Article(id=1210516749741584848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1871, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1640880000000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-31, revisedDate=1645977600000, revisedDateStr=2022-02-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539283452, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1665504000000, pubDateStr=2022-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539283452, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539283452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539283452, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516741998907791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539281606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539576214, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3086, endPage=3094, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516751280894519, articleId=1210516749741584848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Construction of 3D blood-brain barrier organoid oxygen-glucose deprivation model and exploration of the protective effect of Guanxinning injection, columnId=1210516747279536651, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports Ⅱ: Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-cerebrovascular Related Diseases, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system. BBB is disrupted in many neurological disorders such as ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Traditional Chinese medicine has great potential to prevent ischemic stroke, but the lack of clinically relevant models has been a challenge. We adapted a BBB organoid model formed by human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), human astrocytes (HA), and human brain vascular pericytes (HBVP), and established conditions for oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) on the cell vitality, barrier permeability, as well as BBB signature marker expression. The protective effect of Guanxinning injection (GXNI) on OGD/R-induced BBB dysfunction was then investigated in the organoid model. The results showed that OGD/R decreased BBB organoid cell viability, increased permeability (leakage), decreased the level of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-5, occludin and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). GXNI significantly prevented OGD/R-induced BBB disruption such as the decreased cell viability and increased permeability. This study provides a new human cell-derived 3D ischemic brain disease model for central nervous system-targeted drug research and development and demonstrates that a Chinese injection medicine GXNI effectively protects BBB dysfunction in vitro.

, correspAuthors=Yan ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-ying DU, Zhi-feng XUE, Zhong-ting XIA, Shuang HE, Jian YANG, Yan ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516755278066485, articleId=1210516749741584848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=3D血脑屏障类器官氧糖剥夺模型的构建及冠心宁注射液的保护作用探究, columnId=1210516747543777820, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道Ⅱ:中药防治心脑相关疾病, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 在维持中枢神经系统稳态方面发挥着重要作用。在许多神经系统疾病如缺血性脑卒中、阿尔茨海默症等疾病中都会出现BBB损伤。中医药对于防治缺血性脑卒中潜力巨大, 但临床相关模型的缺乏已成为其应用开发的瓶颈。本研究采用了由人脑微血管内皮细胞(HBMEC)、人脑星形胶质细胞(HA) 和人脑血管周细胞(HBVP) 组成的BBB类器官模型, 并建立了细胞活力、屏障通透性及BBB标志物表达的氧糖剥夺/复氧(OGD/R) 条件。然后在该类器官模型中研究了中药冠心宁注射液(GXNI) 对OGD/R诱导的BBB功能障碍的保护作用。结果表明, OGD/R降低BBB类器官细胞活力, 增加屏障通透性(渗漏), 降低紧密连接蛋白闭塞带-1 (ZO-1)、claudin-5、闭塞素和P-糖蛋白(P-gp) 的水平。GXNI可显著阻止OGD/R诱导的BBB破坏, 如细胞活力降低和通透性增加。本研究为中枢神经系统靶向药物的研发提供了一种新的人类细胞源性3D缺血性脑病模型, 并证明了中药GXNI在体外可有效保护BBB功能障碍。

, correspAuthors=朱彦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*朱彦,Tel: 15822700439, Fax: 86-22-27429103, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=/BDad0sOAbcZURIYQpZYNQ==, magXml=8w08U6+/sdREbpc7MZni5g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=p7WH+n96UhPPi2urQXwoEg==, pdfFileSize=6680395, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=tkVsxNjKwdNasiqS9uotvA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Dx4Z6cJyLq1ijg8ufcQFAg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=杜宏英, 薛志峰, 夏忠庭, 贺爽, 杨剑, 朱彦)}, authors=[Author(id=1210516756179841928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210516756301476755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, authorId=1210516756179841928, language=EN, stringName=Hong-ying DU, firstName=Hong-ying, middleName=null, lastName=DU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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J Neurochem, 2009, 111: 132-141., articleTitle=P-glycoprotein expression in immortalised rat brain endothelial cells: comparisons following exogenously applied hydrogen peroxide and after hypoxia-reoxygenation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210516764073521597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, awardId=2018YFC1704502, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1704502), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210516764178379205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, awardId=2018ZX01031301, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技重大专项(2018ZX01031301), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210516764295819729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, awardId=81873037, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81873037), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516755550696277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516755559084886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, companyId=1210516755550696277, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Nuclei