Article(id=1210517367474484189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0203, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1645027200000, receivedDateStr=2022-02-17, revisedDate=1649779200000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539430731, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1668182400000, pubDateStr=2022-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539430731, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539430731, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539430731, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210517366081975259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='11', pageStart='3259', pageEnd='3450', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539430399, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539608198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210518111875363690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210518111875363691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210517366081975259, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3322, endPage=3330, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210517367868748767, articleId=1210517367474484189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The role of activation of the ferroptosis pathway in the inhibition of esophageal cancer proliferation and metastasis by realgar, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study was designed to investigate the role of activation of the ferroptosis pathway in the inhibition of esophageal cancer proliferation and metastasis by realgar, using esophageal cancer Eca109 and KYSE150 cells as the target cells. The rate of inhibition and half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) were measured by the CCK-8 method; clone formation ability was measured by clone formation assay; the changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry; the ultrastructure of the cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy; the distribution of intracellular iron particles was observed by Prussian blue staining; the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was detected by immunofluorescence staining; the scratch assay was used to detect the cell migration ability; the Transwell assay was used to detect the cell invasion ability; and western blotting was used to detect E-cadherin, Slug and N-cadherin protein expression in the cells. The results show that realgar inhibited the proliferation of Eca109 and KYSE150 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and the IC50 of Eca109 and KYSE150 cells was 64.297 and 51.337 μmol‧L-1, respectively. Compared with the control group, many mitochondria in the cytoplasm of Eca109 and KYSE150 cells in the realgar 2IC50 group were swollen and blue-stained particles of different sizes and amounts were found, and ROS fluorescence intensity was significantly increased while GPX4 protein expression was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Compared with the realgar group, the proliferation, migration, membrane penetration and Slug and N-cadherin protein expression were significantly increased, and the cell inhibition rate and E-cadherin protein expression were significantly decreased in Eca109 and KYSE150 cells in the realgar+ZVAD-FMK group (P < 0.05). The proliferation, migration, membrane penetration and Slug and N-cadherin protein expression were significantly decreased, and the cell inhibition rate and E-cadherin protein expression were significantly increased of Eca109 and KYSE150 cells in the realgar +erastin group (P < 0.05). The above results show that realgar inhibited the proliferation of Eca109 and KYSE150 cells and induced partial ferroptosis in the cells, and the proliferation and metastasis effects of realgar on esophageal cancer cells may work through partial ferroptosis pathway activation.

, correspAuthors=Ru-yi YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xue-lian ZHANG, Ru-yi YANG, Hong-bin WANG, Zhao SUN, Jun WANG, Qiu-ping WANG, Fa-zhang CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210517370100118526, articleId=1210517367474484189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=铁死亡通路激活在雄黄抑制食管癌增殖和转移中的作用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文以食管癌Eca109、KYSE150细胞为研究对象, 探讨铁死亡通路激活在雄黄抑制食管癌增殖和转移中的作用。采用CCK-8法检测抑制率及半数抑制浓度(IC50); 克隆形成实验检测克隆形成能力; 流式细胞检测细胞活性氧自由基(ROS) 变化; 透射电镜观察细胞超微结构; 普鲁士蓝染色观察细胞内铁颗粒分布; 免疫荧光染色检测细胞谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (GPX4) 表达; 划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力; Transwell小室实验检测细胞侵袭能力; Western blot检测细胞中E-cadherin、Slug、N-cadherin蛋白表达。结果显示, 雄黄以时间及浓度依赖性方式抑制Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖, 作用Eca109、KYSE150细胞的IC50分别为64.297、51.337 μmol‧L-1; 与空白组相比, 雄黄2IC50组Eca109、KYSE150细胞胞浆内大量线粒体发生肿胀并发现大小各异、多少不等的蓝染颗粒, 且ROS荧光强度明显升高, GPX4蛋白表达明显降低(P < 0.01); 与雄黄组相比, 雄黄+ZVAD-FMK组Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖、迁移能力、穿膜数及Slug、N-cadherin蛋白表达明显升高, 细胞抑制率及E-cadherin蛋白表达明显降低(P < 0.05); 雄黄+erastin组Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖、迁移能力、穿膜数及Slug、N-cadherin蛋白表达明显降低, 细胞抑制率及E-cadherin蛋白表达明显升高(P < 0.05)。以上研究结果表明, 雄黄可抑制Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖, 诱导细胞发生铁死亡现象, 雄黄对食管癌细胞的增殖和转移作用可能通过部分铁死亡通路激活发挥作用。

