Article(id=1210517370922209323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0685, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1654099200000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-02, revisedDate=1656604800000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539431553, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1668182400000, pubDateStr=2022-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539431553, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539431553, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539431553, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210517366081975259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='11', pageStart='3259', pageEnd='3450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539430399, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539608198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518111875363690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518111875363691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3276, endPage=3291, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210517371761070143, articleId=1210517370922209323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of oxazolidinone antibiotics, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Linezolid is the first oxazolidinone antibacterial drug approved by the FDA, which can effectively treat various gram-positive bacterial infections, including blood infections, skin and soft tissue infections, community and hospital-acquired pneumonia. It has become one of the most commonly used antibiotics in clinical. In addition to the recently launched tedizolid phosphate (TR701) and contezolid (MRX-I), several oxazolidinone anti-infective candidates are currently under clinical research. This review briefly introduces the oxazolidinone antibiotics that have been marketed and are in clinical trials, and recent progress on the structure optimization of oxazolidinone drugs is also summarized.

, correspAuthors=Wen-xuan ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-hua HU, Xin-tong ZHAO, Tian-lei LI, Song WU, Wen-xuan ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210517379633779159, articleId=1210517370922209323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=噁唑烷酮类抗菌药物研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利奈唑胺是第一个由FDA批准上市的噁唑烷酮类抗菌药, 能有效地治疗各类革兰阳性菌感染, 适应症包括血液感染、皮肤及软组织感染、社区及医院获得性肺炎等, 已逐渐成为临床上常用的抗菌药物之一。除了随后上市的磷酸泰地唑胺(tedizolid phosphate, TR701) 和康泰唑胺(contezolid, MRX-I), 目前还有多个噁唑烷酮类抗感染候选药物处于临床研究。本文对已上市和处于临床试验的噁唑烷酮抗菌药物做了简要的介绍, 并对近期噁唑烷酮类药物的结构优化研究进展进行了总结。

, correspAuthors=张文轩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张文轩, Tel: 86-10-83163542, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5I0wmmEMGI4UW2cJr7ngjg==, magXml=vMUJOePglC2EjDdTpwLJyQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=sbsAb4W/Rno+pl3q94wuvw==, pdfFileSize=2420604, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=4CTz77fp3dp7KoSM/HuLdg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=P7eAY5atD48X0G/toX4KHw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=胡宇华, 赵欣彤, 李天磊, 吴松, 张文轩)}, authors=[Author(id=1210517380040626672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210517380183233017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, authorId=1210517380040626672, language=EN, stringName=Yu-hua HU, firstName=Yu-hua, middleName=null, lastName=HU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210517380254536191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, authorId=1210517380040626672, language=CN, stringName=胡宇华, firstName=宇华, middleName=null, lastName=胡, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210517379889631719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517379906408937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, companyId=1210517379889631719, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517379914797546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, companyId=1210517379889631719, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1210517380325839366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210517380522971668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, authorId=1210517380325839366, language=EN, stringName=Xin-tong ZHAO, firstName=Xin-tong, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210517380648800800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, authorId=1210517380325839366, language=CN, stringName=赵欣彤, firstName=欣彤, middleName=null, lastName=赵, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210517379889631719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517379906408937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, companyId=1210517379889631719, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517379914797546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, companyId=1210517379889631719, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1210517380753658407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210517380892070451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, authorId=1210517380753658407, language=EN, stringName=Tian-lei LI, firstName=Tian-lei, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210517380980150841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, authorId=1210517380753658407, language=CN, stringName=李天磊, firstName=天磊, middleName=null, lastName=李, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210517379889631719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517379906408937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, companyId=1210517379889631719, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517379914797546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, companyId=1210517379889631719, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1210517381076619842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210517381189866060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, authorId=1210517381076619842, language=EN, stringName=Song WU, firstName=Song, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210517381290529362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, authorId=1210517381076619842, language=CN, stringName=吴松, firstName=松, middleName=null, lastName=吴, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210517379889631719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517379906408937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, companyId=1210517379889631719, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517379914797546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, companyId=1210517379889631719, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050)])]), Author(id=1210517381391192665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wxzhang@imm.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210517382573986399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, authorId=1210517381391192665, language=EN, stringName=Wen-xuan ZHANG, firstName=Wen-xuan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1210517382683038309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, authorId=1210517381391192665, language=CN, stringName=张文轩, firstName=文轩, middleName=null, lastName=张, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=*, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210517379889631719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517379906408937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, companyId=1210517379889631719, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517379914797546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, companyId=1210517379889631719, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1210517382850810477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=resistant bacterial infection), Keyword(id=1210517382964056696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=oxazolidinone antibiotics), Keyword(id=1210517383064719999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=structural optimization), Keyword(id=1210517383169577605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=structure-activity relationship), Keyword(id=1210517383287018124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=druggability evaluation), Keyword(id=1210517383387681427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=抗耐药菌感染), Keyword(id=1210517383521899160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=噁唑烷酮类抗菌药), Keyword(id=1210517383622562462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=结构优化), Keyword(id=1210517383723225762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=构效关系), Keyword(id=1210517383794528936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=成药性评价)], refs=[Reference(id=1210517393613394811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=43, issue=null, pageStart=155, pageEnd=176, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Katz L, Baltz RH. Natural product discovery: past, present, and future[J]. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 2016, 43: 155-176., articleTitle=Natural product discovery: past, present, and future, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517393684697981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.008, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=51, issue=null, pageStart=72, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=Curr Opin Microbiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hutchings MI, Truman AW, Wilkinson B. Antibiotics: past, present and future[J]. Curr Opin Microbiol, 2019, 51: 72-80., articleTitle=Antibiotics: past, present and future, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517393751806847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=42, issue=null, pageStart=3251, pageEnd=3255, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Swaney SM, Aoki H, Ganoza MC, et al. The oxazolidinone linezolid inhibits initiation of protein synthesis in bacteria[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1998, 42: 3251-3255., articleTitle=The oxazolidinone linezolid inhibits initiation of protein synthesis in bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517393835692929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=10.1093/jac/dkf246, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=50, issue=null, pageStart=743, pageEnd=746, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=J Antimicrob Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Auckland C, Teare L, Cooke F, et al. Linezolid-resistant enterococci: report of the first isolates in the United Kingdom[J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2002, 50: 743-746., articleTitle=Linezolid-resistant enterococci: report of the first isolates in the United Kingdom, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517393902801795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05410-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=358, issue=null, pageStart=207, pageEnd=208, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=Lancet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tsiodras S, Gold HS, Sakoulas G, et al. Linezolid resistance in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus[J]. Lancet, 2001, 358: 207-208., articleTitle=Linezolid resistance in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517393995076485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=2, issue=null, pageStart=51, pageEnd=59, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stevens DL, Dotter B, Madaras-Kelly K. A review of linezolid: the first oxazolidinone antibiotic[J]. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2004, 2: 51-59., articleTitle=A review of linezolid: the first oxazolidinone antibiotic, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517394078962566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=26, issue=null, pageStart=591, pageEnd=605, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=Expert Opin Ther Pat, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Phillips OA, Sharaf LH. Oxazolidinone antimicrobials: a patent review (2012-2015)[J]. Expert Opin Ther Pat, 2016, 26: 591-605., articleTitle=Oxazolidinone antimicrobials: a patent review (2012-2015), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517394162848647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00480, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=64, issue=null, pageStart=10557, pageEnd=10580, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao Q, Xin L, Liu Y, et al. Current landscape and future perspective of oxazolidinone scaffolds containing antibacterial drugs[J]. J Med Chem, 2021, 64: 10557-10580., articleTitle=Current landscape and future perspective of oxazolidinone scaffolds containing antibacterial drugs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517394234151816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fugitt RB, Luckenbaugh RW. 5-Halomethyl-3-phenyl-2-oxazolidinones: US, 4128654 [P]. 