Article(id=1210517369466778604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0693, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1654185600000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-03, revisedDate=1655049600000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539431206, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1668182400000, pubDateStr=2022-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539431206, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539431206, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539431206, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210517366081975259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='11', pageStart='3259', pageEnd='3450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539430399, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539608198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518111875363690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518111875363691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3437, endPage=3445, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210517369902986231, articleId=1210517369466778604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Gene cloning and functional characterization of a lysine decarboxylase from Huperzia serrata, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lysine decarboxylase is a key enzyme involved in the upstream biosynthesis of lycopodium alkaloids (LAs) such as huperzine A, contributing to the decarboxylation of lysine to 1, 5-pentanediamine (cadaverine). Three lysine decarboxylase genes (HsLDC-L1, HsLDC-L2, HsLDC-L3) were successfully cloned from Huperzia serrata using transcriptomic sequence data mining strategy combined with reverse transcription PCR. The physicochemical properties, secondary and tertiary structures, amino acid identities, and evolutionary relationship of the three LDCs were analyzed by online bioinformatics analysis platforms and DNAMAN, MEGA 7.0 software, revealing that all of these proteins had the conserved PLP binding domain and active site residues were completely conserved in LDCs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these LDCs were located in the same branch as other known LDCs from LA-producing plants. Accordingly, the ORFs of these three HsLDCs were inserted into different expression plasmids for further expression in E. coli. However, only HsLDC-L1 was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) by inserting into a pCold TF vector. The recombinant protein was purified by Ni2+ affinity chromatography purification. HsLDC-L1 contains 469 amino acid residues, with a calculated molecular weight of 50.50 kDa. HsLDC-L1 expectedly catalyzed the decarboxylation of lysine to produce cadaverine. In addition, HsLDC-L1 can also catalyze the generation of putrescine from ornithine. However, it cannot catalyze the decarboxylation of tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and histidine. The results not only provide insight into the biosynthesis of LAs including huperzine A, but also provide a critical genetic element for the overproduction of Δ1-piperideine and pelletierine, the essential biosynthetic precursors of LAs, using synthetic biology strategies.

, correspAuthors=Juan WANG, She-po SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Sai-nan LI, Wen-jing WANG, Bei-bei ZHANG, Ze-kun ZHANG, Xiang-yu GE, Yu DU, Xiao-xue ZHANG, Juan WANG, She-po SHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210517372167909527, articleId=1210517369466778604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=蛇足石杉中赖氨酸脱羧酶基因的克隆表达及功能鉴定, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

赖氨酸脱羧酶是石杉碱甲等石松生物碱上游生物合成步骤中催化赖氨酸脱羧生成1, 5-戊二胺(尸胺)的关键酶。通过对蛇足石杉(Huperzia serrata)转录组数据的挖掘分析, 并结合RT-PCR技术从蛇足石杉中成功克隆出3个赖氨酸脱羧酶基因(HsLDC-L1HsLDC-L2HsLDC-L3); 利用在线生物信息学分析软件以及DNAMAN、MEGA 7.0等对上述3个基因编码蛋白的性质、二级和三级结构、序列同源性、进化关系等进行了预测分析, 发现3个基因编码蛋白均具有植物赖氨酸脱羧酶的保守结构域和活性位点, 且与文献报道的产石杉碱甲植物中的赖氨酸脱羧酶具有较近的亲缘关系。进一步尝试利用不同载体在大肠杆菌中对上述3个基因进行表达, 结果仅HsLDC-L1与载体pCold TF构建的重组质粒在大肠杆菌E. coli BL21 (DE3)中成功实现可溶性表达, 利用Ni2+亲和色谱柱分离纯化得到重组蛋白HsLDC-L1;HsLDC-L1全长由469个氨基酸组成, 理论分子质量为50.50 kDa。体外酶活性分析证明HsLDC-L1可以催化赖氨酸脱羧生成尸胺。底物适应性实验发现HsLDC-L1还可以催化鸟氨酸脱羧生成腐胺, 但不能催化酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸脱羧。上述结果为进一步研究包括石杉碱甲在内的石松类生物碱的生物合成提供参考, 为利用合成生物学策略构建产Δ1-哌啶、石榴碱等石松类生物碱生物合成关键前体的工程菌提供重要的基因元件。

, correspAuthors=王娟, 史社坡, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王娟, E-mail: ;
史社坡, E-mail:
