Article(id=1210517372818034771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1126, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539432005, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1668182400000, pubDateStr=2022-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539432005, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539432005, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539432005, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210517366081975259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='11', pageStart='3259', pageEnd='3450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539430399, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539608198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518111875363690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518111875363691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3446, endPage=3450, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210517374176989291, articleId=1210517372818034771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=null, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210517380049015284, articleId=1210517372818034771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=老药改造: 根治性的抗疟药他非诺奎, columnId=1190335351748137800, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=新药发现与研究实例简析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=hkyQ5lPO2g5HLYQPxZ2L7g==, magXml=5jH73HASuXzYoFcFuk+fcA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=TeXjSCPyWCUYWSoN9AIC7w==, pdfFileSize=792187, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=SkBBNhb3XAJrwxIGg6hGvQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=郭宗儒)}, authors=[Author(id=1210517380518777363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={CN=AuthorExt(id=1210517380652995104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, authorId=1210517380518777363, language=CN, stringName=郭宗儒, firstName=宗儒, middleName=null, lastName=郭, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210517380359393801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517380367782410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, companyId=1210517380359393801, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050)])])], keywords=null, refs=null, funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210517380359393801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517380367782410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, companyId=1210517380359393801, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210517380787212842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RCompd.RCompd.R
71218NH2
81319
91420
101621OH
1117
), ArticleFig(id=1210517380896264756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Typical compounds with varied 4-substituents or 8-diamino side chain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RCompd.RCompd.R
71218NH2
81319
91420
101621OH
1117
), ArticleFig(id=1210517381001122364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.P. cynomolgi (rhesus monkey)P. berghei (mice), ΔMST, days at mg·kg-1
Daily dose/mg·kg-1 (×7)Activity204080160320640
221.00Inactive0.10.11.33.56.78.1
230.25InactiveNTNTNT3.95.55/5 T***
0.501/4 C*NTNTNTNTNTNT
1.002/4 CNTNTNTNTNTNT
240.50Inactive5.87.010.43/5 C**5/5 C5/5 C
1.001/1 CNTNTNTNTNTNT
30.25InactiveNT5.09.42T5T5T