, correspAuthors=杨如意, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨如意, Tel: 13897240430, E-mail:
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Cancer Res, 2017, 77: 3725-3732., articleTitle=AXL-driven EMT state as a targetable conduit in cancer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517380720095808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517367474484189, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=23, issue=null, pageStart=369, pageEnd=379, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=Cell Death Differ, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie Y, Hou W, Song X, et al. Ferroptosis: process and function[J]. Cell Death Differ, 2016, 23: 369-379., articleTitle=Ferroptosis: process and function, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210517380858507847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517367474484189, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=null, pageStart=88, pageEnd=116, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=Cancer Commun (Lond), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao L, Zhou X, Xie F, et al. Ferroptosis in cancer and cancer immunotherapy[J]. 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A: Eca109 and KYSE150 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of realgar for 24, 48 and 72 h, cell viability was detected by CCK-8; B-D: Eca109 (B, D) and KYSE150 (C, D) cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of realgar for 24 h, the ability of cell clone formation was assayed using clone formation assay. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> 0 μmol‧L<sup>-1</sup> realgar group , figureFileSmall=I3ov5t6dnynHJsFFceY8Uw==, figureFileBig=XDvK1M+mSNa9eVxRSWnZvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517375619821885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517367474484189, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=w8pCv+RcAZO3oo7+VoaGLw==, figureFileBig=BeKJMC6nz3Vmo2hSZC/TvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517375745651011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517367474484189, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Induction of ferroptosis in esophageal carcinoma cells by realgar. Eca109 and KYSE150 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of realgar for 24 h. A: Cellular mitochondrial ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy (15 000×); B, C: Intracellular iron particle distribution (400×) was observed by Prussian blue staining; D, E: Cellular glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) changes were determined by immunofluorescence staining and observed under a fluorescent microscope (40×); F: Cellular ROS were measured by DCFH-DA and detected by flow cytometry. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=w8pCv+RcAZO3oo7+VoaGLw==, figureFileBig=BeKJMC6nz3Vmo2hSZC/TvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517375846314314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517367474484189, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vOMscu2JVxaNgEL1sou7nA==, figureFileBig=R8TA8/q+Q8kyJxXr2T9t/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517375972143439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517367474484189, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Effect of ferroptosis pathway activation on the inhibition of esophageal cancer cell proliferation by the action of realgar. Eca109 and KYSE150 cells were treated with realgar, realgar+Fer-1, realgar+ZVAD-FMK, and realgar+erastin for 24 h, respectively. A-C: The ability of cell clone formation was detected by clone formation assay; D: Cell viability was detected by CCK-8. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> realgar group , figureFileSmall=vOMscu2JVxaNgEL1sou7nA==, figureFileBig=R8TA8/q+Q8kyJxXr2T9t/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517376077001050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517367474484189, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=abrKF0py9JBGcNULDFCyeA==, figureFileBig=QBxKvbofwS8/s/Wq1JiChw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210517376173470046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210517367474484189, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effect of ferroptosis pathway activation on the inhibition of esophageal cancer cell migration and invasion by realgar. A, B: Eca109、KYSE150 cells migration was detected by cell scratch test; C, D: Eca109、KYSE150 cells invasion was detected by Transwell invasion experiment; E, F: Cell lysates were prepared and subjected to Western blot assay using antibody against E-cadherin, Slug, and N-cadherin, protein levels of <i>β</i>-actin were also measured as control. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> realgar group , figureFileSmall=abrKF0py9JBGcNULDFCyeA==, figureFileBig=QBxKvbofwS8/s/Wq1JiChw==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, 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铁死亡通路激活在雄黄抑制食管癌增殖和转移中的作用