were stained blue by Hoechst 33342; HBMEC and HBVP were stained red by CD31 and CD13 antibodies, respectively; HA were stained green by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody. Scale bar: 100 μm , figureFileSmall=NF8ho0p3mMcT8cRZWj47SA==, figureFileBig=tkVsxNjKwdNasiqS9uotvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760864878855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CvVrImG3x6nfFTYsRHMSbw==, figureFileBig=Ya9MsAScsMAQacZBzTrDfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760982319379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Cell viability of BBB organoid after different exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). A, C, E: Images of live and dead cells following different exposure to OGD/R (A: OGD 2 h/R 12 h; C: OGD 4 h/R 12 h; E: OGD 6 h/R 12 h); B, D, F: Corresponding quantitative analysis of cell viability, calcein AM fluorescence intensity, and propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence intensity (B: OGD 2 h/R 12 h; D: OGD 4 h/R 12 h; F: OGD 6 h/R 12 h). <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control. Scale bar: 100 μm , figureFileSmall=CvVrImG3x6nfFTYsRHMSbw==, figureFileBig=Ya9MsAScsMAQacZBzTrDfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761082982683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ozu8di/TUrs10nByZ+za0Q==, figureFileBig=7X4HesHVJjL/OTExJFO0mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761187840292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Paracellular permeability of BBB organoid following OGD/R. A, B: Paracellular permeability of BBB organoids following OGD 4 h/R 12 h (A) and OGD 6 h/R 12 h (B), blue for cell nuclei, green for FITC-Dextran; C: Orthogonal view of the organoid and the core region to be quantified (green lines). <i>X</i>, <i>Y</i> or <i>Z</i> represents the <i>X</i>, <i>Y</i> or <i>Z</i> axis, respectively; D: Quantitative analysis of the total mean fluorescence intensity of the chosen region. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3.<sup> #</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> control. Scale bar: 100 μm , figureFileSmall=ozu8di/TUrs10nByZ+za0Q==, figureFileBig=7X4HesHVJjL/OTExJFO0mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761296892209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nmEKTEVVEElgTX82R/NYqQ==, figureFileBig=USIp9hnb8vrs8inQqvTNkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761431109951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Morphological analysis of BBB organoids before and after OGD 6 h/R 12 h. A: Morphology of the organoids before OGD 6 h/R 12 h and the quantitative analysis of the diameters of the organoids; B: Orthogonal view of the organoids and the regions to be quantified for morphological analysis following OGD 6 h/R 12 h (red lines); C-G: Quantitative analysis of morphological parameters analysis (C: Sphericity; D: Volume; E: Surface area; F: Object height; G: Maximum cross section area) following OGD 6 h/R 12 h. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 4.<sup> #</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control. Scale bar: 1 nm , figureFileSmall=nmEKTEVVEElgTX82R/NYqQ==, figureFileBig=USIp9hnb8vrs8inQqvTNkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761556939084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EZzxoe+ybKJCFSDeC+ioZw==, figureFileBig=9MpMnAM8+VrMiHOn4GCvaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761686962524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Representative images of immunofluorescence showing expression of occludin (A), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5 (B) in BBB organoids following OGD 6 h/R 12 h. C-E: Quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity (C: Occludin; D: ZO-1; E: Claudin-5). <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control. Scale bar: 100 μm , figureFileSmall=EZzxoe+ybKJCFSDeC+ioZw==, figureFileBig=9MpMnAM8+VrMiHOn4GCvaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761963786605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FpOWWhQ+titu02woxibLTA==, figureFileBig=Ca1ldB2WOCo4DF1syM/j7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516762102198642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Expression and function of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) of BBB organoid following OGD 6 h/R 12 h. A: Representative photomicrographs of immunofluorescence of P-gp (orange) following OGD 6 h/R 12 h; B: Fluorescence images showing influx of Rhodamine 123 following OGD 6 h/R 12 h; C, D: Quantification of fluorescence intensity of P-gp (C) and Rhodamine 123 (D), respectively. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control. Scale bar: 100 μm , figureFileSmall=FpOWWhQ+titu02woxibLTA==, figureFileBig=Ca1ldB2WOCo4DF1syM/j7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516762257387904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Eyl3/ZyQcVMZYHu00D5DZA==, figureFileBig=pzVjgJpeqF+k2zgqwWHyWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516762391605641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= The effect of different concentrations of Guanxinning injection (GXNI) on cell viability (A) and nuclei number of HBMEC after OGD 6 h/R 12 h (B, C). EDA: Edaravone (0.1 μmol·mL<sup>-1</sup>). <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3. <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> model. Scale bar: 100 μm , figureFileSmall=Eyl3/ZyQcVMZYHu00D5DZA==, figureFileBig=pzVjgJpeqF+k2zgqwWHyWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516763637313940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dUUWWh6/RU0xt0wn+sU8qA==, figureFileBig=IwUDGbtIBa4EYkm9OCtgmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516763725394334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= The effect of GXNI on the cell viability of BBB organoid following OGD 6 h/R 12 h. A: Representative images of live and dead cells; B-D: Corresponding quantitative analysis of cell viability (B), PI fluorescence intensity (C) and calcein AM fluorescence intensity (D). <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> model. Scale bar: 100 μm , figureFileSmall=dUUWWh6/RU0xt0wn+sU8qA==, figureFileBig=IwUDGbtIBa4EYkm9OCtgmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516763809280424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=e2HaYcyNGzBJqcJOR15rBQ==, figureFileBig=CsHM4u7mBkyh6A5i5h3Zrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516763922526639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516749741584848, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= The effect of GXNI on paracellular permeability of BBB organoid following OGD 6 h/R 12 h. A: Paracellular permeability of BBB organoids; B: Quantitative analysis of the total mean fluorescence intensity of the chosen region. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3.<sup> ##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> model. 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3D血脑屏障类器官氧糖剥夺模型的构建及冠心宁注射液的保护作用探究
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杜宏英 1, 2 , 薛志峰 1, 2 , 夏忠庭 1, 3 , 贺爽 1, 2 , 杨剑 1, 2 , 朱彦 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅱ:中药防治心脑相关疾病 2022,57(10): 3086-3094
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药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅱ:中药防治心脑相关疾病 2022, 57(10): 3086-3094
3D血脑屏障类器官氧糖剥夺模型的构建及冠心宁注射液的保护作用探究
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杜宏英1, 2, 薛志峰1, 2, 夏忠庭1, 3, 贺爽1, 2, 杨剑1, 2, 朱彦1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.天津中医药大学, 组分中药国家重点实验室, 天津 301617
  • 2.天津国际生物医药联合研究院, 中药新药研发中心, 天津 300457
  • 3.盈科瑞 (天津) 创新医药研究有限公司, 天津 300385

通讯作者:

*朱彦,Tel: 15822700439, Fax: 86-22-27429103, E-mail:
Construction of 3D blood-brain barrier organoid oxygen-glucose deprivation model and exploration of the protective effect of Guanxinning injection
Hong-ying DU1, 2, Zhi-feng XUE1, 2, Zhong-ting XIA1, 3, Shuang HE1, 2, Jian YANG1, 2, Yan ZHU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
  • 2. Chinese Medicine New Drug Research and Development Center, Tianjin International Biomedical Research Institute, Tianjin 300457, China
  • 3. Increasepharm (Tianjin) Institute Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300385, China
出版时间: 2022-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1871
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血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 在维持中枢神经系统稳态方面发挥着重要作用。在许多神经系统疾病如缺血性脑卒中、阿尔茨海默症等疾病中都会出现BBB损伤。中医药对于防治缺血性脑卒中潜力巨大, 但临床相关模型的缺乏已成为其应用开发的瓶颈。本研究采用了由人脑微血管内皮细胞(HBMEC)、人脑星形胶质细胞(HA) 和人脑血管周细胞(HBVP) 组成的BBB类器官模型, 并建立了细胞活力、屏障通透性及BBB标志物表达的氧糖剥夺/复氧(OGD/R) 条件。然后在该类器官模型中研究了中药冠心宁注射液(GXNI) 对OGD/R诱导的BBB功能障碍的保护作用。结果表明, OGD/R降低BBB类器官细胞活力, 增加屏障通透性(渗漏), 降低紧密连接蛋白闭塞带-1 (ZO-1)、claudin-5、闭塞素和P-糖蛋白(P-gp) 的水平。GXNI可显著阻止OGD/R诱导的BBB破坏, 如细胞活力降低和通透性增加。本研究为中枢神经系统靶向药物的研发提供了一种新的人类细胞源性3D缺血性脑病模型, 并证明了中药GXNI在体外可有效保护BBB功能障碍。

血脑屏障  /  类器官  /  氧糖剥夺/富氧  /  缺血性脑卒中  /  冠心宁注射液

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system. BBB is disrupted in many neurological disorders such as ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Traditional Chinese medicine has great potential to prevent ischemic stroke, but the lack of clinically relevant models has been a challenge. We adapted a BBB organoid model formed by human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), human astrocytes (HA), and human brain vascular pericytes (HBVP), and established conditions for oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) on the cell vitality, barrier permeability, as well as BBB signature marker expression. The protective effect of Guanxinning injection (GXNI) on OGD/R-induced BBB dysfunction was then investigated in the organoid model. The results showed that OGD/R decreased BBB organoid cell viability, increased permeability (leakage), decreased the level of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-5, occludin and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). GXNI significantly prevented OGD/R-induced BBB disruption such as the decreased cell viability and increased permeability. This study provides a new human cell-derived 3D ischemic brain disease model for central nervous system-targeted drug research and development and demonstrates that a Chinese injection medicine GXNI effectively protects BBB dysfunction in vitro.

