Article(id=1210516748990812801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0860, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1657728000000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-14, revisedDate=1661097600000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539283272, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1665504000000, pubDateStr=2022-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539283272, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539283272, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539283272, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516741998907791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539281606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539576214, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3095, endPage=3105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516750437847731, articleId=1210516748990812801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research of the mechanism of Chuanxiong Qingnao Granules in improving migraine based on network pharmacology and experimental validation, columnId=1210516747279536651, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports Ⅱ: Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-cerebrovascular Related Diseases, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
In this study, a research strategy integrating network pharmacology analysis and animal experimental validation was applied to explore the molecular mechanism of Chuanxiong Qingnao Granules (CXQN) in improving migraine headache (MH). All animal experiments were followed the regulation of the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. Based on the network pharmacology analysis, the 27 active ingredients and their corresponding 940 targets were obtained, and 99 common targets of CXQN in the treatment of MH were obtained by intersection, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), IL-1β, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were screened out as hub targets. Enrichment analysis showed that the targets of CXQN in the treatment of MH were mainly involved in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathways. In addition, the experimental verification in the MH rat induced by nitroglycerin showed that the CXQN administrated groups could significantly improve the behavioral symptoms and regulate the level of vasoactive substances, and reduce the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, VEGFA, IL-1β, and BDNF at gene and protein levels. This study revealed the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway characteristics of CXQN in the treatment of MH, and elucidated the potential mechanism of CXQN in the treatment of MH, laying a theoretical foundation and scientific basis for its clinical application in the treatment of MH diseases.
, correspAuthors=Jing-jing ZHANG, Hong-jun YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing-yi HOU, Li-qi NI, Liang-liang TIAN, He XU, Guang-zhao CAO, Kun WANG, Bo-wen HOU, Jing-jing ZHANG, Hong-jun YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516752493056933, articleId=1210516748990812801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于网络药理学探讨川芎清脑颗粒改善偏头痛作用机制及验证研究, columnId=1210516747543777820, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道Ⅱ:中药防治心脑相关疾病, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
本研究采用网络药理学分析与动物实验验证相整合的研究策略, 探讨川芎清脑颗粒(Chuanxiong Qingnao Granules, CXQN) 改善偏头痛(migraine headache, MH) 的分子作用机制。动物实验过程均遵循中国中医科学院实验动物伦理委员会的规定。基于网络药理学, 获取27个CXQN的活性成分及对应的940个作用靶点, 交集得到99个CXQN治疗MH的共同靶点, 并筛选出肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-6、血管内皮生长因子A (vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGFA)、IL-1β、脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF) 等关键靶点, 富集分析表明CXQN治疗MH的靶点主要参与环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP)、缺氧诱导因子-1 (hypoxia inducible factor-1, HIF-1)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶-蛋白激酶B (phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B, PI3K-Akt) 等信号通路。进一步通过在硝酸甘油诱导的MH大鼠模型中验证发现, CXQN给药组可显著改善模型大鼠的行为学症状及调节血管活性物质水平, 并显著降低TNF-α、IL-6、VEGFA、IL-1β和BDNF的基因和蛋白表达水平。本研究揭示了CXQN治疗MH的多成分、多靶点、多通路的作用特征, 且阐明CXQN治疗MH潜在的作用机制, 为其临床治疗MH疾病应用奠定理论基础和科学依据。
