Article(id=1210516746553922007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0365, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1648396800000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-28, revisedDate=1651334400000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539282692, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1665504000000, pubDateStr=2022-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539282692, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539282692, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539282692, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516741998907791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539281606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539576214, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517977762500873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516741998907791, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3019, endPage=3026, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516749108253314, articleId=1210516746553922007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Discovery of a novel SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor by a simple and optimized colorimetric screening assay, columnId=1210516743097815441, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports Ⅰ: New Targets, New Strategies for Drug Discovery and Advances in Antiviral Drug Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For rapid discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) inhibitors from a natural product library, a novel colorimetric screening assay was developed. According to the colorimetric principle, the synthetic peptide TSAVLQ-para-nitroanilide (pNA) was used as the Mpro hydrolysis substrate. Subsequently, the working concentration of pNA substrate, Mpro working concentration, hydrolysis time and DMSO tolerance were optimized for the development of a simple and robust colorimetric screening assay. Through these systematic optimizations, we selected 0.4 μmol·L-1 Mpro and 100 μmol·L-1 pNA substrate as the optimal working concentrations in this colorimetric screening assay, and a high Z' factor of 0.9 was achieved. Using this screening assay, natural product ginkgolic acid C13:0 (GA13:0) was identified as a novel competitive Mpro inhibitor in vitro. Taken together, we have successfully developed a simple and optimized colorimetric screening assay, which will be vital for the discovery of novel SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors.

, correspAuthors=Jing ZHANG, Yun-yu CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Gan-gan YAN, Hao-hao YAN, Zhi-cheng LIU, Hai-yan QI, Xiao-li LIU, Xiao-ping LIU, Jing ZHANG, Yun-yu CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516751767442245, articleId=1210516746553922007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于比色法原理的新冠病毒主蛋白酶小分子抑制剂高通量筛选模型的优化与应用, columnId=1210516743232033171, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道Ⅰ:药物发现的新靶标、新策略与抗病毒药物研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究优化并建立了新冠病毒主蛋白酶(main protease, Mpro) 小分子抑制剂比色法高通量筛选模型, 以期快速筛选天然产物来源的新型苗头化合物。基于比色法原理, 以TSAVLQ-pNA (para-nitroanilide) 作为Mpro水解底物, 通过优化pNA底物浓度、Mpro工作浓度、最佳反应时间、二甲基亚砜耐受浓度等影响因素, 建立Mpro小分子抑制剂比色法高通量筛选模型并用于天然产物化合物库的快速筛选。通过一系列反应条件优化, 选择0.4 μmol·L-1 Mpro和100 μmol·L-1 pNA底物, 成功地建立了Z'因子值为0.9的比色法高通量筛选模型。通过对天然产物化合物库进行高通量筛选, 证实了白果新酸(ginkgolic acid C13:0) 在体外对Mpro酶活性具有良好的竞争性抑制作用。本研究成功建立了新冠病毒Mpro小分子抑制剂比色法高通量筛选模型, 为抗新冠病毒药物先导化合物的筛选与发现奠定了实验基础。