0.5010/12 CNTNTNTNTNTNT
1.004/4 CNTNTNTNTNTNT
60.258/12 CNTNTNTNTNTNT
0.5013/13 CNTNT5.58.010.13C, 1T
1.001/1 CNTNTNT
), ArticleFig(id=1210517381076619843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Antimalarial activity of typical compounds. *Means one monkey was cured in four animals. **Means three mice were cured. ***Means toxicity for all five mice. ΔMST = Numbers with decimal point; NT = Not test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.P. cynomolgi (rhesus monkey)P. berghei (mice), ΔMST, days at mg·kg-1
Daily dose/mg·kg-1 (×7)Activity204080160320640
221.00Inactive0.10.11.33.56.78.1
230.25InactiveNTNTNT3.95.55/5 T***
0.501/4 C*NTNTNTNTNTNT
1.002/4 CNTNTNTNTNTNT
240.50Inactive5.87.010.43/5 C**5/5 C5/5 C
1.001/1 CNTNTNTNTNTNT
30.25InactiveNT5.09.42T5T5T
0.5010/12 CNTNTNTNTNTNT
1.004/4 CNTNTNTNTNTNT
60.258/12 CNTNTNTNTNTNT
0.5013/13 CNTNT5.58.010.13C, 1T
1.001/1 CNTNTNT
), ArticleFig(id=1210517381210837581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.R1R2R3P. berghei (mice), ΔMST, mg·kg-1, sc
510204080160320640
25HCH3CH(CH3)(CH2)3NH2NTNT5.77.18.99.9
1T
11.9
4T
5T
26HCH3(CH2)3CH(CH3)NH2NTNT11.4
3T
5TNT5TNT5T
27HCH3CH(CH2CH3)(CH2)3NH2NTNT-0.1NT5TNT5T
28HCH3(CH2)4CH(CH3) NH2NTNT7.5
1T
8.7
1T
NT5TNT5T
29HCH3CH(CH3)(CH2)4NH2NTNT3C1C
1T
NT5TNT5T
30CH3CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)3NH2NTNT4.96.3
3T
NT5TNT5T
31HH(CH2)3CH(CH3)NH2NTNT1.33.15.17.39.9
3T
5T
), ArticleFig(id=1210517381324083796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Antimalarial activity of 5, 6-dimethoxy-8-quinolinediamines. NT = Not test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.R1R2R3P. berghei (mice), ΔMST, mg·kg-1, sc
510204080160320640
25HCH3CH(CH3)(CH2)3NH2NTNT5.77.18.99.9
1T
11.9
4T
5T
26HCH3(CH2)3CH(CH3)NH2NTNT11.4
3T
5TNT5TNT5T
27HCH3CH(CH2CH3)(CH2)3NH2NTNT-0.1NT5TNT5T
28HCH3(CH2)4CH(CH3) NH2NTNT7.5
1T
8.7
1T
NT5TNT5T
29HCH3CH(CH3)(CH2)4NH2NTNT3C1C
1T
NT5TNT5T
30CH3CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)3NH2NTNT4.96.3
3T
NT5TNT5T
31HH(CH2)3CH(CH3)NH2NTNT1.33.15.17.39.9
3T
5T
), ArticleFig(id=1210517382557209179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.nRP. berghei (mice), ΔMST, mg·kg-1, sc
510204080160320640
321CH3---0.1-0.1-0.3
332CH36.78.311.15T5T-5T
341C2H5---0.5-0.5-0.9
352C2H57.87.67.27.65T-5T
3---5.09.42T5T5T
6--3.14.95.59.110.13C
1T
), ArticleFig(id=1210517382674649701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Antimalarial activity of 5, 6-alkenedioxy-8-quinolinediamines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.nRP. berghei (mice), ΔMST, mg·kg-1, sc
510204080160320640
321CH3---0.1-0.1-0.3
332CH36.78.311.15T5T-5T
341C2H5---0.5-0.5-0.9
352C2H57.87.67.27.65T-5T
3---5.09.42T5T5T
6--3.14.95.59.110.13C
1T
), ArticleFig(id=1210517382834033260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.P. cynomolgi (rhesus): mg·kg-1 per day (×7), po
0.750.50.350.1250.0625
25NT1/1C3/4C11/13C0/5
26NT1/1C5/6CNTNT
274/5CNT4/4C6/10C0/2C
283/3CNT2/2CNTNT
293/5CNT1/4CNTNT
304/5CNT2/4CNTNT
310/2CNT0/2CNTNT
320/3CNT0/3CNTNT
330/2CNT0/3CNTNT
340/5CNT0/3CNTNT
34/4C10/12C0/2CNTNT
61/1C13/14C8/14CNTNT
), ArticleFig(id=1210517382947279477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=

Radical curative antimalarial data of compounds 25-35. NT = Not test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.P. cynomolgi (rhesus): mg·kg-1 per day (×7), po