blood-brain barrier  /  organoid  /  oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation  /  ischemic stroke  /  Guanxinning injection
杜宏英, 薛志峰, 夏忠庭, 贺爽, 杨剑, 朱彦. 3D血脑屏障类器官氧糖剥夺模型的构建及冠心宁注射液的保护作用探究. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3086 -3094 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1871
Hong-ying DU, Zhi-feng XUE, Zhong-ting XIA, Shuang HE, Jian YANG, Yan ZHU. Construction of 3D blood-brain barrier organoid oxygen-glucose deprivation model and exploration of the protective effect of Guanxinning injection[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3086 -3094 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1871
血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 由内皮细胞、周细胞、星形胶质细胞以及由内皮细胞之间形成的紧密连接和相应的细胞外基质构成, 对中枢神经系统的物质调节及稳态维持发挥着关键作用[1]。在中枢神经系统疾病如缺血性脑卒中、阿尔茨海默症等疾病中, BBB都会发生明显的病理改变[2]。BBB损伤是缺血性脑卒中的病理特征之一, 会导致水肿和出血性转化[3], 引起继发性脑损伤, 并导致认知功能障碍[4]。人们逐渐意识到保护BBB对治疗缺血性脑卒中的重要性, 然而体内研究BBB损伤较为困难, BBB体外损伤模型的构建及应用成为挖掘脑部疾病的治疗靶点及发现新型治疗药物的重要技术手段。
研究表明, 中药及其活性成分对脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护或治疗作用[5]。活血化瘀作为治疗心脑血管疾病的重要方法, 其代表性中药如丹参、川芎及其活性成分具有多种药理活性。丹参中主要活性成分如丹酚酸A[6]、丹酚酸B[7]、丹参酮IIA[8]均表现出对缺血性脑卒中导致的BBB损伤具有一定的保护作用; 川芎及其活性成分如川芎嗪、藁本内酯等也显示对BBB损伤的保护作用[9-11]。冠心宁注射液(Guanxinning injection, GXNI) 是由丹参和川芎提取物组成的中药注射液, 基于本课题组前期研究表明, GXNI能降低体内BBB透过性, 改善脑缺血再灌注导致的脑损伤[12]。为了明确GXNI是否能改善缺血性脑卒中进程中的BBB损伤, 本研究基于氧糖剥夺/复氧(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation, OGD/R) 诱导3D BBB类器官的损伤模型, 研究了GXNI对BBB的保护作用。
中医药防治缺血性脑卒中潜力巨大, 但临床相关模型缺乏已成为其应用开发的瓶颈。本研究基于3D BBB类器官模型优化并明确了OGD/R诱导的BBB损伤模型的条件, 并对其细胞活力、透过性、紧密连接蛋白、P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp) 等进行检测, 探究了GXNI对OGD/R诱导的BBB类器官损伤的保护作用, 以期为在体外利用BBB类器官建立相关疾病模型提供实验依据, 并为保护缺血性脑卒中进程中的BBB损伤提供新的治疗方法。
细胞  人脑微血管内皮细胞系(human brain microvascular endothelial cells, HBMEC)、人星形胶质细胞系(human astrocytes, HA)、人原代脑血管周细胞(human brain vascular pericytes, HBVP) 均购自ScienCell公司。