, correspAuthors=张晶晶, 杨洪军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Y4DXVsP3fy4u4eSPH58C4g==, magXml=SDkP/srGBr8IVeWDx9Th6g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=yo1l+YcelGfVCRnrD81fZw==, pdfFileSize=5948542, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Ble6TWawQ2K02tGBVo0kYw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=hv62ynnJbsHLI8Tr3U8cpg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=侯静怡, 倪理琪, 田良良, 徐核, 曹光昭, 王坤, 侯博文, 张晶晶, 杨洪军)}, authors=[Author(id=1210516753164145656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210516753298362372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, authorId=1210516753164145656, language=EN, stringName=Jing-yi HOU, firstName=Jing-yi, middleName=null, lastName=HOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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Hub targets screening and functional enrichment. A: The process of the screening of hub targets. a: Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network with degree > 15 and betweenness centrality > 119.3; b: The PPI network with top 5 closeness centrality; B, C: Functional enrichment analysis of targets. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis (B); Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis (C). BP: Biological process; CC: Cellular components; MF: Molecular functions; FDR: False discovery rate , figureFileSmall=67CXHKa7vgJtA4q22pYc4w==, figureFileBig=Ble6TWawQ2K02tGBVo0kYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760470622667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=m+84S9rySuZTn+KODdF1cg==, figureFileBig=kC/D4gkPOlGMQCRzhojebg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760575480273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Docking stimulation. A: Heatmap of the docking scores of hub targets combining with bioactive compounds in CXQN; B: Molecular docking stimulation of bioactive compound-hub target. a: Panicolin to TNF-α (docking score = -7.73); b: Glabranin to IL-6 (docking score = -5.246); c: Glabranin to IL-1β (docking score = -5.153); d: Glabranin to VEGFA (docking score = -5.892); e: Glabranin to BDNF (docking score = -4.885) , figureFileSmall=m+84S9rySuZTn+KODdF1cg==, figureFileBig=kC/D4gkPOlGMQCRzhojebg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760663560661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2egERWoVpb5mNHkVDt3EHA==, figureFileBig=WB5FNbz0spzpcO5oxLM1Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760739058140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=
CXQN improve migraine headache (MH) symptoms. A: Behavioral observations and pharmacological indexes. a: Comparative study on the duration of ear redness; b: Comparative study on the number of head scratching; c: 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the rat serum. n = 10, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs the control group (Con); *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs the MH group. Flu: Flunarizine (1.25 mg·kg-1·d-1); CXQN-L, -M, -H: CXQN-low (0.90 g·kg-1·d-1), -medium (2.70 g·kg-1·d-1), -high (8.10 g·kg-1·d-1) groups; B: Pathological changes of the CXQN (8.10 g·kg-1·d-1) in rat brain tissue after glycerol trinitrate (GTN) induced migraine. a: Control group; b: MH group; c: CXQN-H group. Blue, red, and green arrows indicate the neuron, the inflammatory cell infiltration, and the hemangiectasis, respectively. Scale bar: 100 μm , figureFileSmall=2egERWoVpb5mNHkVDt3EHA==, figureFileBig=WB5FNbz0spzpcO5oxLM1Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760835527138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wD39sQjFi006BNXh/ikfQw==, figureFileBig=CoNKVuthjIIt9ZQ+3Gfbng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760957161958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption=