0.750.50.350.1250.0625
25NT1/1C3/4C11/13C0/5
26NT1/1C5/6CNTNT
274/5CNT4/4C6/10C0/2C
283/3CNT2/2CNTNT
293/5CNT1/4CNTNT
304/5CNT2/4CNTNT
310/2CNT0/2CNTNT
320/3CNT0/3CNTNT
330/2CNT0/3CNTNT
340/5CNT0/3CNTNT
34/4C10/12C0/2CNTNT
61/1C13/14C8/14CNTNT
), ArticleFig(id=1210517383064719998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RMouse test infected by P. berghei, five mice, mg·kg-1 (×l)
510204080160320640
363-CF36.52C5C5C5C5C5C1C, 2T
372, 4-Cl24.01C5C5C5C5C4C, 1T3C, 1T
383, 4-Cl24C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C
394-OCH35.55.91C5C5C5C5C2C, 3T
404-F7.03C4C5C5C5C4C, 1T3C, 2T
3NTNTNT2.24.26.47.05T5T
6NTNTNT4.05.09.410.8, 2T5T5T
), ArticleFig(id=1210517383169577606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=CN, label=Table 6, caption=

Suppressive antimalarial activity of compounds 36-40 on infected mice. NT = Not test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RMouse test infected by P. berghei, five mice, mg·kg-1 (×l)
510204080160320640
363-CF36.52C5C5C5C5C5C1C, 2T
372, 4-Cl24.01C5C5C5C5C4C, 1T3C, 1T
383, 4-Cl24C5C5C5C5C5C5C5C
394-OCH35.55.91C5C5C5C5C2C, 3T
404-F7.03C4C5C5C5C4C, 1T3C, 2T
3NTNTNT2.24.26.47.05T5T
6NTNTNT4.05.09.410.8, 2T5T5T
), ArticleFig(id=1210517383307989648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RTest of infected monkeys, dose in mg·kg-1 (×7)Molar primaquine index*
0.10.3161.0
363-CF30/2 C2/2 C2/2 C4.8
372, 4-Cl20/3 C1/2 C3/3 C1.4
383, 4-Cl20/3 C1/2 C3/3 C1.3
394-OCH30/2 C2/2 C3/3 C4.3
404-F0/3 C2/2 C3/3C4.2
3-Not test0/2 C1/2 C1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1210517383517704855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=CN, label=Table 7, caption=

Radical curative activity of 4-methyl-5-(aryloxy)primaquine analogues on infected monkey. *Ratio of moles of primaquine to achieve 100% cures divided by moles of test compound to achieve 100% cures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RTest of infected monkeys, dose in mg·kg-1 (×7)Molar primaquine index*
0.10.3161.0
363-CF30/2 C2/2 C2/2 C4.8
372, 4-Cl20/3 C1/2 C3/3 C1.4
383, 4-Cl20/3 C1/2 C3/3 C1.3
394-OCH30/2 C2/2 C3/3 C4.3
404-F0/3 C2/2 C3/3C4.2
3-Not test0/2 C1/2 C1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1210517383618368157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.ΔMST, cure, toxic or inactive at mg·kg-1, sc*
510204080160320640
3NTNTNTII9.02T5T
36II1C4C5C5C5C4C/1T
41II3C5C5C5C5C4C/1T
45II10.52C5C4C5T5T
46I8.11C2C2C/1T1C/4T3TNT
), ArticleFig(id=1210517383731614373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=CN, label=Table 8, caption=

Suppressive antimalarial activity of typical compounds for P. berghei infected rane mice. *Abbreviations used are I = Inactive, C = Cure, T = Toxic, NT = Not test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.ΔMST, cure, toxic or inactive at mg·kg-1, sc*
510204080160320640
3NTNTNTII9.02T5T
36II1C4C5C5C5C4C/1T
41II3C5C5C5C5C4C/1T
45II10.52C5C4C5T5T
46I8.11C2C2C/1T1C/4T3TNT
), ArticleFig(id=1210517383836471980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.mg·kg-1 per day (×7), poMolar primaquine index
0.031 60.10.3161.01.3
3NT0/2 C0/2 C1/2 C6/6 C1.0
360/2 C0/2 C2/2 C2/2 CNT6.8
410/2 C2/4 C4/4 C2/2 CNT12.8
450/3 C1/4 C3/3 C2/2 CNTNT
46NTNTNTNTNTNT