1978-02-10., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517394301260681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fugitt RB, Luckenbaugh RW. 3-(p-Alkylsulfonylphenyl) oxazolidinone derivatives as antibacterial agents: US, 4340606 [P]. 1982-07-20., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517394372563850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gregory WA. p-Oxooxazolidinylbenzene compounds as antibacterial agents: US, 4451773 [P]. 1984-07-24., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517394435478411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=10.1128/AAC.31.11.1791, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1987, volume=31, issue=null, pageStart=1791, pageEnd=1797, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Slee AM, Wuonola MA, Mcripley RJ, et al. Oxazolidinones, a new class of synthetic antibacterial agents: in vitro and in vivo activities of DuP 105 and DuP 721[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1987, 31: 1791-1797., articleTitle=Oxazolidinones, a new class of synthetic antibacterial agents: in vitro and in vivo activities of DuP 105 and DuP 721, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517394510975884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=39, issue=null, pageStart=673, pageEnd=679, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Brickner SJ, Hutchinson DK, Barbachyn MR, et al. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of U-100592 and U-100766, two oxazolidinone antibacterial agents for the potential treatment of multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacterial infections[J]. J Med Chem, 1996, 39: 673-679., articleTitle=Synthesis and antibacterial activity of U-100592 and U-100766, two oxazolidinone antibacterial agents for the potential treatment of multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacterial infections, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517394578084749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=358, issue=null, pageStart=1975, pageEnd=1982, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=Lancet, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Diekema DJ, Jones RN. Oxazolidinone antibiotics[J]. Lancet, 2001, 358: 1975-1982., articleTitle=Oxazolidinone antibiotics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517394653582222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=348, issue=null, pageStart=86, pageEnd=87, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=N Engl J Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Apodaca AA, Rakita RM. Linezolid-induced lactic acidosis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2003, 348: 86-87., articleTitle=Linezolid-induced lactic acidosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517394733273999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=47, issue=null, pageStart=1824, pageEnd=1831, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rubinstein E, Isturiz R, Standiford HC, et al. Worldwide assessment of linezolid's clinical safety and tolerability: comparator-controlled phase III studies[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2003, 47: 1824-1831., articleTitle=Worldwide assessment of linezolid's clinical safety and tolerability: comparator-controlled phase III studies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517394796188560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=1222, issue=null, pageStart=49, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=Ann N Y Acad Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Leach KL, Brickner SJ, Noe MC, et al. Linezolid, the first oxazolidinone antibacterial agent[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2011, 1222: 49-54., articleTitle=Linezolid, the first oxazolidinone antibacterial agent, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517394859103121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=42, issue=null, pageStart=2010, pageEnd=2023, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=Angew Chem Int Ed, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Barbachyn MR, Ford CW. Oxazolidinone structure-activity relationships leading to linezolid[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2003, 42: 2010-2023., articleTitle=Oxazolidinone structure-activity relationships leading to linezolid, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517394930406290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=3, issue=null, pageStart=1021, pageEnd=1042, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=Curr Top Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hutchinson DK. Oxazolidinone antibacterial agents: a critical review[J]. Curr Top Med Chem, 2003, 3: 1021-1042., articleTitle=Oxazolidinone antibacterial agents: a critical review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517396134171539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=1241, issue=null, pageStart=48, pageEnd=70, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=Ann N Y Acad Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shaw KJ, Barbachyn MR. The oxazolidinones: past, present, and future[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2011, 1241: 48-70., articleTitle=The oxazolidinones: past, present, and future, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517396205474708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=309, issue=null, pageStart=559, pageEnd=569, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=JAMA, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Prokocimer P, De Anda C, Fang E, et al. Tedizolid phosphate vs linezolid for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: the ESTABLISH-1 randomized trial[J]. JAMA, 2013, 309: 559-569., articleTitle=Tedizolid phosphate vs linezolid for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: the ESTABLISH-1 randomized trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517396268389269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=31, issue=null, pageStart=188, pageEnd=194, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=J Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pfaller MA, Sader HS, Shortridge D, et al. Activity of tedizolid against gram-positive clinical isolates causing infections in Europe and surrounding areas (2014–2015)[J]. J Chemother, 2019, 31: 188-194., articleTitle=Activity of tedizolid against gram-positive clinical isolates causing infections in Europe and surrounding areas (2014–2015), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517396348081046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=42, issue=null, pageStart=1275, pageEnd=1284, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=Drug Metab Dispos, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ong V, Flanagan S, Fang E, et al. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the novel antibacterial prodrug tedizolid phosphate[J]. Drug Metab Dispos, 2014, 42: 1275-1284., articleTitle=Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the novel antibacterial prodrug tedizolid phosphate, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517396431967127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=59, issue=null, pageStart=864, pageEnd=871, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shorr AF, Lodise TP, Corey GR, et al. Analysis of the phase 3 ESTABLISH trials of tedizolid versus linezolid in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2015, 59: 864-871., articleTitle=Analysis of the phase 3 ESTABLISH trials of tedizolid versus linezolid in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517396511658904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=64, issue=null, pageStart=e00356, pageEnd=00320, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mensa Vendrell M, Tasias Pitarch M, Salavert Lletí M, et al. Safety and tolerability of more than six days of tedizolid treatment[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2020, 64: e00356-00320., articleTitle=Safety and tolerability of more than six days of tedizolid treatment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517396578767769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=57, issue=null, pageStart=3060, pageEnd=3066, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Flanagan S, Bartizal K, Minassian S, et al. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies of tedizolid to assess the potential for peripheral or central monoamine oxidase interactions[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2013, 57: 3060-3066., articleTitle=In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies of tedizolid to assess the potential for peripheral or central monoamine oxidase interactions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517396650070938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=54, issue=null, pageStart=5337, pageEnd=5343, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Locke JB, Finn J, Hilgers M, et al. Structure-activity relationships of diverse oxazolidinones for linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains possessing the cfr methyltransferase gene or ribosomal mutations[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2010, 54: 5337-5343., articleTitle=Structure-activity relationships of diverse oxazolidinones for linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains possessing the cfr methyltransferase gene or ribosomal mutations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517396708791195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=64, issue=null, pageStart=e01195, pageEnd=01120, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Carvalhaes CG, Duncan LR, Wang W, et al. In vitro activity and potency of the novel oxazolidinone contezolid (MRX-I) tested against Gram-positive clinical isolates from the United States and Europe[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2020, 64: e01195-01120., articleTitle=In vitro activity and potency of the novel oxazolidinone contezolid (MRX-I) tested against Gram-positive clinical isolates from the United States and Europe, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517396775900060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=41, issue=null, pageStart=1164, pageEnd=1174.e1164, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=Clin Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu J, Wu H, Wang Y, et al. Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of contezolid at therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses in healthy Chinese subjects, and assessment of contezolid dosing regimens based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis[J]. Clin Ther, 2019, 41: 1164-1174.e1164., articleTitle=Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of contezolid at therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses in healthy Chinese subjects, and assessment of contezolid dosing regimens based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517396838814621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=34, issue=null, pageStart=1348, pageEnd=1354, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=Chem Res Toxicol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang W, Voss KM, Liu J, et al. Nonclinical evaluation of antibacterial oxazolidinones contezolid and contezolid acefosamil with low serotonergic neurotoxicity[J]. Chem Res Toxicol, 2021, 34: 1348-1354., articleTitle=Nonclinical evaluation of antibacterial oxazolidinones contezolid and contezolid acefosamil with low serotonergic neurotoxicity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517396910117790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=58, issue=null, pageStart=901, pageEnd=908, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Locher HH, Caspers P, Bruyère T, et al. Investigations of the mode of action and resistance development of cadazolid, a new antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014, 58: 901-908., articleTitle=Investigations of the mode of action and resistance development of cadazolid, a new antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517396973032351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=58, issue=null, pageStart=892, pageEnd=900, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Locher HH, Seiler P, Chen X, et al. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial evaluation of cadazolid, a new antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2013, 58: 892-900., articleTitle=In vitro and in vivo antibacterial evaluation of cadazolid, a new antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517397035946912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=19, issue=null, pageStart=265, pageEnd=274, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=Lancet Infect Dis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gerding DN, Cornely OA, Simon G, et al. Cadazolid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: results of two double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority, randomised phase 3 trials[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2019, 19: 265-274., articleTitle=Cadazolid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: results of two double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority, randomised phase 3 trials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517397136610209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=39, issue=null, pageStart=680, pageEnd=685, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Barbachyn MR, Hutchinson DK, Brickner SJ, et al. Identification of a novel oxazolidinone (U-100480) with potent antimycobacterial activity[J]. J Med Chem, 1996, 39: 680-685., articleTitle=Identification of a novel oxazolidinone (U-100480) with potent antimycobacterial activity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517397237273506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=58, issue=null, pageStart=3306, pageEnd=3311, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu T, Friedrich SO, Diacon A, et al. Population pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic analysis of the bactericidal activities of sutezolid (PNU-100480) and its major metabolite against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis in ex vivo whole-blood cultures of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014, 58: 3306-3311., articleTitle=Population pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic analysis of the bactericidal activities of sutezolid (PNU-100480) and its major metabolite against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis in ex vivo whole-blood cultures of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517397342131107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=180, issue=null, pageStart=371, pageEnd=376, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=Am J Respirat Crit Care Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Williams KN, Brickner SJ, Stover CK, et al. Addition of PNU-100480 to first-line drugs shortens the time needed to cure murine tuberculosis[J]. Am J Respirat Crit Care Med, 2009, 180: 371-376., articleTitle=Addition of PNU-100480 to first-line drugs shortens the time needed to cure murine tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517397446988708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=53, issue=null, pageStart=1314, pageEnd=1319, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Williams K, Stover C, Zhu T, et al. Promising antituberculosis activity of the oxazolidinone PNU-100480 relative to that of linezolid in a murine model[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2009, 53: 1314-1319., articleTitle=Promising antituberculosis activity of the oxazolidinone PNU-100480 relative to that of linezolid in a murine model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517397526680485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=55, issue=null, pageStart=567, pageEnd=574, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wallis RS, Jakubiec W, Kumar V, et al. Biomarker-assisted dose selection for safety and efficacy in early development of PNU-100480 for tuberculosis[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2011, 55: 567-574., articleTitle=Biomarker-assisted dose selection for safety and efficacy in early development of PNU-100480 for tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517397589595046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=62, issue=null, pageStart=e00165, pageEnd=00118, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zong Z, Jing W, Shi J, et al. Comparison of in vitro activity and MIC distributions between the novel oxazolidinone delpazolid and linezolid against multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in China[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2018, 62: e00165-00118., articleTitle=Comparison of in vitro activity and MIC distributions between the novel oxazolidinone delpazolid and linezolid against multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517397656703911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=52, issue=null, pageStart=1653, pageEnd=1662, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=Antimicrob Agents Chemother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lawrence L, Danese P, DeVito J, et al. In vitro activities of the Rx-01 oxazolidinones against hospital and community pathogens[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2008, 52: 1653-1662., articleTitle=In vitro activities of the Rx-01 oxazolidinones against hospital and community pathogens, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517397711229864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jing H, Luo X, Harrington K. The pharmacokinetics of designer oxazolidinones in Sprague-Dawley rats, abstr. F-1261 [C]// The 45th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Proceedings. Washington: Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2005, 16-19., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517397778338729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cooper CB, Huang H, Zhang D, et al. Substituted phenyloxazolidinones for antimicrobial therapy: US, 10550092 [P]. 2020-02-4., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517397845447594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=43, issue=null, pageStart=953, pageEnd=970, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Genin MJ, Allwine DA, Anderson DJ, et al. Substituent effects on the antibacterial activity of nitrogen-carbon-linked (azolylphenyl) oxazolidinones with expanded activity against the fastidious gram-negative organisms haemophilus influenzae and moraxella c atarrhalis[J]. J Med Chem, 2000, 43: 953-970., articleTitle=Substituent effects on the antibacterial activity of nitrogen-carbon-linked (azolylphenyl) oxazolidinones with expanded activity against the fastidious gram-negative organisms haemophilus influenzae and moraxella c atarrhalis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517397904167851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=48, issue=null, pageStart=5009, pageEnd=5024, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Renslo AR, Jaishankar P, Venkatachalam R, et al. Conformational constraint in oxazolidinone antibacterials. Synthesis and structure-activity studies of (azabicyclo [3.1. 0] hexylphenyl) oxazolidinones[J]. J Med Chem, 2005, 48: 5009-5024., articleTitle=Conformational constraint in oxazolidinone antibacterials. Synthesis and structure-activity studies of (azabicyclo [3.1. 0] hexylphenyl) oxazolidinones, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517397962888108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=58, issue=null, pageStart=6389, pageEnd=6409, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang T, Chen G, Sang Z, et al. Discovery of a teraryl oxazolidinone compound (S)-N-((3-(3-fluoro-4-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) phenyl)-2-oxooxazolidin-5-yl) methyl) acetamide phosphate as a novel antimicrobial agent with enhanced safety profile and efficacies[J]. J Med Chem, 2015, 58: 6389-6409., articleTitle=Discovery of a teraryl oxazolidinone compound (S)-N-((3-(3-fluoro-4-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) phenyl)-2-oxooxazolidin-5-yl) methyl) acetamide phosphate as a novel antimicrobial agent with enhanced safety profile and efficacies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517398034191277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=158, issue=null, pageStart=247, pageEnd=258, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=Eur J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu Y, Ding X, Ding L, et al. Synthesis and antibacterial activity evaluation of novel biaryloxazolidinone analogues containing a hydrazone moiety as promising antibacterial agents[J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2018, 158: 247-258., articleTitle=Synthesis and antibacterial activity evaluation of novel biaryloxazolidinone analogues containing a hydrazone moiety as promising antibacterial agents, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517398109688750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=185, issue=null, pageStart=111781, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=Eur J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu Y, Ding X, Yang Y, et al. Optimization of biaryloxazolidinone as promising antibacterial agents against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant gram-positive bacteria[J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2020, 185: 111781., articleTitle=Optimization of biaryloxazolidinone as promising antibacterial agents against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant gram-positive bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517398176797615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=50, issue=null, pageStart=101, pageEnd=110, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=Curr Opin Chem Biol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Krajnc A, Lang PA, Panduwawala TD, et al. Will morphing boron-based inhibitors beat the β-lactamases?[J]. Curr Opin Chem Biol, 2019, 50: 101-110., articleTitle=Will morphing boron-based inhibitors beat the β-lactamases?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517398243906480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=195, issue=null, pageStart=112270, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=Eur J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Plescia J, Moitessier N. Design and discovery of boronic acid drugs[J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2020, 195: 112270., articleTitle=Design and discovery of boronic acid drugs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517398336181169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=179, issue=null, pageStart=791, pageEnd=804, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=Eur J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fernandes GFS, Denny WA, Dos Santos JL. Boron in drug design: recent advances in the development of new therapeutic agents[J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2019, 179: 791-804., articleTitle=Boron in drug design: recent advances in the development of new therapeutic agents, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517398415872946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=112, issue=null, pageStart=4156, pageEnd=4220, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=Chem Rev, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Smoum R, Rubinstein A, Dembitsky VM, et al. Boron containing compounds as protease inhibitors[J]. Chem Rev, 2012, 112: 4156-4220., articleTitle=Boron containing compounds as protease inhibitors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517398478787507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=211, issue=null, pageStart=113002, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=Eur J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cruz CD, Wrigstedt P, Moslova K, et al. Installation of an aryl boronic acid function into the external section of N-aryl-oxazolidinones: synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation[J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2021, 211: 113002., articleTitle=Installation of an aryl boronic acid function into the external section of N-aryl-oxazolidinones: synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517398562673588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=4213, pageEnd=4216, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=Bioorg Med Chem Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gordeev