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张雪莲 1 , 杨如意 2, * , 王宏斌 2 , 孙兆 2 , 王君 2 , 王秋萍 2 , 陈发章 1
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(11): 3322-3330
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(11): 3322-3330
铁死亡通路激活在雄黄抑制食管癌增殖和转移中的作用
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张雪莲1, 杨如意2, * , 王宏斌2, 孙兆2, 王君2, 王秋萍2, 陈发章1
作者信息
  • 1.青海大学医学院, 青海 西宁 810001
  • 2.青海大学附属医院中西医结合科, 青海 西宁 810001

通讯作者:

*杨如意, Tel: 13897240430, E-mail:
The role of activation of the ferroptosis pathway in the inhibition of esophageal cancer proliferation and metastasis by realgar
Xue-lian ZHANG1, Ru-yi YANG2, * , Hong-bin WANG2, Zhao SUN2, Jun WANG2, Qiu-ping WANG2, Fa-zhang CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1. Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
  • 2. Department of Integrative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
出版时间: 2022-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0203
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本文以食管癌Eca109、KYSE150细胞为研究对象, 探讨铁死亡通路激活在雄黄抑制食管癌增殖和转移中的作用。采用CCK-8法检测抑制率及半数抑制浓度(IC50); 克隆形成实验检测克隆形成能力; 流式细胞检测细胞活性氧自由基(ROS) 变化; 透射电镜观察细胞超微结构; 普鲁士蓝染色观察细胞内铁颗粒分布; 免疫荧光染色检测细胞谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (GPX4) 表达; 划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力; Transwell小室实验检测细胞侵袭能力; Western blot检测细胞中E-cadherin、Slug、N-cadherin蛋白表达。结果显示, 雄黄以时间及浓度依赖性方式抑制Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖, 作用Eca109、KYSE150细胞的IC50分别为64.297、51.337 μmol‧L-1; 与空白组相比, 雄黄2IC50组Eca109、KYSE150细胞胞浆内大量线粒体发生肿胀并发现大小各异、多少不等的蓝染颗粒, 且ROS荧光强度明显升高, GPX4蛋白表达明显降低(P < 0.01); 与雄黄组相比, 雄黄+ZVAD-FMK组Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖、迁移能力、穿膜数及Slug、N-cadherin蛋白表达明显升高, 细胞抑制率及E-cadherin蛋白表达明显降低(P < 0.05); 雄黄+erastin组Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖、迁移能力、穿膜数及Slug、N-cadherin蛋白表达明显降低, 细胞抑制率及E-cadherin蛋白表达明显升高(P < 0.05)。以上研究结果表明, 雄黄可抑制Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖, 诱导细胞发生铁死亡现象, 雄黄对食管癌细胞的增殖和转移作用可能通过部分铁死亡通路激活发挥作用。

食管癌  /  雄黄  /  铁死亡  /  细胞侵袭  /  细胞迁移  /  细胞增殖

This study was designed to investigate the role of activation of the ferroptosis pathway in the inhibition of esophageal cancer proliferation and metastasis by realgar, using esophageal cancer Eca109 and KYSE150 cells as the target cells. The rate of inhibition and half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) were measured by the CCK-8 method; clone formation ability was measured by clone formation assay; the changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry; the ultrastructure of the cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy; the distribution of intracellular iron particles was observed by Prussian blue staining; the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was detected by immunofluorescence staining; the scratch assay was used to detect the cell migration ability; the Transwell assay was used to detect the cell invasion ability; and western blotting was used to detect E-cadherin, Slug and N-cadherin protein expression in the cells. The results show that realgar inhibited the proliferation of Eca109 and KYSE150 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and the IC50 of Eca109 and KYSE150 cells was 64.297 and 51.337 μmol‧L-1, respectively. Compared with the control group, many mitochondria in the cytoplasm of Eca109 and KYSE150 cells in the realgar 2IC50 group were swollen and blue-stained particles of different sizes and amounts were found, and ROS fluorescence intensity was significantly increased while GPX4 protein expression was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Compared with the realgar group, the proliferation, migration, membrane penetration and Slug and N-cadherin protein expression were significantly increased, and the cell inhibition rate and E-cadherin protein expression were significantly decreased in Eca109 and KYSE150 cells in the realgar+ZVAD-FMK group (P < 0.05). The proliferation, migration, membrane penetration and Slug and N-cadherin protein expression were significantly decreased, and the cell inhibition rate and E-cadherin protein expression were significantly increased of Eca109 and KYSE150 cells in the realgar +erastin group (P < 0.05). The above results show that realgar inhibited the proliferation of Eca109 and KYSE150 cells and induced partial ferroptosis in the cells, and the proliferation and metastasis effects of realgar on esophageal cancer cells may work through partial ferroptosis pathway activation.