, correspAuthors=张晶, 陈云雨, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张晶, Tel: 86-10-63180623, E-mail: ;
陈云雨, Tel: 86-553-3932414, E-mail:
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Pharmaceuticals, 2021, 14: 980., articleTitle=Ginkgolic acid inhibits coronavirus strain 229E infection of human epithelial lung cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516765784806067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, doi=10.3390/v12040449, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=449, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=Viruses, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Campos D, Navarro S, Llamas-González YY, et al. Broad antiviral activity of ginkgolic acid against Chikungunya, Mayaro, Una, and Zika viruses[J]. Viruses, 2020, 12: 449., articleTitle=Broad antiviral activity of ginkgolic acid against Chikungunya, Mayaro, Una, and Zika viruses, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516765877080758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=32, issue=null, pageStart=300, pageEnd=303, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=Biomed Environ Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ugwu CE, Jiang YY, Wu L, et al. In vitro screening of ginkgolic acids for antiparasitic activity against Cryptosporidium andersoni[J]. 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Fitoterapia, 2021, 152: 104909., articleTitle=Discovery of naturally occurring inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro from Ginkgo biloba leaves via large-scale screening, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516766078407359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, doi=10.1186/s13578-021-00564-x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=45, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=Cell Biosci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Z, Cui Q, Cooper L, et al. Ginkgolic acid and anacardic acid are specific covalent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 cysteine proteases[J]. 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Institute for Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516752027489134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, companyId=1210516752014906218, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.