Article(id=1210518233388544907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0704, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1654531200000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-07, revisedDate=1656518400000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539637181, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1670774400000, pubDateStr=2022-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539637181, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539637181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539637181, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210518228766421884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='0', pageEnd='3698', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539636078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539730802, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518626109624561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210518228766421884, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3513, endPage=3523, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210518233799586702, articleId=1210518233388544907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor ameliorates acute ulcerative colitis in mice via regulating intestinal bacteria homeostasis and Nrf2/NLRP3 pathway to repair intestinal mucosa, columnId=1210518233132692356, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Therapeutic Modulation of Gut Immune and Microbiota Homeostasis by Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the protective effect and related mechanisms of Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor on mice with ulcerative colitis. Animal experiments follow the rules of Animal Ethics Committee of Southern Medical University. C57BL/6 mice were given 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 6 days to induce acute ulcerative colitis. During this period, Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor, decoction of Citrus reticulata blanco (both orally administrated with 300 mg·kg-1·d-1 crude polysaccharide) or positive drug 5-aminosalicylic acid (100 mg·kg-1·d-1) were gavaged continuously for 9 days. Cecal contents were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The levels of inflammatory factors, tight junction proteins and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 / Nod-like receptor protein 3 (Nrf2/NLRP3) pathway related proteins in the colon were detected by real-time PCR (RT-PCR), immunofluorescence and Western blot. Our results showed that Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor and Citrus reticulata blanco protected against UC-induced weight loss, diarrhea, bloody stool, and colon shortening. The mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin 6 (Il-6) and CXC chemokine ligand 10 (Cxcl10) and NLRP3 inflammasome were significantly decreased; the mRNA levels of colon anti-inflammatory factor (Il-10), tight junction protein [zonula occludens-1 (Zo-1), occludin, claudin-1], mucin 2 (Muc2), Nrf2, as well as the mRNA and protein levels of NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were significantly increased. In addition, Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor increased the abundance of Akkermansia and reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria Enterococcus and Streptococcus. The correlation analysis showed that the abundance of Akkermansia was positively correlated with anti-inflammatory factors, tight junction protein and the related genes levels of Nrf2 signaling pathway. In summary, Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor ameliorates acute ulcerative colitis in mice via regulating intestinal bacteria homeostasis and Nrf2/NLRP3 pathway to repair intestinal mucosa.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-bo ZHU, Jie ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li YUAN, Zhuo-shi LIAN, Liu-ting LUO, Bai-zhong CHEN, Zhi-bo ZHU, Jie ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210518236995646421, articleId=1210518233388544907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=陈皮酵素调节肠菌稳态及Nrf2/NLRP3通路修复肠黏膜改善小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎, columnId=1210518233338213258, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究考察了陈皮酵素对小鼠急性结肠炎的保护作用及机制。