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Combination of red asterisk and yellow underscore represent the pyridoxal 5-phosphatemonohydrate (PLP) binding domain, lysine (Lys) binding site and conserved domains, respectively , figureFileSmall=+gXtVklJQ7Xr8ipJUq8s5Q==, figureFileBig=JA4EIUGasbvbhd9vnIWpyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517379830903306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517369466778604, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DP8Jt3HtDuD4Jtaggz0T9w==, figureFileBig=Hnuq+ERnsBEvTIqYXAf+Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517379994481171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517369466778604, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Phylogenetic tree of L/ODCs from various plant species. Analysis showed that the plant L/ODCs grouped into five clusters: dicots (black branch), monocots (green branch), mosses (blue branch), leptosporangiate (purple branch), lycophytes (red branches) , figureFileSmall=DP8Jt3HtDuD4Jtaggz0T9w==, figureFileBig=Hnuq+ERnsBEvTIqYXAf+Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517380074172953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517369466778604, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rT/pcKE2ZZBk/5e3aAB7sA==, figureFileBig=K4TEavAodVB889df0XKOUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517380204196383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517369466778604, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= SDS-PAGE of recombinant HsLDC-L1. Lane M: Protein ladder; Lane 1: Soluble crude extract from <i>E. coli</i> cells induced by isopropyl-beta-<i>D</i>-thiogalactoside (IPTG); Lane 2: Soluble crude extract from <i>E. coli</i> cells without IPTG treatment , figureFileSmall=rT/pcKE2ZZBk/5e3aAB7sA==, figureFileBig=K4TEavAodVB889df0XKOUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517380317442596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517369466778604, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sH1oZpEf5mDxXdk/syrhhA==, figureFileBig=ZVq1E0XQmezEOT1WF0M93Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517380514574894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517369466778604, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= 1-Fluoro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) derivatization of the enzymatic products produced by HsLDC-L1 , figureFileSmall=sH1oZpEf5mDxXdk/syrhhA==, figureFileBig=ZVq1E0XQmezEOT1WF0M93Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517380615238197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517369466778604, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1FhzjtbjHO0vCFac8yFb0w==, figureFileBig=NwTBefjibDaF7PevGYZD+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517380673958462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517369466778604, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= LC-MS analysis of the FDNB derivatized products. A: HPLC chromatograms (360 nm) for the reaction using lysine as substrate; B: The MS spectra of P1-L; C: The MS spectra of P2-L , figureFileSmall=1FhzjtbjHO0vCFac8yFb0w==, figureFileBig=NwTBefjibDaF7PevGYZD+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517380762038855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517369466778604, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=C2beZO3J1Ee8B16T0mPbiA==, figureFileBig=Q0bQ12z+PdgGf40vWRrCeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517380896256588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517369466778604, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= LC-MS analysis of the FDNB derivatized products. A: HPLC chromatograms (360 nm) using ornithine as substrate; B: The MS spectra of P1-O; C: The MS spectra of P2-O , figureFileSmall=C2beZO3J1Ee8B16T0mPbiA==, figureFileBig=Q0bQ12z+PdgGf40vWRrCeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517380980142675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517369466778604, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namePrimer sequence (5'-3')
HsLDC-L1-FATGACGTTTGGTCGCATGGAAG
HsLDC-L1-RTTATTTGGATGCAGGTGTTGTTG
HsLDC-L2-FATGGCAGCTTGTGACTCTC
HsLDC-L2-RCTAGTAAATCACAGAAAAATGGAAAG
HsLDC-L3-FATGCCTCTCACTGCTCTCAACAAGC
HsLDC-L3-RTTACTCGCGGTCTTCGCCAG
), ArticleFig(id=1210517381055640151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517369466778604, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namePrimer sequence (5'-3')
HsLDC-L1-FATGACGTTTGGTCGCATGGAAG
HsLDC-L1-RTTATTTGGATGCAGGTGTTGTTG
HsLDC-L2-FATGGCAGCTTGTGACTCTC
HsLDC-L2-RCTAGTAAATCACAGAAAAATGGAAAG
HsLDC-L3-FATGCCTCTCACTGCTCTCAACAAGC