MF, Hackbarth C, Barbachyn MR, et al. Novel oxazolidinone-quinolone hybrid antimicrobials[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2003, 13: 4213-4216., articleTitle=Novel oxazolidinone-quinolone hybrid antimicrobials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517398629782453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=4229, pageEnd=4233, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=Bioorg Med Chem Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hubschwerlen C, Specklin JL, Baeschlin DK, et al. Structure-activity relationship in the oxazolidinone-quinolone hybrid series: influence of the central spacer on the antibacterial activity and the mode of action[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2003, 13: 4229-4233., articleTitle=Structure-activity relationship in the oxazolidinone-quinolone hybrid series: influence of the central spacer on the antibacterial activity and the mode of action, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517398688502710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=46, issue=null, pageStart=284, pageEnd=302, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Barbachyn MR, Cleek GJ, Dolak LA, et al. Identification of phenylisoxazolines as novel and viable antibacterial agents active against Gram-positive pathogens[J]. J Med Chem, 2003, 46: 284-302., articleTitle=Identification of phenylisoxazolines as novel and viable antibacterial agents active against Gram-positive pathogens, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517398751417271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=4179, pageEnd=4186, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=Bioorg Med Chem Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gravestock MB, Acton DG, Betts MJ, et al. New classes of antibacterial oxazolidinones with C-5, methylene O-linked heterocyclic side chains[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2003, 13: 4179-4186., articleTitle=New classes of antibacterial oxazolidinones with C-5, methylene O-linked heterocyclic side chains, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517398831109048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=10, issue=null, pageStart=247, pageEnd=254, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=Clin Microbiol Infect, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wookey A, Turner P, Greenhalgh J, et al. AZD2563, a novel oxazolidinone: definition of antibacterial spectrum, assessment of bactericidal potential and the impact of miscellaneous factors on activity in vitro[J]. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2004, 10: 247-254., articleTitle=AZD2563, a novel oxazolidinone: definition of antibacterial spectrum, assessment of bactericidal potential and the impact of miscellaneous factors on activity in vitro, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517398931772345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=48, issue=null, pageStart=499, pageEnd=506, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Reck F, Zhou F, Girardot M, et al. Identification of 4-substituted 1, 2, 3-triazoles as novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents with reduced activity against monoamine oxidase A[J]. J Med Chem, 2005, 48: 499-506., articleTitle=Identification of 4-substituted 1, 2, 3-triazoles as novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents with reduced activity against monoamine oxidase A, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517399049212858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=42, issue=null, pageStart=1137, pageEnd=1143, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=Eur J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fan H, Xu G, Chen Y, et al. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of oxazolidinones containing triazolyl group[J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2007, 42: 1137-1143., articleTitle=Synthesis and antibacterial activity of oxazolidinones containing triazolyl group, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517399154070459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=42, issue=null, pageStart=214, pageEnd=225, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=Eur J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Phillips OA, Udo EE, Ali AA, et al. Structure-antibacterial activity of arylcarbonyl-and arylsulfonyl-piperazine 5-triazolylmethyl oxazolidinones[J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2007, 42: 214-225., articleTitle=Structure-antibacterial activity of arylcarbonyl-and arylsulfonyl-piperazine 5-triazolylmethyl oxazolidinones, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517399225373628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=4, issue=null, pageStart=1074, pageEnd=1078, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=ACS Med Chem Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Suzuki H, Utsunomiya I, Shudo K, et al. Potent oxazolidinone antibacterials with heteroaromatic C-ring substructure[J]. ACS Med Chem Lett, 2013, 4: 1074-1078., articleTitle=Potent oxazolidinone antibacterials with heteroaromatic C-ring substructure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517399296676797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=45, issue=null, pageStart=3953, pageEnd=3962, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Selvakumar N, Srinivas D, Khera MK, et al. Synthesis of conformationally constrained analogues of linezolid: structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on selected novel tricyclic oxazolidinones[J]. J Med Chem, 2002, 45: 3953-3962., articleTitle=Synthesis of conformationally constrained analogues of linezolid: structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on selected novel tricyclic oxazolidinones, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517399367979966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=1231, pageEnd=1236, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=Bioorg Med Chem Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gleave DM, Brickner SJ, Manninen PR, et al. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of [6, 5, 5] and [6, 6, 5] tricyclic fused oxazolidinones[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 1998, 8: 1231-1236., articleTitle=Synthesis and antibacterial activity of [6, 5, 5] and [6, 6, 5] tricyclic fused oxazolidinones, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517399426700223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=54, issue=null, pageStart=7493, pageEnd=7502, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xin Q, Fan H, Guo B, et al. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of highly potent novel benzoxazinyl-oxazolidinone antibacterial agents[J]. J Med Chem, 2011, 54: 7493-7502., articleTitle=Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of highly potent novel benzoxazinyl-oxazolidinone antibacterial agents, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517400655631296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=50, issue=null, pageStart=4868, pageEnd=4881, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Reck F, Zhou F, Eyermann CJ, et al. Novel substituted (pyridin-3-yl) phenyloxazolidinones: antibacterial agents with reduced activity against monoamine oxidase A and increased solubility[J]. J Med Chem, 2007, 50: 4868-4881., articleTitle=Novel substituted (pyridin-3-yl) phenyloxazolidinones: antibacterial agents with reduced activity against monoamine oxidase A and increased solubility, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517400739517377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=5909, pageEnd=5915, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=Bioorg Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jo YW, Im WB, Rhee JK, et al. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of oxazolidinones containing pyridine substituted with heteroaromatic ring[J]. Bioorg Med Chem, 2004, 12: 5909-5915., articleTitle=Synthesis and antibacterial activity of oxazolidinones containing pyridine substituted with heteroaromatic ring, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517400794043330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=56, issue=null, pageStart=2642, pageEnd=2650, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[67], rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo B, Fan H, Xin Q, et al. Solubility-driven optimization of (pyridin-3-yl) benzoxazinyl-oxazolidinones leading to a promising antibacterial agent[J]. J Med Chem, 2013, 56: 2642-2650., articleTitle=Solubility-driven optimization of (pyridin-3-yl) benzoxazinyl-oxazolidinones leading to a promising antibacterial agent, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517400856957891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=533, pageEnd=537, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=ACS Med Chem Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao H, Lu Y, Sheng L, et al. Discovery of fluorine-containing benzoxazinyl-oxazolidinones for the treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis[J]. ACS Med Chem Lett, 2017, 8: 533-537., articleTitle=Discovery of fluorine-containing benzoxazinyl-oxazolidinones for the treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517400940843972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=63, issue=null, pageStart=9316, pageEnd=9339, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao H, Wang B, Fu L, et al. Discovery of a conformationally constrained oxazolidinone with improved safety and efficacy profiles for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis[J]. J Med Chem, 2020, 63: 9316-9339., articleTitle=Discovery of a conformationally constrained oxazolidinone with improved safety and efficacy profiles for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517400999564229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=64, issue=null, pageStart=3234, pageEnd=3248, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=J Med Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu Y, Wang B, Lu H, et al. Identification of novel tricyclic benzo [1, 3] oxazinyloxazolidinones as potent antibacterial agents with excellent pharmacokinetic profiles against drug-resistant pathogens[J]. J Med Chem, 2021, 64: 3234-3248., articleTitle=Identification of novel tricyclic benzo [1, 3] oxazinyloxazolidinones as potent antibacterial agents with excellent pharmacokinetic profiles against drug-resistant pathogens, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210517391558185849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, awardId=2021-I2M-1-069, language=CN, fundingSource=中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-069), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210517379889631719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517379906408937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, companyId=1210517379889631719, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210517379914797546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, companyId=1210517379889631719, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210517384008438451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AMjcGzQMs00Jt+dBbRjS8w==, figureFileBig=4CTz77fp3dp7KoSM/HuLdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517384083935930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Chemical structures of DuP105, DuP721, eperezolid and the SAR of linezolid , figureFileSmall=AMjcGzQMs00Jt+dBbRjS8w==, figureFileBig=4CTz77fp3dp7KoSM/HuLdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517384323011268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PERivKYncH3nAKskd4qmVw==, figureFileBig=J95Y5VeuMQx9Aa/A+XC6/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517384453034698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Chemical structure of tedizolid phosphate , figureFileSmall=PERivKYncH3nAKskd4qmVw==, figureFileBig=J95Y5VeuMQx9Aa/A+XC6/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517384557892301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=a/C9hyvfsB4gyGYwusqBag==, figureFileBig=w4nEkOdXlXeb/1RdMU6OJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517384654361299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Chemical structures of contezolid and contezolid acefosamil , figureFileSmall=a/C9hyvfsB4gyGYwusqBag==, figureFileBig=w4nEkOdXlXeb/1RdMU6OJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517384767607508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QcPCIg/64GIMau88LCI71g==, figureFileBig=5wPOpEtqXMFZz44rJeBHAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517384872465115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Chemical structure of cadazolid , figureFileSmall=QcPCIg/64GIMau88LCI71g==, figureFileBig=5wPOpEtqXMFZz44rJeBHAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517384977322719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bKcaZ0VE3LZyYd75ZMJKxw==, figureFileBig=EWRgWBK5n/lo5y6jRIahng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517385086374627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Chemical structures of sutezolid, PNU-101603 and PNU-101244 , figureFileSmall=bKcaZ0VE3LZyYd75ZMJKxw==, figureFileBig=EWRgWBK5n/lo5y6jRIahng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517385174455015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=p3vIaaR2TYzegkEtV0AksA==, figureFileBig=yNeXxHU6d+73OGZmqeL02Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517385275118317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Chemical structure of delpazolid , figureFileSmall=p3vIaaR2TYzegkEtV0AksA==, figureFileBig=yNeXxHU6d+73OGZmqeL02Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517385354810096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Zttnme+/ePQK6tJkS7JuWA==, figureFileBig=h+njz5xAxmzCqzymXP3zpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517385426113267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Chemical structure of radezolid , figureFileSmall=Zttnme+/ePQK6tJkS7JuWA==, figureFileBig=h+njz5xAxmzCqzymXP3zpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517385497416439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6EFSuVW9fIZO18KUBa9bbw==, figureFileBig=qmx1yIv6ev9IKBPS8N9IUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517385581302523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Chemical structure of TBI-223 , figureFileSmall=6EFSuVW9fIZO18KUBa9bbw==, figureFileBig=qmx1yIv6ev9IKBPS8N9IUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517385644217087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3mP5AFkgSG8fiyOnVRCtTw==, figureFileBig=duYY2+bSUpxAa4i9ntzlWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517385744880387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>1</strong>-<strong>6</strong> , figureFileSmall=3mP5AFkgSG8fiyOnVRCtTw==, figureFileBig=duYY2+bSUpxAa4i9ntzlWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517385858126604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gQhUOC9yUdQpV18bZH+cQw==, figureFileBig=+gBzaZUtuWgGzndZbyODMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517387095446287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 10, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>7</strong>-<strong>12</strong> , figureFileSmall=gQhUOC9yUdQpV18bZH+cQw==, figureFileBig=+gBzaZUtuWgGzndZbyODMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517387246441238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Zw0Cm4bjCCh88wFpUmN1jQ==, figureFileBig=PTcAVuKfu5++igJgcOzt/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517387372270362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 11, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>13</strong>, <strong>14</strong> , figureFileSmall=Zw0Cm4bjCCh88wFpUmN1jQ==, figureFileBig=PTcAVuKfu5++igJgcOzt/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517387485516574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fEaTStXC24OEZ41CRVZovA==, figureFileBig=TQ9Z4+qW/OgwbjyO8V9KYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517387607151394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 12, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>15</strong>-<strong>19</strong> , figureFileSmall=fEaTStXC24OEZ41CRVZovA==, figureFileBig=TQ9Z4+qW/OgwbjyO8V9KYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517387699426085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Soq4jy7vijsrSNOEUA1TFg==, figureFileBig=QhrsQyNKmzeTndV+Lr+tLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517387808477994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 13, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>20</strong>, <strong>21</strong> , figureFileSmall=Soq4jy7vijsrSNOEUA1TFg==, figureFileBig=QhrsQyNKmzeTndV+Lr+tLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517387963667246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=O1hg5C6rj+NCeogTvyBhYA==, figureFileBig=lfewO2Er1cyOK/Tz6Kq2YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517388072719151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 14, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>22a</strong>-<strong>22f</strong> , figureFileSmall=O1hg5C6rj+NCeogTvyBhYA==, figureFileBig=lfewO2Er1cyOK/Tz6Kq2YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517388202742578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qmH7lKJ36W6ssKonqYLfqQ==, figureFileBig=dnNyflS52vCgM0ygzvnZBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517388295017270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 15, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>23a</strong>-<strong>23d</strong> , figureFileSmall=qmH7lKJ36W6ssKonqYLfqQ==, figureFileBig=dnNyflS52vCgM0ygzvnZBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517388395680569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UmDAittHM381pn4VA+MuYQ==, figureFileBig=tPtEA3xOpCyQMBVP4ouJ8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517388513121086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 16, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>24</strong>-<strong>26</strong> , figureFileSmall=UmDAittHM381pn4VA+MuYQ==, figureFileBig=tPtEA3xOpCyQMBVP4ouJ8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517388592812867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nI5hyz+oezwIlnH3A7Pv9A==, figureFileBig=PYix/XOwAOzbRi8r6r73ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517388768973640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 17, caption= Chemical structure of <strong>27a</strong>-<strong>27l</strong> , figureFileSmall=nI5hyz+oezwIlnH3A7Pv9A==, figureFileBig=PYix/XOwAOzbRi8r6r73ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517388848665419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=n8XdOcsLzf0MtUUz5NPOnA==, figureFileBig=AJL4OIFIk2Xof9G9ViPtVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517388957717327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 18, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>28</strong>, <strong>29</strong> , figureFileSmall=n8XdOcsLzf0MtUUz5NPOnA==, figureFileBig=AJL4OIFIk2Xof9G9ViPtVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517389054186322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Sc7SpVu+LFCUv9nBPaG8og==, figureFileBig=I8MK4kfA9drcYY30Bd+NXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517389142266710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 19, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>30</strong>, <strong>31</strong> , figureFileSmall=Sc7SpVu+LFCUv9nBPaG8og==, figureFileBig=I8MK4kfA9drcYY30Bd+NXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517389259707223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=83Ky4XDj7KlQgRxhskVoYw==, figureFileBig=WO2s1fSyBOxRL1yv91TEQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517389343593306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 20, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>32</strong>-<strong>34</strong> , figureFileSmall=83Ky4XDj7KlQgRxhskVoYw==, figureFileBig=WO2s1fSyBOxRL1yv91TEQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517389427479389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Y83jhN/ucNBTS/bUFhXaHA==, figureFileBig=2gY4MMnYBt7IuTetHUhx5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517389511365471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 21, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>35</strong>, <strong>36</strong> , figureFileSmall=Y83jhN/ucNBTS/bUFhXaHA==, figureFileBig=2gY4MMnYBt7IuTetHUhx5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517389599445858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rkq0wxdccCMVa/0N1Gtwpg==, figureFileBig=EETiQDCJYCZRJSBbgVGSuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517389666554725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 22, caption= Chemical structure of <strong>37</strong> , figureFileSmall=rkq0wxdccCMVa/0N1Gtwpg==, figureFileBig=EETiQDCJYCZRJSBbgVGSuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517389758829414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3Fft0p/BMRZPyxriVR2xqw==, figureFileBig=2KowHUhUvRPNYZWAdMlatQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517389830132586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 23, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>38</strong>-<strong>40</strong> , figureFileSmall=3Fft0p/BMRZPyxriVR2xqw==, figureFileBig=2KowHUhUvRPNYZWAdMlatQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517389918212970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0NHbliz1hw6Qn869Rp2lvQ==, figureFileBig=SwF8QyiDukuxUBL3KvSthw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517389997904749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 24, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>41</strong>-<strong>44</strong> , figureFileSmall=0NHbliz1hw6Qn869Rp2lvQ==, figureFileBig=SwF8QyiDukuxUBL3KvSthw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517390085985136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IFioPzEtX5EwXm3yqwKdyw==, figureFileBig=AQntNB1fy+hMb4JzixW29Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517390174065522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Figure 25, caption= Chemical structures of <strong>45</strong>-<strong>47</strong> , figureFileSmall=IFioPzEtX5EwXm3yqwKdyw==, figureFileBig=AQntNB1fy+hMb4JzixW29Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517390232785780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundR&D company/instituteResearch status
LinezolidPharmacia & UpjohnMarketed
Tedizolid phosphateCubist & BayerMarketed
ContezolidMicuRxMarketed
Contezolid acefosamilMicuRxPhase II
CadazolidActelionPhase III (discontinue)
SutezolidPfizerPhase II
DelpazolidLegochembioPhase II
RadezolidMelinta TherapeuticsPhase II
TBI-223Tb Alliance/ Institute of Material MedicaPhase I
OTB-658Institute of Material MedicaPhase I
), ArticleFig(id=1210517390304088950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517370922209323, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Marketed and clinical trial drugs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundR&D company/instituteResearch status
LinezolidPharmacia & UpjohnMarketed
Tedizolid phosphateCubist & BayerMarketed
ContezolidMicuRxMarketed
Contezolid acefosamilMicuRxPhase II
CadazolidActelionPhase III (discontinue)
SutezolidPfizerPhase II
DelpazolidLegochembioPhase II
RadezolidMelinta TherapeuticsPhase II
TBI-223Tb Alliance/ Institute of Material MedicaPhase I
OTB-658Institute of Material MedicaPhase I
