Article(id=1210517370418892839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0424, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1649692800000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-12, revisedDate=1652716800000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539431432, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1668182400000, pubDateStr=2022-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539431432, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539431432, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539431432, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210517366081975259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='11', pageStart='3259', pageEnd='3450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539430399, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539608198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518111875363690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518111875363691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3331, endPage=3338, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210517371333251123, articleId=1210517370418892839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanism of anti-CXCR4 nanobody inhibiting angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tumor angiogenesis provides adequate oxygen and nutrition for tumor development and supports tumor growth and metastasis. Stromal cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and its receptor C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in pancreatic cancer microenvironment are involved in tumor growth such as promoting tumor cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. In this study, anti-CXCR4 nanobody (CXCR4 Nb) and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) & CXCR4 bispecific nanobody (PX4 BsNb) were expressed in Escherichia coli system and purified by nickel column affinity chromatography. We investigated the anti-angiogenesis activity and mechanism of CXCR4 Nb by in vivo and in vitro experiments. Ethical approval was obtained for collection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (hPBMC) samples from the Local Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethic Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The results showed that CXCR4 Nb at 0.1 μmol·L-1 could effectively inhibit the proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) promoted by pancreatic stellate cells in vitro. CXCR4 Nb and PX4 BsNb at 0.3 mg·kg-1 obviously decreased tumor angiogenesis and inhibited the tumor growth in NOD/SCID mice, the inhibitory rates were 28.8% and 36.1%, respectively. CXCR4 Nb significantly inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis with great safety, which provides support for application of CXCR4 Nb and anti-angiogenesis therapy of pancreatic cancer.

, correspAuthors=Ming-yuan WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya-xian LI, Shu-yi XU, Yue-jiang ZHENG, Li-yun PENG, Jian-wei ZHU, Ming-yuan WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210517374621585532, articleId=1210517370418892839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=Anti-CXCR4纳米抗体抑制胰腺癌新生血管的机制探索, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肿瘤新生血管为肿瘤的发生发展提供足够氧气和营养物质, 支持肿瘤的生长和转移。胰腺癌微环境中基质细胞衍生因子-1 (stromal cell derived factor 1, SDF-1, 又称CXCL12) 及其受体C-X-C趋化因子受体4 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4, CXCR4) 参与了肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移和新血管生成等多个生理过程, 可作为胰腺癌治疗的靶点。本研究利用大肠杆菌系统表达了靶向CXCR4分子的纳米抗体, 镍柱亲和层析纯化获得anti-CXCR4纳米抗体(CXCR4 Nb) 和anti-PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1) & CXCR4双特异性纳米抗体(PX4 BsNb), 通过体外实验探究CXCR4 Nb拮抗肿瘤新生血管的作用及机制, 体内验证CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb对胰腺癌荷瘤小鼠的抗肿瘤活性。人外周血单个核细胞分离实验获得上海交通大学地方伦理委员会批准, 动物福利和实验过程均遵循上海交通大学动物伦理委员会的规定。体外实验结果表明, 0.1 μmol·L-1 CXCR4 Nb能有效抑制SDF-1诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVEC) 迁移, 拮抗胰腺星状细胞对HUVEC增殖和迁移的促进作用。在NOD/SCID小鼠皮下胰腺癌移植瘤模型中, 腹腔给予0.3 mg·kg-1 CXCR4 Nb, 抑瘤率为28.8%, 0.3 mg·kg-1 PX4 BsNb抑瘤率为36.1%, 且免疫荧光显示治疗组肿瘤部位血管生成均减少。CXCR4 Nb具有良好的安全性和有效性, 为胰腺癌的抗血管生成治疗和纳米抗体的应用提供了理论基础。