HsLDC-L3-RTTACTCGCGGTCTTCGCCAG
), ArticleFig(id=1210517381189857889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517369466778604, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namePrimer sequence (5'-3')
HsL1pTF-FaccctcgagggatccgaattcATGACGTTTGGTCGCATGGA
HsL1pTF-RctatctagactgcaggtcgacTTATTTGGATGCAGGTGTTGTTG
HsL2pTF-FctcggtaccctcgagggatccATGGCAGCTTGTGACTCTCCA
HsL2pTF-RagactgcaggtcgacaagcttCTAGTAAATCACAGAAAAATGGAAAG
HsL3pTF-FctcggtaccctcgagggatccATGGCAGCTTGTGACTCTCCA
HsL3pTF-RagactgcaggtcgacaagcttTCACAGAAAATCGTTTATTGAGTCTTC
), ArticleFig(id=1210517381298909801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517369466778604, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primer sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namePrimer sequence (5'-3')
HsL1pTF-FaccctcgagggatccgaattcATGACGTTTGGTCGCATGGA
HsL1pTF-RctatctagactgcaggtcgacTTATTTGGATGCAGGTGTTGTTG
HsL2pTF-FctcggtaccctcgagggatccATGGCAGCTTGTGACTCTCCA
HsL2pTF-RagactgcaggtcgacaagcttCTAGTAAATCACAGAAAAATGGAAAG
HsL3pTF-FctcggtaccctcgagggatccATGGCAGCTTGTGACTCTCCA
HsL3pTF-RagactgcaggtcgacaagcttTCACAGAAAATCGTTTATTGAGTCTTC
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李赛男 , 王雯静 , 张蓓蓓 , 张泽坤 , 葛祥宇 , 杜宇 , 张晓雪 , 王娟 * , 史社坡 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(11): 3437-3445
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(11): 3437-3445
蛇足石杉中赖氨酸脱羧酶基因的克隆表达及功能鉴定
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李赛男, 王雯静, 张蓓蓓, 张泽坤, 葛祥宇, 杜宇, 张晓雪, 王娟* , 史社坡*
作者信息
  • 北京中医药大学中药现代研究中心, 北京 100029

通讯作者:

*王娟, E-mail: ;
史社坡, E-mail:
Gene cloning and functional characterization of a lysine decarboxylase from Huperzia serrata
Sai-nan LI, Wen-jing WANG, Bei-bei ZHANG, Ze-kun ZHANG, Xiang-yu GE, Yu DU, Xiao-xue ZHANG, Juan WANG* , She-po SHI*
Affiliations
  • Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2022-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0693
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赖氨酸脱羧酶是石杉碱甲等石松生物碱上游生物合成步骤中催化赖氨酸脱羧生成1, 5-戊二胺(尸胺)的关键酶。通过对蛇足石杉(Huperzia serrata)转录组数据的挖掘分析, 并结合RT-PCR技术从蛇足石杉中成功克隆出3个赖氨酸脱羧酶基因(HsLDC-L1HsLDC-L2HsLDC-L3); 利用在线生物信息学分析软件以及DNAMAN、MEGA 7.0等对上述3个基因编码蛋白的性质、二级和三级结构、序列同源性、进化关系等进行了预测分析, 发现3个基因编码蛋白均具有植物赖氨酸脱羧酶的保守结构域和活性位点, 且与文献报道的产石杉碱甲植物中的赖氨酸脱羧酶具有较近的亲缘关系。进一步尝试利用不同载体在大肠杆菌中对上述3个基因进行表达, 结果仅HsLDC-L1与载体pCold TF构建的重组质粒在大肠杆菌E. coli BL21 (DE3)中成功实现可溶性表达, 利用Ni2+亲和色谱柱分离纯化得到重组蛋白HsLDC-L1;HsLDC-L1全长由469个氨基酸组成, 理论分子质量为50.50 kDa。体外酶活性分析证明HsLDC-L1可以催化赖氨酸脱羧生成尸胺。底物适应性实验发现HsLDC-L1还可以催化鸟氨酸脱羧生成腐胺, 但不能催化酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸脱羧。上述结果为进一步研究包括石杉碱甲在内的石松类生物碱的生物合成提供参考, 为利用合成生物学策略构建产Δ1-哌啶、石榴碱等石松类生物碱生物合成关键前体的工程菌提供重要的基因元件。

蛇足石杉  /  赖氨酸脱羧酶  /  基因克隆  /  石杉碱甲  /  石松生物碱

Lysine decarboxylase is a key enzyme involved in the upstream biosynthesis of lycopodium alkaloids (LAs) such as huperzine A, contributing to the decarboxylation of lysine to 1, 5-pentanediamine (cadaverine). Three lysine decarboxylase genes (HsLDC-L1, HsLDC-L2, HsLDC-L3) were successfully cloned from Huperzia serrata using transcriptomic sequence data mining strategy combined with reverse transcription PCR. The physicochemical properties, secondary and tertiary structures, amino acid identities, and evolutionary relationship of the three LDCs were analyzed by online bioinformatics analysis platforms and DNAMAN, MEGA 7.0 software, revealing that all of these proteins had the conserved PLP binding domain and active site residues were completely conserved in LDCs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these LDCs were located in the same branch as other known LDCs from LA-producing plants. Accordingly, the ORFs of these three HsLDCs were inserted into different expression plasmids for further expression in E. coli. However, only HsLDC-L1 was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) by inserting into a pCold TF vector. The recombinant protein was purified by Ni2+ affinity chromatography purification. HsLDC-L1 contains 469 amino acid residues, with a calculated molecular weight of 50.50 kDa. HsLDC-L1 expectedly catalyzed the decarboxylation of lysine to produce cadaverine. In addition, HsLDC-L1 can also catalyze the generation of putrescine from ornithine. However, it cannot catalyze the decarboxylation of tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and histidine. The results not only provide insight into the biosynthesis of LAs including huperzine A, but also provide a critical genetic element for the overproduction of Δ1-piperideine and pelletierine, the essential biosynthetic precursors of LAs, using synthetic biology strategies.