esophageal cancer  /  realgar  /  ferroptosis  /  cell invasion  /  cell migration  /  cell proliferation
张雪莲, 杨如意, 王宏斌, 孙兆, 王君, 王秋萍, 陈发章. 铁死亡通路激活在雄黄抑制食管癌增殖和转移中的作用. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (11) : 3322 -3330 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0203
Xue-lian ZHANG, Ru-yi YANG, Hong-bin WANG, Zhao SUN, Jun WANG, Qiu-ping WANG, Fa-zhang CHEN. The role of activation of the ferroptosis pathway in the inhibition of esophageal cancer proliferation and metastasis by realgar[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (11) : 3322 -3330 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0203
食管癌(esophageal cancer, EC) 被列为世界上第八大癌症相关死亡原因和第二大常见胃肠道癌症[1]。其在我国表现出明显的地理分布模式, 有较高的发病率和死亡率, 且相关死亡率在逐渐增加[2]。引起EC的因素主要包括饮食习惯、遗传因素, 且饮食习惯在EC的发生中起着至关重要的作用[3]。目前, EC的治疗方案主要包括手术切除、化疗、放疗及联合治疗, 包括手术治疗和非手术治疗在内的多种治疗方法已成为癌症患者的主流治疗方法[4]。尽管一些治疗和诊断技术不断发展, 但许多患者在患有晚期、无法手术和转移性疾病时, 患者的预后并不理想, 5年生存率在15%~25%之间波动, 特别是转移性EC, 5年生存率仅为4%[5]。因此, 寻找具有特异性高、疗效好、毒副作用小的治疗药物对抗癌药物的开发具有重要意义。
雄黄(realgar, REA) 是一种含有砷化合物的中药, 其在中医中被广泛应用已有多年的历史[6]。研究表明, REA具有镇痛、消炎、提高免疫力等作用, 且对多种血液系统肿瘤、胃癌、宫颈癌、乳腺癌、子宫内膜癌、卵巢癌等具有抑制肿瘤生长促进凋亡的作用[7-9]。最新研究证实, 雄黄纳米颗粒通过抑制基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2、9表达和血管生成, 在小鼠乳腺癌移植瘤中抑制肿瘤细胞的迁移、侵袭[10]。这些研究证明REA是一种潜在的抗肿瘤药物, 对肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭具有抑制效果。然而, REA对EC的干预效果尚未全清晰。
铁死亡是一种以铁依赖性的脂质活性氧堆积为特点的细胞死亡方式, 其在分子生物学、形态学和代谢特征等方面显著区别于其他类型的细胞死亡形式[11]。研究显示, 铁死亡的激活可以抑制肿瘤细胞增殖, 而抑制谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4) 的活性可能选择性地激活铁死亡[12]。此外, GPX4对于肿瘤复发也是必需的[13]。尽管如此, 铁死亡在恶性肿瘤治疗中的有效程度还远未可知。因此, 本研究假设雄黄能够诱导EC细胞发生铁死亡, 进而抑制EC的发生发展, 为验证假设, 本研究拟通过体外实验研究雄黄对EC细胞增殖、迁移和铁死亡的影响, 进而探讨铁死亡激活在雄黄抑制EC增殖和转移中的作用, 为其应用于临床治疗EC提供理论依据和研究基础。
细胞株  人食管癌细胞系Eca109、KYSE150细胞购于武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司。
主要试剂及仪器  雄黄干粉购自湖北诺纳科技有限公司(SA4101); 铁死亡抑制剂(ferrostatin-1, Fer-1, IF0430)、铁死亡诱导剂(erastin, IE0310)、结晶紫(C8470) 购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司; 凋亡抑制剂(ZVAD-FMK, HY-16658B) 购自上海MCE公司; CCK-8试剂盒(BS350A) 购自上海Biosharp公司; Matrigel (基底胶, 356234) 购自美国Corning公司; 相关一抗GPX4 (A13309)、E-cadherin (A3044)、Slug (A1057)、N-cadherin (A19083) 购自武汉Abclonal公司; Spectra Max PLUS 384酶标仪购自Molecular Devices公司; BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(P0009) 购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司; ECL发光试剂盒(KF001) 购自美国Affinity公司; Panthera数码三目摄像显微镜购自麦克奥迪实业集团有限公司; JEM-1400FLASH透射电子显微镜购自日本JEOL公司。