), ArticleFig(id=1210517383983272627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517372818034771, language=CN, label=Table 9, caption=

Radical curative antimalarial activity of typical compounds for P. cynomolgi infected rhesus monkeys. NT = Not test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.mg·kg-1 per day (×7), poMolar primaquine index
0.031 60.10.3161.01.3
3NT0/2 C0/2 C1/2 C6/6 C1.0
360/2 C0/2 C2/2 C2/2 CNT6.8
410/2 C2/4 C4/4 C2/2 CNT12.8
450/3 C1/4 C3/3 C2/2 CNTNT
46NTNTNTNTNTNT
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1761643429151, updatedTime=1761735768113, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=A, firstLetterEn=A, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, picEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190369346338783397, language=CN, name=药学学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735768160, updatedTime=1761735768160, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190369346376532134, language=EN, name=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735768169, updatedTime=1761735768169, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189982191388893191, websiteList=[Website(id=1189982271588340489, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761643482348, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643498101, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=药学学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982873114448678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643625763, updateTime=1761643625763, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873093477155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643625758, updateTime=1761643625758, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873135420201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625768, updateTime=1761643625768, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873085088546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643625756, updateTime=1761643625756, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873152197419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625772, updateTime=1761643625772, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873110254373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761643625762, updateTime=1761643625762, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873143808810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625770, updateTime=1761643625770, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873101865764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761643625760, updateTime=1761643625760, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873122837287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643625765, updateTime=1761643625765, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873127031592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643625766, updateTime=1761643625766, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189982271655449355, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761643482364, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643514085, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982903015633534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643632892, updateTime=1761643632892, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902990467707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643632886, updateTime=1761643632886, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903036605057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632897, updateTime=1761643632897, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902982079098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643632884, updateTime=1761643632884, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903053382275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632901, updateTime=1761643632901, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903007244925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761643632890, updateTime=1761643632890, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903044993666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632899, updateTime=1761643632899, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902998856316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761643632888, updateTime=1761643632888, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903019827839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643632893, updateTime=1761643632893, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903028216448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643632895, updateTime=1761643632895, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=药学学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/aps, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, journalPhotoCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPhotoEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, journalFirstLetter=A, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1126, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1126, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1126, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1126, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
老药改造: 根治性的抗疟药他非诺奎
收藏切换
PDF下载
郭宗儒
药学学报 | 新药发现与研究实例简析 2022,57(11): 3446-3450
收起
收藏切换
药学学报 | 新药发现与研究实例简析 2022, 57(11): 3446-3450
老药改造: 根治性的抗疟药他非诺奎
全屏
郭宗儒
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
Affiliations
出版时间: 2022-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1126
文章导航
收藏切换
郭宗儒. 老药改造: 根治性的抗疟药他非诺奎. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (11) : 3446 -3450 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1126
. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (11) : 3446 -3450 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1126
新药创制是复杂的智力活动, 涉及科学研究、技术创造、产品开发和医疗效果等多维科技活动。每个药物都有自身的研发轨迹, 而构建化学结构是最重要的环节, 因为它涵盖了药效、药代、安全性和生物药剂学等性质。本栏目以药物化学视角, 对有代表性的药物的成功构建, 加以剖析和解读。
从金鸡纳树皮分离出奎宁治疗疟疾至今, 已有近200年历史, 如今已不乏多种类型的抗疟药物。GSK公司针对70年前研发、现今仍在应用的伯氨喹之不足, 进行结构优化, 最终达到了实现安全、长效、预防和根治的目标, 在2018年上市了这一古老疾病的新药他非诺奎, 这是一个典型的公益性研发项目, 也为我们提供了基于老药再创造的范例, 因为科学技术的进步为人们提供了更多的手段, 得以有针对性地优化现有的药物。(编者按)
研制抗疟药是个老话题, 虽然现已有多种类型药物在临床应用, 但对疟疾的复发和预防药物仍是发展中国家之需要, 特别是治疗危害较大的间日疟原虫引起的间日疟的复发和预防, 尚需更安全有效的药物。
自1820年从金鸡纳(Cinchina officinalis) 树皮分离出奎宁(1, quinine) 作为抗疟药以来, 研发出许多以喹啉为母核的合成药物, 多为胺基喹啉化合物如4-胺基类的氯喹(2, chloroquine, 1944年上市) 和8-胺基化合物伯氨喹(3, primaquine, 1946年上市)。也有非喹啉系列的药物如苯芴醇(4, benflumetol) 可认为是4-胺基喹啉的等排物。青蒿素(5, artemisinine) 划时代的发现, 开创了全新骨架和作用机制的药物。
用小鼠评价化合物的抗疟活性的模型, 是将致死量的伯氏疟原虫(Pasmodium berghei) 感染小鼠, 3天后皮下注射受试物的麻油溶液。观察小鼠生存时间。空白对照组小鼠平均存活时间(MST) 为6.2 ± 0.5天。受试组的全部小鼠超过MST时间, 表明有抗疟作用。存活60天的小鼠表明治愈。高活性化合物进一步用食蟹猴疟原虫(Pasmodium cynomologi) 感染恒河猴, 与对照组比较存活时间以评价对灵长类的抗疟作用。