Huperzia serrata  /  lysine decarboxylase  /  gene cloning  /  huperzine A  /  lycopodium alkaloids
李赛男, 王雯静, 张蓓蓓, 张泽坤, 葛祥宇, 杜宇, 张晓雪, 王娟, 史社坡. 蛇足石杉中赖氨酸脱羧酶基因的克隆表达及功能鉴定. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (11) : 3437 -3445 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0693
Sai-nan LI, Wen-jing WANG, Bei-bei ZHANG, Ze-kun ZHANG, Xiang-yu GE, Yu DU, Xiao-xue ZHANG, Juan WANG, She-po SHI. Gene cloning and functional characterization of a lysine decarboxylase from Huperzia serrata[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (11) : 3437 -3445 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0693
蛇足石杉Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trev.为石杉科石杉属多年生草本蕨类植物, 民间俗称千层塔、蛇足草等, 为珍稀名贵中药, 具有散瘀消肿、利尿、解毒和止痛等功效[1, 2]。20世纪80年代, 我国学者率先从蛇足石杉中分离纯化得到具有高效、可逆、高选择性乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性的石杉碱甲(huperzine A)[3, 4], 并将其开发成抗老年痴呆药物已在临床应用近30年, 美国FDA也将石杉碱甲作为膳食补充剂批准上市[5]。目前, 石杉碱甲主要依靠从蛇足石杉等植物中提取获得, 但由于石杉碱甲在植物中含量低、蛇足石杉植株矮小、生长缓慢, 仅依靠从植物中提取获得该化合物周期较长且会引起药源紧张等问题, 并且石杉碱甲结构复杂, 化学合成尤其是立体选择性合成难度大, 利用化学合成进行工业化生产仍有难度[6-8], 因此, 石杉碱甲的药源瓶颈严重制约其作为抗老年痴呆药物的生产和深度研发。
随着合成生物学的飞速发展, 越来越多天然产物的生物合成调控基因及生物合成途径被阐明, 如紫杉醇、青蒿素、吲哚类生物碱等已实现目标产物在生物工程菌(或生物工程植株) 中的快速合成[9, 10]。因此利用合成生物学的方法解决石杉碱甲的药源问题备受关注。然而, 想要实现石杉碱甲的合成生物学生产, 首先必须彻底阐明石杉碱甲的生物合成途径及其催化酶。同位素标记实验表明[11, 12], 石杉碱甲等石松生物碱是由赖氨酸(lysine) 在赖氨酸脱羧酶(LDC) 的作用下脱羧生成尸胺(cadaverine), 再由铜胺氧化酶(CAO) 氧化脱氨并自发环合生成哌啶(Δ1-piperideine), 哌啶再与丙酮二羧酸(1, 3-acetonedicarboxylic acid) 缩合并脱羧生成所有石松生物碱生物合成的关键前体石榴碱(pelletierine), 石榴碱与其未脱羧产物4-(2-哌啶基) 乙酰乙酸[4-(2-piperidyl) acetoacetic acid, 4PAA] 缩合形成所有石松生物碱生物合成的共同中间体phlegmarine, 然后在一系列氧化酶的作用下, 经氧化环合、开环、脱氢等反应生成石杉碱甲(huperzine A) (图 1)。由于蛇足石杉等在体内含有大量的内生菌[13], 建立离体组织培养体系非常困难, 这严重影响了石杉碱甲等石松生物碱生物合成相关酶的鉴定, 早期仅有关于赖氨酸脱羧酶和铜胺氧化酶的报道, 但也仅是少数对其进行了异源表达和催化功能确认[14-16]。本课题组一直致力于石杉碱甲的生物合成研究, 已成功从蛇足石杉及近缘植物柳杉叶马尾杉中克隆鉴定了多个植物聚酮合酶, 率先报道了石杉碱甲生物合成的关键前体石榴碱的生物合成机制及催化酶[17-19]。非常有意思的是, 最近美国斯坦福大学Elizabeth Sattely教授团队从马尾杉属植物Phlegmariurus tetrastichus中也发现能够催化石榴碱合成的聚酮合酶PtPIKS, 同时还报道了2个催化石杉碱乙氧化开环生成石杉碱丙, 再经双键异构化生成石杉碱甲的铁(Ⅱ)/2-酮戊二酸依赖性氧化酶[14]。近来, 本课题组为了利用已鉴定的聚酮合酶构建高效合成石杉碱甲关键生物合成前体石榴碱的工程菌, 对蛇足石杉中的赖氨酸脱羧酶也进行了研究, 本文报道了从蛇足石杉中筛选出的3条赖氨酸脱羧酶基因(HsLDC-L1HsLDC-L2HsLDC-L3), 重点对成功实现可溶性表达并确认催化功能的赖氨酸脱羧酶HsLDC-L1进行讨论。