药品制备  磷酸盐缓冲液溶解雄黄干粉, 磁力搅拌器搅拌使其充分溶解12 h, 后经0.2 μm过滤器过滤混悬液, 4 ℃储存备用, 部分样本送往兰州大学化学实验室测定溶液中砷的浓度, 经ICP发射光谱法测定得知溶液中砷的浓度为5.498 mg‧L-1
细胞培养及分组  将Eca109、KYSE150细胞以含10%胎牛血清、1%青链霉素的RPMI 1640培养基置于37 ℃、5% CO2细胞培养箱中培养, 待细胞长至70%~80%后用胰蛋白酶消化后传代。
CCK-8法检测细胞增殖  取对数生长期Eca109、KYSE150细胞, 调整细胞密度为每毫升2×104个, 以每孔100 μL接种于96孔板中。并于每孔中加入不同浓度的雄黄(0、10、20、40、60、80、100 μmol‧L-1) 培养24、48、72 h, 随后每孔加入10 μL CCK-8溶液, 37 ℃培养2 h。利用酶标仪测定450 nm处的吸光度(A) 值, 并计算细胞抑制率和半数抑制浓度(IC50)。细胞抑制率= [1-A实验组 / A对照组] × 100%。随后取对数生长期Eca109、KYSE150细胞, 设置分组: 对照组(control)、雄黄组(realgar, IC50)、雄黄+Fer-1 (realgar+Fer-1, IC50+1 μmol‧L-1)、雄黄+ZVAD-FMK (realgar+ZVAD-FMK, IC50+10 μmol‧L-1)、雄黄+erastin (realgar+erastin, IC50+10 μmol‧L-1), 每组3个重复, 加入对应浓度的药物, 按上述步骤检测细胞抑制率。
克隆形成实验检测克隆形成能力  取对数生长期Eca109、KYSE150细胞用胰酶消化后接种于6孔板中, 细胞密度为150个/孔, 于37 ℃、5% CO2恒温培养箱中培养24 h。设置分组: ①雄黄(0、10、20、40、60、80、100 μmol‧L-1); ②对照组(control)、雄黄组(realgar, IC50)、雄黄+Fer-1 (realgar+Fer-1, IC50+1 μmol‧L-1)、雄黄+ZVAD-FMK (realgar+ZVAD-FMK, IC50+10 μmol‧L-1)、雄黄+erastin (realgar+erastin, IC50+10 μmol‧L-1), 每组3个重复, 加入对应浓度的药物培养, 待出现肉眼可见细胞群落时终止培养, 采用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞30~60 min, 0.1%结晶紫染色5 min, 弃去染液后流水冲洗细胞, 待其自然风干后, 拍照记录, 计数克隆。
划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力  取对数生长期Eca109、KYSE150细胞, 将细胞接种于6孔板内, 每孔约5×105个细胞, 设置分组为对照组(control)、雄黄组(realgar, IC50)、雄黄+Fer-1 (realgar+Fer-1, IC50+1 μmol‧L-1)、雄黄+ZVAD-FMK (realgar+ZVAD-FMK, IC50+10 μmol‧L-1)、雄黄+erastin (realgar+erastin, IC50+10 μmol‧L-1), 第2天细胞生长至100%融合时, 用10 μL无菌枪头在6孔板底部轻划一条力度和角度一致、粗细均匀的直线(每组设3个重复)。分别于0、24 h在倒置相差显微镜下观察同一视野划痕的宽度并拍照, 计算划痕愈合距离[△d (μm) = 0 h划痕宽度-24 h划痕宽度], 以划痕愈合距离代表细胞迁移能力。
Transwell小室实验检测细胞侵袭  将4 ℃预冷的以1∶5稀释的基质胶加入到Transwell上室中, 铺匀后在37 ℃下干燥70 min, 分组同“划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力”项, 细胞悬浮液, 每组设置5个复孔, 将细胞浓度调节至每毫升5×105个, 向上室添加200 μL细胞悬浮液, 向下室添加500 μL含有20% FBS的培养基作为趋化因子。加入药物后将小室放入5% CO2、37 ℃下培养24 h, 棉签擦去上室中未转移的细胞, PBS漂洗, 甲醇固定细胞, 用0.1%结晶紫染色后, 每孔选取5个视野在光学显微镜下拍照, 统计各组迁移细胞数目。