Effect of the CXQN on the mRNA expression in GTN induced migraine. A: TNF-α; B: IL-6; C: VEGFA; D: IL-1β; E: BDNF. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs the control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs the MH group , figureFileSmall=wD39sQjFi006BNXh/ikfQw==, figureFileBig=CoNKVuthjIIt9ZQ+3Gfbng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761070408171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=K+svaA23md5rvIzIhmXc3Q==, figureFileBig=O2B3uo0DPZAHoGOxbiqiuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761183654384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption=
Effect of the CXQN on the protein expression in GTN induced migraine. A-C: ELISA results for TNF-α (A), IL-6 (B), and IL-1β (C) (n = 6); D, E: Immunofluorescence for BDNF (D) and VEGFA (E); F, G: Immunofluorescence intensity for BDNF (F) and VEGFA (G) (n = 3). $ \overline{x} $ ± s. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs the control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs the MH group. DAPI: 2-(4-Amidinophenyl)-6-indolecarbamidine dihydrochloride , figureFileSmall=K+svaA23md5rvIzIhmXc3Q==, figureFileBig=O2B3uo0DPZAHoGOxbiqiuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516761275929077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Gene | Sequence (5′-3′) |
| IL-6 | Forward: TCCAGTTGCCTTCTTGGGAC |
| Reverse: GTGTAATTAAGCCTCCGACTTG |
| IL-1β | Forward: GACCTTCCAGGATGAGGACA |
| Reverse: AGCTCATATGGGTCCGACAG |
| TNF-α | Forward: TAGCCAGGAGGGAGAACAGA |
| Reverse: TTTTCTGGAGGGAGATGTGG |
| VEGFA | Forward: GGAGGATGTCCTCACTTGGA |
| Reverse: CAAACAGACTTCGGCCTCTC |
| BDNF | Forward: GGGTGAAACAAAGTGGCTGT |
| Reverse: ATGTTGTCAAACGGCACAAA |
| β-Actin | Forward: TGTTACCAACTGGGACGACA |
| Reverse: GGGGTGTTGAAGGTCTCAAA |
), ArticleFig(id=1210516761372398074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
Primers for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; VEGFA: Vascular endothelial growth factor A; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Gene | Sequence (5′-3′) |
| IL-6 | Forward: TCCAGTTGCCTTCTTGGGAC |
| Reverse: GTGTAATTAAGCCTCCGACTTG |
| IL-1β | Forward: GACCTTCCAGGATGAGGACA |
| Reverse: AGCTCATATGGGTCCGACAG |
| TNF-α | Forward: TAGCCAGGAGGGAGAACAGA |
| Reverse: TTTTCTGGAGGGAGATGTGG |
| VEGFA | Forward: GGAGGATGTCCTCACTTGGA |
| Reverse: CAAACAGACTTCGGCCTCTC |
| BDNF | Forward: GGGTGAAACAAAGTGGCTGT |
| Reverse: ATGTTGTCAAACGGCACAAA |
| β-Actin | Forward: TGTTACCAACTGGGACGACA |
| Reverse: GGGGTGTTGAAGGTCTCAAA |
), ArticleFig(id=1210516761481449983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| No. | Compound | CAS | OB% | DL | BBB | Source |
| 1 | Alloisoimperatorin | 35214-83-6 | 34.80 | 0.22 | 0.43 | BZ, QH |
| 2 | Ammidin | 482-44-0 | 34.55 | 0.22 | 0.92 | BZ, DH, FF, QH |
| 3 | Bergaptin | 7380-40-7 | 41.73 | 0.42 | 0.70 | QH |
| 4 | Cnidilin | 14348-22-2 | 32.69 | 0.28 | 0.52 | BZ, DG, QH |
| 5 | Coptisine | 3486-66-6 | 30.67 | 0.86 | 0.32 | HQ |
| 6 | Cryptopin | 482-74-6 | 78.74 | 0.72 | 0.41 | XX |
| 7 | Dihydrocapsaicin | 19408-84-5 | 47.07 | 0.19 | 0.47 | SJ |
| 8 | Ethyl oleate | 111-62-6 | 32.40 | 0.19 | 1.10 | BZ |
| 9 | Glabranin | 41983-91-9 | 52.90 | 0.31 | 0.31 | GC |
| 10 | Glabridin | 59870-68-7 | 53.25 | 0.47 | 0.36 | GC |
| 11 | Isofucosterol | 18472-36-1 | 43.78 | 0.76 | 0.97 | JH |
| 12 | Isoimperatorin | 482-45-1 | 45.46 | 0.23 | 0.66 | BZ, DG, DH, FF, QH |
| 13 | Isoindigo | 476-34-6 | 94.30 | 0.26 | 0.32 | DH, QH |
| 14 | Mandenol | 544-35-4 | 42.00 | 0.19 | 1.14 | BZ, CX, FF |
| 15 | O-Acetylcolumbianetin | 23180-65-6 | 60.04 | 0.26 | 0.34 | DH |