, correspAuthors=吴明媛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴明媛, Tel: 86-21-34204631, E-mail:
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A: The migration of HUVEC after CXCR4 Nb and PX4 BsNb treatment in the presence of HPSC-CM at 0, 8 and 24 h. 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Anti-CXCR4纳米抗体抑制胰腺癌新生血管的机制探索
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李雅贤 , 徐舒怡 , 郑玥江 , 彭利云 , 朱建伟 , 吴明媛 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(11): 3331-3338
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(11): 3331-3338
Anti-CXCR4纳米抗体抑制胰腺癌新生血管的机制探索
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李雅贤, 徐舒怡, 郑玥江, 彭利云, 朱建伟, 吴明媛*
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学药学院, 上海 200240

通讯作者:

*吴明媛, Tel: 86-21-34204631, E-mail:
Mechanism of anti-CXCR4 nanobody inhibiting angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer
Ya-xian LI, Shu-yi XU, Yue-jiang ZHENG, Li-yun PENG, Jian-wei ZHU, Ming-yuan WU*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2022-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0424
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肿瘤新生血管为肿瘤的发生发展提供足够氧气和营养物质, 支持肿瘤的生长和转移。胰腺癌微环境中基质细胞衍生因子-1 (stromal cell derived factor 1, SDF-1, 又称CXCL12) 及其受体C-X-C趋化因子受体4 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4, CXCR4) 参与了肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移和新血管生成等多个生理过程, 可作为胰腺癌治疗的靶点。本研究利用大肠杆菌系统表达了靶向CXCR4分子的纳米抗体, 镍柱亲和层析纯化获得anti-CXCR4纳米抗体(CXCR4 Nb) 和anti-PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1) & CXCR4双特异性纳米抗体(PX4 BsNb), 通过体外实验探究CXCR4 Nb拮抗肿瘤新生血管的作用及机制, 体内验证CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb对胰腺癌荷瘤小鼠的抗肿瘤活性。人外周血单个核细胞分离实验获得上海交通大学地方伦理委员会批准, 动物福利和实验过程均遵循上海交通大学动物伦理委员会的规定。体外实验结果表明, 0.1 μmol·L-1 CXCR4 Nb能有效抑制SDF-1诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVEC) 迁移, 拮抗胰腺星状细胞对HUVEC增殖和迁移的促进作用。在NOD/SCID小鼠皮下胰腺癌移植瘤模型中, 腹腔给予0.3 mg·kg-1 CXCR4 Nb, 抑瘤率为28.8%, 0.3 mg·kg-1 PX4 BsNb抑瘤率为36.1%, 且免疫荧光显示治疗组肿瘤部位血管生成均减少。CXCR4 Nb具有良好的安全性和有效性, 为胰腺癌的抗血管生成治疗和纳米抗体的应用提供了理论基础。

纳米抗体  /  基质细胞衍生因子-1  /  C-X-C趋化因子受体4  /  血管新生  /  胰腺星状细胞  /  胰腺癌

Tumor angiogenesis provides adequate oxygen and nutrition for tumor development and supports tumor growth and metastasis. Stromal cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and its receptor C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in pancreatic cancer microenvironment are involved in tumor growth such as promoting tumor cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. In this study, anti-CXCR4 nanobody (CXCR4 Nb) and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) & CXCR4 bispecific nanobody (PX4 BsNb) were expressed in Escherichia coli system and purified by nickel column affinity chromatography. We investigated the anti-angiogenesis activity and mechanism of CXCR4 Nb by in vivo and in vitro experiments. Ethical approval was obtained for collection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (hPBMC) samples from the Local Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethic Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The results showed that CXCR4 Nb at 0.1 μmol·L-1 could effectively inhibit the proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) promoted by pancreatic stellate cells in vitro. CXCR4 Nb and PX4 BsNb at 0.3 mg·kg-1 obviously decreased tumor angiogenesis and inhibited the tumor growth in NOD/SCID mice, the inhibitory rates were 28.8% and 36.1%, respectively. CXCR4 Nb significantly inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis with great safety, which provides support for application of CXCR4 Nb and anti-angiogenesis therapy of pancreatic cancer.