材料  蛇足石杉(Huperzia serrata) 采自湖南省吉首市保靖县。
试剂  大肠杆菌感受态细胞TOP10和BL21 (DE3) 购自北京全式金生物科技有限公司; 载体pET28a、pCold Ⅰ和pCold TF为本课题组自存; 逆转录试剂盒(Qiagen 205111)、植物RNA提取试剂盒Plant RNA Kit (OMEGA)、原核克隆载体pCE2 TA/Blunt-Zero (7E480L0)、胶回收试剂盒(017E2291DA)、高保真聚合酶Phanta® Max Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (7G542H1)、无缝克隆试剂盒(7E571J1) 购自南京诺唯赞生物科技有限公司; 赖氨酸、鸟氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸均购自北京拜尔迪生物技术有限公司; 限制性内切酶EcoR Ⅰ和Sal Ⅰ (TaKaRa) 购自北京宝日医生物科技有限公司。
总RNA的提取与cDNA的合成  选新鲜蛇足石杉茎叶, 液氮冷冻法进行研磨, 参照试剂盒实验操作步骤快速提取植物中的总RNA, 利用NanoDrop 2000C检测RNA浓度, 同时利用1.3%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA的完整性和质量, 使用反转录酶试剂盒(Qiagen 205111) 反转录合成cDNA。
基因全长的克隆  利用本课题组前期获得的蛇足石杉转录组测序数据, 对其进行分析挖掘, 成功筛选到3个可能编码赖氨酸脱羧酶的全长基因。设计特异性引物(引物序列见表 1), 以合成的cDNA为模板进行扩增, 扩增反应程序如下: 95 ℃预变性30 s; 然后进行35次循环(95 ℃变性温度15 s, 退火温度依次为56.5 ℃ (HsLDC-L1)、58.7 ℃ (HsLDC-L2)、57.1 ℃ (HsLDC-L3), 时间15 s, 72 ℃延伸68 s); 程序循环结束后72 ℃延伸5 min。反应结束后, 利用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测PCR产物, 目的片段回收纯化后与克隆载体pCE2 TA/Blunt-Zero连接, 转化到TOP10菌株中, 在含有氨苄霉素(Amp, 100 μg·mL-1) 的LB固体培养基过夜培养后, 菌落PCR筛选阳性克隆并测序确认。
生物信息学分析  利用在线软件ProtParam (http://www.expasy.ch/tools/protpar-am.html) 预测蛋白结构参数; 利用软件TMHMM 2.0进行蛋白质跨膜结构分析; 利用DNAMAN将LDCs与其他物种的LDCs氨基酸序列进行同源性比对; 通过MEGA 7.0软件构建Maximum-Likelihood系统进化树, 进化距离的计算采用泊松校正法, Bootstrap重复次数为1 000次; 通过ExPASY中SOPMA工具(http://npsa-pbil.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/secpres_sopmal.pl) 分析蛋白质序列的二级结构; 利用SWISS-MODEL Workspace在线分析软件(http://swissmodel.expasy.org) 构建蛋白质三级结构模型。