试剂   DMEM基础培养基、胎牛血清、含EDTA的胰蛋白酶(美国Gibco公司); 无糖DMEM培养基(上海中乔新舟生物科技有限公司); 周细胞生长补充剂、周细胞培养基(ScienCell公司); 内皮生长培养基(EGM-2-MV, Lonza Bioscience公司); 青-链霉素溶液(HyClone公司); CCK8溶液(MCE公司); Hoechst 33342 (Merck公司); 钙黄绿素(calcein AM)/碘化丙啶(PI)、ZO-1 (zonula occludens-1) 鼠单抗(33-9100) (Invitrogen公司); 琼脂糖、FITC Dextran 70 kDa、Rhodamine 123 (Sigma公司); claudin-5兔多抗(ab15106)、occludin兔单抗(ab216327)、P-gp兔多抗(ab129450)、CD31兔多抗(ab32457)、CD13兔单抗(ab108310)、GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) 小鼠单抗(ab10062)、Alexa Fluor 488 (驴抗小鼠二抗)、Alexa Fluor 555 (山羊抗兔二抗)、Alexa Fluor 647 (山羊抗兔二抗) (Abcam公司); GXNI (国药准字Z13020779, 神威药业集团有限公司); 依达拉奉(EDA, 国药准字H20080056, 国药集团国瑞药业有限公司)。
细胞培养   HBVP培养于含2%胎牛血清、周细胞生长补充剂和1%青-链霉素的周细胞培养基中。HA和HBMEC培养于含10%胎牛血清和1%青-链霉素的DMEM完全培养基中。所有细胞于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养, 当细胞生长至80%以上时, 消化传代, 进行后续实验。
类器官形成实验  类器官形成参考Cho等[13]建立的类器官形成方法。将500 mg琼脂糖加入50 mL去离子水中, 微波加热至融化, 高温高压灭菌, 制得无菌10 mg·mL-1琼脂糖。将融化的琼脂糖溶液加入96孔板中, 每孔50 μL, 室温固化15 min后, 每孔加入100 μL的内皮生长培养基。将HBMEC、HA和HBVP这3种细胞消化后重悬计数, 按照1 500∶1 500∶1 500的比例接种至琼脂糖凝胶包被的96孔板中, 37 ℃、5% CO2恒温培养箱中培养48 h, 使其自组装为3D BBB类器官。
2D HBMEC细胞活力实验  为了确定GXNI给药浓度, 将HBMEC以5×103个/孔接种于96孔板。细胞贴壁后加入不同浓度的GXNI (1、3、10、30、60、90 μL·mL-1), 作用24 h后, 每孔加入10 μL CCK8溶液, 37 ℃孵育2 h, 采用酶标仪测定在450 nm波长处的各孔吸光度(A) 值, 并计算HBMEC存活率。
2D HBMEC细胞OGD/R造模及给药   HBMEC OGD/R造模前分别预给药GXNI (1、3、10 μL·mL-1) 12 h后, 将DMEM培养基更换为无糖DMEM培养基, 并置于缺氧小室(含95% N2和5% CO2) 中6 h。缺氧完成后, 将无糖DMEM培养基更换为DMEM培养基, 并予GXNI (1、3、10 μL·mL-1), 置于37 ℃、5% CO2常氧环境中孵育12 h。
3D BBB类器官OGD/R造模  为了模拟脑缺血再灌注损伤, 将BBB类器官内皮生长培养基更换为无糖DMEM培养基, 并置于缺氧小室(含95% N2和5% CO2) 中2、4或6 h。缺氧完成后, 将无糖培养基更换为内皮生长培养基, 置于37 ℃、5% CO2常氧环境中孵育12 h以实现复氧。
3D BBB类器官给药   3D BBB类器官形成后, 预给药GXNI (10 μL·mL-1) 12 h后, OGD 6 h造模, 并于复氧条件下继续给予GXNI (10 μL·mL-1) 12 h。
荧光染色实验   3D BBB类器官OGD/R造模及给药后, 于内皮生长培养基中将不同荧光染料稀释至如下浓度: Hoechst 33342 0.1 μg·mL-1、calcein AM 0.8 μmol·L-1、PI 1.5 μmol·L-1, 备用。弃去细胞培养板中的内皮生长培养基, 将细胞用磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS) 洗2次, 每孔加入荧光染料50 μL, 37 ℃避光孵育30 min后PBS洗3次, 每次5 min。于Operetta二代高内涵筛选系统(Perkin Elmer公司) 成像, 并用Harmony 4.9软件对Operetta成像进行细胞活力及荧光强度分析。