20世纪70年代临床用的抗疟药中, 伯氨喹(3) 等喹啉环8位含有二胺侧链的化合物, 疗效优于其他药物, 3对疟原虫生命周期许多环节有杀灭作用, 与其他抗疟药合用可治愈和预防疟疾, 但伯氨喹治疗窗口窄, 用药时间长, 特别是对缺少6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶的黑色人种, 较高剂量容易引起溶血不良反应。4-甲基伯氨喹(6) 抗疟作用稍优于伯氨喹。GSK公司以6为先导物, 研发活性高、不良反应低和对间日疟有治愈和预防作用的新抗疟药。
变换化合物6中的4位甲基, 分别用苯氧基、苯胺基或苯硫基的取代基替换, 或用甲氧基、甲硫基、氨基、羟基或苄氧基替换, 合成的代表性化合物列于表 1
构效关系表明, 4位甲基中氢原子被任何基团取代都失去活性, 化合物16对感染小鼠显示有微弱活性, 提示加入硫原子活性显著减弱, 变换成其他基团都没有活性, 提示4-甲基的重要性。表 2列出了活性化合物对猴和小鼠的抗疟作用, 其中化合物24给药40 mg·kg-1即显示活性, 160 mg·kg-1下5只感染小鼠中3只治愈, 高剂量640 mg·kg-1全部治愈, 而且没有出现毒性反应。猴的剂量1 mg·kg-1呈现活性, 说明24对动物的安全有效性强于36 (LaMontagne MP, Markovac A, Menke JR. Antimalarials. 10. Synthesis of 4-substituted primaquine analogues as candidate antimalarials. J Med Chem, 1977, 20: 1122-1127)。
文献报道5-甲氧基取代的8-二胺烷基喹啉系列的活性强于5-位无取代的化合物, 进而考察了5, 6-二甲氧基和5, 6-亚烷二氧基取代的8-二胺取代的化合物的活性。首先评价了化合物对感染小鼠的活性, 表 34列出了不同剂量下的实验组与空白组小鼠存活时间的差值(ΔMST)、治愈作用(C) 和毒性(T)。
表 34的数据显示了化合物的抑制活性(ΔMST)、C和T, 表明低剂量下对恶性疟感染的小鼠的抑制作用强于36的化合物有252628303234, 29在20 mg·kg-1剂量下呈现治愈作用, 说明5, 6-二甲氧基的抗疟活性强于没有甲氧基的36。然而提高剂量的化合物则呈现毒性。5, 6亚烷二氧基取代的化合物(32~35) 未见优胜分子。
表 5列出了化合物25~3536对感染猴的治愈作用。可以看到化合物25~30在0.35 mg·kg-1剂量下都有不同程度的治愈作用, 2527在0.125 mg·kg-1也呈现治愈效果, 而亚烷二氧基化合物和36只在高剂量下有效, 提示5, 6-环状结构的治疗效果差(LaMontagne MP, Markovac A, Khan MS. Antimalarials. 13. 5-Alkoxy analogues of 4-methylprimaquine. J Med Chem, 1982, 25: 964-968)。
5-位甲氧基证明是必要的取代基, 下一步是考察换成5-芳氧基对活性的影响, 为此, 将8-位固定为呈现高活性的侧链NHCH(CH3)(CH2)3NH2, 合成的代表性化合物及其对伯氏疟原虫感染的小鼠活性列于表 6。这5个化合物(36~40) 的抗疟活性都强于36, 表明5-芳氧基的活性强于5-甲氧基。尤其是38在5 mg·kg-1剂量下可治愈感染, 而且在剂量高达640 mg·kg-1没有呈现毒性, 提示有宽阔的治疗窗口。
进而评价了化合物36~40对食蟹猴疟原虫感染猴的7天治疗效果, 列于表 7。结果显示活性最强的是363940, 在每日0.316 mg·kg-1剂量下治愈了全部的感染猴。36的治疗指数尤其突出。
化合物36与氯喹合用, 给一次剂量0.875 mg·kg-1灌胃感染猴, 由于协同作用可全部治愈(4只), 0.437 5 mg·kg-1全部得到缓解, 显著优于伯氨喹与氯喹的合用疗效(数据省略), 提示结构中4-甲基和5-m-CF3-苯氧基对提高抗疟活性的重要性(LaMontagne MP, Blumbergs P, Strube RE. Antimalarials. 14. 5-(Aryloxy)-4-methylprimaquine analogues. A highly effective series of blood and tissue schizonticidal agents. J Med Chem, 1982, 25: 1094-1097)。
优化至此, 化合物36可认为是里程碑式分子。但尚未探索喹啉环的2-位取代对活性的影响。既往的研究表明, 2-位引入甲氧基可降低化合物的毒性, 但往往也降低抗疟活性。在这个骨架上2-甲氧基的作用如何, 则以36位起点, 合成了化合物41以及2-羟基(42)、2-芳氧基(43, 44) 化合物。结果表明2-甲氧基化合物41的治疗疟原虫感染小鼠的活性强于36和相应的2-羟基化合物42和2-芳氧基化合物4344
在2-位甲氧基的存在下, 尚需考察5-位的3′-三氟甲苯氧基是否仍是优选片段, 因而合成了链状化合物5-正己氧基(45) 和芳烷氧基3′-三氟甲苄氧基(46) 化合物, 4546也呈现较强的抗疟活性, 提示2-甲氧基和5-位疏水性基团有利于活性。不过未见报道2-甲氧基-5-(4′-甲氧基) 或2-甲氧基-5-(4′-氟代) 化合物及其活性, 因为化合物3940的活性与36相当。
将上述较高活性的化合物36414546评价对感染小鼠(皮下给药) 和感染猴(灌胃给药) 的量效关系, 并与伯氨喹(3) 作比较, 结果列于表 8表 9
表 9可以看出化合物41对两种感染动物的治愈作用、安全性和治疗指数都优胜于其他化合物, 进而用犬评价了4136血浆中生成高血红蛋白量(越低越好), 41的水平比36低两倍。
41对大鼠的急性毒性(灌胃和腹腔注射) 都显著低于363 (数据省略)。从而确定了41为候选化合物进入开发阶段, 定名为他非诺奎(tafenoquine), 分子中含有1个手性碳, 应用消旋体。经临床前和临床研究证明他非诺奎作用于间日疟和卵形疟原虫感染的孢子期, 并且在人体内半衰期长达2~3周, 因而短期服药(3天) 后可完全清除体内的疟原虫, 其安全、有效和短期服药等多方面性质优于现有的喹啉类药物。美国FDA于2018年批准了这个由GSK公司研发的新抗疟药上市, 用于预防、治疗复发性疟疾患者, 成为60年来发明的根治性的抗疟药(LaMontagne MP, Blumbergs P, Smith DC. A ntimalarials. 16. Synthesis of 2-substituted analogs of 8-[(4-amino-1-methylbutyl)amino]-6-methoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinoline as candidate antimalarials. J Med Chem, 1989, 32: 1728-1732)。
2022年第57卷第11期
PDF下载
110
57
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1126
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-11-12
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
基金
作者信息
    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2018-1126
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