动物实验遵循南方医科大学动物伦理委员会规定。C57BL/6小鼠自由饮用3%右旋葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sodium sulfate, DSS) 6天诱导急性溃疡性结肠炎, 期间灌胃陈皮酵素、陈皮水煎液(均以粗多糖300 mg·kg-1·d-1计) 或阳性药5-氨基水杨酸(100 mg·kg-1·d-1), 连续9天。收集盲肠内容物进行16S rRNA测序分析; RT-PCR、免疫荧光及Western blot法检测结肠炎症因子、紧密连接蛋白及核因子E2相关因子2/Nod样受体蛋白3 (nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2/Nod-like receptor protein 3, Nrf2/NLRP3) 通路相关蛋白水平。结果显示: 陈皮酵素及陈皮水煎液均能明显改善急性结肠炎小鼠的体重下降、腹泻、血便和结肠缩短; 且陈皮酵素显著降低结肠促炎因子, 如白介素6 (interleukin 6, Il-6)、CXC趋化因子配体10 (CXC chemokine ligand 10, Cxcl10) 及NLRP3炎症小体相关基因或蛋白表达; 同时显著增加结肠抗炎因子(Il-10)、紧密连接蛋白[Zo-1 (zonula occludens-1)、occludin、claudin-1]、黏蛋白(mucin 2, Muc2) 及Nrf2的基因表达, 以及醌氧化还原酶1 [NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1, NQO1] 和血红素氧合酶1 (heme oxygenase 1, HO-1) 的基因和蛋白表达。此外, 陈皮酵素显著富集Akkermansia并降低EnterococcusStreptococcus等有害菌丰度; 关联分析结果显示, Akkermansia丰度与结肠抗炎因子、紧密连接蛋白水平和Nrf2信号通路呈显著正相关。综上, 陈皮酵素可通过调节肠菌稳态及Nrf2/NLRP3通路修复肠黏膜改善小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎。

, correspAuthors=朱志博, 赵洁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*朱志博, Tel: 86-20-61648549, E-mail: ;
赵洁, Tel: 86-20-61648597, E-mail:
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A: Experimental scheme diagram; B: Daily relative body weight changes; C: Disease activity index (DAI) was scored according to relative body weight change, stool characteristics and hematochezia; D: Daily DSS intake per cage; E: Changes in daily food intake per cage; F: Colon and spleen images and colon length quantization of each group. <i>n</i> = 6-9, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, DSS group <i>vs</i> XCFL group; <sup>&</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>& &</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>& & &</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.001, DSS group <i>vs</i> CRB group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, DSS group <i>vs</i> 5-ASA group (A-E). <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 (F) , figureFileSmall=LQuFF4WDdhenorUv/YSI5Q==, figureFileBig=YTEXITO42/1QByX8mpcxng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518243979161712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=V09KcZe4PTT95C/agk4C/Q==, figureFileBig=Qyu1kx7U9XtWs34eKbff5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518244054659189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= XCFL alleviates DSS-induced colonic inflammation. A: Colon hematoxylin eosin (H & E) staining. Scale bar: 100 μm; B: Histopathological score (<i>n</i> = 3); C: Spleen index; D-G: The mRNA relative expression levels of <i>Tnf</i>-<i>α</i> (D), <i>Il</i>-<i>6</i> (E), <i>Cxcl10</i> (F) and <i>Il</i>-<i>10</i> (G) in colon (<i>n</i> = 6). <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=V09KcZe4PTT95C/agk4C/Q==, figureFileBig=Qyu1kx7U9XtWs34eKbff5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518244142739578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JRlzJVgM3yU/DlqcJiEspA==, figureFileBig=8jmIKcnvKJiD5UL9abG8lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518244239208576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= XCFL alleviates DSS-induced intestinal mucosal injury. A-E: The mRNA relative expression levels of <i>Zo</i>-<i>1</i> (A), occludin (B), claudin-1 (C), claudin-5 (D) and <i>Muc2</i> (E) in colon (<i>n</i> = 6); F, G: Immunofluorescence of claudin-1 (F) and occludin (G) in the colon (<i>n</i> = 3). Scale bar: 50 μm. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=JRlzJVgM3yU/DlqcJiEspA==, figureFileBig=8jmIKcnvKJiD5UL9abG8lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518244327288969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6fZrNHlgPzoX3uYBgAvByQ==, figureFileBig=Y+fE9nToy9TSNZaE5B4vjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518245556220058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= XCFL reduces inflammatory response and repair intestinal mucosa in mice with colitis by regulating Nrf2/NLRP3 signaling pathway. A-H: The mRNA relative expression levels of <i>Nlrp3</i> (A), <i>Asc</i> (B), <i>Caspase</i>-<i>1</i> (C), <i>Il-1β</i> (D), <i>Il-18</i> (E), <i>Nrf2</i> (F), <i>Nqo1</i> (G) and <i>Ho</i>-<i>1</i> (H) in colon (<i>n</i> = 6); I, J: The protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-18, Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1 were detected by Western blot (<i>n</i> = 3). <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=6fZrNHlgPzoX3uYBgAvByQ==, figureFileBig=Y+fE9nToy9TSNZaE5B4vjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518245673660579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yjYNBUkj+8MFM4+SH92cBQ==, figureFileBig=vn2gpFU5NlUHj/K4x8aStw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518245807878315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Diversity analysis of intestinal flora and difference in dominant microorganisms between groups. A: The <i>α</i>-diversity: Shannon and Simpson index; B-D: The <i>β</i>-diversity: nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plots (B), principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plots (C) and diversity heatmap (D); E: Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis. <i>n</i> = 6-8, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=yjYNBUkj+8MFM4+SH92cBQ==, figureFileBig=vn2gpFU5NlUHj/K4x8aStw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518245925318839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2Vw1qJyqf/HprS39jlcnCQ==, figureFileBig=n7mAXTxz1ZvSYdjCtKEn/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518246042759359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Effects of XCFL on relative abundance of gut microbial. A: Bar diagram of relative abundance of flora at phylum level and relative abundances of bacteria at phylum level; B: Bar diagram of relative abundance of flora at genus level; C-E: Relative abundance of Bacteroidota (C), Firmicutes (D) and Verrucomicrobia (E) at the phylum level; F-N: Relative abundance of <i>Desulfovibrio</i> (F), <i>Enterococcus</i> (G), <i>Eubacterium_fissicatena_group</i> (H), <i>Streptococcus</i> (I), <i>Turicibacter</i> (J), <i>Akkermansia</i> (K), <i>Alistipes</i> (L), <i>Mucispirillum</i> (M), <i>Parabacteroides</i> (N) at the genus level. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=2Vw1qJyqf/HprS39jlcnCQ==, figureFileBig=n7mAXTxz1ZvSYdjCtKEn/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518248056025295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4+7+aPuRT/1OjWZ2kb+eeg==, figureFileBig=IQVHurmdjhdvLkhn4mwuQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518248219603165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Spearman's correlation between microflora and colitis related indexes. The spot with asterisk in red refers to the significant positive correlation (<i>R</i> > 0.5), and in blue refers to the significant negative correlation (<i>R</i> < -0.5). <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=4+7+aPuRT/1OjWZ2kb+eeg==, figureFileBig=IQVHurmdjhdvLkhn4mwuQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210518248399958247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Stool propertyBloody stoolWeight lossDAI score
NormalNegative of occult bloodNone0
Mild soft stoolOccult blood weakly positive (+)1%-5%1
Severe soft stoolOccult blood positive (++)6%-10%2
Mild diarrheaBlood to the naked eye11%-15%3
Severe diarrheaWorse and bloody naked eye> 16%4
), ArticleFig(id=1210518248542564597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Disease activity index (DAI) score

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Stool propertyBloody stoolWeight lossDAI score
NormalNegative of occult bloodNone0
Mild soft stoolOccult blood weakly positive (+)1%-5%1
Severe soft stoolOccult blood positive (++)6%-10%2
Mild diarrheaBlood to the naked eye11%-15%3
Severe diarrheaWorse and bloody naked eye> 16%4
), ArticleFig(id=1210518248664199424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IndicatorJudgment standardScore
InflammationNormal0
Mild adhesion1
Severe adhesion2
Cytopathic effectNone0
Submucosa1
Muscular layer2
Serosal layer3
Degree of crypt damageCrypt destruction0
1/3 basement membrane1
2/3 basement membrane2
Only complete surface epithelium3
All crypts and epithelium are destroyed4