nanobody  /  stromal cell derived factor 1  /  C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4  /  angiogenesis  /  pancreatic stellate cell  /  pancreatic neoplasm
李雅贤, 徐舒怡, 郑玥江, 彭利云, 朱建伟, 吴明媛. Anti-CXCR4纳米抗体抑制胰腺癌新生血管的机制探索. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (11) : 3331 -3338 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0424
Ya-xian LI, Shu-yi XU, Yue-jiang ZHENG, Li-yun PENG, Jian-wei ZHU, Ming-yuan WU. Mechanism of anti-CXCR4 nanobody inhibiting angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (11) : 3331 -3338 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0424
胰腺癌是全球范围内恶性程度极高的消化系统肿瘤之一, 其显著特点是发现晚、治疗难、预后差, 目前5年生存率仍不足8%。传统的治疗方法如手术、化疗和放疗已被广泛使用, 但在临床上没有明显改善[1]。新生血管的形成对于包括胰腺癌在内的多种肿瘤进展具有重要意义, 当肿瘤生长直径达到1、2 mm时, 会建立适合自己生长的外部组织环境, 通过与肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME) 中多种细胞、细胞因子相互作用诱导新血管形成, 构建新的营养代谢网络为肿瘤组织提供养分, 同时作为转移通道有利于肿瘤细胞的迁移[2]。TME是一个动态网络, 包括多种类型细胞(肿瘤细胞、血管内皮细胞、成纤维细胞、免疫细胞和周细胞等) 和细胞外基质、生长因子及细胞因子等成分[3]。TME会诱导肿瘤在原有血管基础上生成以毛细血管为主的新生血管系统, 因此肿瘤新生血管的形成与TME密切相关[4]
胰腺星状细胞(pancreatic stellate cells, PSC) 是胰腺癌中含量最丰富的基质细胞, 是胰腺癌细胞外基质成分的主要来源, 通过协助肿瘤生长、转移和血管生成为胰腺癌的发展提供有利环境[5, 6]。临床数据表明, 与血管生成相关的基因和蛋白, 如血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)、转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β) 等的表达异常均与胰腺癌恶性程度呈正相关[7, 8]。PSC除了可分泌直接促进血管生长的细胞因子VEGF, 还可分泌基质细胞衍生因子-1 (stromal cell derived factor 1, SDF-1), 通过激活肿瘤细胞表面CXCR4 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4) 受体, 既可刺激肿瘤的生长转移, 又可作用于血管内皮细胞参与调控肿瘤的血管新生。SDF-1主要通过两种方式参与肿瘤新血管的生成调控: ①促进邻近血管内皮细胞的迁移、增殖和成管; ②通过动员和募集远处内皮祖细胞(endothelial progenitor cells, EPC) 到肿瘤部位参与新血管的形成[9, 10]。SDF-1还可诱导内皮细胞表达VEGF通过自分泌方式促进血管生成[11-13]。有研究发现, 胶质瘤中SDF-1作用于CXCR4受体后激活PI3K/AKT (phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B) 信号轴, 促进VEGF表达上调进而促进血管生成。使用CXCR4小分子拮抗剂AMD3100或敲除CXCR4基因后, VEGF表达明显降低, 小鼠体内新生血管数量减少, 肿瘤生长被抑制[14]。肿瘤新生血管减少, 血管正常化可为效应免疫细胞浸润肿瘤提供有利途径从而增强对肿瘤细胞的杀伤, 因此抗血管治疗联合免疫检查点治疗相较于单一疗法可以达到更好的抑瘤效果[15, 16]