免疫荧光染色检测细胞GPX4表达  取对数生长期Eca109、KYSE150细胞, 将细胞以4.5×104个接种至6孔板中, 设置分组为对照组(control)、雄黄1/2IC50组(1/2IC50)、雄黄IC50组(IC50)、雄黄2IC50组(2IC50), 于37 ℃、5% CO2恒温培养箱中培养24 h, 洗涤细胞, 4%多聚甲醛固定细胞, 0.25% Triton X-100透膜, 10%山羊血清封闭, 加入一抗(GPX4) 4 ℃过夜, 洗涤, 加入二抗, 室温2 h, 洗涤, 倒置荧光显微镜拍照, 采用Image-Pro Plus 6.0图像分析系统测定GPX4表达水平。
Western blot检测细胞E-cadherin、Slug、N-cadherin蛋白表达  取对数生长期Eca109、KYSE150细胞, 分组同“划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力”项, 培养24 h后收集细胞, 采用RIPA裂解液提取细胞总蛋白, BCA法检测蛋白浓度, 通过10% SDS-PAGE电泳分离蛋白质并转移到PVDF膜上。将膜用含有5%脱脂牛奶的TBST室温封闭2 h。4 ℃下孵育一抗过夜(E-cadherin、Slug、N-cadherin、β-actin), TBST洗涤后室温孵育二抗2 h, 洗涤, 加入ECL发光液显色并在自动曝光仪中拍照。采用ImageProPlus软件分析各蛋白条带的灰度值, 计算蛋白相对表达量。
流式细胞术分析细胞ROS情况  取对数生长期Eca109、KYSE150细胞, 分组同“免疫荧光染色检测细胞GPX4表达”项, 培养24 h后收集细胞, 然后加入1 mL终浓度为10 μmol‧L-1 DCFH-DA探针工作液, 37 ℃下培养20 min。用流式细胞仪量化荧光强度, 以反映各细胞组的ROS含量(激发波长为488 nm, 发射波长为525 nm)。
透射电镜检测线粒体超微结构  取对数生长期Eca109、KYSE150细胞, 分组同“免疫荧光染色检测细胞GPX4表达”项, 培养24 h后收集细胞, 经2.5%戊二醛固定12 h, 1%锇酸固定2 h, 包埋, 半薄切片定位, 切片机切片, 酯酸双氧铀、枸檬酸铅双重染色, 透射电镜观察并采集图像。
普鲁士蓝染色观察细胞内铁颗粒分布  取对数生长期Eca109、KYSE150细胞, 分组同“免疫荧光染色检测细胞GPX4表达”项, 培养24 h后收集细胞, 4%多聚甲醛固定, Perl试剂孵育, 1%核坚固红复染3 min, PBS洗去多余核坚固红后, 应用Panthera数码三目摄像显微镜采集图像。采用Image-Pro Plus 6.0图像分析系统测定所采集图像的光密度(IOD) 和面积(area), 计算阳性表达面积百分率。
统计学分析  采用SPSS 22.0软件进行数据统计分析, 数据以平均值±标准差($ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s) 表示, 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析, P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
CCK8检测结果显示, 雄黄作用后Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖被抑制, 且抑制作用呈时间及浓度依赖性, 雄黄作用Eca109、KYSE150细胞72 h的IC50分别为64.297、51.337 μmol‧L-1 (图 1A)。克隆形成实验结果显示, Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖随着雄黄浓度增高而呈现降低趋势(P < 0.01, 图 1B~D)。
透射电镜观察结果显示, 与对照组相比, 雄黄1/2IC50组Eca109、KYSE150细胞胞浆内发生自噬; 雄黄IC50组Eca109、KYSE150细胞胞浆内少量线粒体发生肿胀、自噬; 雄黄2IC50组Eca109、KYSE150细胞胞浆内大量线粒体发生肿胀、自噬, 粗面内质网扩张, 线粒体嵴变短变少甚至消失(图 2A)。普鲁士蓝染色结果显示, 对照组无蓝染颗粒, 雄黄1/2IC50组、IC50组、2IC50组Eca109、KYSE150细胞均能发现大小各异、多少不等的蓝染颗粒(图 2B), 与对照组相比, 雄黄IC50组、2IC50组Eca109、KYSE150细胞铁阳性表达面积百分率均明显升高(P < 0.05, 图 2C)。免疫荧光染色结果显示, 与对照组相比, 雄黄1/2IC50组、IC50组、2IC50组Eca109、KYSE150细胞GPX4蛋白表达明显降低(P < 0.05, 图 2DE)。ROS荧光强度结果显示, 与对照组相比, 雄黄1/2IC50组、IC50组、2IC50组Eca109、KYSE150细胞ROS荧光强度明显升高(P < 0.01, 图 2F)。