HsLDC-L1的表达与纯化  采用无缝克隆策略设计相关引物(表 2) 进行扩增。扩增产物与EcoR、Sal Ⅰ双酶切的载体(pCold Ⅰ、pCold TF、pET22b和pET28a) 在Exnase® Ⅱ重组酶的催化下反应30 min进行连接, 连接产物转入TOP10感受态细胞, 在相应的Amp (100 μg·mL-1) 或卡那霉素(Kana, 50 μg·mL-1) 抗性LB固体培养基37 ℃下培养12 h, 菌落PCR筛选阳性菌落, 进行测序验证后, 重组质粒转入表达菌株BL21 (DE3) 中, 构建LDCs重组表达菌株。挑取含有重组质粒的单菌落, 接种到10 mL含100 μg·mL-1 Amp的LB液体培养基中, 37 ℃、200 r·min-1过夜培养, 次日按1∶100 (V/V) 的比例将活化菌液加入含100 μg·mL-1 Amp、总体积为1 L新鲜LB液体培养基中, 37 ℃、200 r·min-1培养至OD600值为0.6时, 加入0.8 mmol·L-1的异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG) 诱导蛋白表达, 分别在15 ℃继续培养24 h (pCold系列载体) 及23 ℃ (pET系列载体) 继续培养16 h。离心法(4 ℃、7 400 r·min-1) 收集菌体后重悬于预冷的40 mmol·L-1 KPB缓冲液(100 mmol·L-1 NaCl, 5 mmol·L-1咪唑, pH 7.9) 中, 超声破碎后, 于4 ℃、8 000 r·min-1离心1 h。上清液经0.45 μm滤膜过滤后上样于经预平衡的Ni2+亲和色谱柱, 用20 mmol·L-1 KPB缓冲液(500 mmol·L-1 NaCl, 40 mmol·L-1咪唑, pH 7.9) 除去杂蛋白后, 用15 mmol·L-1 KPB缓冲液(10%甘油, 400 mmol·L-1咪唑, pH 7.9) 进行洗脱获重组蛋白, 利用Centricon Plus-80 Millipore离心浓缩除盐后, 保存于20 mmol·L-1 KPB缓冲液(1 mmol·L-1 EDTA, 10%甘油, pH 8.0) 中备用。利用SDS-PAGE考察蛋白表达纯化情况, 采用Bio-rad Bradford法测定蛋白浓度。
HsLDC-L1酶功能鉴定  酶活性分析反应体系如下: 500 µL 50 mmol·L-1 KPB缓冲液(pH 7.5) 中加入0.68 μmol·L-1 HsLDC-L1、0.4 mmol·L-1磷酸吡哆醛(pyridoxal5-phosphate monohydrate, PLP) 和10 mmol·L-1赖氨酸(或鸟氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸), 37 ℃下反应1 h, 对照反应在相同的条件中加入等浓度的高温灭活的蛋白。由于赖氨酸和鸟氨酸的脱羧产物尸胺和腐胺紫外吸收极弱, 难于检测分离, 故将产物通过2, 4-二硝基氟苯(1-fluoro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene, FDNB) 衍生化后进行LC-MS检测。衍生化反应体系如下: 每100 µL酶反应混合液中添加400 µL 0.625 mol·L-1的K2CO3水溶液和50 μL 10 mmol·L-1的FDNB乙腈溶液, 37 ℃下孵育30 min, 加入12 μL的甲酸终止反应, 14 000 r·min-1、25 ℃高速离心20 min, 上清液用0.22 μm滤膜过滤, 取20 μL进行LCMS-IT-TOF分析。色谱分析条件: 色谱柱为Agilent Extend-C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm), 流速为1.0 mL·min-1, 柱温40 ℃, 流动相为0.1%甲酸水(A) 和乙腈(B) 混合液梯度洗脱: 0~10 min, 5%~40% B; 10~30 min, 40%~80% B; 30~35 min, 80%~95% B。
对本课题组前期获得的蛇足石杉转录组数据进行分析挖掘, 共获得3个具有完整开放阅读框的LDCs基因, 以cDNA为模板扩增LDCs基因, 1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测显示获得的LDCs大小约1 500 bp。PCR产物连接到克隆载体, 测序结果经NCBI的BLAST比对分析, 确定该扩增产物为具有完整ORF的LDCs基因, 分别命名为HsLDC-L1HsLDC-L2、HsLDC-L3, 序列长度分别为1 410 bp、1 554 bp、1 530 bp, 编码氨基酸个数依次为469、517、509。