Extent of disease00
1%-25%1
26%-50%2
51%-75%3
76%-100%4
), ArticleFig(id=1210518248760668426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Pathological score of colonic mucosa

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IndicatorJudgment standardScore
InflammationNormal0
Mild adhesion1
Severe adhesion2
Cytopathic effectNone0
Submucosa1
Muscular layer2
Serosal layer3
Degree of crypt damageCrypt destruction0
1/3 basement membrane1
2/3 basement membrane2
Only complete surface epithelium3
All crypts and epithelium are destroyed4
Extent of disease00
1%-25%1
26%-50%2
51%-75%3
76%-100%4
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GenePrimer sequence (5′-3′)
Tnf-αForwardAGGGTCTGGGCCATAGAACT
ReverseCCACCACGCTCTTCTGTCTAC
Il-6ForwardATCCAGTTGCCTTCTTGGGACTGA
ReverseTAAGCCTCCGACTTGTGAAGTGGT
Cxcl10ForwardCTCATCCTGCTGGGTCTGAG
ReverseCCTATGGCCCTCATTCTCAC
Il-10ForwardGCCAGAGCCACATGCTCCTA
ReverseGATAAGGCTTGGCAACCCAAGTAA
Nlrp3ForwardATTACCCGCCCGAGAAAGG
ReverseTCGCAGCAAAGATCCACACAG
AscForwardGTTAATCCCAGCAACCAGGA
ReverseCTTGAGTTAGGCCAGCCTTG
Caspase-1ForwardCACAGCTCTGGAGATGGTGA
ReverseATGATCACCTTGGGCTTGTC
Il-1βForwardGGGCCTCAAAGGAAAGAATC
ReverseTACCAGTTGGGGAACTCTGC
Il-18ForwardGCTGTTCGGTTTGGTTTGAT
ReverseTTGATTTGCCAGCTCTTCCT
Nrf2ForwardCCTCGCTGGAAAAAGAAGTG
ReverseCCGTCCAGGAGTTCAGAGAG
Nqo1ForwardTTCTCTGGCCGATTCAGAGT
ReverseAGGCTGCTTGGAGCAAAATA
Ho-1ForwardACGCATATACCCGCTACCTG
ReverseCCAGAGTGTTCATTCGAGCA
Zo-1ForwardACGATCTCCTGACCAACGTT
ReverseGCTTTGGGTGGATGATCGTC
OccludinForwardACAGTCCAATGGCCTACTCC
ReverseTACCATTGCTGCTGTACCGA
Muc2ForwardAAACTGCTCTCTGGACTGCC
ReverseTTGGTTGGTGTGCTGAGTGT
Claudin-1ForwardGCCATCTACGAGGGACTGTG
ReverseCCCCAGCAGGATGCCAATTA
Claudin-5ForwardGTTAAGGCACGGGTAGCACT
ReverseTACTTCTGTGACACCGGCA
GapdhForwardTGCCCCCATGTTTGTGATG
ReverseTGTGGTCATGAGCCCTTCC
), ArticleFig(id=1210518250102845736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210518233388544907, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Gene primer sequences. Tnf-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; Il: Interleukin; Cxcl10: CXC chemokine ligand 10; Nlrp3: Nod-like receptor protein 3; Asc: Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein; Caspase-1: Cysteine-aspartic protease 1; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2; Nqo1: NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1; Ho-1: Heme oxygenase 1; Zo-1: Zonula occludens-1; Muc2: Mucin 2; Gapdh: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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GenePrimer sequence (5′-3′)
Tnf-αForwardAGGGTCTGGGCCATAGAACT
ReverseCCACCACGCTCTTCTGTCTAC
Il-6ForwardATCCAGTTGCCTTCTTGGGACTGA
ReverseTAAGCCTCCGACTTGTGAAGTGGT
Cxcl10ForwardCTCATCCTGCTGGGTCTGAG
ReverseCCTATGGCCCTCATTCTCAC
Il-10ForwardGCCAGAGCCACATGCTCCTA
ReverseGATAAGGCTTGGCAACCCAAGTAA
Nlrp3ForwardATTACCCGCCCGAGAAAGG
ReverseTCGCAGCAAAGATCCACACAG
AscForwardGTTAATCCCAGCAACCAGGA
ReverseCTTGAGTTAGGCCAGCCTTG
Caspase-1ForwardCACAGCTCTGGAGATGGTGA
ReverseATGATCACCTTGGGCTTGTC
Il-1βForwardGGGCCTCAAAGGAAAGAATC
ReverseTACCAGTTGGGGAACTCTGC
Il-18ForwardGCTGTTCGGTTTGGTTTGAT
ReverseTTGATTTGCCAGCTCTTCCT
Nrf2ForwardCCTCGCTGGAAAAAGAAGTG
ReverseCCGTCCAGGAGTTCAGAGAG
Nqo1ForwardTTCTCTGGCCGATTCAGAGT
ReverseAGGCTGCTTGGAGCAAAATA
Ho-1ForwardACGCATATACCCGCTACCTG
ReverseCCAGAGTGTTCATTCGAGCA
Zo-1ForwardACGATCTCCTGACCAACGTT
ReverseGCTTTGGGTGGATGATCGTC
OccludinForwardACAGTCCAATGGCCTACTCC
ReverseTACCATTGCTGCTGTACCGA
Muc2ForwardAAACTGCTCTCTGGACTGCC
ReverseTTGGTTGGTGTGCTGAGTGT
Claudin-1ForwardGCCATCTACGAGGGACTGTG
ReverseCCCCAGCAGGATGCCAATTA
Claudin-5ForwardGTTAAGGCACGGGTAGCACT
ReverseTACTTCTGTGACACCGGCA
GapdhForwardTGCCCCCATGTTTGTGATG
ReverseTGTGGTCATGAGCCCTTCC
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陈皮酵素调节肠菌稳态及Nrf2/NLRP3通路修复肠黏膜改善小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎
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袁丽 1 , 练卓诗 1 , 罗柳婷 2 , 陈柏忠 3 , 朱志博 2, * , 赵洁 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控 2022,57(12): 3513-3523
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药学学报 | 专题报道:肠道黏膜免疫及菌群稳态与中医药调控 2022, 57(12): 3513-3523
陈皮酵素调节肠菌稳态及Nrf2/NLRP3通路修复肠黏膜改善小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎
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袁丽1, 练卓诗1, 罗柳婷2, 陈柏忠3, 朱志博2, * , 赵洁1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.南方医科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510515
  • 2.南方医科大学中西医结合医院临床研究中心, 广东 广州 510315
  • 3.广东新宝堂生物科技有限公司, 广东 江门 529100

通讯作者:

*朱志博, Tel: 86-20-61648549, E-mail: ;
赵洁, Tel: 86-20-61648597, E-mail:
Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor ameliorates acute ulcerative colitis in mice via regulating intestinal bacteria homeostasis and Nrf2/NLRP3 pathway to repair intestinal mucosa
Li YUAN1, Zhuo-shi LIAN1, Liu-ting LUO2, Bai-zhong CHEN3, Zhi-bo ZHU2, * , Jie ZHAO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
  • 2. Clinical Research Center, TCM-Integrated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
  • 3. Guangdong Xinbaotang Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangmen 529100, China
出版时间: 2022-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0704
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本研究考察了陈皮酵素对小鼠急性结肠炎的保护作用及机制。动物实验遵循南方医科大学动物伦理委员会规定。C57BL/6小鼠自由饮用3%右旋葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sodium sulfate, DSS) 6天诱导急性溃疡性结肠炎, 期间灌胃陈皮酵素、陈皮水煎液(均以粗多糖300 mg·kg-1·d-1计) 或阳性药5-氨基水杨酸(100 mg·kg-1·d-1), 连续9天。收集盲肠内容物进行16S rRNA测序分析; RT-PCR、免疫荧光及Western blot法检测结肠炎症因子、紧密连接蛋白及核因子E2相关因子2/Nod样受体蛋白3 (nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2/Nod-like receptor protein 3, Nrf2/NLRP3) 通路相关蛋白水平。结果显示: 陈皮酵素及陈皮水煎液均能明显改善急性结肠炎小鼠的体重下降、腹泻、血便和结肠缩短; 且陈皮酵素显著降低结肠促炎因子, 如白介素6 (interleukin 6, Il-6)、CXC趋化因子配体10 (CXC chemokine ligand 10, Cxcl10) 及NLRP3炎症小体相关基因或蛋白表达; 同时显著增加结肠抗炎因子(Il-10)、紧密连接蛋白[Zo-1 (zonula occludens-1)、occludin、claudin-1]、黏蛋白(mucin 2, Muc2) 及Nrf2的基因表达, 以及醌氧化还原酶1 [NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1, NQO1] 和血红素氧合酶1 (heme oxygenase 1, HO-1) 的基因和蛋白表达。此外, 陈皮酵素显著富集Akkermansia并降低EnterococcusStreptococcus等有害菌丰度; 关联分析结果显示, Akkermansia丰度与结肠抗炎因子、紧密连接蛋白水平和Nrf2信号通路呈显著正相关。综上, 陈皮酵素可通过调节肠菌稳态及Nrf2/NLRP3通路修复肠黏膜改善小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎。

陈皮酵素  /  溃疡性结肠炎  /  肠道微生物  /  Akkermansia  /  核因子E2相关因子2  /  Nod样受体蛋白3

This study investigated the protective effect and related mechanisms of Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor on mice with ulcerative colitis. Animal experiments follow the rules of Animal Ethics Committee of Southern Medical University. C57BL/6 mice were given 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 6 days to induce acute ulcerative colitis. During this period, Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor, decoction of Citrus reticulata blanco (both orally administrated with 300 mg·kg-1·d-1 crude polysaccharide) or positive drug 5-aminosalicylic acid (100 mg·kg-1·d-1) were gavaged continuously for 9 days. Cecal contents were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The levels of inflammatory factors, tight junction proteins and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 / Nod-like receptor protein 3 (Nrf2/NLRP3) pathway related proteins in the colon were detected by real-time PCR (RT-PCR), immunofluorescence and Western blot. Our results showed that Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor and Citrus reticulata blanco protected against UC-induced weight loss, diarrhea, bloody stool, and colon shortening. The mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin 6 (Il-6) and CXC chemokine ligand 10 (Cxcl10) and NLRP3 inflammasome were significantly decreased; the mRNA levels of colon anti-inflammatory factor (Il-10), tight junction protein [zonula occludens-1 (Zo-1), occludin, claudin-1], mucin 2 (Muc2), Nrf2, as well as the mRNA and protein levels of NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were significantly increased. In addition, Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor increased the abundance of Akkermansia and reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria Enterococcus and Streptococcus. The correlation analysis showed that the abundance of Akkermansia was positively correlated with anti-inflammatory factors, tight junction protein and the related genes levels of Nrf2 signaling pathway. In summary, Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor ameliorates acute ulcerative colitis in mice via regulating intestinal bacteria homeostasis and Nrf2/NLRP3 pathway to repair intestinal mucosa.

Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor  /  ulcerative colitis  /  gut microbiota  /  Akkermansia  /  nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2  /  Nod-like receptor protein 3
袁丽, 练卓诗, 罗柳婷, 陈柏忠, 朱志博, 赵洁. 陈皮酵素调节肠菌稳态及Nrf2/NLRP3通路修复肠黏膜改善小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3513 -3523 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0704
Li YUAN, Zhuo-shi LIAN, Liu-ting LUO, Bai-zhong CHEN, Zhi-bo ZHU, Jie ZHAO. Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor ameliorates acute ulcerative colitis in mice via regulating intestinal bacteria homeostasis and Nrf2/NLRP3 pathway to repair intestinal mucosa[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (12) : 3513 -3523 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0704
溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC) 为非特异性炎症性肠病[1], 其发病机制包括肠道菌群紊乱、肠屏障功能损伤及肠黏膜免疫失调等。研究发现, UC患者肠道中肠球菌、肠杆菌等致病菌增加, 常伴有肠道微生态失调[2, 3]。目前, 临床治疗UC的药物以氨基水杨酸类、皮质类固醇类及免疫抑制剂类为主, 但存在不良反应大、复发率高及用药时间长等缺点。因此, 寻找安全有效、不良反应少且依从性强的方法改善UC显得尤为迫切。
陈皮为芸香科植物橘(Citrus reticulata blanco, CRB) 的干燥成熟果皮, 味辛、苦, 性温; 归脾、肺经, 具有理气健脾的功效, 常用于缓解脘腹胀满、食少吐泻等症[4]。陈皮为药食同源物, 在制备陈皮过程中普遍存在柑果肉大量浪费情况; 为提高柑全果利用度, 将陈皮和新会柑果肉发酵制得陈皮酵素(Xinhui citrus fermentation liquor, XCFL), 其可最大限度保留陈皮总黄酮、多糖等活性成分[5]。本研究考察XCFL对急性溃疡性结肠炎的保护作用及机制, 旨在为中药陈皮的合理应用及成果转化提供依据。
药品与试剂  XCFL (SC10644070503733)、陈皮(20220228) (广东新宝堂生物科技有限公司); 5-氨基水杨酸(5-amino salicylic acid, 5-ASA, A79809-5G, Sigma公司); 右旋葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sodium sulfate, DSS, 160110, MP Biomedicals公司); 粪便隐血定性检测试剂盒(R21607-100T, 源叶生物公司); 总RNA提取试剂盒(LS1040)、实时荧光定量PCR试剂盒(A6002) (Promega公司); 逆转录试剂盒(R323-01, Vazyme公司); 10%快速配胶试剂盒(PG112, 广州路伽生物科技有限公司); occludin抗体(A12621)、claudin-1抗体(A11530) (Abcam公司); Nod样受体蛋白3 (Nod-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3, A11369)、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, ASC, A1170)、Caspase-1 (cysteine-aspartic protease 1, A16792)、白介素18 (interleukin 18, IL-18, A16737)、GSDMD (gasdermin D, A18281)、核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2, Nrf2, YT3189)、醌氧化还原酶1 [NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1, NQO1, A19586]、血红素氧合酶1 (heme oxygenase 1, HO-1, A1346) 等抗体(广州新进度生物科技有限公司); 羊抗兔IgG二抗(RM3002, 北京锐抗生物技术有限公司)。
实验动物  C57BL/6雄性小鼠, 7周龄, 体重18~20 g, 购于广州南方医大实验动物科技发展有限公司[合格证号: SCXK (粤) 2016-0041], 饲养环境: 温度22~27 ℃, 相对湿度60%~65%, 光照12 h, 自由进食、饮水。实验前适应性饲养1周。动物实验遵循南方医科大学动物伦理委员会规定。
试药配制、实验分组及样品采集  XCFL: 将陈皮、新会柑全果发酵720天制得[6]。陈皮水煎液: 精密称取陈皮100 g, 蒸馏水浸泡30 min, 按料液比1∶10加水煎煮30 min, 收集滤液, 按上述操作继续加水煎煮2次, 合并3次滤液, 浓缩至80 mL。采用硫酸-苯酚法测定陈皮水煎液、XCFL中粗多糖含量分别为16.45、20 mg·mL-1
小鼠随机分为空白组(control)、急性结肠炎组(DSS)、XCFL组(XCFL)、陈皮水煎液组(CRB) 及阳性药组(5-ASA), 每组9只; 实验期间control组小鼠全程自由饮用蒸馏水; 其余4组小鼠在实验第1~6天自由饮用3% DSS溶液诱导UC, 期间DSS组、XCFL组、CRB组和5-ASA组小鼠分别灌胃生理盐水(0.4 mL)、XCFL (以粗多糖300 mg·kg-1计)、陈皮水煎液(以粗多糖300 mg·kg-1计) 及5-ASA (100 mg·kg-1), 每天1次, 连续9天。每日记录小鼠进食量、DSS饮用量及体重, 观察粪便性状和便血情况, 并根据体重下降率、粪便性状和便血情况进行疾病活动指数(disease activity index, DAI) 评分; 实验结束后摘除眼球取血, 室温静置15 min, 8 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 收集血清; 脱颈处死小鼠, 收集肝、脾、肾、小肠和结肠组织, 置于-80 ℃保存; 将小鼠脾脏重量与体重的比值记录为脾脏指数; 取肛门至回盲部的结肠组织拍照记录形态及长度。收集盲肠内容物进行16S rRNA测序分析。剪取近肛门处的结肠(2 cm), 置于10%中性缓冲甲醛液中固定, 脱水、包埋、浸蜡, 按照标准实验流程进行苏木精-伊红(H & E) 及免疫荧光染色。
DAI评分  以小鼠体重、粪便性状及便血情况为指标, 按照公式(1)、(2) 分别计算DAI及体重下降率, 进行DAI评分(表 1)。
${\rm{DAI}} = ({\rm{体重评分}}+{\rm{粪便性状评分}}+{\rm{便血情况评分}})/3$
$ \mathrm{第}n\mathrm{天}\mathrm{体}\mathrm{重}\mathrm{下}\mathrm{降}\mathrm{率}\left(\mathrm{\%}\right)\mathrm{ }=\frac{\mathrm{第}n\mathrm{天}\mathrm{体}\mathrm{重}}{\mathrm{第}0\mathrm{天}\mathrm{体}\mathrm{重}}\times 100\mathrm{\%} $
结肠组织病理学评价  剪取近肛门端结肠组织(2 cm), 置于10%中性缓冲甲醛液中, 常规脱水, 石蜡包埋, 切片, H & E染色, 于光学显微镜下观察并采集图像, 结肠组织病理学评价参照结肠黏膜损伤指数的评分标准(表 2)。
RT-PCR (real-time PCR) 实验  参照总RNA提取试剂盒提取小鼠结肠组织总RNA, 测定浓度后将其逆转录成cDNA; 最后进行实时荧光定量PCR检测。以三磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Gapdh) 作为内参, 2-ΔΔCT法计算各目的基因mRNA相对表达量。各基因的上下游引物序列如表 3所示。
免疫荧光化学染色  结肠组织石蜡切片, 脱蜡复水, 通透, 封闭; 与一抗[anti-occludin、anti-claudin-1 (1∶100)] 在4 ℃下孵育过夜; 用1×磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer solution, PBS) 漂洗3次后与稀释后的荧光素偶联二抗避光孵育1~2 h; 1×PBS漂洗3次, 采用荧光显微镜采集图像; 使用Image J软件对图像进行荧光定量分析。