皖南医学院, 药物筛选与评价研究所, 安徽 芜湖 241002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1210516752111375224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516752119763833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, companyId=1210516752111375224, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516752123958138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, companyId=1210516752111375224, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210516759178776945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pnbWhlUeXl3xXiqIvom+8Q==, figureFileBig=t5Du8qtd6OtTH3NhhQnpkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516759271051645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Production and characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (M<sup>pro</sup>). A: Expression and purification of SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup> in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) cells. The purified M<sup>pro</sup> band is marked by a white box line in a stained gel. M: Protein mark; 1: Total cell proteins; 2-4: Purified M<sup>pro</sup> band (34 kD); B: Enzymatic activity analysis of purified M<sup>pro</sup>. The specific activity of purified M<sup>pro</sup> was determined by the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay; C: Determination of the enzymatic parameters of purified M<sup>pro</sup>. According to the initial velocity (<i>V</i>) in the FRET assay, the Michaelis constant (<i>K</i><sub>m</sub>), <i>V</i><sub>max</sub> and catalytic number (<i>k</i><sub>cat</sub>) values were calculated using a Michaelis-Menten equation. RFU: Relative fluorescence unit , figureFileSmall=pnbWhlUeXl3xXiqIvom+8Q==, figureFileBig=t5Du8qtd6OtTH3NhhQnpkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516759552070027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iT12Fa07lnLJBvGiup/H/g==, figureFileBig=sOFitbtQjcir33G5XxhG9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516759690482067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Graphic diagram of the colorimetric screening assay. The synthetic peptide TSAVLQ-<i>para</i>-nitroanilide (pNA) is used as the M<sup>pro</sup> hydrolysis substrate, and its cleavage at the Q-pNA bond by SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup> (blue scissor) releases free pNA, which turns the color of the solution to yellow. This color change can be continuously monitored using a microplate reader (BioTek) at 405 nm. Hence, the presence of bioactive compounds (red hexagon) that inhibit the enzymatic activity of M<sup>pro</sup> will lower the <i>A</i><sub>405</sub> value using this screening assay, whereas the cleaved, the free pNA will be released from pNA substrate because of the exciting of inactive compound (green hexagon) , figureFileSmall=iT12Fa07lnLJBvGiup/H/g==, figureFileBig=sOFitbtQjcir33G5XxhG9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516759803728284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bpD/KqnlWSy87u4mOFO/FA==, figureFileBig=tyu0QKGN/JY97Npz+Xbcqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516759950528935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Development of an optimized colorimetric screening assay for the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup> inhibitors. A: Determination of an optimal concentration of pNA substrate. The red dotted line indicated the baseline of signal to background (S/B) in this colorimetric screening assay; B: Determination of an optimal concentration of M<sup>pro</sup> used in the colorimetric