利用在线生物信息分析软件, 对HsLDC-L1HsLDC-L2HsLDC-L3编码蛋白的理化性质进行分析, 结果表明3个蛋白的分子式分别为C2248H3510N590O679S24、C2491H3888N654O761S27、C2417H3789N641O754S30, 其分子质量分别为50.50 kDa、56.04 kDa、54.85 kDa; 等电点(isoelectric point, pI) 依次5.17、5.15、5.13, 均为酸性蛋白; 不稳定指数(instability index, Ⅱ) 从大到小依次为HsLDC-L3 (42.88)、HsLDC-L2 (40.47)、HsLDC-L1 (39.84), HsLDC-L1的不稳定性系数小于40, 为稳定蛋白, HsLDC-L2和HsLDC-L3不稳定系数都大于40, 为不稳定蛋白。脂溶系数(aliphatic index, AI) 分别为91.11、90.39、85.14; 平均亲水系数(grand average of hydropathy, GRAVY) 分别为0.116、0.064、0.000, HsLDC-L3亲水性在三者中最好, HsLDC-L1亲水性在三者中最差; TMHMM 2.0分析结果表明3个LDCs结构中均不含跨膜区域。
使用SOPMA工具进行二级结构分析, 统计表明3个LDCs二级结构由35.08%~39.02%的α-螺旋(α-helices)、5.30%~6.00%的β-折叠(β-turn)、38.17%~43.61%的无规则卷曲(random coil) 及15.72%~17.06%的延伸链(extended strand) 组成。分别以PDB数据库中(Protein Data Bank) 收录的脱羧酶1d7k.1.A、1d7k.1.A、2oo0.1.A为模板, 对HsLDC-L1、HsLDC-L2和HsLDC-L3的三级结构进行预测, 结果如图 2所示。
将HsLDC-L1、HsLDC-L2、HsLDC-L3氨基酸序列与文献中从石松科和石杉科植物中获得的赖氨酸脱羧酶的序列进行比对, 结果发现3个蛋白均属于PLP依赖性超家族酶, 均存在高度保守的N端PLP结合域和C端底物赖氨酸结合域(图 3)。3条序列与目前已经确定催化活性的赖氨酸脱羧酶的序列进行比对, 发现HsLDC-L1与H. serrata中报道的赖氨酸脱羧酶HsLDC-X1的相似度最高(相似度为98.93%)[15], HsLDC-L2与P. tetrastichus中的赖氨酸脱羧酶PtLDC (GenBank号: QWQ66219.1) 的相似度最高(相似度为89.94%)[14], HsLDC-L3与H. serrata中的赖氨酸脱羧酶HsLDC (GenBank号: AB915697.1) 的相似度最高(相似度为99.41%)[20]。3个氨基酸序列之间的相似度为: HsLDC-L1与HsLDC-L2相似度57.61%, 与HsLDC-L3相似度为57.84%, HsLDC-L2和HsLDC-L3的相似度为83.01%。采用MEGA 7.0将HsLDC-L1、HsLDC-L2、HsLDC-L3与目前NCBI数据库中收录的赖氨酸脱羧酶一起构建进化树(图 4), 结果发现HsLDC-L1、HsLDC-L2、HsLDC-L3与石松类植物中的赖氨酸脱羧酶明显的位于同一个分支, 提示编码这些赖氨酸脱羧酶的基因在进化上具有较近的亲缘关系。
通过构建不同的表达质粒, 尝试将3个目标蛋白在大肠杆菌中进行表达, 结果仅HsLDC-L1在构建到pCold TF表达载体中后, 经低温诱导才成功实现了该蛋白的可溶性表达, 而其他两个基因HsLDC-L2HsLDC-L3, 虽然尝试更换了多个表达载体, 但均未获得可溶性表达。表达的可溶性重组蛋白HsLDC-L1经SDS-PAGE分析, 在100 kDa左右出现与目标蛋白大小一致(重组蛋白携带有48 kDa左右的标签) 的条带, 如图 5所示。
由于赖氨酸及其脱羧产物尸胺均无明显的紫外吸收, 难于检测, 酶催化反应结束后在反应体系中加入2, 4-二硝基氟苯(FDNB) 进行衍生化, 通过检测衍生化产物来确定酶的活性(图 6)。当HsLDC-L1与L-赖氨酸和PLP共同孵育并经FDNB衍生化后, 产物经LC-MS分析发现, 反应混合物中检测到2个相对分子质量分别为268和434的产物色谱峰(图 7A), 保留时间分别在7.5 min (P1-L) 和20.5 min (P2-L)。在产物P1-L的HR-ESI-MS图谱中(图 7B), 出现[M+H]+m/z 269.122 5 (计算值269.120 5, C11H17N4O4), 故确定其分子式为C11H16N4O4, 该产物的MS2图谱中出现m/z 252.102 2和86.095 5碎片峰, 分别为尸胺的单DNB衍生物脱氨和脱去间二硝基苯胺后产生的碎片离子峰。