基于已有基础, 本研究利用大肠杆菌系统表达靶向CXCR4分子的纳米抗体(nanobody, Nb) anti-CXCR4纳米抗体(CXCR4 Nb) 和anti-PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1) & CXCR4双特异性纳米抗体(PX4 BsNb)。以人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVEC) 作为研究对象, 利用PSC与HUVEC共培养模型, 探究CXCR4 Nb拮抗胰腺癌新血管生成的作用及其机制, 比较CXCR4 Nb与联合靶向CXCR4和免疫检查点PD-L1的PX4 BsNb的抑瘤效果, 为纳米药物治疗肿瘤提供新的理论依据。
细胞及培养基  HUVEC、内皮细胞培养基(endothelial cell medium, ECM) (美国ScienCell公司); 人胰腺癌细胞(AsPC-1, 中国科学院上海生命科学研究院细胞资源中心); 人胰腺星状细胞(human pancreatic stellate cells, HPSC, 宁波明州生物科技有限公司); DMEM培养基、胎牛血清、胰蛋白酶(美国Gibco公司); 人外周血单个核细胞(human peripheral blood mononuclear cell, hPBMC) 由上海长海医院输血科提供, 实验获得上海交通大学地方伦理委员会批准。
主要仪器  Cytoflex型流式细胞仪(美国Beckman Coulter公司); 正置荧光显微镜(日本Olympus公司); 多功能酶标仪Infinite M200 PRO (瑞士Tecan公司); 振荡培养箱(上海知楚仪器有限公司); 全自动数码凝胶成像分析系统Tanon-1600 (上海天能科技有限公司); His Trap FF层析柱、蛋白分离纯化系统AKTA Start (上海通用电气医疗系统有限公司); 超高效液相色谱-离子淌度-四级杆飞行时间质谱仪(Acquity UPLC I-class/VION IMS Q-TOF, 美国Waters公司); 蛋白凝胶电泳仪(美国Bio-Rad公司)。
材料与试剂  胰蛋白胨、酵母提取物(英国Oxoid公司); 咪唑、氨苄青霉素(上海麦克林生化科技有限公司); 异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG, 上海生工生物工程有限公司); 人源SDF-1重组蛋白(美国R & D公司); 磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline, PBS, 美国Gibco公司); CCK8试剂盒(日本Dojindo公司); 4%多聚甲醛固定液(北京索莱宝科技有限公司); anti-human CXCR4兔IgG单克隆抗体、anti-6× His-tag小鼠IgG单克隆抗体[FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer) 标记] (英国Abcam公司); anti-human PD-L1小鼠IgG单克隆抗体[APC (allophycocyanin) 标记] (北京义翘神州科技有限公司); Alexa Fluor 647标记的羊抗兔IgG第二抗体(上海翊圣生物科技有限公司)。
实验动物  NOD/SCID雌性小鼠(浙江维通利华公司, 6~8周龄), 动物实验方案由上海交通大学动物伦理委员会批准, 饲养于上海交通大学动物实验中心药学院分平台SPF级环境, 独立送风无菌笼具系统, 恒温和12 h光照交替。
抗体的表达与纯化  实验室前期已构建pET22b-CXCR4重组质粒, CXCR4 Nb序列从已有文献[17]获得, 在其C端加入多组氨酸标签(6× His标签), 可用于CXCR4 Nb的可溶性表达。将重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌BL21中, 涂板后挑取单菌落测序, 取测序正确的菌液接种于5 mL含500 μg氨苄抗生素的LB培养基(每升LB培养基含5 g酵母提取物、10 g蛋白胨、10 g氯化钠, pH 7.0), 在37 ℃、220 r·min-1摇床内培养16 h, 取出转移至500 mL TB培养基(每升TB培养基含11.8 g胰蛋白胨、23.6 g酵母提取物、9.4 g磷酸氢二钾、2.2 g磷酸二氢钾和4 mL甘油) 中继续培养扩增, 待菌液在600 nm处的吸光度(A600) 值达到0.6~0.8时, 加入终浓度0.1 mmol·L-1 IPTG诱导表达。次日, 4 500 r·min-1离心菌液20 min后收集菌体沉淀, 加入50 mL PBS重悬菌体沉淀, 混匀, 用高压均质仪破碎菌体, 收集菌液上清, 经过0.45 μm滤膜过滤后上机纯化。
纳米抗体序列采用His作为筛选标签, 因此选择使用镍柱亲和层析纯化。样品上机前先用结合缓冲液平衡His Trap FF柱, A280值和电导率都稳定达到平衡状态时, 将结合缓冲液换为待纯化样品。上样结束后再次用结合缓冲液平衡His Trap FF柱, 平衡后加入咪唑洗脱液, 按10%、20%、30%、50%、80%和100%的浓度梯度洗脱, 收集洗脱峰用于SDS-PAGE鉴定和质谱分析。