| 16 | Ostruthin | 148-83-4 | 30.65 | 0.23 | 0.79 | DH, QH |
| 17 | Panicolin | 41060-16-6 | 76.26 | 0.29 | 0.31 | HQ |
| 18 | Phaseolinisoflavan | 40323-57-7 | 32.01 | 0.45 | 0.46 | GC |
| 19 | Phellopterin | 2543-94-4 | 40.19 | 0.28 | 0.48 | BZ, FF, QH |
| 20 | Phyllanthin | 10351-88-9 | 33.31 | 0.42 | 0.57 | DG |
| 21 | Prangenidin | 642-05-7 | 36.31 | 0.22 | 0.50 | FF |
| 22 | Shinpterocarpin | 157414-04-5 | 80.30 | 0.73 | 0.68 | GC |
| 23 | Stigmasterol | 83-48-7 | 43.83 | 0.76 | 1.00 | BZ, CZ, DG, MD, HQ, JH, MJZ |
| 24 | Supraene | 111-02-4 | 35.55 | 0.42 | 1.73 | BZ |
| 25 | Truflex | 84-78-6 | 43.47 | 0.24 | 0.60 | JH |
| 26 | Vestitol | 20879-05-4 | 74.66 | 0.21 | 0.30 | GC |
| 27 | β-Sitosterol/sitosterol | 83-46-5 | 36.91 | 0.75 | 0.99 | CX, DG, DH, FF, GC, HQ, JH, MJZ, QH |
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Information of active compound of Chuanxiong Qingnao Granules (CXQN). OB: Oral bioavailability; DL: Drug-likeness; BBB: Blood Brain Barrier; CZ: Cangzhu; HQ: Huangqin; JH: Juhua; CX: Chuanxiong; BZ: Baizhi; MD: Maidong; FF: Fangfeng; XX: Xixin; QH: Qianghuo; DH: Duhuo; MJZ: Manjingzi; DG: Danggui; GC: Gancao; SJ: Shengjiang
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| No. | Compound | CAS | OB% | DL | BBB | Source |
| 1 | Alloisoimperatorin | 35214-83-6 | 34.80 | 0.22 | 0.43 | BZ, QH |
| 2 | Ammidin | 482-44-0 | 34.55 | 0.22 | 0.92 | BZ, DH, FF, QH |
| 3 | Bergaptin | 7380-40-7 | 41.73 | 0.42 | 0.70 | QH |
| 4 | Cnidilin | 14348-22-2 | 32.69 | 0.28 | 0.52 | BZ, DG, QH |
| 5 | Coptisine | 3486-66-6 | 30.67 | 0.86 | 0.32 | HQ |
| 6 | Cryptopin | 482-74-6 | 78.74 | 0.72 | 0.41 | XX |
| 7 | Dihydrocapsaicin | 19408-84-5 | 47.07 | 0.19 | 0.47 | SJ |
| 8 | Ethyl oleate | 111-62-6 | 32.40 | 0.19 | 1.10 | BZ |
| 9 | Glabranin | 41983-91-9 | 52.90 | 0.31 | 0.31 | GC |
| 10 | Glabridin | 59870-68-7 | 53.25 | 0.47 | 0.36 | GC |
| 11 | Isofucosterol | 18472-36-1 | 43.78 | 0.76 | 0.97 | JH |
| 12 | Isoimperatorin | 482-45-1 | 45.46 | 0.23 | 0.66 | BZ, DG, DH, FF, QH |
| 13 | Isoindigo | 476-34-6 | 94.30 | 0.26 | 0.32 | DH, QH |
| 14 | Mandenol | 544-35-4 | 42.00 | 0.19 | 1.14 | BZ, CX, FF |
| 15 | O-Acetylcolumbianetin | 23180-65-6 | 60.04 | 0.26 | 0.34 | DH |
| 16 | Ostruthin | 148-83-4 | 30.65 | 0.23 | 0.79 | DH, QH |
| 17 | Panicolin | 41060-16-6 | 76.26 | 0.29 | 0.31 | HQ |
| 18 | Phaseolinisoflavan | 40323-57-7 | 32.01 | 0.45 | 0.46 | GC |
| 19 | Phellopterin | 2543-94-4 | 40.19 | 0.28 | 0.48 | BZ, FF, QH |
| 20 | Phyllanthin | 10351-88-9 | 33.31 | 0.42 | 0.57 | DG |
| 21 | Prangenidin | 642-05-7 | 36.31 | 0.22 | 0.50 | FF |
| 22 | Shinpterocarpin | 157414-04-5 | 80.30 | 0.73 | 0.68 | GC |
| 23 | Stigmasterol | 83-48-7 | 43.83 | 0.76 | 1.00 | BZ, CZ, DG, MD, HQ, JH, MJZ |
| 24 | Supraene | 111-02-4 | 35.55 | 0.42 | 1.73 | BZ |
| 25 | Truflex | 84-78-6 | 43.47 | 0.24 | 0.60 | JH |
| 26 | Vestitol | 20879-05-4 | 74.66 | 0.21 | 0.30 | GC |
| 27 | β-Sitosterol/sitosterol | 83-46-5 | 36.91 | 0.75 | 0.99 | CX, DG, DH, FF, GC, HQ, JH, MJZ, QH |
), ArticleFig(id=1210516761720525329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Target | Degree | Betweenness centrality | Closeness centrality |
| TNF-α | 51 | 570.67 | 71.83 |
| IL-6 | 49 | 457.15 | 71 |
| VEGFA | 46 | 686.32 | 68.66 |
| IL-1β | 43 | 400.00 | 68.33 |
| BDNF | 44 | 1 038.04 | 69.66 |
), ArticleFig(id=1210516761825382936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516748990812801, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=
Topological parameters of hub targets
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Target | Degree | Betweenness centrality | Closeness centrality |
| TNF-α | 51 | 570.67 | 71.83 |
| IL-6 | 49 | 457.15 | 71 |
| VEGFA | 46 | 686.32 | 68.66 |
| IL-1β | 43 | 400.00 | 68.33 |
| BDNF | 44 | 1 038.04 | 69.66 |
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