screening assay. A half maximal effective concentration (EC<sub>50</sub>) value was calculated according to the proteolytic reaction curve of M<sup>pro</sup>. For a high sensitivity of screening assay, an optimal working concentration of M<sup>pro</sup> should be equal to this EC<sub>50</sub> value; C: Time course trajectory in the colorimetric screening assay. The proteolytic reaction was monitored at <i>A</i><sub>405</sub> every 20 s for 60 min by a microplate reader (BioTek). Based on this proteolytic reaction curve, the incubation time could be defined in 30 min in this screening assay; D: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) tolerance assay; E: The inhibitory activity of GC-376 in the colorimetric screening assay. The chemical structure of GC-376 was shown; F: Determination of <i>Z'</i> factor in the colorimetric screening assay. GC-376 and DMSO were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. IC<sub>50</sub>: Half maximal inhibitory concentration , figureFileSmall=bpD/KqnlWSy87u4mOFO/FA==, figureFileBig=tyu0QKGN/JY97Npz+Xbcqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760072163760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=12SfkxhPpwL2zJDEoUbDfg==, figureFileBig=P8A4SQNRhRvIk8YWs/2Cng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760202187194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Application of the colorimetric screening assay for the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup> inhibitors. A: Basic screening protocol of the colorimetric screening assay for the discovery of M<sup>pro</sup> inhibitors; B: The natural products layout in a 96-well microplate for HTS. The positive wells (GC-376), negative wells and background wells were highlighted; C: The illustration for the primary screening cycle of natural product library using the colorimetric screening assay. The red dotted line indicated a baseline in the primary screening cycle, and 6 candidate compounds were identified , figureFileSmall=12SfkxhPpwL2zJDEoUbDfg==, figureFileBig=P8A4SQNRhRvIk8YWs/2Cng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760307044804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hCFO7NujrU6kP5g6Q7rxog==, figureFileBig=V9lBHgAESWLLvwWJ8sXk8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760445456843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The inhibitory activity and inhibition mechanism of ginkgolic acid C13:0 (GA13:0) on SARS-CoV-2 M<sup>pro</sup>. A: The chemical structure of GA13:0; B: Concentration-response curve of GA13:0 in the colorimetric screening assay; C: Concentration-response curve of GA13:0 in the sandwich-like fluorescence polarization (FP) screening assay; D: Concentration-response curve of GA13:0 in the FRET screening assay. All the calculated IC<sub>50</sub> values of GA13:0 in the mentioned biochemical assays were shown, respectively; E: The Lineweaver-Burk double-reciprocal plots for inhibition of GA13:0 on M<sup>pro</sup> for the FRET substrate (S); F: The secondary plots for a <i>K</i><sub>i</sub> value , figureFileSmall=hCFO7NujrU6kP5g6Q7rxog==, figureFileBig=V9lBHgAESWLLvwWJ8sXk8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516760562897358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IndicatorRequirement of HTSResult of HTS