在产物P2-L的HR-ESI-MS图谱中(图 7C), 出现[M+H]+和[M+Na]+m/z 435.125 2 (计算值435.122 0, C17H19N6O8)、457.105 6 (计算值457.108 4, C17H18N6O8Na), 确定P2-L的分子式为C17H18N6O8, P2-L的相对分子质量比P1-L多了166, 提示其可能为产物尸胺的双DNB衍生物, 在P2-L的MS2图谱中出现失去一个间二硝基苯胺后的特征碎片m/z 252.095 2, 进一步确认P2-L为尸胺的双DNB衍生物。相比之下, 在高温灭活的HsLDC-L1与底物的反应中仅检测到底物L-赖氨酸的单DNB衍生物(S1-L) 和双DNB衍生物(S2-L)。上述结果证明HsLDC-L1为赖氨酸脱羧酶, 可以催化赖氨酸脱羧生成尸胺。
为了进一步考察HsLDC-L1的底物适应性, 选择鸟氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸作为底物, 考察酶的催化活性, 结果发现HsLDC-L1还能够催化鸟氨酸发生脱羧生成1, 4-丁二胺(腐胺), 结果如图 8。但HsLDC-L1不能催化酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸发生脱羧反应。
赖氨酸脱羧酶是哌啶类、喹诺里西啶类生物碱生物合成的关键催化酶, 其催化合成的生物碱在生源上被归属为赖氨酸来源的生物碱。本研究中克隆鉴定的HsLDC-L1不仅可以催化赖氨酸脱羧生成尸胺, 其还可以催化鸟氨酸发生脱羧反应生成腐胺, 与文献[15]中报道的HsLDC-X1具有比较相似的功能, 但HsLDC-L1不能接受除赖氨酸和鸟氨酸外其他的氨基酸为底物发生脱羧反应。鸟氨酸脱羧后形成的腐胺是吡咯类生物碱生物合成的共同前体, 自然界中如东莨菪碱、颠茄碱等均来自于鸟氨酸脱羧后形成的腐胺。HsLDC-L1不仅能够催化赖氨酸脱羧, 同时也可以催化鸟氨酸脱羧, 因此, HsLDC-L1不仅可用于构建合成赖氨酸来源生物碱的工程菌, 同时也可能用于构建合成鸟氨酸来源生物碱的工程菌。此外, 和所有PLP依赖性的氨基酸脱羧酶一样, HsLDC-L1的氨基酸序列中, 也具有保守的PLP结合域, 在进行酶活性分析中, 需要加入辅酶因子PLP, 在PLP缺失的酶反应中, HsLDC-L1不表现出脱羧活性。
然而, 虽然体外酶活性证明HsLDC-L1确实能够催化赖氨酸脱羧生成石松类生物碱合成的关键前体尸胺, 提示其可能参与石杉碱甲等石松类生物碱的生物合成, 但尸胺在很多植物中也同样存在, 在植物的生长、发育和抗逆反应中具有重要的生理功能, 因此HsLDC-L1在体内是否确实参与了石杉碱甲等石松类生物碱的合成, 尚需进一步通过体内的相关实验进行确证。但是由于蛇足石杉离体培养难度大, 难以直接进行体内的基因沉默或者过表达等方法来快速确定酶的体内功能。本研究中相关赖氨酸脱羧酶的鉴定, 主要是用于构建合成石杉碱甲生物合成关键前体石榴碱的工程菌, 因此没有进一步探讨HsLDC-L1在体内是否确实与石杉碱甲等石松生物碱的生物合成相关。
作者贡献: 李赛男负责HsLDC-L1转录组数据分析、基因克隆、原核表达、体外酶活鉴定以及论文初稿的撰写; 王雯静、张蓓蓓、张泽坤负责RNA提取, 并协助转录组数据分析; 杜宇、张晓雪、葛祥宇负责反转录; 王娟为本研究提供实验指导并对论文初稿进行修改; 史社坡负责实验方案设计、实验技术指导、论文撰写及修改。
利益冲突: 无相关利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81573312)
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2022年第57卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0693
  • 接收时间:2022-06-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-03
  • 修回日期:2022-06-13
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(81573312)
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    北京中医药大学中药现代研究中心, 北京 100029

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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