峰来自于黄柏水提物, 且小檗碱的含量最多[35]。因此为了验证黄柏升高A. muciniphila的关键物质成分是否为小檗碱, 通过高效液相色谱测定黄柏水煎液(0.33 g·mL-1) 中小檗碱的含量(2.74 mg·mL-1), 并依此计算出黄柏水煎液与小檗碱的等效剂量, 开展动物实验。结果发现, 黄柏水煎液与等效剂量小檗碱干预两周后均显著升高小鼠肠道中A. muciniphila数量, 且两组间无统计学差异(图 6G), 提示黄柏升高A. muciniphila的作用可能主要依赖于小檗碱。
为了探究小檗碱升高A. muciniphila的作用机制, 本研究通过体外小檗碱干预A. muciniphila实验, 研究小檗碱对A. muciniphila生长的作用。结果显示, 浓度为1 μmol·L-1的盐酸小檗碱对A. muciniphila生长无明显影响, 而高浓度小檗碱对A. muciniphila生长的抑制作用明显, 并呈现剂量依赖性关系(图 7A), 提示小檗碱并没有直接促进A. muciniphila生长的作用, 其可能是通过改变A. muciniphila生长的肠道环境发挥间接促进作用。
A. muciniphila是一种肠道黏液降解细菌, 可利用肠道中的黏蛋白作为自身生长的能量来源。因此本研究通过体外细胞实验探究小檗碱是否具有刺激肠道杯状细胞分泌黏蛋白的功能。使用不同浓度的盐酸小檗碱干预LS174T细胞(一种研究杯状细胞功能的体外细胞模型), 结果发现, 小檗碱可剂量依赖性地促进LS174T细胞黏蛋白编码基因Muc2的表达(图 7B)。同时, 黏蛋白体外干预A. muciniphila实验也表明, 黏蛋白对A. muciniphila的生长具有明显的促进作用(图 7C)。
为了明确小檗碱在动物水平也具有相同的作用, 本研究使用小檗碱干预高糖高脂喂养小鼠, 发现小檗碱可显著升高小鼠肠道内A. muciniphila的含量(P < 0.001, 图 7D), 增加结肠黏液层的厚度(图 7EF), 显著升高黏蛋白分泌及杯状细胞分化的基因表达(图 7GH)。以上实验结果表明, 小檗碱通过增加小鼠肠道内的黏蛋白分泌, 提供更多的能量来源促进A. muciniphila的生长。
本研究基于传统中医药理论, 探索肠道菌群在四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗方面的重要作用, 并结合现代分子生物学技术研究四妙方改变特定肠道菌的潜在机制, 初步探讨四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗的具体作用机制。研究结果表明肠道菌群尤其是A. muciniphila在四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗方面发挥重要作用, 且四妙方升高A. muciniphila的作用可能与黄柏中的小檗碱刺激结肠黏蛋白的表达有关。
肠道是人体消化和吸收的重要场所, 在代谢健康方面发挥着重要作用[36]。肠道菌群紊乱是引起肥胖等代谢性疾病的重要因素[37, 38]。大量研究发现, 天然药物尤其是中草药, 可通过重塑肠道菌群改善机体代谢[39-41], 且具有温和但显著的降血糖效果[42-44]。肠道菌群数据分析结果显示, 四妙方干预可改善由高糖高脂饮食引起的肠道菌群紊乱, 显著升高A. muciniphila丰度[8]A. muciniphila作为目前治疗代谢性疾病最具潜力的肠道“益生菌”[45, 46], 大部分降糖药物改善胰岛素抵抗与肠道中A. muciniphila丰度增加密切相关[47]。因此本研究推测肠道菌群的结构变化在四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗方面发挥重要作用, 通过粪菌移植实验及四妙方联合不同抗生素干预实验证实了肠道菌群以及A. muciniphila在四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗方面的重要作用。但是, 在万古霉素干预条件下, 四妙方并没有进一步增加小鼠肠道A. muciniphila的丰度, 却仍具有改善胰岛素敏感性的作用, 提示四妙方改善胰岛素抵抗可能并不完全依赖于A. muciniphila。四妙方作为一种中药复方, 化学成分复杂, 其整体药理作用很可能存在多靶点效应。
黄柏中的小檗碱是四妙方升高小鼠肠道A. muciniphila数量并改善高糖高脂诱导的胰岛素抵抗的关键物质。但黄柏中除了小檗碱外, 还包括其他化学成分, 这些成分对肠道A. muciniphila的影响尚未见报道, 还需进一步探索。本研究发现, 小檗碱可通过刺激肠道杯状细胞分化及黏蛋白分泌促进A. muciniphila增殖。Dong等[48]的研究结果与本研究结果相似, 都发现小檗碱干预后小鼠肠道A. muciniphila含量增加, 结肠黏蛋白产生基因的转录和黏蛋白的分泌增多。但是, 小檗碱在体内引起结肠黏液层增厚, 可能有两方面原因: ①小檗碱直接刺激杯状细胞分泌黏蛋白; ②小檗碱干预改变肠道菌群的组成使A. muciniphila含量增加进而促使黏蛋白分泌增加。Dong等[48]的研究并没有明确小檗碱促进黏液分泌具体是哪种途径。本研究通过体外细胞实验, 发现小檗碱在无A. muciniphila时, 也可直接促进黏蛋白分泌增加, 证实了小檗碱可通过直接刺激杯状细胞分泌黏蛋白促进A. muciniphila的生长。但小檗碱作为一种生物碱, 具有一定的抑菌作用[44], 并能显著改变肠道菌群的组成[49, 50]。因此, 小檗碱是否会影响肠道内其他微生物的含量进而对A. muciniphila生长产生影响还有待进一步探索。
作者贡献: 严娟负责所有的动物实验, 以及样本采集、指标检测与论文撰写; 盛丽莉负责实验方案设计、实验研究与论文写作指导; 李艳与包义扬协助数据分析与动物实验; 李后开指导整个项目和论文修改。
利益冲突: 全体作者声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(81873059)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20413)
  • 转化医学国家重大科技基础设施(上海) 开放课题(TMSK-2021-403)
  • 上海市卫生健康委员会中医药科研项目(2020JP016)
  • 上海市优秀学术带头人项目(21XD1403500)
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2022年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0357
  • 接收时间:2022-03-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-28
  • 修回日期:2022-04-17
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(81873059)
国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20413)
转化医学国家重大科技基础设施(上海) 开放课题(TMSK-2021-403)
上海市卫生健康委员会中医药科研项目(2020JP016)
上海市优秀学术带头人项目(21XD1403500)
作者信息
    上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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