抗原结合能力实验  将培养至90%融合的HUVEC用0.5%胰蛋白酶消化, 终止消化后离心收集细胞, 加入流式染色缓冲液(fluorescence activated cell sorting buffer, FACS buffer) 重悬, 充分混匀后调整细胞浓度至每毫升5×106个细胞。每个EP管内加200 μL细胞悬液, 分别在样品中加入1 μg CXCR4 Nb或PX4 BsNb作为一抗, FITC标记的anti-6× His tag IgG作为二抗; anti-human CXCR4 mAb和Alexa Fluor 647标记的anti-rabbit IgG分别作为CXCR4抗原检测的一抗和二抗; Alexa Fluor APC标记的anti-human PD-L1 IgG作为PD-L1抗原检测的抗体。将一抗加入HUVEC于4 ℃避光孵育30 min, 取出加入FACS buffer洗涤2次; 加入相应二抗, 4 ℃避光孵育30 min, FACS buffer洗涤2次, 用100 μL FACS buffer重悬细胞, 流式细胞仪上进行荧光强度的检测。
细胞增殖抑制实验  用0.5%胰蛋白酶消化处于对数生长期的HUVEC, 加入ECM培养基重悬, 以每孔5 000个细胞接种于96孔板中过夜培养。待细胞贴壁后, 按ECM培养基和HPSC条件培养基(HPSC conditioned medium, HPSC-CM) 1∶1比例换液, 加入CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb, 同时设3个复孔, 37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中分别孵育48和72 h。孵育结束后, 按10∶1比例(孔内培养基∶CCK8溶液) 加入CCK8溶剂, 置于37 ℃避光孵育0.5~1 h, 用酶标仪检测各孔A450值。根据公式(1) 计算细胞存活百分比, 利用GraphPad Prism进行统计学分析和作图。
${\rm{细胞存活百分比}}= [(A-C)/(B-C)] \times 100\%$
其中, A为实验组吸光值; B为对照组吸光值; C为空白组吸光值(仅含有培养基和CCK8试剂)。
细胞划痕愈合实验  选择处于对数生长期的HUVEC用0.5%胰蛋白酶消化, 加ECM培养基重悬调整细胞密度至每毫升2.5×105 个细胞, 铺至6孔细胞培养板过夜培养。次日用200 μL无菌枪头在垂直于6孔板横轴中心处划一条直线, 吸弃孔内上清液, 加PBS轻柔洗涤2次。实验组分别加入含40 ng·mL-1 SDF-1的ECM培养基、HPSC-CM与ECM培养基(1∶1) 的混合物, 对照组分别加入PBS和ECM培养基。继续在37 ℃、5%CO2培养箱培养2 h, 分别加入终浓度为0.1 μmol·L-1的CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb。该时间点计为0 h, 继续培养并在8和24 h将6孔板置于倒置显微镜下拍照。每组取3个视野, 用Image J和SPSS软件进行统计分析, 根据公式(2) 计算细胞迁移速率。
$\ \ \ \ \ \ {\rm{细胞迁移速率}}(\%) = (0\ {\rm{h划痕面积}}- {\rm{观察时间划}}\\{\rm{痕面积}})/0\ {\rm{h划痕面积}}\times 100\%$
体内移植瘤抑制实验  选择6~8周龄雌性NOD/SCID小鼠构建皮下胰腺癌移植瘤模型, 小鼠随机分为4组, 每组3只。空白组每只小鼠注射1.5×106 AsPC-1细胞, 对照组和实验组将AsPC-1与HPSC按1∶1混合均匀, 每只注射3×106细胞混合悬液。将接种日定为第0天, 待肿瘤长至50~100 mm3, 每只小鼠尾静脉注射2×106 hPBMC细胞, 为小鼠重构部分免疫系统。次日腹腔给药, 给药组分别注射0.3 mg·kg-1的CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb, 空白组和对照组注射等体积PBS, 每3天给药1次, 共6次给药。每3天测量1次小鼠肿瘤的长径(a) 和短径(b), 按V = 0.5 × a × b2计算肿瘤体积。第28天处死所有小鼠, 剥取肿瘤拍照, 用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定、切片后进行免疫荧光染色。
统计学分析  采用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行分析, 数据用$ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s表示, 组间比较用独立样本t检验, P < 0.05认为有统计学差异。