S/B
S/N
SW
> 3
> 10
Not determined
3.22
11.65
0.12
Z' factor> 0.50.9
), ArticleFig(id=1210516760646783445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516746553922007, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The general evaluation of an optimized colorimetric screening assay. HTS: High-throughput screening; S/N: Signal to noise; SW: Signal window

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IndicatorRequirement of HTSResult of HTS
S/B
S/N
SW
> 3
> 10
Not determined
3.22
11.65
0.12
Z' factor> 0.50.9
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基于比色法原理的新冠病毒主蛋白酶小分子抑制剂高通量筛选模型的优化与应用
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闫干干 1 , 闫浩浩 1 , 刘志成 1 , 戚海燕 1 , 刘晓丽 1 , 刘晓平 1 , 张晶 2, * , 陈云雨 1, *
药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅰ:药物发现的新靶标、新策略与抗病毒药物研究 2022,57(10): 3019-3026
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药学学报 | 专题报道Ⅰ:药物发现的新靶标、新策略与抗病毒药物研究 2022, 57(10): 3019-3026
基于比色法原理的新冠病毒主蛋白酶小分子抑制剂高通量筛选模型的优化与应用
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闫干干1, 闫浩浩1, 刘志成1, 戚海燕1, 刘晓丽1, 刘晓平1, 张晶2, * , 陈云雨1, *
作者信息
  • 1.皖南医学院, 药物筛选与评价研究所, 安徽 芜湖 241002
  • 2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*张晶, Tel: 86-10-63180623, E-mail: ;
陈云雨, Tel: 86-553-3932414, E-mail:
Discovery of a novel SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor by a simple and optimized colorimetric screening assay
Gan-gan YAN1, Hao-hao YAN1, Zhi-cheng LIU1, Hai-yan QI1, Xiao-li LIU1, Xiao-ping LIU1, Jing ZHANG2, * , Yun-yu CHEN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute for Drug Screening and Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
  • 2. Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2022-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0365
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本研究优化并建立了新冠病毒主蛋白酶(main protease, Mpro) 小分子抑制剂比色法高通量筛选模型, 以期快速筛选天然产物来源的新型苗头化合物。基于比色法原理, 以TSAVLQ-pNA (para-nitroanilide) 作为Mpro水解底物, 通过优化pNA底物浓度、Mpro工作浓度、最佳反应时间、二甲基亚砜耐受浓度等影响因素, 建立Mpro小分子抑制剂比色法高通量筛选模型并用于天然产物化合物库的快速筛选。通过一系列反应条件优化, 选择0.4 μmol·L-1 Mpro和100 μmol·L-1 pNA底物, 成功地建立了Z'因子值为0.9的比色法高通量筛选模型。通过对天然产物化合物库进行高通量筛选, 证实了白果新酸(ginkgolic acid C13:0) 在体外对Mpro酶活性具有良好的竞争性抑制作用。本研究成功建立了新冠病毒Mpro小分子抑制剂比色法高通量筛选模型, 为抗新冠病毒药物先导化合物的筛选与发现奠定了实验基础。

新冠病毒  /  主蛋白酶抑制剂  /  比色法  /  荧光共振能量转移  /  荧光偏振  /  白果新酸

For rapid discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) inhibitors from a natural product library, a novel colorimetric screening assay was developed. According to the colorimetric principle, the synthetic peptide TSAVLQ-para-nitroanilide (pNA) was used as the Mpro hydrolysis substrate. Subsequently, the working concentration of pNA substrate, Mpro working concentration, hydrolysis time and DMSO tolerance were optimized for the development of a simple and robust colorimetric screening assay. Through these systematic optimizations, we selected 0.4 μmol·L-1 Mpro and 100 μmol·L-1 pNA substrate as the optimal working concentrations in this colorimetric screening assay, and a high Z' factor of 0.9 was achieved. Using this screening assay, natural product ginkgolic acid C13:0 (GA13:0) was identified as a novel competitive Mpro inhibitor in vitro. Taken together, we have successfully developed a simple and optimized colorimetric screening assay, which will be vital for the discovery of novel SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors.