免疫印迹分析  称取结肠组织15 mg, 加入含有蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液研磨, 12 000 r·min-1离心15 min后取上清液; 采用BCA (bicinchoninic acid) 法对蛋白定量; 加入上样缓冲液使各蛋白样品浓度统一, 金属浴15 min使蛋白变性, 瞬时离心后分装保存于-80 ℃冰箱中。具体步骤: 配制聚丙烯酰胺凝胶; 每孔上样蛋白48 μg, 电泳; 将凝胶上的蛋白转膜至PVDF膜; 用快速封闭液封闭30 min; 一抗4 ℃孵育过夜, TBST (Tris buffered saline with Tween) 洗膜5 min, 重复3次; 二抗室温孵育1 h, TBST洗膜5 min, 重复3次; 加入电致化学发光(electrochemiluminescence, ECL) 超敏发光液显影; 使用Image J软件进行灰度分析。
16S rRNA测序  收集各组小鼠盲肠内容物, 经DNA提取, PCR扩增纯化, 基于Illumina平台完成各样本的16S rRNA测序基因V3-V4区高通量测序, 并进行细菌多样性、物种丰富度、种群结构和系统进化等生物信息学分析。
统计学分析  数据以平均值±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示, 采用SPSS Statistics 19.0统计学软件进行统计学分析, 组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), P < 0.05为有统计学差异, 采用GraphPad Prism 6软件制图。采用R语言(v.3.6.1) 对16S rRNA测序结果进行分析并实现可视化。
本研究考察了XCFL及CRB对DSS诱导的急性溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的保护作用, 具体实验设计见图 1A。结果显示, 小鼠自由饮用DSS溶液4天即出现体重下降、腹泻和便血症状; 随着DSS诱导时间的延长, 症状逐渐加重, 第9天时小鼠相对体重下降至67%, DAI评分为3.7分, 表明小鼠急性结肠炎模型建立成功。进一步研究发现, 急性结肠炎小鼠在经XCFL、CRB及5-ASA干预9天后, 相对体重相比于DSS组分别增长了12% (P < 0.001)、7% (P < 0.01)、11% (P < 0.001), 表明XCFL、CRB及5-ASA均可改善结肠炎小鼠体重下降; 且实验第3天各给药组DAI评分显著低于DSS组, 第9天均低于2.9分(P < 0.001) (图 1BC), 表明XCFL、CRB及5-ASA可显著改善急性结肠炎症状。此外, 还考察了各组小鼠每日DSS饮用量与摄食量, 结果显示, 各组小鼠每日摄入的DSS无显著性差异, 表明造模条件一致(图 1D); 然而, XCFL组小鼠在急性结肠炎早期(第2~5天) 摄食量明显低于DSS组, 但在急性结肠炎晚期(第8~9天) 却显著高于DSS组(图 1E); 而CRB和5-ASA组与DSS组无显著性差异。通过观察结肠组织形态和长度, 发现control组小鼠的盲肠和结肠表面光滑, 结肠长度约7 cm; 而DSS组小鼠盲肠明显萎缩, 且盲肠和结肠中均有肉眼可见血便, 结肠长度相比于control组缩短约3 cm (P < 0.001); 但经XCFL、CRB及5-ASA干预后结肠长度显著增加1~2 cm, 且3个干预组间无显著差异; 还发现XCFL和CRB均可有效改善盲肠萎缩(图 1F)。综上, XCFL及CRB均可显著减轻DSS诱导的小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎症状, 且XCFL在改善体重下降、血便等的作用优于CRB。
鉴于UC是发生在结肠和直肠的炎症性肠病, 本研究进一步以结肠病理学改变、脾脏指数等指标评估XCFL及CRB对结肠炎症的缓解作用。H & E染色结果显示, control组小鼠结肠可见边界清晰的刷状缘, 且黏膜和隐窝完整, 未见炎性细胞浸润; 而DSS组小鼠结肠刷状缘边界破损, 隐窝消失、杯状细胞大量减少, 且可见大面积炎性细胞浸润, 病理评分为12分; 而XCFL、CRB及5-ASA干预后结肠损伤情况得到有效逆转, 病理评分降低了8分(图 2AB), 且XCFL对小鼠结肠隐窝和杯状细胞的恢复效果与阳性药无显著性差异, 但明显优于CRB, 表明XCFL修复结肠损伤的效果优于CRB。
脾脏指数和炎症因子水平可反映炎症程度, DSS组小鼠脾脏明显肿大(图 1F), 脾脏指数(36.03 ± 4.42) 相比于control组(27.95 ± 1.99) 显著升高(图 2C); 结肠促炎因子Tnf-αIl-6 (P < 0.001)、Cxcl10 mRNA水平增加(图 2D~F); 而XCFL组小鼠的脾脏未见肿大, 脾脏指数(25.58 ± 3.87) 相比于DSS组显著降低, 且与5-ASA组(21.80 ± 1.80) 无显著性差异; 此外, 结肠促炎因子Il-6Cxcl10表达显著降低, 而抗炎因子Il-10显著增加(图 2D~G)。上述结果表明, XCFL显著减轻DSS诱导的急性溃疡性结肠炎小鼠结肠炎症反应。
结构完整、功能良好的肠黏膜可抵御肠腔内病原菌及有害物质进入血液循环, 具有维护机体内环境稳态的作用[7]。而肠黏膜损伤是UC的重要特征, 为探究XCFL对肠黏膜的保护作用, 检测了结肠中紧密连接蛋白与黏蛋白的表达。结果显示: 相比于control组, DSS组小鼠结肠紧密连接蛋白Zo-1、occludin、claudin-1claudin-5和黏蛋白Muc2表达减少; 而XCFL干预后, Zo-1、occludin、claudin-1和Muc2表达显著增加, 相比于DSS组分别增加了44.2、8.04、3.91和5.6倍(图 3A~E); 免疫荧光染色结果显示, control组小鼠结肠occludin及claudin-1的荧光呈连续状分布于肠黏膜上皮细胞间, 表明肠黏膜屏障结构完整; 而DSS组仅观察到零星的荧光分布, 且荧光强度及肠隐窝数量均显著降低; 但XCFL组可见连续、大面积的荧光分布, 且强度及隐窝数量均显著增加(图 3FG)。以上结果表明, XCFL可修复DSS诱导的急性溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的肠黏膜损伤。
临床研究发现UC患者结肠黏膜中活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 水平与疾病严重程度呈正相关[8]。ROS诱导的氧化应激可促进炎症反应, 加重肠黏膜损伤。ROS也可诱导硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白与NLRP3结构蛋白结合, 介导NLRP3炎症小体(NLRP3、ASC与pro-Caspase-1) 的组装; 炎症小体被激活可促进Caspase-1活化及IL-1β、IL-18等促炎因子成熟[9]; 而Caspase-1可激活GSDMD裂解, 诱导细胞破裂, 释放IL-1β、IL-18等炎性因子至细胞外, 引发细胞焦亡, 这会加重炎症反应和肠黏膜损伤[10, 11]。当体内ROS含量过高时可破坏脂质、蛋白质及DNA。Nrf2作为ROS清除的敏感信号, 其激活可增加下游HO-1和NQO1等抗氧化酶的表达, 进而抵抗氧化应激。HO-1能促进血红素降解为胆红素; 而胆红素可直接抑制NADPH氧化酶的活性, 从而有效清除ROS。此外, 醌转化为半氢醌后可通过氧化还原循环产生ROS; 而NQO1可催化醌还原为氢醌, 因此减少半氢醌的生成, 从而减少ROS的产生。可见Nrf2通路的激活可通过上调HO-1和NQO1表达抑制ROS生成, 进而减轻氧化应激损伤[12]; 为探究XCFL降低结肠炎症和修复肠黏膜的机制, 本研究考察了XCFL对Nrf2/NLRP3信号通路的影响。结果显示, 相比于control组, DSS组小鼠结肠Nrf2Nqo1Ho-1的基因表达均呈现降低趋势, 而Nlrp3AscCaspase-1的基因表达则呈现增加趋势(图 4A~H), 同时, 相应蛋白的表达也呈现一致的趋势(图 4IJ), 表明结肠炎时Nrf2/HO-1信号通路被抑制, 这会导致ROS水平持续增加, 进而激活NLRP3炎症小体, 加重炎症反应。而XCFL干预后, 结肠Nrf2Nqo1Ho-1的基因表达均显著上调(图 4F~H), 这与蛋白表达的结果一致(图 4IJ)。同时Nlrp3 (P < 0.01)、AscCaspase-1 (P < 0.01) 和Il-1β mRNA表达降低(图 4A~E), NLRP3炎症小体相关蛋白ASC、Caspase-1和GSDMD水平显著下调(图 4IJ)。综上, XCFL可通过激活Nrf2/HO-1通路而降低ROS水平, 抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活, 进而发挥减轻结肠炎症和修复肠黏膜的作用。