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1761643429151, updatedTime=1761735768113, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=A, firstLetterEn=A, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=Life Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, picEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190369346338783397, language=CN, name=药学学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735768160, updatedTime=1761735768160, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190369346376532134, language=EN, name=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735768169, updatedTime=1761735768169, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/journalx_yxxb/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189982191388893191, websiteList=[Website(id=1189982271588340489, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761643482348, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643498101, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=药学学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982873114448678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643625763, updateTime=1761643625763, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873093477155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643625758, updateTime=1761643625758, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873135420201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625768, updateTime=1761643625768, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873085088546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643625756, updateTime=1761643625756, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873152197419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625772, updateTime=1761643625772, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873110254373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761643625762, updateTime=1761643625762, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873143808810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643625770, updateTime=1761643625770, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873101865764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761643625760, updateTime=1761643625760, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873122837287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643625765, updateTime=1761643625765, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982873127031592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271588340489, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643625766, updateTime=1761643625766, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189982271655449355, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189982191388893191, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761643482364, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761643514085, updateBy=18614031015, name=药学学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189982903015633534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761643632892, updateTime=1761643632892, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902990467707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761643632886, updateTime=1761643632886, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903036605057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632897, updateTime=1761643632897, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902982079098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=w+t2v8bJnX5lh3+hRRJcDA==, createTime=1761643632884, updateTime=1761643632884, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903053382275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632901, updateTime=1761643632901, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903007244925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761643632890, updateTime=1761643632890, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903044993666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761643632899, updateTime=1761643632899, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982902998856316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761643632888, updateTime=1761643632888, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903019827839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761643632893, updateTime=1761643632893, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189982903028216448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189982271655449355, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761643632895, updateTime=1761643632895, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=药学学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.yxxb.com.cn/aps, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, journalPhotoCn=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPhotoEn=c4l1ckL55nWbhl1KrFdWIA==, journalFirstLetter=A, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0685, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0685, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0685, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/EN/PDF/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0685, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
噁唑烷酮类抗菌药物研究进展
收藏切换
PDF下载
胡宇华 , 赵欣彤 , 李天磊 , 吴松 , 张文轩 *
药学学报 | 综述 2022,57(11): 3276-3291
收起
收藏切换
药学学报 | 综述 2022, 57(11): 3276-3291
噁唑烷酮类抗菌药物研究进展
全屏
胡宇华, 赵欣彤, 李天磊, 吴松, 张文轩*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*张文轩, Tel: 86-10-83163542, E-mail:
Research progress of oxazolidinone antibiotics
Yu-hua HU, Xin-tong ZHAO, Tian-lei LI, Song WU, Wen-xuan ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2022-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0685
文章导航
收藏切换

利奈唑胺是第一个由FDA批准上市的噁唑烷酮类抗菌药, 能有效地治疗各类革兰阳性菌感染, 适应症包括血液感染、皮肤及软组织感染、社区及医院获得性肺炎等, 已逐渐成为临床上常用的抗菌药物之一。除了随后上市的磷酸泰地唑胺(tedizolid phosphate, TR701) 和康泰唑胺(contezolid, MRX-I), 目前还有多个噁唑烷酮类抗感染候选药物处于临床研究。本文对已上市和处于临床试验的噁唑烷酮抗菌药物做了简要的介绍, 并对近期噁唑烷酮类药物的结构优化研究进展进行了总结。

抗耐药菌感染  /  噁唑烷酮类抗菌药  /  结构优化  /  构效关系  /  成药性评价

Linezolid is the first oxazolidinone antibacterial drug approved by the FDA, which can effectively treat various gram-positive bacterial infections, including blood infections, skin and soft tissue infections, community and hospital-acquired pneumonia. It has become one of the most commonly used antibiotics in clinical. In addition to the recently launched tedizolid phosphate (TR701) and contezolid (MRX-I), several oxazolidinone anti-infective candidates are currently under clinical research. This review briefly introduces the oxazolidinone antibiotics that have been marketed and are in clinical trials, and recent progress on the structure optimization of oxazolidinone drugs is also summarized.

resistant bacterial infection  /  oxazolidinone antibiotics  /  structural optimization  /  structure-activity relationship  /  druggability evaluation
胡宇华, 赵欣彤, 李天磊, 吴松, 张文轩. 噁唑烷酮类抗菌药物研究进展. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (11) : 3276 -3291 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0685
Yu-hua HU, Xin-tong ZHAO, Tian-lei LI, Song WU, Wen-xuan ZHANG. Research progress of oxazolidinone antibiotics[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (11) : 3276 -3291 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0685
1942年青霉素开始使用后极大地降低了因为细菌感染造成的死亡率, 显著延长了人类的寿命, 这无疑是20世纪最伟大的医学突破之一[1]。20世纪50、60年代是抗生素发展的黄金时代, 但随着抗生素在临床的长期使用和人类对抗生素的滥用, 细菌耐药性的问题日益严重[2]。2015年, WHO将微生物耐药问题定为全球公共卫生危机, 其中耐甲氧西林的金葡菌(MRSA) 和表皮葡菌(MRSE)、耐青霉素的肺炎链球菌(PRSP) 和耐万古霉素的肠球菌(VRE) 尤其严重。为了应对上述问题, 除了合理使用抗生素药物以外, 研究开发新型抗生素也迫在眉睫。
2000年, 利奈唑胺作为第一个全合成的噁唑烷酮类抗菌药上市, 能有效地治疗各类革兰阳性菌感染(MRSA、MRSE、PRSP、VRE等), 已逐渐成为临床上常用的抗菌药物之一。利奈唑胺作用于细菌核糖体50S亚基的23S rRNA上, 能抑制甲酰甲硫氨酰tRNA (tRNAfMet) 与核糖体肽基转移酶中心P位点(PTC) 的结合, 阻止tRNAfMet、核糖体和mRNA三元复合物的形成, 从而抑制细菌70S起始复合物的形成[3]。但临床上已经出现对利奈唑胺耐药的菌株, 如金葡菌(LRSA) 和屎肠球菌(LREFA)[4, 5], 且利奈唑胺的使用会对人体产生潜在的血液和骨髓毒性作用, 因此还需要继续对其结构进行优化, 寻找新型的噁唑烷酮类抗菌药物。
目前已有几篇综述总结了利奈唑胺及其衍生物的研究进展[6-8], 本文在此基础上进一步介绍了目前已上市和在研的噁唑烷酮药物, 并总结了近期研究者对利奈唑胺的结构优化和构效关系研究, 希望对药物化学家们的后续改造工作有所参考和帮助。
目前已上市和正在临床试验的噁唑烷酮药物见表 1
1978年, 首类噁唑烷酮类抗菌化合物由Dupont公司发现并报道[9], 随后又报道了一类C5侧链为羟甲基的噁唑烷酮化合物(S-6123)[10, 11], 而后Dupont公司将乙酰胺替换羟甲基, 设计合成了Dup105和721, 但最终因其安全性问题而停止了研究[12]。Pharmacia & Upjohn公司继续对噁唑烷酮类抗菌药进行研究发现了eperezolid (PNU-100592) 和利奈唑胺, 二者活性相当, 但利奈唑胺的清除率(10.5 vs 24.9 mL·kg·min-1) 和生物利用度(100% vs 56%)表现更为优异, 因此最终选择了利奈唑胺[13]
利奈唑胺对典型的MSSA (甲氧西林敏感的金葡菌)、MRSA及其他常见革兰阳性菌的MIC为1~4 μg·mL-1, 血浆蛋白结合率为31%, 利奈唑胺的给药方案为口服或静脉注射, 常见给药剂量为600 mg, 口服剂量为每12 h一次, 每次600 mg, 口服后1~2 h到达Cmax, Cmax为12.7 μg·mL-1, 半衰期为5.4 h[14]。常见的不良反应为头痛、恶心和腹泻, 在超过28天的治疗时, 可能会出现相关的骨髓抑制作用, 包括贫血、血小板减少和白细胞减少, 因此在治疗时应每周监测血细胞参数变化。同时, 利奈唑胺还是可逆的单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOI), 可能存在血清素毒性, 因此在服用5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂时应谨慎使用, 其他不良反应还包括乳酸性酸中毒[15-17]。利奈唑胺的结构可分为N-乙基乙酰胺(C5侧链)、噁唑环(A环)、氟代苯环(B环) 和吗啉环(C环), 构效关系[6, 18-20]图 1所示。
磷酸泰地唑胺(图 2) 是由Cubist和Bayer公司联合研发, 于2014年批准上市的第二代噁唑烷酮类抗菌药, 适应症为敏感性细菌引起的急性细菌性皮肤和皮肤结构感染(ABSSSI)[21]。与利奈唑胺相比, 除同样拥有广谱的抗革兰阳性菌活性外[22], 磷酸泰地唑胺对MRSA、MRSE的MIC50和MIC90为0.12 μg·mL-1, 对其他阳性菌如万古霉素耐药的金葡菌(VRSA)、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、肺炎链球菌的MIC均小于0.25 μg·mL-1。磷酸泰地唑胺的生物利用度为91%, 半衰期长达12 h, 每日仅需给药一次, 一次200 mg[23], 在临床III期与利奈唑胺的随机对照试验中, 研究结果显示无论服药时间为短期(6天) 或中长期(大于14天), 磷酸泰地唑胺的胃肠道不良反应和骨髓毒性发生率均较低, 对患有慢性肾病的患者毒性比利奈唑胺低[24, 25]。利奈唑胺在IC50下对单胺氧化酶A和B (MAO-A/B) 的抑制浓度分别是46和2.1 μmol·L-1, 磷酸泰地唑胺分别是8.7和5.7 μmol·L-1, 人和动物实验数据未揭示潜在的MAO相互作用[26]。磷酸泰地唑胺作为泰地唑胺的前药有效地改善了水溶性并保持了对含cfr (chloramphenicol-florfenicol resistance) 耐药基因的葡球菌的抗菌活性, 同时C环位置的双芳环增强了与PTC的相互作用, 因此有效地提高了活性[27]
康泰唑胺(图 3) 是由上海MicuRx公司开发的用于治疗多重耐药的革兰阳性菌(MRSA、PRSP和VRE) 感染的抗菌药。2021年6月, 国家药品监督管理总局(NMPA) 批准了康泰唑胺的新药上市申请(CXHS1900044), 适应症为复杂性皮肤软组织感染(CSSTI), 推荐剂量为每次800 mg, 12 h一次。2022年5月, MicuRx公司在美国开展了对康泰唑胺的临床III期试验, 适应症为糖尿病足溃疡(NCT05369052)。康泰唑胺对MRSA (菌株数n = 208)、MSSA (n = 398)、肠球菌(n = 103)、链球菌(n = 201) 的MIC90为1 μg·mL-1 [28]。在临床III期对CSSTI开展的治疗周期为7~14天的随机双盲试验中, 康泰唑胺800 mg剂量的效果与600 mg的利奈唑胺相似[29]。康泰唑胺对体外MAO-A和MAO-B的IC50分别为117.1和52.0 μmol·L-1, 这是阳性对照利奈唑胺的2倍和约148倍, 其对骨髓抑制的IC50为15.7 μg·mL-1, 利奈唑胺为7.9 μg·mL-1, 这显著地降低了不良反应[30]。Contezolid acefosamil (MRX-4) 是康泰唑胺的前药, 有效地改善了水溶性, 这为静脉注射提供了基础。在动物模型实验中, 高于治疗剂量(40、80和120 mg·kg-1) 的MRX-4组未观察到神经毒性和动脉压显著升高的现象, 利奈唑胺对照组则出现了相关的毒性, 说明MRX-4能有效降低MAO抑制引起的5-羟色胺神经毒性[30]。2019年3月已完成临床II期试验(NCT03747497), 适应症为ABSSSI。共有196名ABSSSI患者(MRX-4组为131人, 利奈唑胺组65人, 比例2∶1) 参与了临床II期的随机、双盲试验, 患者在静脉注射至少3次后开始口服, 治疗周期为10~14天, 研究结果表明MRX-4对MRSA感染患者的治疗效果与利奈唑胺相当。两组之间出现的不良反应发生率相似, 恶心呕吐最为常见, 大多为轻度或中度。MRX-4组的中性粒细胞低于正常下限值和显著异常的比例分别为3.7%和0%, 利奈唑胺组为7.4%和3.7%; MRX-4组的血小板低于正常下限值和显著异常为7.6%和2.5%, 利奈唑胺为12.1%和5.2%, 这表明MRX-4安全性较高。
卡达唑胺是瑞典Actelion公司研发的治疗艰难梭菌的新型噁唑烷酮嵌合氟喹诺酮的抗菌候选药物(图 4), 于2018年5月终止了临床III期研究。卡达唑胺的作用机制与利奈唑胺一致, 对DNA合成的抑制作用较弱[31]。卡达唑胺对艰难梭菌(对利奈唑胺耐药和氟喹诺酮耐药的菌株) 的MIC低至0.125~0.5 μg·mL-1, 万古霉素和甲硝唑分别为0.5~4和0.06~2 μg·mL-1。在时间杀菌动力学实验中, 卡达唑胺在24 h内能杀死99.9%的细菌, 强于万古霉素, 在艰难梭菌感染的小鼠模型中, 卡达唑胺能完全治愈腹泻, 与万古霉素效果相似[32]。IMPACT试验是多中心、双盲、安慰剂对照、非劣效性、随机的临床III期试验, 卡达唑胺开展了IMPACT 1 (NCT01987895) 和IMPACT 2 (NCT01983683) 的相关试验。1 263名患者在治疗周期内(10天) 每日服用卡达唑胺250 mg, 每日两次, 或万古霉素125 mg, 每日4次。研究结果表明卡达唑胺和万古霉素的安全性和耐受性相似。IMPACT 1的意向治疗原则统计结果显示卡达唑胺组和万古霉素组的治愈率分别为84%和85%, IMPACT 2显示为81%和86%, 符合方案原则统计的IMPACT 1结果为88%/92%、IMPACT 2为87%/92%。由于没有达到临床III期的非劣效性评价的治疗终点, 因此该公司没有继续对卡达唑胺进行开发[33]
Sutezolid (图 5) 是由辉瑞和Sequella公司共同研发的一类治疗肺结核和结核分枝杆菌感染的噁唑烷酮抗菌药, 2011年12月在南非完成了结核分枝杆菌适应症的临床II期试验(NCT01225640), 2021年5月启动了肺结核适应症的临床II期试验(NCT03959566), 预计2022年8月完成。Sutezolid对结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的MIC低于0.125 μg·mL-1, 阳性对照异烟肼为0.2 μg·mL-1, 对耐药(异烟肼、链霉素、利福平、乙胺丁醇和乙硫异烟胺) 型结核分枝杆菌的MIC低于0.5 μg·mL-1 [34]。研究发现sutezolid的其中一种代谢物(PNU-101603) 是细胞外抗结核作用的主要成分, 细胞内则是sutezolid起主要作用[35]。在气溶胶感染结核分枝杆菌H37Rv小鼠模型中, 使用sutezolid/利奈唑胺与一线抗结核病治疗药(利福平、异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺) 的联用方案两个月的结果表明, 添加了sutezolid的实验组的CFU相较于阳性对照(单独给药的一线抗结核药) 降低了两个数量级, 能缩短对敏感型或耐药型的结核分枝杆菌感染的治疗时间, 而利奈唑胺对一线抗结核药产生了拮抗作用[36, 37], 临床II期试验中对肺结核患者的治疗结果表明, 600 mg一日两次或1 200 mg一日一次的剂量均具有良好的安全性和耐受性, 降痰效果能持续整个治疗周期, sutezolid的血浆半衰期仅为4 h, 因此更适合分剂量给药。除此以外, sutezolid表现出优于利奈唑胺的时间依赖型的杀菌效果, 且在14天或28天连续多次给药时, sutezolid的安全性高于利奈唑胺[38]
Delpazolid (图 6) 是韩国Legochembio公司研发的用于治疗葡球菌感染和肺结核的抗菌药, 2017年获得美国FDA孤儿药和传染病治疗认证。2021年10月在南非和坦桑尼亚开展了肺结核适应症的临床II期试验(NCT04550832), 2022年4月在韩国开展了葡球菌感染适应症的临床II期试验(NCT05225558)。研究表明, delpazolid对结核分枝杆菌的MIC为0.5 μg·mL-1, 利奈唑胺是0.25 μg·mL-1, 但是多重耐药结核杆菌(multidrug-resistant TB) 对利奈唑胺耐药的比例远高于delpazolid[39]。Delpazolid的环脒腙结构使其在一定程度上保持疏水性, 且其微碱性让它能够在体内的酸性条件下提高溶解度和改善药动学参数。患者给药3周以上不会出现利奈唑胺类似的骨髓抑制的不良反应。
雷德唑胺(图 7) 是美国Melinta Therapeutics Inc公司研发的治疗皮肤感染和肺炎的药物, 2008年4月完成皮肤感染适应症的临床II期研究(NCT00646958), 2009年4月完成肺炎适应症的临床II期研究(NCT00640926)。雷德唑胺对金葡菌的MIC为1~4 μg·mL-1, 对肺炎链球菌和化脓链球菌的MIC为0.25 μg·mL-1, 值得注意的是雷德唑胺还具有抗革兰阴性菌活性, 对流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌的MIC90分别为1和0.5 μg·mL-1, 远优于利奈唑胺[40], 这可能归因于雷德唑胺的D环可以与PTC空腔结合的更加紧密, 但其PD50值(抗感染药保护50%的动物免于死亡的剂量) 是利奈唑胺的4~5倍, 主要是因为该药物的生物利用度只有40%[41]
TBI-223 (图 8) 是全球结核病药物研发联盟(TB Alliance) 与中国医学科学院药物研究所共同开发的治疗结核病的一类新药, 目前已完成临床I期(NCT03758612)。TBI-223对结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的MIC为0.6~1.2 μg·mL-1 [42], 其在小鼠中口服利用度较高, 半衰期相对较短(3 h), 在大鼠中半衰期为8 h。TBI-223能显著降低对MPS的抑制作用, IC50 > 74 μmol·L-1, 利奈唑胺的IC50为8 μmol·L-1; 在28天大鼠毒性研究中未观察到血液学变化或骨髓毒性, 在14天的比格犬毒性研究中, 以每日一次, 150 mg·kg-1的最高剂量给药测试中未观察到骨髓毒性。
下文对其他在研的噁唑烷酮类药物进行简要总结分析, 主要分为对吗啉环的改造、C5侧链的改造、对吗啉环和C5侧链的同时改造, 以及新型的并环类噁唑烷酮抗菌药。
2000年,Genin等[43]设计合成了一系列C环是吡咯和三唑的噁唑烷酮类化合物(化合物1~6, 图 9), 其中氰基取代的化合物3~5表现最强, 对流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌的MIC为2~4 μg·mL-1, 利奈唑胺仅为16和8 μg·mL-1; 对大多数的革兰阳性菌(如MRSA、表皮葡球菌、肺炎链球菌、粪肠球菌) 的MIC为0.125~1 μg·mL-1, 利奈唑胺为1~4 μg·mL-1, 并且化合物3~5在小鼠体内有效, ED50分别为1.9、1.2和1.9 mg·kg-1。氮杂环的氮原子数目和位置对活性有较大的影响, 可能是电性差异或偶极变化影响了化合物穿过细胞外膜或外排。当吡咯上的取代基为甲酰基、肟、肟醚和氰基(2~3) 时, 化合物均表现较强的活性, 其中最强的是氰基取代, 对以上阳性菌的MIC在0.125~0.5 μg·mL-1; 对于1H-1, 2, 3-三唑和2H-1, 2, 3-三唑取代而言, 同样是氰基取代时活性最强, 即化合物45; 对1H-1, 2, 4三唑而言, 氰基没有带来革兰阳性菌和阴性菌活性的提高, 但意外发现氯取代基即化合物6对革兰阳性菌的活性与利奈唑胺相当, 另外, C环为四唑时活性也基本与利奈唑胺相当。
2005年,Renslo等[44]通过构象限制的策略设计合成了一类氮杂双环[3.1.0]化合物(图 10), 还发现B环为双氟取代的抗菌活性比单氟取代强, 化合物7对金葡菌、表皮葡球菌、肺炎链球菌和粪肠球菌等阳性菌的MIC为1~2 μg·mL-1, 若换为单氟取代则为2~8 μg·mL-1。氮杂双环上为氨基取代的化合物8对以上阳性菌的MIC为0.5~4 μg·mL-1。作者将R替换成不同酰胺取代(9a~9i10a~10d) 并测试了相关的抗菌活性, 其中乙酰胺、磺酰胺和苯酰胺取代的9b~9d对以上革兰阳性菌的活性与化合物8相比有所下降, MIC为1~8 μg·mL-1, 而含甘醇取代基的9e的MIC下降到了16 μg·mL-1, 9f~9i对阳性菌的MIC为1~4 μg·mL-1, 其中9i表现了与化合物8相当的活性。10a~10d对革兰阳性菌的活性与利奈唑胺类似或略高于利奈唑胺。78对流感嗜血杆菌的MIC为4~8 μg·mL-1, 9a~9i则为16~64 μg·mL-1, 10a~10d对流感嗜血杆菌无效, 说明含亲水性的基团比亲脂性的化合物对革兰阴性菌的活性强。作者以化合物7为基础对C5侧链进行改造, 改造后所得化合物1112不仅对阳性菌有较强的活性(MIC为0.5~1 μg·mL-1), 同时对流感嗜血杆菌也有一定的活性(MIC为4 μg·mL-1)。