BBB类器官透过性检测及形态学分析  将准备好的类器官与FITC Dextran 70 kDa (1 μg·mL-1) 在37 ℃、5% CO2恒温培养箱中避光孵育12 h后, 与Hoechst 33342室温孵育30 min, 随后PBS洗3次, 每次5 min。于Operetta二代高内涵筛选系统成像, 并用Harmony 4.9软件对成像进行3D重构、荧光强度及形态学参数分析。
免疫荧光实验  将已处理好的BBB类器官在96孔板中用PBS洗2次, 每次5 min; 4%多聚甲醛室温固定15 min, 每孔100 μL; PBS洗2次, 每次5 min; PBST (含0.1% Tween-20的PBS) 室温放置1 h; PBS洗2次, 每次5 min; 2% 牛血清白蛋白(BSA) 室温封闭1 h, 每孔100 μL; PBS洗2次, 每次5 min; 适当稀释比例一抗4 ℃孵育过夜, 每孔50 μL; PBST洗2次, 每次5 min; 适当稀释比例二抗加Hoechst 33342室温孵育2 h; PBST洗2次, 每次15 min。于Operetta二代高内涵筛选系统成像, 并用Harmony 4.9软件对Operetta成像进行荧光强度分析。
P-gp功能检测实验  将已处理好的BBB类器官与Rhodamine 123 (0.05 mg·mL-1) 在37 ℃条件下孵育3 h, PBS洗3次。于Operetta二代高内涵筛选系统成像, 并用Harmony 4.9软件对Operetta成像进行分析。
数据统计分析  实验数据均以均值±标准差($ \stackrel{-}{x} $± s) 表示, 采用SPSS 21.0数据统计软件。两组间比较用独立样本t检验, 多组间比较用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), 并采用Bonferroni post hoc校正方法, 其中P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。所有数据由GraphPad Prism 8.0软件作图。
参考文献方法, 以CD31作为HBMEC的标志物[14], CD13作为HBVP的标志物[15], GFAP作为HA的标志物[16], 对构成BBB类器官的3种细胞进行标记, 结果如图 1所示。
BBB类器官分别在OGD 2 h/R 12 h、OGD 4 h/R 12 h、OGD 6 h/R 12 h条件下造模后, 共染Hoechst 33342、calcein AM、PI这3种染料, 基于二代高内涵三维检测成像细胞表型技术, 评价不同造模条件下BBB类器官的细胞活力、活细胞calcein AM荧光强度、死细胞或凋亡晚期细胞PI荧光强度。结果表明(图 2), 与对照组相比, OGD 2 h/R 12 h造模对细胞活力、活细胞calcein AM荧光强度、死细胞或凋亡晚期细胞PI荧光强度均无影响(图 2AB); 但是, OGD 4 h/R 12 h及OGD 6 h/R 12 h造模后, 与对照组相比, 模型组细胞活力降低, calcein AM荧光强度降低, PI荧光强度升高(图 2C~F), 表明OGD 4 h/R 12 h及OGD 6 h/R 12 h均能导致BBB类器官细胞活力降低。
OGD 4 h/R 12 h和OGD 6 h/R 12 h造模后BBB类器官的细胞活力有明显降低, 为了探究该条件下细胞活力的降低是否会导致BBB类器官功能的改变, 进一步研究了不同造模条件对BBB类器官透过性的影响(图 3)。FITC Dextran 70 kDa染料分子可通过细胞旁途径穿过BBB, 常用来检测BBB功能[17]。基于二代高内涵三维检测成像及分析技术, 通过分析透过BBB进入类器官内部的FITC-Dextran的荧光强度研究了其透过性(图 3A~C)。结果表明, 与对照组相比, OGD 4 h/R 12 h造模后, 类器官内部的FITC-Dextran的荧光强度无明显改变(图 3A); 而OGD 6 h/R 12 h造模后, 类器官内部的FITC-Dextran荧光强度明显升高(图 3B)。对类器官内部的FITC-Dextran的荧光强度进行定量分析后发现, OGD 6 h/R 12 h造模后其差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05, 图 3D)。
基于上述细胞活力及透过性的检测, 本研究选择OGD 6 h/R 12 h造模条件, 评价了造模前后类器官的形态学差异。首先观察了造模前对照组与模型组类器官的直径, 结果表明, 造模前两组间直径无明显差异(图 4A)。造模后, 利用二代高内涵三维检测成像及分析技术选取类器官(图 4B), 并定量分析类器官的体积、表面积、球度、高度、最大直径。球度降低表明造模后类器官不再保持完整的球形(图 4C)。与对照组相比, 模型组类器官体积、表面积、高度、最大横截面积均减小(图 4D~G)。