收集大肠杆菌表达的菌液上清, 选用镍柱亲和层析法纯化获取CXCR4 Nb。用缓冲液平衡上样结束后, 采用咪唑洗脱液进行分部梯度洗脱, 收集洗脱峰, 可见6个不同的紫外吸收峰, 说明不同的咪唑浓度均能洗脱CXCR4 Nb (图 1A)。收集20%、30%、50%、80%和100%咪唑浓度的洗脱蛋白, 经SDS-PAGE鉴定均含有分子质量29 kDa的目的蛋白(图 1B)。其中20%、30%和50%咪唑浓度洗脱所得样品中含较多杂蛋白, 而80%和100%咪唑浓度洗脱所得蛋白纯度较高, 收集100%咪唑洗脱所得目的蛋白用于质谱分析。
选择100%咪唑浓度洗脱所得目的蛋白, 用PBS缓冲液透析去除蛋白中的咪唑, 超滤浓缩后得到质量浓度为1 mg·mL-1的CXCR4 Nb, 通过超高效液相色谱-离子淌度-四级杆飞行时间质谱仪分析, 检测到单一碎片峰分子质量29 kDa, 与CXCR4 Nb的理论分子质量相一致(图 2), 说明利用大肠杆菌系统表达纯化后获得的CXCR4 Nb, 分子质量正确且纯度较高, 可用于后续实验。
为验证HUVEC可作为CXCR4 Nb体外抗血管生成研究的实验细胞, 应用流式细胞术检测HUVEC细胞膜上CXCR4的表达水平及与CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb的结合能力。结果显示, HUVEC均表达CXCR4和PD-L1, 而通过大肠杆菌系统表达纯化的CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb均能与HUVEC结合(图 3)。
血管内皮细胞迁移是血管形成的关键步骤, 通过细胞划痕实验观察CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb在HUVEC迁移中的作用。实验分为空白组、对照组和纳米抗体实验组, 分别在0、8和24 h时拍照记录划痕愈合情况。结果显示, 重组蛋白SDF-1能诱导HUVEC不断向划痕中心迁移, 培养24 h后划痕几乎全部愈合; 而纳米抗体组划痕仍有间隙存在(图 4A); 划痕面积定量分析结果显示(图 4B), 0.1 μmol·L-1的CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb均能抑制HUVEC的迁移, 24 h内皮细胞迁移率明显低于SDF-1对照组, 说明CXCR4 Nb可拮抗SDF-1诱导的HUVEC迁移。
PSC是胰腺癌患者体内SDF-1的主要来源[18]。为更好地模拟体内HUVEC的迁移情况, 使用HPSC条件培养基代替外源SDF-1与HUVEC共培养, 通过划痕实验观察CXCR4 Nb的抑制作用。结果显示, HPSC-CM组迁移结果类似外源重组蛋白SDF-1, 能促进HUVEC向划痕区域移动, 而纳米抗体均可抑制HPSC-CM诱导的HUVEC细胞迁移(图 5A); 定量结果显示, 与HPSC-CM对照组相比, 0.1 μmol·L-1的CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb在8和24 h的拮抗迁移作用均有显著性差异(图 5B), 说明HPSC可能通过SDF-1/CXCR4轴促使HUVEC迁移, CXCR4 Nb能拮抗HPSC的促迁移作用。
PSC通过诱导HUVEC的增殖和迁移, 促进HUVEC到达肿瘤部位形成新生血管, 利用CCK8实验可检测CXCR4 Nb对HPSC促细胞增殖的抑制作用。结果显示, HPSC条件培养基明显促进HUVEC的增殖, 与对照组相比有显著性差别; 0.01、0.1和1 μmol·L-1浓度的CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb都可抑制HPSC对HUVEC的促增殖作用, 且呈现一定的浓度依赖性(图 6)。由于纳米抗体没有Fc结构, 不会对细胞产生直接毒性作用, 因此CXCR4 Nb抑制HPSC促增殖的效果轻微[19]
利用胰腺癌皮下移植瘤小鼠模型可直接观察纳米抗体的体内药效学作用。肿瘤生长曲线提示, HPSC能促进胰腺癌细胞AsPC-1体内的快速生长, 说明HPSC在胰腺癌的发生发展中发挥重要作用。CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb联合hPBMC能明显抑制肿瘤细胞生长, 0.3 mg·kg-1的CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb的给药组抑瘤率分别为28.8%和36.1% (图 7A)。给药期间小鼠未出现死亡情况, 且体重平稳增加(图 7B), 说明CXCR4 Nb在体内给药时有较好的安全性。光镜下观察PX4 BsNb组的抑瘤效果略优于CXCR4 Nb (图 7C), 与肿瘤生长曲线结果一致, 说明通过阻断SDF-1/CXCR4途径可有效抑制体内肿瘤生长, 联合拮抗负向调控信号PD-L1靶点能进一步增加体内抗肿瘤免疫应答。通过CD31标记肿瘤组织内新生血管, 免疫荧光结果显示, HPSC能促进肿瘤内新血管的形成, 给予CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb治疗后, 肿瘤部位血管生成相对减少(图 7D)。