2015年,Yang等[45]设计合成了一系列C环为双芳香取代的磷酸盐化合物(图 11)。即在C环为吡唑环的基础上继续用芳香环取代, 其中化合物13a表现突出, 对各类MSSA和MRSA菌株的(MSSA ATCC25923、29213、6538、CMCC26003和MRSA ATCC33591、43300) 的MIC为1~2 μg·mL-1, 活性优于阳性对照利奈唑胺(MIC为2 μg·mL-1), 同时他们探究了吡啶与吡唑的连接位点, 发现取代为2-吡啶基时活性最好, 因此作者以13a作为对照化合物, 又设计了吡嗪基、喹喔啉和喹啉基取代的化合物(13b~13d), 其中13b13c表现优异, 对以上阳性菌的MIC为0.5~1 μg·mL-1, 但喹啉取代的13d则几乎无活性(MIC > 32 μg·mL-1)。13a面临着溶解度差的问题, 作者将13a制成磷酸盐后使其在水中的溶解度从0.3 mg·mL-1提高到了47.1 mg·mL-1, 即化合物14。随后该团队对14开展了一系列的药效和安全性评价, 14对MRSA、MSSA、PRSP和VRE的MIC为0.25~2.0 μg·mL-1, 利奈唑胺在28天的治疗期时粒细胞和血小板明显降低, 但化合物14并未观察到此现象, 并且在10、20和40 mg·kg-1剂量下, 服用化合物14的存活率高于相应剂量的利奈唑胺。另外, 化合物14对哺乳动物细胞的CC50大于70 μmol·L-1, 对hERG+ (human ether-a-go-go-related gene) 的IC50大于40 μmol·L-1, 生物利用度高达99.1%。这都表明该化合物成药性潜力较大, 目前正作为候选药物在研究中。
2018年,Wu等[46]结合利福平的腙结构和radezolid的四环结构设计了一类C环为腙连接的双环类噁唑烷酮结构(图 12)。其中15a~15c活性十分优异, 对金葡菌、MRSA、MSSA、利奈唑胺耐药的粪肠球菌(LREF) 和VRE的MIC为0.067 5 μg·mL-1, 该活性是利奈唑胺的15倍, 15d对以上菌株的MIC是0.067 5~0.25 μg·mL-1, 15e的MIC则大于2 μg·mL-1。作者以15d为基础, 探究了哌嗪酰基取代的化合物的活性, 其中16a对以上菌株的MIC是0.25~0.5 μg·mL-1, 在甲酰基旁引入苯环、呋喃甲酰基和不同位置的吡啶基(16b~16f) 后, 发现活性与16a类似, 但活性不及15d; 引入甲氧基取代的苯时, 4位取代活性比2/3位取代均强, MIC为0.125 μg·mL-1, 在4位引入三氟甲基或卤原子时, 大多化合物活性与16a相当, 氯取代活性则与15d相当。为了改善水溶性, 作者引入了羟基甲酰基和氨基甲酰基, 即化合物16l16m, 16l15a活性相当, 但氨基甲酰基取代时则活性下降了2~7.4倍。作者选取15a16l研究了细胞毒性和代谢稳定性, 发现二者对HepG2细胞的IC50值分别是0.82和4.6 μmol·L-1, 而阳性对照利奈唑胺是大于25 μmol·L-1, 这说明它们对肝细胞具有毒副反应, 15a16l在浓度为30 μmol·L-1时对MAO的抑制率与利奈唑胺相当, 维持在70%~90%, 在肝微粒体中代谢程度较为稳定。因此, 尽管这类化合物活性相当优异, 但化合物的毒性仍需要改善, 进一步的优化还在继续。
2019年, Wu等[47]15a进行了代谢研究, 发现C环中的苯环上的一个氢被氧化为羟基(图 1217a), 对该代谢物17a进行活性测定后发现活性十分优异, 其对金葡菌、MRSA、MSSA、LREF和VRE的MIC为0.125 μg·mL-1。在此基础上将哌嗪的氮甲基替换为S后活性保持(化合物17b), 为了改善代谢稳定性, 作者将C环上的羟基替换成氟、三氟甲基或甲氧基(即化合物17c~17e), 但活性下降了2~16倍。17f的活性与17a相比下降了两倍。为了进一步提高活性和改善代谢稳定性, 作者用吡啶环来替换C环的苯环后设计合成了一类化合物, 其中18a18b19活性优异, 对以上菌株的活性与17a相当。作者对化合物17a17b18a18b19测定了细胞毒性, 结果表明这些化合物对HepG2的IC50均大于20 μmol·L-1, 但18b在肝微粒体中不稳定。总体而言, 化合物19综合表现最好, 17a的溶解度为11.9 μg·mL-1, 19提高到了68 μg·mL-1, 更为重要的是, 相比于利奈唑胺, 化合物19在30 μmol·L-1浓度下对MAO抑制率从76%下降到72%。该系列的改造无疑是成功的, 在降低了细胞毒性和MAOI毒不良反应的同时解决了溶解度的问题, 更进一步的药理测定还在进行中。
硼酸类化合物已被证明在新型β-内酰胺酶抑制剂中有重大的发展潜力[48]。硼酸基团被认为可以与基因翻译和蛋白质合成有关的关键酶的活性位点上的二醇残基高特异性结合, 如leucyl-tRNA (亮氨酰-tRNA)[49-51]。2020年, Cruz等[52]首次在噁唑烷酮类化合物中引入了硼酸的药效团, 设计了C5为外消旋的一系列化合物(图 13), 并进行了初步的活性考察。化合物20a~20e对野生型大肠杆菌ATCC25922、变异型大肠杆菌JD17464以及临床相关的革兰阳性菌如对万古霉素耐药的粪肠球菌(VREF) 和VRSA的MIC比利奈唑胺低2~8倍, 前者MIC为0.78~3.13 μmol·L-1, 后者为6.5~12.5 μmol·L-1。随后作者又考察了化合物的手性对活性的影响, 其中21a活性较差, 对以上菌株的MIC普遍大于50 μmol·L-1, 可能是因为线性结构限制了整个噁唑烷酮分子进行自由旋转, 从而导致化合物无法充分地到达核糖体PTC的空腔, 化合物21c对以上菌株的MIC在0.78~50 μmol·L-1, 21b21d21e的MIC在0.39~0.78 μmol·L-1, 这3个化合物对金葡菌和MRSA的MIC为0.78 μmol·L-1, 这是阳性对照化合物利奈唑胺(MIC为6.25 μmol·L-1) 的1/8, 说明当苯硼酸以酯键与C环相连时, 对位时活性远好于间位, 当以酰胺键相连则无明显区别。该作者首次引入了硼酸基团, 这给噁唑烷酮类抗菌药的改造提供了创新性的思路。
2003年,Gordeev等[53]设计了一类喹诺酮并噁唑烷酮的新型结构(图 14), 该类化合物能同时作用于细菌核糖体50S亚基和回旋酶(gyrase)/拓扑异构酶IV (topoisomerase IV)。作者合成了22a~22d并测定了化合物对LRSA和LREF的活性, 其中22a~22c均通过哌嗪作为连接环分别与环丙沙星、氧氟沙星和左氧氟沙星的结构偶联, 其对LRSA和LREF的MIC分别为2~4 μg·mL-1、0.5~4 μg·mL-1; 化合物22d则是喹诺酮的1位直接与噁唑烷酮的B环连接, 但对应的MIC均大于64 μg·mL-1, 这说明喹诺酮与噁唑烷酮的连接方式与活性密切相关。另一方面, 与喹诺酮类化合物的SAR类似, 作为酯的化合物22e/22f活性不如作为酸的22b; 同时, 22b22c相比较而言, 作为S构型的化合物22c对流感嗜血杆菌的活性更强, 这与左氧氟沙星比消旋体活性更强的结论一致。Hubschwerlen等[54]也对噁唑烷酮-喹诺酮偶联物的连接方式做了相关的研究。
2002年, Barbachyn等[55]设计了一类将A环替换成异噁唑啉的有效抗菌剂, 并总结了关于A环和C环改造的相关构效关系(图 15)。首先, C5上的R构型是必须的, 否则会失去抗菌活性; 其次A环需要一个sp2中心和一个带氧的环状结构。化合物23a的C5处的构型为R的时候, 对金葡菌、表皮葡球菌、肺炎链球菌的MIC为0.5~2 μg·mL-1, 这与利奈唑胺相当; 而构型为S时化合物对阳性菌MIC则上升到了16 μg·mL-1, 这几乎失去了活性。另外, 双氟取代的化合物23b比单氟取代的23c活性更强, 单氟取代的时候对以上阳性菌的MIC为1~4 μg·mL-1, 双氟取代为0.5~2 μg·mL-1。对R1进行不同杂环取代替换, 其中, 吡咯烷、吡咯、咪唑取代的23d1-3对以上阳性菌的MIC为1~4 μg·mL-1, 而1, 2, 3-三唑和吡唑的活性则表现较差, MIC在4~16 μg·mL-1。化合物23a~23c的ED50分别是6.0、5.0和9.1 mg·kg-1, 相应的利奈唑胺为6 mg·kg-1
2003年, Gravestock等[56]对C5侧链和C环同时进行了修饰改造(图 16)。24a24b的C环均为二氢吡喃环, C5侧链为乙酰基的24a对MRSA的MIC为0.13 μg·mL-1, 氧代吡啶环的24b的MIC达1 μg·mL-1, 这与利奈唑胺相当。对24b中的吡啶的氮的位置进行变换, 或替换成不同氧代六元杂环取代基后活性都不太令人满意, 但异噁唑取代的化合物24c MIC改善到了0.5 μg·mL-1。尽管24b24c体外活性不错, 但在小鼠体内的清除率过高, 这可能是二氢吡喃环的原因。将异噁唑改造为噻二唑后发现MIC继续降低到了0.25 μg·mL-1, 作者进一步对C环部分进行修饰, 引入了羟基乙酰基(25a) 和二羟基丁酰基(25b) 后, 化合物对MRSA的MIC下降到0.13~0.25 μg·mL-1, 但同样存在清除率高的问题, 因此该团队放弃了对噻二唑类化合物的改造。在上述工作的基础上作者又设计合成了化合物26a~26c, 该系列化合物对金葡菌的活性在0.25~0.5 μg·mL-1内, 说明C5侧链的立体构型和氟原子数目对活性影响不大。Wookey等[57]将化合物26ab (编号AZD5847, posizolid) 作为候选化合物进入临床研究, 但在2015年时因临床II期的有效性和安全性问题而终止了研究。
2005年, Reck等[58]发现C5侧链为1, 2, 3-唑的噁唑烷酮类化合物可以显著降低对MAO的抑制效应。如图 17所示, 27a~27e取代的化合物对MRSA的MIC值普遍在1~2 μg·mL-1, 27f~27h的MIC分别为4、16和2 μg·mL-1。而27i~27l的MIC普遍大于2 μg·mL-1, 其中27i27l大于64 μg·mL-1, 尽管改造后的化合物抗菌活性没有在母体化合物27a (MIC为1 μg·mL-1) 基础上进一步改善, 但是对MAOI不良反应上有一定的改善, 其中Br取代的27e的MAO-A Ki上升到了16 μmol·L-1, 27b27f27h对MAO-A Ki值已经上升到了200 μmol·L-1
2006年, Fan等[59]设计合成了一类C5侧链为三唑, C环为哌嗪环类取代的噁唑烷酮抗菌化合物(图 18)。28a~28e的活性均比利奈唑胺和万古霉素好, 对MSSA的MIC为0.001~0.5 μg·mL-1, 对MRSA的MIC为0.5~2 μg·mL-1, 而利奈唑胺分别为0.125~1和1~2 μg·mL-1, 万古霉素为0.25~0.5和0.5~1 μg·mL-1, 这说明无论是吸电子取代基(28a~28d) 亦或是给电子取代基(28e) 抗菌活性均良好。将28f的苯环替换为2-噻吩(28g) 后活性有所提高, 对MRSA的MIC由1~2下降到了1 μg·mL-1, 说明杂环取代可能对活性有改善效果。作者取活性最为优异的28b28d28e (对MRSA的MIC为0.06~1 μg·mL-1) 继续在小鼠模型上探究药效, 却发现这3个化合物对腹腔感染MRSA的小鼠模型中的ED50均大于100 mg·kg-1, 阳性对照利奈唑胺仅是17.88 mg·kg-1。科威特的Phillips等[60]也设计了一类C5侧链是三唑的化合物, 而C环用哌嗪连接苯酰基的片段进行结构修饰, 如29系列化合物, 它们的活性在利奈唑胺的基础上有了2~4倍的提高, 活性结果显示苯酰基对吸电子或给电子取代基均有良好的耐受程度。
2013年, Suzuki等[61]设计了一类C环部分为咪唑并吡啶和三唑并吡啶的新型结构(图 19), 在体内外活性上相比于利奈唑胺有较大的改善。化合物30a~30f不仅对大多数的革兰阳性菌(金葡菌、粪肠球菌、肺炎链球菌) 的MIC低至0.125~0.5 μg·mL-1, 对LRSA为2~4 μg·mL-1, 而且对阴性菌如卡他莫拉菌和流感嗜血杆菌的MIC为2~4 μg·mL-1, 阳性对照利奈唑胺分别是1~4、32和8~16 μg·mL-1。当考虑到体内活性时, 化合物30a体外活性最强但体内却无活性, 表明药代动力学相关参数较差或该化合物在体内不稳定, 而30f表现十分优异, 在静脉注射和口服时其ED50分别为0.34和0.55 mg·kg-1, 阳性对照利奈唑胺分别为2.13和1.98 mg·kg-1, 其他化合物的体内活性基本与利奈唑胺相当或略好于利奈唑胺。为了进一步提高活性并且降低MAOI的不良反应, Suzuki等[61]参考了Reck等[58]的思路, 用[1, 2, 3]唑对C5侧链进行替换。如图 19中的31a~31d, 体外活性与上述的30a~30f类似, 作者考察了30d30f31b31d的体内安全性, 包括对CYP450和MAO-A、B抑制率, 除化合物30f对MAO-B的抑制率略高于利奈唑胺外(30 μmol·L-1浓度下), 其余化合物的安全性均高于利奈唑胺。其中的30f31d已作为候选药物继续研究中。
生物活性构象在药物发挥药理活性中起重要作用, 构象限制的策略也经常被应用于化合物的结构优化中。2002年, Selvakumar等[62]以此为思路, 通过构象限制合成了一类并环型的噁唑烷酮化合物(图 20), 并进行了关于C5侧链的修饰改造研究。如图所示, 化合物32对金葡菌、粪肠球菌的MIC为4~16 μg·mL-1, 而将C5侧链改造成其他类型的酰胺(33a~33f) 时只能获得低于或与利奈唑胺相当的活性。作者在B环引入氟原子之后得到化合物34a, 发现活性提高到了原来的4倍, 对其进一步的改造中发现化合物的抗菌活性随着乙酰基侧链的碳链延长而下降(34a~34e)。当乙酰胺替换成硫代酰胺时却意外发现活性优异, 并且此时碳链的增长对活性影响不大, 取代基为硫代乙酰基、硫代丙酰基、硫代氨基甲酸甲酯和硫脲的化合物34f~34i对金葡菌和粪肠球菌的MIC为0.5~1 μg·mL-1, 氨基甲酸酯取代的34j也表现出与利奈唑胺相当的活性。但环状的酰亚胺(34k) 失去了活性, 提示C5侧链的NH的氢可能是保持活性所必须的。此处的构象限制思路比较新颖, 对后续研究者的开发思路提供很大的启发。
2011年, 受到Gleave等[63]的启发, Xin等[64]设计了一类苯并噁嗪[1, 4]的噁唑烷酮化合物, 同样达到了构象限制的效果(图 21)。当时已有许多关于在C环引入芳香环可以提高抗菌活性的报道, 受Reck[65]和Jo[66]等的影响, Xin等[64]进一步在C环上引入各类取代基。当X=H时, 六元芳香环取代化合物(35a~35d35f~35h) 对金葡菌、粪肠球菌、MRSA、MRSE和PRSP的MIC在0.25~2 μg·mL-1, 优于利奈唑胺(MIC为1~4 μg·mL-1)。当R1为2-噻吩时, 其MIC上升至1~8 μg·mL-1。另外, 对于35f~35h, 当X为氢取代时比氟原子取代的活性强(MIC为2~8 μg·mL-1); 当X为H时, 对35g的修饰改造发现吡啶上有取代的化合物(35d35e35h) (MIC为0.125~0.5 μg·mL-1) 比无取代(MIC为0.5~2 μg·mL-1) 活性强。
而后该团队又对吡啶上的取代基进行了探索, 发现合成的化合物抗菌活性都十分优异, 对上述革兰阳性菌MIC基本在0.25~1 μg·mL-1, 此处列举了化合物36a~36e
吡啶上的取代基不论是吸电子或供电子基都对活性有所提高, 但换成嘧啶时活性均会下降, 因此吡啶环取代的化合物活性优于苯环和嘧啶环。将35h (3S, 3aS) (X=H) 翻转构型得到非对映异构体(3S, 3aR), 对以上菌株的MIC上升到16 μg·mL-1, 说明(3S, 3aS) 的绝对构型对活性而言是必需的。35h (X=H) 和36e对LRSA、对利奈唑胺耐药的表皮葡球菌(LRSE) 和LREF的抗菌活性(MIC为1~2 μg·mL-1) 是利奈唑胺(MIC为8~16 μg·mL-1) 的8~16倍。35h (X=H) 对金葡菌和MRSA感染小鼠模型的ED50分别是2.5和小于5 mg·kg-1, 这优于阳性对照利奈唑胺(9.5和14.1 mg·kg-1), 进一步的研究还在继续进行。
35h (X=H) 的溶解度小于0.01 mg·mL-1, 可能会导致体内急性毒性, 如尿酸或痛风等。Guo等[67]采用了前药策略和增加极性片段来解决该问题。作者进一步在吡啶环上引入噁唑烷酮取代基, 并将C5侧链的羟基设计成磷酸酯的钠盐, 得到的化合物37 (图 22) 具有活性高、溶解度高、半衰期长和生物利用度高等特点, 对LRSA、LRSE和LREFA的活性是利奈唑胺的4~8倍, 溶解度高达227 mg·mL-1, 在MSSA和MRSA感染动物模型中口服给药的ED50为6.65和5.0 mg·kg-1, 而阳性对照利奈唑胺分别为8.28和9.27 mg·kg-1
2017年, Zhao等[68]对苯并噁嗪[1, 4]类化合物进一步进行结构优化, 引入了AZD5847 (26ab) C环的结构, 重点关注化合物的抗结核活性, 发现了高效低毒的抗结核先导化合物38, 并对从苗头化合物到先导化合物的发现及其构效关系问题进行了详细的探究和总结(图 23)。化合物38对结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的MIC为0.483 μg·mL-1, 与利奈唑胺活性相当(MIC为0.304 μg·mL-1), 若四氢吡啶基上没有羟基或氨基这类极性基团(39a~39c) 或当四氢吡啶基上为大体积的取代基(39d~39e) 时, 则会导致抗结核活性降低10倍。用非手性的2-羟基乙酰基(39f1) 或者2-羟基乙基(39g1) 来代替手性的(S)-2, 3-二羟基丙酰基(38) 可以让活性保持, 甘氨酰基取代的39h活性也较好。对以上构效关系的总结可以得出小的柔性亲水性基团有利于提高和保持活性的结论。将39f1苯环上的F替换为H (39f2) 后对H37Rv的MIC从0.391上升至0.725 μg·mL-1, 将39g的F替换成H后MIC从0.578上升为2.645 μg·mL-1, 细胞毒性的IC50值从大于64 μg·mL-1下降到了26.77 μg·mL-1, 说明B环上的氟原子在改善活性同时还可以降低细胞毒性。以39f1为基础, 将四氢吡啶环替换成哌啶环后, MIC从0.391上升到3.814 μg·mL-1, 这说明四氢吡啶环对活性的保持也是必须的。
作者探究了不同C5侧链取代基对化合物39f1活性的影响(化合物40系列), 其中环丙/环丁酰胺、氨基甲酸甲酯、氨基异噁唑、三唑和羟基异噁唑(40a~40f) 的MIC上升至0.999~32 μg·mL-1, 说明乙酰氨基的氨基也是保持高活性所必须的。39f1不仅活性表现优异, 对敏感型H37Rv和广泛耐药结核型(XDR-TB) 的MIC为0.25~0.5 μg·mL-1, 而且对HepG2的IC50大于64 μg·mL-1、hERG K+的IC50大于30 μmol·L-1, 生物利用度高达102%, 半衰期为4.22 h。目前39f1作为有潜力的先导化合物还在继续研究中。
2020年, Zhao等[69]继续对苯并噁嗪系列化合物进行了深入的研究, 发现了非常有潜力的化合物41 (图 24)。其中该骨架中噁唑烷酮部分(3S, 3aS) 的绝对构型是必须的, 否则会丧失抗结核的活性, 这与Xin等[64]得出的结论一致。用氢原子替换化合物41的氟原子会使得对H37Rv的MIC从0.03上升至0.79 μg·mL-1, 这也与上文所述的氟原子可以改善活性的报道一致。硫代吗啉属于易代谢的位点, 因此作者合成了相关的亚砜和砜代谢物以探究其活性是否能保持。亚砜取代的化合物42的MIC为0.44 μg·mL-1, 砜取代基43则为0.93 μg·mL-1, 这说明代谢物仍旧可以保持很高的活性。另外, 作者也探究了当C环是硫代吗啉环时, C5侧链上不同取代基对活性的影响。当取代基是环丙/丁甲酰胺、氨基甲酸甲酯、异噁唑氨基(44a~44d) 时, 这些化合物活性与41类似并优于sutezolid (MIC为0.10 μg·mL-1)。但除4142以外, 其他化合物在肝微粒体中的稳定性较低。41对多重耐药的结核杆菌(MDR-TB) 的MIC为0.03 μg·mL-1, 这优于利奈唑胺(0.23 μg·mL-1), 与sutezolid (0.06 μg·mL-1) 相当, 41对利奈唑胺耐药的H37Rv菌株的MIC为0.24 μg·mL-1, 优于利奈唑胺(3.92 μg·mL-1) 和sutezolid (0.96 μg·mL-1)。作者详细评估了41的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄(ADME) 等药物代谢动力学, 研究结果表明, 该化合物具有很好的成药的潜力, 除稳定性高以外, 它的膜渗透性也良好, 对P450酶系统的各类酶的IC50大于45 μmol·L-1, Cmax为3 μg·mL-1, 半衰期为14.7 h, 口服利用度达55.9%。在50/100 mg·kg-1的给药剂量下, 41针对急性结核分枝杆菌感染的小鼠模型的菌落形成单位(CFU) 下降值均大于利奈唑胺, 并且该化合物不存在HepG2细胞毒性, 更重要的是, 该化合物降低了对MPS的抑制毒性和MAOI毒性, 对MPS的IC50大于100 μg·mL-1, 而阳性对照利奈唑胺和sutezolid分别是7.98和8.17 μg·mL-141对MAO-A和MAO-B抑制的IC50是44.8和3.2 μmol·L-1, 而sutezolid则分别是13和0.7 μmol·L-1。2021年8月启动了对新型噁唑烷酮类抗耐药结核药物41 (编号OTB-658) 的临床Ia期试验。
2021年, Wu等[70]设计合成了一类三环型苯并[1, 3]噁嗪的噁唑烷酮抗菌剂(图 25), 他们巧妙地改变了并环的位置, 得到了新颖的结构骨架。这类化合物抗菌谱不限于抗结核, 还包括大多数的革兰阳性菌。该骨架中噁唑烷酮部分同样只有在(3S, 3aS) 的绝对构型时才能保持对H37Rv和革兰阳性菌的抗菌作用。C环为芳香取代的化合物对结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的活性高于非芳香取代的化合物, 如化合物4547对H37Rv的MIC为0.26~12.3 μg·mL-1, 46的MIC大于30 μg·mL-1, R6为氟原子时的抗结核菌活性优于氢原子, 如47b的MIC为0.48 μg·mL-1, 而47d的MIC上升为12.23 μg·mL-1, 此时R7为氢原子或乙酰基差别不大。对革兰阳性菌而言(金葡菌和枯草芽孢杆菌), 同样在芳香环取代的时候活性表现优异, 如45b47b的MIC为0.125 μg·mL-1, 但与抗结核活性不同的是, 抗革兰阳性菌还需R7为乙酰基才能保持活性, 否则MIC大于32 μg·mL-1, R6可为氢或氟, 氟的活性优于氢的活性, 如47b对以上阳性菌的MIC是0.125 μg·mL-1, 47d时MIC为0.5~1 μg·mL-1, 说明氟原子不仅可以提高抗结核菌活性还可以增强抗革兰阳性菌的活性。45b47b对标准耐药型结核分枝杆菌13946和14862的活性均表现良好, MIC为0.39~0.85 μg·mL-1, 对各类耐药的革兰阳性菌(MRSA、MRSE、万古霉素中度耐药性金葡菌(VISA) 和VRE的MIC在0.25~4 μg·mL-1, 对利奈唑胺耐药的肠球菌和葡球菌的MIC活性分别为1~2和2~4 μg·mL-1, 利奈唑胺为2~8和大于16 μg·mL-1。作者评估了47b对MPS和MAOI的不良反应, 结果表明, 47b对MAO-A、B的IC50分别大于50、6.07 μmol·L-1, 这说明化合物对MAO-B的不良反应降低了许多, 但对于MPS的IC50为1.63 μmol·L-1, 利奈唑胺为9.28 μmol·L-1, 说明对MPS的抑制程度高于利奈唑胺。化合物47b的口服生物利用度为128%, Cmax为10 253 ng·mL-1, 半衰期3.76 h, 这表明该化合物具有候选药物的潜质, 进一步的研究还在继续。
利奈唑胺具有相对独特的作用机制, 能有效治疗各类革兰阳性耐药菌感染, 但其存在的单胺氧化酶抑制作用和骨髓抑制毒性限制了利奈唑胺的广泛使用。同时, 由于临床已经出现对利奈唑胺耐药的菌株, 这也促使药物化学家们需要研发新的噁唑烷酮类抗菌药以应对上述问题。目前已经上市的磷酸泰地唑胺和康泰唑胺在保持抗菌活性的同时成功地降低了单胺氧化酶和骨髓抑制的不良反应。康泰唑胺磷酸盐的优点是很好地改善了药物的水溶性, 为静脉注射提供了可能。雷德唑胺的特点在于具有抗革兰阴性菌活性, 而sutezolid、delpazolid和TBI-223有潜力成为治疗肺结核的药物。除临床在研的噁唑烷酮类抗菌药外, 研究者们还在继续对这类药物进行结构优化, 希望进一步克服上述缺点。目前, 对此类化合物的结构改造主要集中在C环和C5侧链, 以各类杂环替换居多, 在此基础上发现了很多活性提高、不良反应降低而且成药性更好的活性化合物。同时, 多个研究组采用了构象限制的策略对骨架进行优化, 也取得了很好的进展。进一步提高噁唑烷酮类药物的抗菌活性、降低不良反应并克服耐药性仍是今后的结构优化的重点研究方向。
作者贡献: 胡宇华和张文轩负责组织文章的框架, 文章的撰写及修改; 张文轩和吴松负责了文章的思路指导和审阅; 赵欣彤和李天磊对稿件进行了完善。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-069)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
Katz L, Baltz RH. Natural product discovery: past, present, and future[J]. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 2016, 43: 155-176.
[2]
Hutchings MI, Truman AW, Wilkinson B. Antibiotics: past, present and future[J]. Curr Opin Microbiol, 2019, 51: 72-80.
[3]
Swaney SM, Aoki H, Ganoza MC, et al. The oxazolidinone linezolid inhibits initiation of protein synthesis in bacteria[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1998, 42: 3251-3255.
[4]
Auckland C, Teare L, Cooke F, et al. Linezolid-resistant enterococci: report of the first isolates in the United Kingdom[J]. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2002, 50: 743-746.
[5]
Tsiodras S, Gold HS, Sakoulas G, et al. Linezolid resistance in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus[J]. Lancet, 2001, 358: 207-208.
[6]
Stevens DL, Dotter B, Madaras-Kelly K. A review of linezolid: the first oxazolidinone antibiotic[J]. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2004, 2: 51-59.
[7]
Phillips OA, Sharaf LH. Oxazolidinone antimicrobials: a patent review (2012-2015)[J]. Expert Opin Ther Pat, 2016, 26: 591-605.
[8]
Zhao Q, Xin L, Liu Y, et al. Current landscape and future perspective of oxazolidinone scaffolds containing antibacterial drugs[J]. J Med Chem, 2021, 64: 10557-10580.