SARS-CoV-2  /  main protease inhibitor  /  colorimetric screening assay  /  fluorescence resonance energy transfer  /  fluorescence polarization  /  ginkgolic acid C13:0
闫干干, 闫浩浩, 刘志成, 戚海燕, 刘晓丽, 刘晓平, 张晶, 陈云雨. 基于比色法原理的新冠病毒主蛋白酶小分子抑制剂高通量筛选模型的优化与应用. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3019 -3026 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0365
Gan-gan YAN, Hao-hao YAN, Zhi-cheng LIU, Hai-yan QI, Xiao-li LIU, Xiao-ping LIU, Jing ZHANG, Yun-yu CHEN. Discovery of a novel SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor by a simple and optimized colorimetric screening assay[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (10) : 3019 -3026 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0365
自2019年12月迄今, 新冠病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) 感染引发了新冠病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease, COVID-19) 的全球大流行。由于新冠病毒高频基因突变, 导致了奥密克戎(omicron) 变异株的全球蔓延, 具有载毒量大、传染性强、传播速度快、传播隐匿等特点, 严重危害人类的生命健康与经济发展[1-3]。虽然通过新冠病毒疫苗接种建立了有效的群体免疫屏障, 降低了COVID-19重症发病率, 但多种变异毒株的不断出现和流行, 其中有些会逃逸现有疫苗的抗体免疫反应, 使疫苗保护力下降, 引起突破性感染, 给疫情防控带来了严峻挑战。因此, 积极开发安全有效的抗新冠病毒药物具有重要意义[4-6]
SARS-CoV-2是单股正链RNA病毒, 主要通过刺突糖蛋白(spike glycoprotein) 的受体结合域(receptor binding domain, RBD) 特异性结合宿主细胞表面的受体血管紧张素转化酶2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2, ACE2) 吸附到宿主细胞上, 通过核内体或溶酶体途径依赖的蛋白质水解作用进入宿主细胞。当病毒与宿主细胞发生膜融合后, 病毒基因组RNA被释放到宿主细胞的细胞质中, 利用宿主细胞的核糖体翻译为2条多聚蛋白质体(polyprotein) 即pp1a和pp1ab。多聚蛋白质体可在自剪切作用产生的主蛋白酶(main protease, Mpro) 和木瓜样蛋白酶(pain-like protease, PLpro) 的水解作用下生成16个非结构蛋白质(non-structural protein, NSP)。其中, Mpro是具有同源二聚体结构特征的半胱氨酸蛋白酶, 其在多聚蛋白质体上含有11个酶切位点, 负责加工包括RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp) 以及复制-转录复合物的其他亚基等12个非结构蛋白质, 调控病毒基因组RNA复制与免疫逃逸[7]。Mpro对多聚蛋白质体的水解作用是SARS-CoV-2生命周期与病毒基因组RNA复制过程中的核心步骤[8]。鉴于进化保守的Mpro在新冠病毒基因组RNA复制中具有重要的调控功能, 且人体不存在其同源蛋白酶, Mpro被认为是抗新冠病毒药物开发的理想靶标之一[9, 10]
自COVID-19疫情暴发以来, 以“清肺排毒汤”、“连花清瘟胶囊”、“化湿败毒方”、“宣肺败毒方”为代表的中药名方在疫情防控与治疗中发挥了巨大作用, 取得了良好的临床治疗效果[11]。传统中药虽疗效显著, 具有多组分、多靶点、转阴快、复阳低等药效学特点, 但对其活性物质组分与功能尚缺少深入的研究[12, 13]。为了探讨中药抗疫的物质基础与药理机制, 本研究基于比色法原理, 通过系统的优化方案, 建立一种简便快速的新冠病毒Mpro小分子抑制剂高通量筛选模型, 并对传统中药来源的天然产物化合物库进行筛选, 以期获得新型苗头化合物, 为抗新冠病毒药物的研究与开发奠定基础。
试剂与仪器  氨苄西林、异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropy-β-D-thiogalactoside, IPTG)、二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)、二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol, DTT)、羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid, HEPES] (Aladdin公司); HisTrapTM层析柱(Cytiva公司); 全黑半底96孔板、透明半底96孔板(Corning公司); 天然产物化合物库(L6810)、白果新酸(ginkgolic acid C13:0, GA13:0)、GC-376 (TargetMol公司); 对硝基苯胺(para-nitroaniline, pNA) 标记的比色法底物(pNA底物: TSAVLQ-pNA)、异硫氰酸荧光素(fluorescein isothiocyanate, FITC) 与生物素(biotin) 标记的荧光探针(FITC-substrate-biotin: FITC-AVLQSGFRKK-biotin, λex/λem: 485/535 nm)、7-甲氧基香豆素-4-乙酸(7-methoxycoumarin-4-acetic acid, MCA) 与2, 4-二硝基苯酚(2, 4-dinitropheno, Dnp) 标记的荧光共振能量转移(fluorescence resonance energy transfer, FRET) 底物[MCA-AVLQSGFR-Lys(Dnp)-Lys-NH2, λex/λem: 320/405 nm] 由吉尔生化(上海) 有限公司合成; AKTA Pure蛋白质纯化仪(Cytiva公司); 多功能酶标仪(BioTek公司)。