克隆形成实验结果显示, 与对照组比较, 雄黄组、雄黄+Fer-1组、雄黄+erastin组Eca109细胞增殖明显降低, 雄黄组、雄黄+Fer-1组、雄黄+ZVAD-FMK组、雄黄+erastin组KYSE150细胞增殖明显降低(P < 0.05); 与雄黄组相比, 雄黄+Fer-1组、雄黄+ZVAD-FMK组Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖明显升高, 雄黄+erastin组Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖明显降低(P < 0.05, 图 3A~C)。CCK-8检测结果显示, 与对照组比较, 雄黄组、雄黄+Fer-1组、雄黄+ZVAD-FMK组、雄黄+erastin组Eca109、KYSE150细胞抑制率明显升高(P < 0.01); 与雄黄组相比, 雄黄+Fer-1组、雄黄+ZVAD-FMK组Eca109、KYSE150细胞抑制率明显降低, 雄黄+erastin组Eca109、KYSE150细胞抑制率明显升高(P < 0.01, 图 3D)。
划痕实验结果显示, 与对照组相比, 雄黄组、雄黄+Fer-1组、雄黄+ZVAD-FMK组、雄黄+erastin组Eca109、KYSE150细胞迁移能力明显降低(P < 0.01); 与雄黄组相比, 雄黄+Fer-1组、雄黄+ZVAD-FMK组Eca109、KYSE150细胞迁移能力明显升高, 雄黄+erastin组Eca109、KYSE150细胞迁移能力明显降低(P < 0.01) (图 4AB)。Transwell小室实验结果显示, 与对照组相比, 雄黄组、雄黄+Fer-1组、雄黄+ZVAD-FMK组、雄黄+erastin组Eca109、KYSE150细胞穿膜数明显降低(P < 0.01); 与雄黄组相比, 雄黄+Fer-1组、雄黄+ZVAD-FMK组Eca109、KYSE150细胞穿膜数明显升高, 雄黄+erastin组Eca109细胞穿膜数明显降低(P < 0.01, 图 4CD)。Western blot检测结果显示, 与对照组相比, 雄黄组、雄黄+Fer-1组、雄黄+ZVAD-FMK组、雄黄+erastin组Eca109、KYSE150细胞Slug、N-cadherin蛋白表达明显降低, E-cadherin蛋白表达明显升高(P < 0.05); 与雄黄组相比, 雄黄+ZVAD-FMK组Eca109、KYSE150细胞Slug、N-cadherin蛋白表达明显升高, E-cadherin蛋白表达明显降低(P < 0.05), 雄黄+erastin组Eca109、KYSE150细胞Slug、N-cadherin蛋白表达明显降低, E-cadherin蛋白表达明显升高(P < 0.05, 图 4EF)。
EC是影响人类健康的常见癌症之一, 超过50%的患者在初步诊断为EC时存在无法切除肿瘤或放射学上可见的转移[14]。虽然手术切除、放化疗是EC的标准治疗方法, 但治疗对大多数患者的疗效并不令人满意[15]。中药诱导细胞凋亡、抑制迁移是当前寻找更有效的癌症治疗方法的一个活跃研究领域, 然而中药抑制细胞增殖、迁移的机制复杂, 仍需进一步研究[16]。研究已表明, 雄黄对多种肿瘤具有抑制作用[17], 本研究评估了雄黄对EC细胞增殖及铁死亡的作用, 并探讨了铁死亡激活后雄黄对EC细胞迁移、侵袭的影响。
肿瘤的发展往往伴随着肿瘤的增殖、转移, 这会导致治疗失败、肿瘤复发甚至死亡[18]。以往研究表明, 雄黄在宫颈癌细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭过程中起着举足轻重的作用[19], 此外, 雄黄抑制胃癌、黑色素瘤、胰腺癌、肝细胞癌的增殖, 并通过发挥其抑制乳腺癌细胞侵袭和迁移的功能作为一种潜在的候选药物来减轻乳腺癌的转移[10, 20]。本研究发现, 雄黄呈时间及浓度依赖性抑制Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖, 其作用于Eca109、KYSE150细胞的IC50分别为64.297、51.337 μmol‧L-1, 提示雄黄具有抑制EC细胞增殖的作用。研究报道, 铁死亡会影响肿瘤、神经退行性疾病及心肌病等的病理生理过程[21], 此外, 由于GPX4失活导致的致命性代谢失衡是细胞内铁死亡的执行者[22]。Zhang等[23]研究表明冬凌草甲素能与半胱氨酸共价结合形成共轭冬凌草甲素-半胱氨酸, 从而抑制谷胱甘肽的合成导致GPX4活性显著降低, 从而诱导铁死亡发挥抗EC活性。ROS过量被认为可导致抗氧化系统失常, 从而影响细胞活动, 产生有害的氧化脂质和其他大分子, 导致脂质过氧化、膜损伤和细胞死亡, 当脂质过氧化物不能通过GPX4催化谷胱甘肽还原酶反应代谢, 之后Fe2+可以氧化脂质产生ROS, 从而促使铁死亡的发生[24]。在本研究中, 雄黄2IC50组Eca109、KYSE150细胞胞浆内大量线粒体发生肿胀、自噬及细胞均能发现大小各异、多少不等的蓝染颗粒, 且细胞GPX4蛋白表达明显降低, 细胞ROS的生成明显增加。提示雄黄2IC50作用后Eca109、KYSE150细胞发生铁死亡。与本研究相关的是, Chen等[25]报道双氢青蒿素可以提高细胞内游离铁水平, 使细胞对铁死亡变得更加敏感, 提示雄黄可能具有相似的作用。