[9]
Fugitt RB, Luckenbaugh RW. 5-Halomethyl-3-phenyl-2-oxazolidinones: US, 4128654 [P]. 1978-02-10.
[10]
Fugitt RB, Luckenbaugh RW. 3-(p-Alkylsulfonylphenyl) oxazolidinone derivatives as antibacterial agents: US, 4340606 [P]. 1982-07-20.
[11]
Gregory WA. p-Oxooxazolidinylbenzene compounds as antibacterial agents: US, 4451773 [P]. 1984-07-24.
[12]
Slee AM, Wuonola MA, Mcripley RJ, et al. Oxazolidinones, a new class of synthetic antibacterial agents: in vitro and in vivo activities of DuP 105 and DuP 721[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1987, 31: 1791-1797.
[13]
Brickner SJ, Hutchinson DK, Barbachyn MR, et al. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of U-100592 and U-100766, two oxazolidinone antibacterial agents for the potential treatment of multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacterial infections[J]. J Med Chem, 1996, 39: 673-679.
[14]
Diekema DJ, Jones RN. Oxazolidinone antibiotics[J]. Lancet, 2001, 358: 1975-1982.
[15]
Apodaca AA, Rakita RM. Linezolid-induced lactic acidosis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2003, 348: 86-87.
[16]
Rubinstein E, Isturiz R, Standiford HC, et al. Worldwide assessment of linezolid's clinical safety and tolerability: comparator-controlled phase III studies[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2003, 47: 1824-1831.
[17]
Leach KL, Brickner SJ, Noe MC, et al. Linezolid, the first oxazolidinone antibacterial agent[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2011, 1222: 49-54.
[18]
Barbachyn MR, Ford CW. Oxazolidinone structure-activity relationships leading to linezolid[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2003, 42: 2010-2023.
[19]
Hutchinson DK. Oxazolidinone antibacterial agents: a critical review[J]. Curr Top Med Chem, 2003, 3: 1021-1042.
[20]
Shaw KJ, Barbachyn MR. The oxazolidinones: past, present, and future[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2011, 1241: 48-70.
[21]
Prokocimer P, De Anda C, Fang E, et al. Tedizolid phosphate vs linezolid for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: the ESTABLISH-1 randomized trial[J]. JAMA, 2013, 309: 559-569.
[22]
Pfaller MA, Sader HS, Shortridge D, et al. Activity of tedizolid against gram-positive clinical isolates causing infections in Europe and surrounding areas (2014–2015)[J]. J Chemother, 2019, 31: 188-194.
[23]
Ong V, Flanagan S, Fang E, et al. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the novel antibacterial prodrug tedizolid phosphate[J]. Drug Metab Dispos, 2014, 42: 1275-1284.
[24]
Shorr AF, Lodise TP, Corey GR, et al. Analysis of the phase 3 ESTABLISH trials of tedizolid versus linezolid in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2015, 59: 864-871.
[25]
Mensa Vendrell M, Tasias Pitarch M, Salavert Lletí M, et al. Safety and tolerability of more than six days of tedizolid treatment[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2020, 64: e00356-00320.
[26]
Flanagan S, Bartizal K, Minassian S, et al. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies of tedizolid to assess the potential for peripheral or central monoamine oxidase interactions[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2013, 57: 3060-3066.
[27]
Locke JB, Finn J, Hilgers M, et al. Structure-activity relationships of diverse oxazolidinones for linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains possessing the cfr methyltransferase gene or ribosomal mutations[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2010, 54: 5337-5343.
[28]
Carvalhaes CG, Duncan LR, Wang W, et al. In vitro activity and potency of the novel oxazolidinone contezolid (MRX-I) tested against Gram-positive clinical isolates from the United States and Europe[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2020, 64: e01195-01120.
[29]
Wu J, Wu H, Wang Y, et al. Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of contezolid at therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses in healthy Chinese subjects, and assessment of contezolid dosing regimens based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis[J]. Clin Ther, 2019, 41: 1164-1174.e1164.
[30]
Wang W, Voss KM, Liu J, et al. Nonclinical evaluation of antibacterial oxazolidinones contezolid and contezolid acefosamil with low serotonergic neurotoxicity[J]. Chem Res Toxicol, 2021, 34: 1348-1354.
[31]
Locher HH, Caspers P, Bruyère T, et al. Investigations of the mode of action and resistance development of cadazolid, a new antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014, 58: 901-908.
[32]
Locher HH, Seiler P, Chen X, et al. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial evaluation of cadazolid, a new antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile infections[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2013, 58: 892-900.
[33]
Gerding DN, Cornely OA, Simon G, et al. Cadazolid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: results of two double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority, randomised phase 3 trials[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2019, 19: 265-274.
[34]
Barbachyn MR, Hutchinson DK, Brickner SJ, et al. Identification of a novel oxazolidinone (U-100480) with potent antimycobacterial activity[J]. J Med Chem, 1996, 39: 680-685.
[35]
Zhu T, Friedrich SO, Diacon A, et al. Population pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic analysis of the bactericidal activities of sutezolid (PNU-100480) and its major metabolite against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis in ex vivo whole-blood cultures of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014, 58: 3306-3311.
[36]
Williams KN, Brickner SJ, Stover CK, et al. Addition of PNU-100480 to first-line drugs shortens the time needed to cure murine tuberculosis[J]. Am J Respirat Crit Care Med, 2009, 180: 371-376.
[37]
Williams K, Stover C, Zhu T, et al. Promising antituberculosis activity of the oxazolidinone PNU-100480 relative to that of linezolid in a murine model[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2009, 53: 1314-1319.
[38]
Wallis RS, Jakubiec W, Kumar V, et al. Biomarker-assisted dose selection for safety and efficacy in early development of PNU-100480 for tuberculosis[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2011, 55: 567-574.
[39]
Zong Z, Jing W, Shi J, et al. Comparison of in vitro activity and MIC distributions between the novel oxazolidinone delpazolid and linezolid against multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in China[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2018, 62: e00165-00118.
[40]
Lawrence L, Danese P, DeVito J, et al. In vitro activities of the Rx-01 oxazolidinones against hospital and community pathogens[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2008, 52: 1653-1662.
[41]
Jing H, Luo X, Harrington K. The pharmacokinetics of designer oxazolidinones in Sprague-Dawley rats, abstr. F-1261 [C]// The 45th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Proceedings. Washington: Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2005, 16-19.
[42]
Cooper CB, Huang H, Zhang D, et al. Substituted phenyloxazolidinones for antimicrobial therapy: US, 10550092 [P]. 2020-02-4.
[43]
Genin MJ, Allwine DA, Anderson DJ, et al. Substituent effects on the antibacterial activity of nitrogen-carbon-linked (azolylphenyl) oxazolidinones with expanded activity against the fastidious gram-negative organisms haemophilus influenzae and moraxella c atarrhalis[J]. J Med Chem, 2000, 43: 953-970.
[44]
Renslo AR, Jaishankar P, Venkatachalam R, et al. Conformational constraint in oxazolidinone antibacterials. Synthesis and structure-activity studies of (azabicyclo [3.1. 0] hexylphenyl) oxazolidinones[J]. J Med Chem, 2005, 48: 5009-5024.
[45]
Yang T, Chen G, Sang Z, et al. Discovery of a teraryl oxazolidinone compound (S)-N-((3-(3-fluoro-4-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) phenyl)-2-oxooxazolidin-5-yl) methyl) acetamide phosphate as a novel antimicrobial agent with enhanced safety profile and efficacies[J]. J Med Chem, 2015, 58: 6389-6409.
[46]
Wu Y, Ding X, Ding L, et al. Synthesis and antibacterial activity evaluation of novel biaryloxazolidinone analogues containing a hydrazone moiety as promising antibacterial agents[J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2018, 158: 247-258.
[47]
Wu Y, Ding X, Yang Y, et al. Optimization of biaryloxazolidinone as promising antibacterial agents against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant gram-positive bacteria[J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2020, 185: 111781.
[48]
Krajnc A, Lang PA, Panduwawala TD, et al. Will morphing boron-based inhibitors beat the β-lactamases?[J]. Curr Opin Chem Biol, 2019, 50: 101-110.
[49]
Plescia J, Moitessier N. Design and discovery of boronic acid drugs[J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2020, 195: 112270.
[50]
Fernandes GFS, Denny WA, Dos Santos JL. Boron in drug design: recent advances in the development of new therapeutic agents[J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2019, 179: 791-804.
[51]
Smoum R, Rubinstein A, Dembitsky VM, et al. Boron containing compounds as protease inhibitors[J]. Chem Rev, 2012, 112: 4156-4220.
[52]
Cruz CD, Wrigstedt P, Moslova K, et al. Installation of an aryl boronic acid function into the external section of N-aryl-oxazolidinones: synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation[J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2021, 211: 113002.
[53]
Gordeev MF, Hackbarth C, Barbachyn MR, et al. Novel oxazolidinone-quinolone hybrid antimicrobials[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2003, 13: 4213-4216.
[54]
Hubschwerlen C, Specklin JL, Baeschlin DK, et al. Structure-activity relationship in the oxazolidinone-quinolone hybrid series: influence of the central spacer on the antibacterial activity and the mode of action[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2003, 13: 4229-4233.
[55]
Barbachyn MR, Cleek GJ, Dolak LA, et al. Identification of phenylisoxazolines as novel and viable antibacterial agents active against Gram-positive pathogens[J]. J Med Chem, 2003, 46: 284-302.
[56]
Gravestock MB, Acton DG, Betts MJ, et al. New classes of antibacterial oxazolidinones with C-5, methylene O-linked heterocyclic side chains[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2003, 13: 4179-4186.
[57]
Wookey A, Turner P, Greenhalgh J, et al. AZD2563, a novel oxazolidinone: definition of antibacterial spectrum, assessment of bactericidal potential and the impact of miscellaneous factors on activity in vitro[J]. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2004, 10: 247-254.
[58]
Reck F, Zhou F, Girardot M, et al. Identification of 4-substituted 1, 2, 3-triazoles as novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents with reduced activity against monoamine oxidase A[J]. J Med Chem, 2005, 48: 499-506.
[59]
Fan H, Xu G, Chen Y, et al. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of oxazolidinones containing triazolyl group[J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2007, 42: 1137-1143.
[60]
Phillips OA, Udo EE, Ali AA, et al. Structure-antibacterial activity of arylcarbonyl-and arylsulfonyl-piperazine 5-triazolylmethyl oxazolidinones[J]. Eur J Med Chem, 2007, 42: 214-225.
[61]
Suzuki H, Utsunomiya I, Shudo K, et al. Potent oxazolidinone antibacterials with heteroaromatic C-ring substructure[J]. ACS Med Chem Lett, 2013, 4: 1074-1078.
[62]
Selvakumar N, Srinivas D, Khera MK, et al. Synthesis of conformationally constrained analogues of linezolid: structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on selected novel tricyclic oxazolidinones[J]. J Med Chem, 2002, 45: 3953-3962.
[63]
Gleave DM, Brickner SJ, Manninen PR, et al. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of [6, 5, 5] and [6, 6, 5] tricyclic fused oxazolidinones[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 1998, 8: 1231-1236.
[64]
Xin Q, Fan H, Guo B, et al. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of highly potent novel benzoxazinyl-oxazolidinone antibacterial agents[J]. J Med Chem, 2011, 54: 7493-7502.
[65]
Reck F, Zhou F, Eyermann CJ, et al. Novel substituted (pyridin-3-yl) phenyloxazolidinones: antibacterial agents with reduced activity against monoamine oxidase A and increased solubility[J]. J Med Chem, 2007, 50: 4868-4881.
[66]
Jo YW, Im WB, Rhee JK, et al. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of oxazolidinones containing pyridine substituted with heteroaromatic ring[J]. Bioorg Med Chem, 2004, 12: 5909-5915.
[67]
Guo B, Fan H, Xin Q, et al. Solubility-driven optimization of (pyridin-3-yl) benzoxazinyl-oxazolidinones leading to a promising antibacterial agent[J]. J Med Chem, 2013, 56: 2642-2650.
[68]
Zhao H, Lu Y, Sheng L, et al. Discovery of fluorine-containing benzoxazinyl-oxazolidinones for the treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis[J]. ACS Med Chem Lett, 2017, 8: 533-537.
[69]
Zhao H, Wang B, Fu L, et al. Discovery of a conformationally constrained oxazolidinone with improved safety and efficacy profiles for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis[J]. J Med Chem, 2020, 63: 9316-9339.
[70]
Wu Y, Wang B, Lu H, et al. Identification of novel tricyclic benzo [1, 3] oxazinyloxazolidinones as potent antibacterial agents with excellent pharmacokinetic profiles against drug-resistant pathogens[J]. J Med Chem, 2021, 64: 3234-3248.
2022年第57卷第11期
PDF下载
268
125
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0685
  • 接收时间:2022-06-02
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-11-12
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-06-02
  • 修回日期:2022-07-01
基金
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-069)
作者信息
    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*张文轩, Tel: 86-10-83163542, E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0685
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