新冠病毒Mpro原核表达、分离纯化与酶活性测定  按照文献[14]所述方法进行SARS-CoV-2 Mpro原核表达、分离纯化与酶活性测定。利用FRET方法, 根据Mpro对FRET底物的水解反应曲线, 计算其比活力(U·mg-1)。根据米氏方程, 计算其米氏常数值(Michaelis constant, Km) 与催化常数值(catalytic number, kcat)。
pNA底物最佳工作浓度的确定  将2 mmol·L-1 pNA底物以HEPES缓冲液(10 mmol·L-1 HEPES、50 mmol·L-1 NaCl、1 mmol·L-1 DTT, pH 7.0) 稀释至50、100、150、200、250、300、350、400 μmol·L-1, 依次加入到透明半底96孔板中, 每孔50 μL, 各反应组设置3组复孔。再将4 μmol·L-1 Mpro加入到上述各孔中, 每孔50 μL, 室温反应10 min, 以多功能酶标仪检测吸光度A405值。设定加入50 μL HEPES缓冲液孔为空白对照孔, 当A405 (反应组)/A405 (空白组) ≥ 3时, 所使用pNA底物的最低浓度即为pNA底物最佳工作浓度。
Mpro最佳工作浓度的确定  将200 μmol·L-1 pNA底物加入到透明半底96孔板中, 每孔50 μL, 每组设置3组复孔。再依次加入0.062 5、0.125、0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8 μmol·L-1 Mpro到上述96孔板中, 每孔50 μL, 室温反应10 min, 以多功能酶标仪检测A405值。利用GraphPad Prism 8.0拟合Mpro水解反应曲线, 计算其半数有效浓度值(half maximal effective concentration, EC50)。
Mpro最佳反应时间的确定  将200 μmol·L-1 pNA底物加入到透明半底96孔板中, 每孔50 μL, 每组设置3组复孔。再加入0.8 μmol·L-1 Mpro到上述96孔板中, 每孔50 μL。设置检测总时间为60 min, 检测间隔为20 s, 以多功能酶标仪检测A405值。利用GraphPad Prism 8.0拟合Mpro水解反应曲线, 设定到达水解反应曲线平台期的最短时间为Mpro最佳反应时间。
DMSO耐受性实验  将200 μmol·L-1 pNA底物加入到透明半底96孔板中, 每孔50 μL, 再加入0.8 μmol·L-1 Mpro到上述96孔板中, 每孔50 μL。上述反应体系中含DMSO分别为0、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%, 每组设置3组复孔。室温反应30 min后, 以多功能酶标仪检测A405值。通过DMSO浓度对上述各反应组中A405值的影响, 判断本比色法筛选模型对DMSO的耐受性。
GC-376抑制活性实验  将10 mmol·L-1 GC-376以含0.8 μmol·L-1 Mpro的HEPES缓冲液进行2倍倍比稀释, 以4 μmol·L-1为起始浓度, 共稀释6个浓度梯度, 加入到透明半底96孔板中, 每孔50 μL, 室温孵育30 min。再加入200 μmol·L-1 pNA底物, 每孔50 μL, 室温孵育30 min后, 以多功能酶标仪检测A405值。设置DMSO孔为阴性对照组, 100 μmol·L-1 pNA底物孔为空白对照组, 各检测浓度下GC-376抑制率按公式(1) 计算。以GraphPad Prime 8.0拟合其抑制曲线, 计算GC-376的半数抑制浓度值(half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50)。
$ \mathrm{GC}-376 \text { 抑制率 }(\%)=\frac{A_{405(\mathrm{DMSO})}-A_{405(\mathrm{GC}-376)}}{A_{405(\mathrm{DMSO})}-A_{405(\mathrm{pNA} \text { 底物 })}} \times 100 \%$
比色法高通量筛选模型的综合评价  按照“GC-376抑制活性实验”所述方法设定2 μmol·L-1 GC-376孔为阳性对照组, DMSO孔为阴性对照组, 每组各48个孔, 以多功能酶标仪检测A405值后, 按公式(2)~(5) 分别计算本筛选模型的Z'因子值、信号窗值(signal window, SW)、信号本底比值(signal to background, S/B) 与信噪比值(signal to noise, S/N)[15, 16]
$ Z' =1-\frac{3\times (\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}-\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{C}-376})}{\left|{\mu }_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}-{\mu }_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{C}-376}\right|} $
$ {\mathrm{SW}} ={\mu }_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}-{\mu }_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{C}-376} $
$ {\mathrm{S/B}} =\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{C}-376}} $
$ {\mathrm{S/N}} =\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}-{\mu }_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{C}-376}}{\sqrt[]{\mathrm{S}{{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}}^{2}+\mathrm{S}{{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{C}-376}}^{2}}} $