为进一步探讨铁死亡通路是否影响雄黄对Eca109、KYSE150迁移、侵袭的抑制作用, 本实验首先对EC细胞进行雄黄诱导, 然后采用铁死亡抑制剂(Fer-1)、铁死亡诱导剂(erastin)、凋亡抑制剂(ZVAD-FMK) 作用细胞。Fer-1作为一种亲脂性自由基捕获抗氧化剂, 可以预防铁死亡, erastin是一种作用于Xc-系统的铁死亡诱导剂, 而ZVAD-FMK是根据caspase活性结构合成的小分子肽类抑制剂[26]。研究报道, 在培养的心肌细胞中, erastin可促进多柔比星诱导的铁死亡, 而Fer-1、ZVAD-FMK能够抑制铁死亡, 可完全阻止多柔比星诱导的心肌细胞死亡[27]。本研究结果发现, 与单独使用雄黄相比, 雄黄+erastin组Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭被明显抑制, 而雄黄+Fer-1组、雄黄+ZVAD-FMK组细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭明显增加, 提示铁死亡可能影响雄黄抑制EC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭, 与Tadokoro等[27]的报道结果相似。此外, 研究报道上皮间充质转化(EMT) 可促进大多数癌细胞的转移, 在癌细胞的侵袭中起关键作用, E-cadherin抑制EMT, Slug促进EMT诱导的细胞迁移, N-cadherin在食管鳞癌组织中高表达[28]。本研究结果发现, 雄黄导致EC细胞Slug、N-cadherin蛋白表达明显降低, E-cadherin蛋白表达明显升高, 提示雄黄对EC细胞的EMT有调节作用。进一步结果显示, 雄黄和铁死亡诱导剂erastin可明显降低Eca109、KYSE150细胞Slug、N-cadherin蛋白表达, 升高E-cadherin蛋白表达, 与erastin形成鲜明对比的是, 雄黄和凋亡抑制剂ZVAD-FMK可明显升高Eca109、KYSE150细胞Slug、N-cadherin蛋白表达, 明显降低E-cadherin蛋白表达。以上结果表明, 铁死亡介导雄黄对EC细胞的抑制作用。此外, 肿瘤细胞系对铁死亡的敏感性高度不同[29], 在本研究结果中雄黄+ZVAD-FMK组细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭明显增加, 结合细胞Slug、N-cadherin蛋白表达明显升高, E-cadherin蛋白表达明显降低, 提示雄黄也可能通过激活细胞凋亡通路抑制EC细胞的迁移及侵袭, 雄黄发挥抑制EC迁移的作用可能部分通过铁死亡激活。然而, 铁死亡是一种铁依赖且不同于凋亡、焦亡、自噬等传统程序性细胞死亡的细胞死亡方式[30], 本研究中铁死亡诱导剂erastin+雄黄可明显抑制Eca109、KYSE150细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭, 说明雄黄的抗EC细胞迁移作用部分依赖铁死亡的激活。综上所述, 雄黄抑制食管癌细胞增殖和转移, 诱导细胞铁死亡, 雄黄对食管癌细胞的增殖和转移作用可能通过部分铁死亡通路激活发挥作用。然而, 由于肿瘤发生发展的复杂性, 雄黄抑制食管癌进展的机制还有待进一步研究。
作者贡献: 张雪莲和杨如意构思和设计了本研究; 张雪莲、王宏斌、孙兆、王君和王秋萍进行了实验完成及数据收集; 张雪莲撰写了本论文; 杨如意、陈发章对论文进行了修改。所有作者对文章都有贡献。
利益冲突: 作者之间无利益冲突。
  • 青海省科学技术厅课题(2021-ZJ-730)
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2022年第57卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0203
  • 接收时间:2022-02-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-02-17
  • 修回日期:2022-04-13
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青海省科学技术厅课题(2021-ZJ-730)
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    1.青海大学医学院, 青海 西宁 810001
    2.青海大学附属医院中西医结合科, 青海 西宁 810001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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