新血管生成是肿瘤生长转移的重要因素之一, 针对血管生成的靶向药物已成为临床肿瘤治疗的有效方案, 如靶向VEGF分子的贝伐珠单抗可显著延长结直肠癌患者的生存期, 但这些药物在胰腺癌治疗中收效甚微[20, 21]。因此, 本研究选择TME中与细胞增殖迁移、血管生成和基质降解等肿瘤生长过程相关的SDF-1/CXCR4轴, 构建表达靶向CXCR4分子的纳米抗体, 探究其对胰腺癌微环境中新血管生成的作用及其机制, 并使用PX4 BsNb探究联合靶向CXCR4与免疫检查点和单独靶向CXCR4在体内抑瘤效果的区别。
肿瘤血管生成是一个复杂过程, 包括血管内皮基质降解、内皮细胞增殖和迁移、内皮细胞管道化形成血管环和新的基底膜等步骤[22]。本研究主要观察了纳米抗体对内皮细胞增殖迁移及对新血管生成的抑制作用。体外实验证明趋化因子SDF-1可促进HUVEC迁移, HPSC同样能加速HUVEC迁移和增殖。HPSC是胰腺癌中重要的基质细胞, 推测HPSC可能分泌SDF-1, 通过SDF-1/CXCR4轴吸引HUVEC迁移到肿瘤部位。CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb具有很好靶向性, 且体积小, 能渗透到肿瘤部位, 通过拮抗SDF-1/CXCR4信号途径可抑制HPSC对HUVEC的促增殖和迁移作用。大部分肿瘤细胞高表达负向调控分子PD-L1, 通过与T细胞表面PD-1结合, 逃避特异性T细胞介导的抗肿瘤效应[23]。而PX4 BsNb通过靶向肿瘤新血管生成SDF-1/CXCR4和负向调控信号PD-1/PD-L1信号途径, 联合T细胞在体内增加胰腺肿瘤免疫应答, 发挥双效的肿瘤杀伤作用, 与目前已有研究结果一致[24]
与正常组织中的血管相比, 肿瘤血管通常呈不规则样, 表现出扭曲回旋和分支过多, 血液比正常血管中的黏稠且阻力变大等特征[25, 26]。同时, TME中的基质细胞, 如癌相关成纤维细胞(CAF) 产生趋化因子SDF-1, 刺激胰腺癌细胞增殖, 募集调节性T细胞产生免疫抑制, 通过SDF-1/CXCR4轴促使肿瘤周围结缔组织增生性改变, 导致大分子药物难以进入肿瘤内部发挥肿瘤杀伤效应[27-29]。针对肿瘤新生血管的靶向药物不但使肿瘤内血管结构和血流趋近于正常组织, 同时改善部分营养物质和药物的输送, 有利于化疗药物和免疫细胞对肿瘤的杀伤作用[30]。PSC在调控肿瘤细胞的生长周期、增殖转移及血管生成中都发挥重要作用。皮下移植瘤小鼠模型也证实, HPSC能促进胰腺癌细胞AsPC-1在体内的生长, 而CXCR4 Nb和PX4 BsNb能减少肿瘤内新生血管, 可能对肿瘤基质细胞的类型也产生影响, 从而抑制肿瘤的生长和进展。
综上, PSC会促进胰腺癌中新血管的生成和肿瘤进展, 而阻断SDF-1/CXCR4通路能够抑制血管内皮细胞的增殖和迁移, 联合阻断免疫检查点能达到更好的抗肿瘤效果。纳米抗体可有效渗透到肿瘤组织内部, 抑制新血管形成, 改善TME, 在肿瘤治疗中具有巨大的应用潜力。
作者贡献: 李雅贤负责主要实验设计和操作及文章撰写; 徐舒怡、郑玥江和彭利云负责协助实验操作和数据分析; 吴明媛和朱建伟负责提出研究整体思路、指导所有实验和论文修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
  • 转化医学国家重大科技基础设施(上海) 开放课题基金(TMSK-2020-131)
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2022年第57卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0424
  • 接收时间:2022-04-12
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-12
  • 修回日期:2022-05-17
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转化医学国家重大科技基础设施(上海) 开放课题基金(TMSK-2020-131)
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    上海交通大学药学院, 上海 200240

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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