为进一步评价BBB的完整性, 对紧密连接蛋白ZO-1、claudin-5、occludin进行免疫荧光染色, 利用二代高内涵三维检测成像及分析技术对其进行分析。结果显示, 与对照组相比, 模型组ZO-1、claudin-5、occludin表达均有所降低(图 5AB), 荧光强度定量分析结果显示差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01, 图 5C~E)。
BBB表达不同的ATP结合盒式蛋白, 其中研究最为广泛的是P-gp, 脑缺血再灌注损伤过程中, P-gp的表达水平改变可能会影响药物进入BBB[18]。Rhodamine 123是常见的P-gp的荧光转运底物, 常用于验证P-gp功能[13]。因此, 进一步通过免疫荧光实验评价了OGD 6 h/R 12 h造模后P-gp的表达, 并以Rhodamine 123为底物验证了P-gp的功能(图 6)。结果显示, 与对照组相比, 造模后P-gp表达明显降低(图 6A)。通过对类器官内Rhodamine 123荧光强度进行分析, 结果显示, OGD 6 h/R 12 h造模后, 由于P-gp表达降低对Rhodamine 123的转运功能减弱, 导致类器官内的Rhodamine 123的量增多, 荧光强度相应升高(图 6B), 荧光强度定量分析结果显示差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01, 图 6CD)。
HBMEC是BBB类器官发挥作用的主要细胞, 本研究基于HBMEC探索了GXNI是否减轻OGD/R诱导的细胞损伤。首先利用CCK8法检测了GXNI对HBMEC的细胞活力影响。结果表明, 1、3、10 μL·mL-1的GXNI均对HBMEC的细胞活力没有影响, 而30、60、90 μL·mL-1的GXNI会导致HBMEC细胞活力明显降低(图 7A)。因此研究了1、3、10 μL·mL-1不同浓度GXNI对OGD 6 h/R 12 h诱导的HBMEC损伤的保护作用, 选择EDA (0.1 μmol·mL-1) 作为阳性药。结果表明, 1、3、10 μL·mL-1的GXNI均可保护OGD 6 h/R 12 h诱导的HBMEC细胞数量降低(图 7BC), 未发现明显的药物药效的剂量依赖效应。因此后续选择10 μL·mL-1浓度用于探究GXNI对BBB的保护作用。
基于以上结果, 进一步选择GXNI (10 μL·mL-1) 研究其对OGD 6 h/R 12 h诱导的BBB类器官损伤的保护作用, 选择EDA (0.1 μmol·mL-1) 作为阳性对照药。结果表明, GXNI可显著改善OGD/R造成的细胞活力降低, 表现为绿色荧光减弱(图 8A), 对细胞活力(图 8B)、死细胞PI荧光强度(图 8C)、活细胞calcein AM荧光强度(图 8D) 进行定量分析, 差异有统计学意义。阳性药EDA组显示出与GXNI组具有相同的保护作用。接着, 本研究探索了GXNI能否从功能上改善OGD 6 h/R 12 h诱导的BBB类器官透过性增大。结果发现, 与模型组相比, GXNI能显著降低BBB类器官的透过性(图 9)。
目前常见的体外BBB模型主要有基于Transwell的单层/共培养模型及三维培养模型[19]。有研究表明, 相对于内皮细胞、星形胶质细胞、周细胞共培养的Transwell模型, 由这3种细胞形成的BBB类器官表达更多的P-gp、ZO-1等, 能更加真实地模拟体内BBB特征[15]。这可能与类器官模型中的细胞在3D环境中生长, 且3种细胞间直接接触有关[15]。此外, 相对于Transwell模型, 类器官模型易于培养, 操作简便, 与Operetta二代高内涵系统结合, 在高通量开发用于治疗中枢神经系统疾病的药物方面具有广泛的应用前景。
缺血性脑卒中进程中BBB破坏的主要特征是细胞旁透过性增加, 这主要是由于紧密连接蛋白的移位和降解及内皮细胞活力降低。因此本研究首先评估了不同缺氧时间下类器官的细胞活力及透过性。结果发现, OGD 2 h/R 12 h后, 类器官的细胞活力没有明显改变, 这与基于单层内皮细胞作为BBB模型的研究结果类似[20]; OGD 4 h/R 12 h及OGD 6 h/R 12 h都会使细胞活力显著降低。对类器官OGD 4 h/R 12 h及OGD 6 h/R 12 h条件下的透过性分析结果显示, 只有在OGD 6 h/R 12 h条件下观察到进入BBB类器官的FITC-Dextran显著增加, 表明BBB透过性增加。对OGD 6 h/R 12 h造模后的类器官的形态学的分析结果显示, 模型组类器官的体积、表面积、类器官高度、最大横截面积均明显降低; 此外, 造模后模型组类器官周围可观察到较多细胞碎片(图片未展示)。这些结果表明造模后类器官变小、且形状改变可能是由于造模后的类器官细胞活力降低, 导致类器官不能维持密度均匀的球体形状, 部分崩解所致。