肠道菌群失调为肠腔内病原体侵袭肠黏膜上皮、激活免疫反应提供了条件。因此, 积极恢复肠菌稳态有利于UC的转归[13]。为探究XCFL对急性结肠炎小鼠肠道微生态的影响, 本研究对其盲肠内容物进行16S rRNA测序, α多样性以Shannon、Simpson指数评价肠道细菌丰富度, 结果显示, 与正常小鼠相比, DSS组小鼠Shannon指数降低, Simpson指数升高, 表明急性结肠炎时小鼠肠道菌群丰富度降低; 经过XCFL干预后肠菌丰富度与DSS组相比未有显著差异(图 5A)。β多样性用于评价各组间肠道菌群相似程度, 结果显示control、DSS与XCFL三组间菌群分布较为分散、未见重叠, 表明各组间小鼠肠道菌群的结构存在显著差异(图 5B~D)。采用LEfSe分析筛选组间差异菌属, 发现control组的优势菌属为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_groupLachnoclostridium及罗氏菌属(Roseburia) 等; 而DSS组则以致病菌及条件致病菌居多, 如DesulfovibrioTuricibacterStreptococcus, 表明结肠炎时肠菌稳态被破坏。而XCFL组则富集BacteroidesMucispirillumAkkermansia等有益菌(图 5E)。以上结果表明, XCFL可促进急性溃疡性结肠炎小鼠肠道中有益菌的生长, 重塑肠道菌群, 恢复肠菌稳态。
为探究XCFL如何重塑急性溃疡性结肠炎小鼠肠道菌群, 分别从门和属水平对菌群相对丰度进行分析(图 6AB)。结果发现, 拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota) 丰度在三组间无显著差异; 但疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia) 丰度在XCFL干预后相比于其他两组显著增加, 而厚壁菌门(Firmicutes) 丰度显著减少(图 6C~E); 在属水平上, DSS组脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、Eubacterium_ fissicatena_groupTuricibacter等致病菌或条件致病菌丰度显著增加(图 6F~J); 可见结肠炎时肠道中致病菌的繁殖能力增强, 进而导致肠道菌群紊乱。但经XCFL干预后, EnterococcusTuricibacterStreptococcus丰度显著降低, 而Akkermansia、AlistipesMucispirillum及副杆菌属(Parabacteroides) 等有益菌丰度却显著增加(图 6K~N), 以上结果表明, XCFL可抑制有害菌生长并促进有益菌繁殖, 通过重塑急性结肠炎小鼠的肠道菌群, 恢复肠菌稳态。
鉴于肠菌稳态与肠黏膜损伤和炎症反应密切相关, 将筛选出的差异性肠菌与结肠炎关键药效指标进行关联分析, 结果显示(图 7), DSS组富集的有害菌StreptococcusEnterococcusDesulfovibrio丰度与促炎因子(Tnf-αIl-6Cxcl10)、结肠炎指数(DAI、脾脏指数、结肠病理评分) 和NLRP3炎症小体呈正相关; 而XCFL组富集的AkkermansiaMucispirillumParabacteroidesAlistipes等有益菌丰度则与抗炎因子(Il-10)、紧密连接蛋白(Zo-1、occludin、claudin-1) 和Nrf2信号通路相关基因水平(Nrf2Nqo1Ho-1) 呈正相关。这些结果支持肠菌紊乱、肠黏膜屏障损伤及NLRP3炎症小体的激活等参与了UC的发生与发展。
结、直肠黏膜层损伤为UC的主要病理特征。现已发现肠道微生物群失调、肠上皮屏障损伤及肠黏膜免疫紊乱等均参与UC的发生。然而, 目前临床常用的水杨酸制剂、免疫抑制剂等药物主要通过激活过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体通路或减少T、B淋巴细胞增殖等途径发挥治疗作用。中药可多成分、多靶点、多途径地发挥对人体的整合调节作用, 在治疗消化系统疾病方面具有独特的优势。据中国药典记载, 陈皮为芸香科植物橘及其栽培变种的干燥成熟果皮, 具有理气健脾、燥湿化痰的功效[14]。在陈皮药材的制备过程中普遍存在柑果肉大量浪费情况; 为提高柑全果利用度, 本研究以陈皮和新会柑果肉为原料发酵制成XCFL。结果发现, XCFL和CRB均可有效改善DSS诱导的小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎, 且XCFL在缓解体重下降、血便及结肠组织损伤方面疗效显著优于CRB, 推测这是由于XCFL经720天自然发酵制得, 最大限度保留了陈皮药材的有效成分, 且在发酵过程中, 陈皮药材及柑果肉作为益生元可促进有益菌的生长及繁殖, 这有利于恢复肠菌稳态和修复肠黏膜, 发挥对急性结肠炎的保护作用。
DSS诱导的急性结肠炎小鼠结肠可见明显的炎性细胞浸润、黏蛋白及紧密连接蛋白表达降低, 这会引起肠通透性增加, 肠黏膜屏障功能减弱, 使得肠腔中的病原微生物侵入黏膜下层, 激活免疫细胞并诱发炎症反应[7, 15], 进而触发氧化应激, 加重肠黏膜损伤[16]。XCFL干预可显著降低结肠促炎因子水平, 增加抗炎因子、紧密连接蛋白及黏蛋白表达, 减轻结肠的炎症反应和肠黏膜损伤。然而, Nrf2可通过诱导抗氧化酶的活性和抑制免疫细胞中NLRP3炎症小体的激活, 发挥保护肠黏膜完整性的作用[9, 12]。结肠炎小鼠结肠组织Nrf2及其下游抗氧化酶NQO1和HO-1的蛋白水平呈现显著下调, 同时NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1及GSDMD水平呈现上调趋势, 但XCFL干预后可逆转该现象。这可能与XCFL中的总黄酮及粗多糖等成分具有抗氧化及免疫调节作用有关[17, 18]
除了炎症反应及肠黏膜损伤, 近来研究发现[1], 肠道菌群失调也是UC发病的关键因素。而盲肠位于结肠始端, 盲肠内的菌群构成较结肠更为稳定, 因此, 对盲肠内容物进行16S rRNA测序。结果显示, 急性溃疡性结肠炎小鼠肠道微生物多样性降低, 致病菌及条件致病菌(DesulfovibrioTuricibacterStreptococcus) 的丰度显著增加[19], 提示急性结肠炎时肠道菌群紊乱。经XCFL干预后, 致病菌及条件致病菌丰度显著降低, 同时显著富集AkkermansiaMucispirillum等有益菌, 表明XCFL可重塑急性结肠炎小鼠的肠道菌群。Akkermansia即嗜黏蛋白艾克曼菌, 其定植于肠道黏液层, 以肠道杯状细胞分泌的黏蛋白作为唯一的生长能量来源, Akkermansia可促进分泌型肠上皮细胞分化, 增加黏液的产生, 因此具有维持肠黏膜屏障完整的作用。研究发现[20, 21], 补充Akkermansia菌或其外膜蛋白Amuc_1100可通过调节CD8+细胞毒性T细胞缓解肠黏膜炎症; 本研究发现, XCFL干预后Akkermansia丰度和黏蛋白Muc2的表达均显著增加, 提示XCFL可促进Akkermansia生长, 这可能有利于肠道杯状细胞分泌黏蛋白, 修复黏液层。但也有学者发现肠道Akkermansia的异常增殖可降解黏蛋白和黏液层, 这可能导致肠道屏障损伤并诱发肠道炎症[22]。可见, 在肠道炎症中Akkermansia可能发挥双面调节作用, 这可能与病理状态和细菌丰度有关。Mucispirillum为生长于黏液层的黏液螺旋菌属, 可通过抑制病原体与肠黏膜层接触发挥保护肠黏膜的作用, 故可作为评价结肠黏膜层完整与否的标记物[23]。鉴于两者对肠黏膜完整性的积极作用, 笔者认为XCFL对肠黏膜的修复作用与AkkermansiaMucispirillum的富集有关。此外, AkkermansiaMucispirillum等有益菌丰度与抗炎因子、紧密连接蛋白水平呈正相关, 与促炎因子和NLRP3炎症小体呈负相关, 表明肠道菌群的改变与肠黏膜的完整及免疫有密切关系, 推测XCFL中的粗多糖作为益生元促进了AkkermansiaMucispirillum等有益菌的定植和繁殖, 使其竞争成为肠道中的优势菌, 抑制了有害菌的生长, 重塑急性结肠炎小鼠肠道菌群; 并通过增加黏液层厚度修复肠黏膜损伤, 进而增强肠道屏障功能, 减轻炎症反应。
综上所述, XCFL可通过调节肠菌稳态及Nrf2/NLRP3通路修复肠黏膜, 改善小鼠急性溃疡性结肠炎。本研究为中药陈皮的合理应用及成果转化提供实验依据。
作者贡献: 袁丽负责动物实验和论文写作; 练卓诗与罗柳婷负责肠菌分析; 陈柏忠负责陈皮及陈皮酵素的制备及质控; 朱志博、赵洁负责课题设计、指导和论文审阅。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 广东省自然科学基金资助项目(2020A1515011339)
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2022年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0704
  • 接收时间:2022-06-07
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-07
  • 修回日期:2022-06-30
基金
广东省自然科学基金资助项目(2020A1515011339)
作者信息
    1.南方医科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510515
    2.南方医科大学中西医结合医院临床研究中心, 广东 广州 510315
    3.广东新宝堂生物科技有限公司, 广东 江门 529100

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*朱志博, Tel: 86-20-61648549, E-mail: ;
赵洁, Tel: 86-20-61648597, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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