BBB的紧密连接是内皮细胞形成的, 通过与星形胶质细胞直接接触维持的大型多蛋白复合物[21], 主要由特定的跨膜蛋白如claudin、occludin等与闭锁小带蛋白(ZO) 相互作用, 并与细胞骨架相连形成[22]。紧密连接蛋白复合物的破坏是缺血性脑卒中BBB损伤的标志[3], 这主要是由于紧密连接蛋白的降解或重新分布所致[23]。本研究观察到OGD 6 h/R 12 h造模条件下ZO-1、occludin、claudin-5的表达均明显降低。此外, 还观察到造模后, ZO-1在细胞膜上的表达变得不连续, 这可能是由于ZO-1在细胞中的重新分布所致。
缺血性脑卒中进程中P-gp的表达可能有所改变, 本研究通过免疫荧光研究了P-gp在OGD 6 h/R 12 h造模过程中的表达, 并以Rhodamine 123为底物测试P-gp功能。结果显示P-gp的表达在OGD 6 h/R 12 h条件下表现降低趋势, 且P-gp功能测试得出了同样结论。这与体外以单层细胞作为BBB模型的结果不同, Patak等[24]采用基于hCMEC/D3细胞的单层BBB模型, 发现缺氧48 h后P-gp的mRNA表达水平和蛋白水平没有明显变化。但也有研究显示, 原代和永生化的大鼠脑内皮细胞在缺氧6 h/复氧24 h后观察到P-gp的表达显著增加[25]。目前报道的关于P-gp在缺氧/复氧模型中的表达仍存在争议, 然而, P-gp表达下调可能允许在生理条件下不能透过BBB的药物进入中枢神经系统发挥治疗作用。
本课题组前期研究结果表明GXNI能通过在体内降低BBB透过性改善缺血再灌注导致的脑损伤[12]。本研究基于BBB类器官模型探索了GXNI对缺氧/复氧造成的BBB损伤的保护作用, 提示GXNI不仅能显著改善OGD/R造成的类器官细胞活力降低, 而且能降低造模引起的类器官透过性增加, 表明GXNI可能通过保护BBB改善缺血性脑卒中。然而, 关于GXNI保护BBB的相关机制仍不清楚, 有望进一步研究。
本研究表明, BBB类器官能模拟缺血性脑卒中导致的BBB损伤的病理特征, 在体外测试及开发治疗中枢神经系统疾病的新疗法等方面具有巨大应用前景。GXNI可能通过保护BBB改善缺血性脑卒中, 有望为缺血性脑卒中的治疗提供新的方案。
作者贡献: 杜宏英负责实验验证、数据统计和文章撰写; 薛志峰在实验进程及手稿撰写中给予了宝贵意见; 贺爽负责实验试剂的订购并提供了实验指导; 杨剑提供了实验指导; 朱彦、夏忠庭负责总体研究方案设计、论文审阅指导及研究经费支持。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1704502)
  • 国家科技重大专项(2018ZX01031301)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81873037)
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2022年第57卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1871
  • 接收时间:2021-12-31
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-31
  • 修回日期:2022-02-28
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1704502)
国家科技重大专项(2018ZX01031301)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81873037)
作者信息
    1.天津中医药大学, 组分中药国家重点实验室, 天津 301617
    2.天津国际生物医药联合研究院, 中药新药研发中心, 天津 300457
    3.盈科瑞 (天津) 创新医药研究有限公司, 天津 300385

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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