式中, SDDMSO为阴性对照组A405值的标准差, SDGC-376为阳性对照组A405值的标准差, μDMSO为阴性对照组A405值的平均值, μGC-376为阳性对照组A405值的平均值。
天然产物化合物库的高通量筛选  将含0.8 μmol·L-1 Mpro的HEPES缓冲液加入到透明半底96孔板中, 每孔49 μL, 再加入1 μL天然产物(1 mg·mL-1), 室温孵育30 min。将200 μmol·L-1 pNA底物加入到上述反应中, 每孔50 μL, 室温反应30 min后, 以多功能酶标仪检测A405值。设定2 μmol·L-1 GC-376孔为阳性对照组, DMSO孔为阴性对照组, 100 μmol·L-1 pNA底物孔为本底组, 以抑制率≥ 50%作为苗头化合物(hit) 的候选标准, 同法进行第二轮复筛。按公式(6) 计算苗头化合物抑制率。
$ \mathrm{苗}\mathrm{头}\mathrm{化}\mathrm{合}\mathrm{物}\mathrm{抑}\mathrm{制}\mathrm{率}\left(\mathrm{\%}\right)=\frac{{A}_{405\left(\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}\right)}-{A}_{405\left(\mathrm{h}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\right)}}{{A}_{405\left(\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}\right)}-{A}_{405\left(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{C}-376\right)}}\times 100\mathrm{\%} $
白果新酸在比色法筛选模型中的抑制活性  将20 mmol·L-1白果新酸以含0.8 μmol·L-1 Mpro的HEPES缓冲液稀释至200 μmol·L-1, 再以2倍倍比法稀释8个浓度梯度后, 将上述溶液加入到透明半底96孔板中, 每孔50 μL, 室温孵育30 min。再将200 μmol·L-1 pNA底物加入到上述各孔中, 每孔50 μL, 室温反应30 min后, 以多功能酶标仪检测A405值。按公式(6) 计算白果新酸在比色法筛选模型中对Mpro酶活性的抑制率, 以GraphPad Prism 8.0拟合抑制曲线, 计算其在上述筛选模型中的IC50值。
白果新酸在三明治样荧光偏振筛选模型中的抑制活性  利用文献[17, 18]所述的三明治样荧光偏振筛选模型进行白果新酸的抑制活性评价。将20 mmol·L-1白果新酸以含0.4 μmol·L-1 Mpro的Tris缓冲液(10 mmol·L-1 Tris、50 mmol·L-1 NaCl、1 mmol·L-1 EDTA、1 mmol·L-1 DTT, pH 8.0) 稀释至160 μmol·L-1, 再以2倍倍比法稀释6个浓度梯度后, 加入到全黑半底96孔板中, 每孔30 μL, 每组设置3组复孔, 室温孵育35 min。上述各孔中再加入60 nmol·L-1 FITC-substrate-biotin荧光探针反应液, 每孔20 μL, 室温孵育20 min后, 加入300 nmol·L-1亲和素反应液, 每孔10 μL, 室温孵育5 min后, 以多功能酶标仪检测毫偏值(millipolarization unit, mP)。设定DMSO孔为阴性对照组, 2 μmol·L-1 GC-376孔为阳性对照组。按照公式(7) 计算白果新酸在三明治样荧光偏振筛选模型中对Mpro酶活性的抑制率, 利用GraphPad Prism 8.0拟合抑制曲线, 计算其在上述筛选模型中的IC50值。
$ \text { 白果新酸抑制率 }(\%)=\frac{\mathrm{mP}_{\text {昌果竝酸 }}-\mathrm{mP}_{\text {DMSO }}}{\mathrm{mP}_{\mathrm{GC} .376}-\mathrm{mP}_{\text {DMSO }}} \times 100 \% $
白果新酸在FRET筛选模型中的抑制活性  利用文献[15]所述的FRET筛选模型进行白果新酸的抑制活性评价。将20 mmol·L-1白果新酸以含0.8 μmol·L-1 Mpro的HEPES缓冲液稀释至160 μmol·L-1, 再以2倍倍比法稀释6个浓度梯度后, 加入到全黑半底96孔板中, 每孔25 μL, 每组设置3组复孔, 室温孵育30 min。上述各孔中再加入10 μmol·L-1 FRET底物, 每孔25 μL, 以多功能酶标仪检测相对荧光强度值(relative fluorescence units, RFU)。根据30 s内酶促反应曲线的斜率计算反应初速度(V = ΔRFU·s-1)。设定DMSO孔为阴性对照组, 2 μmol·L-1 GC-376孔为阳性对照组。以公式(8) 计算白果新酸在FRET筛选模型中对Mpro酶活性的抑制率, 以GraphPad Prism 8.0拟合抑制曲线, 计算其在上述筛选模型中的IC50值。
$ 白果新酸抑制率 (\%) = 1-\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{白}\mathrm{果}\mathrm{新}\mathrm{酸}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}}}\times 100\mathrm{\%} $
白果新酸的抑制机制及抑制常数值的测定  将20 mmol·L-1白果新酸以含0.8 μmol·L-1 Mpro的HEPES缓冲液稀释至12 μmol·L-1并加入到全黑半底96孔板中, 每孔25 μL, 室温孵育30 min后, 分别加入10、20、30、40 μmol·L-1 FRET底物, 每孔25 μL。按照FRET筛选模型所述的方法, 以多功能酶标仪检测RFU值, 计算反应初速度。设定白果新酸的浓度为0、4、8 μmol·L-1, 重复上述实验操作。利用林贝(Lineweaver-Burk) 双倒数作图法, 分析白果新酸的抑制机制并计算其抑制常数值(inhibitory constant, Ki)。
数据分析与统计  采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件拟合Mpro水解反应曲线和白果新酸在上述筛选模型中的抑制曲线, 计算其EC50和IC50值。
工程菌经IPTG诱导后, 在预期分子质量34 kD位置有明显的目的蛋白质表达条带。由于在Mpro的羧基端融合有多聚组氨酸标签, 故此菌体裂解上清液以HisTrapTM亲和层析柱进行了Mpro的分离纯化, 其纯度为95%, 质量浓度为1.6 mg·mL-1 (图 1A)。以FRET法测定Mpro比活力, 实验结果表明, 纯化的Mpro具有良好的水解活性, 其比活力不低于40 000 U·mg-1 (图 1B)。通过图 1C拟合的米氏方程, 计算其Km值为19.28 μmol·L-1, kcat值为0.127·s-1, 专一性常数值(kcat/Km) 为6 587.1 L·mol-1·s-1, 说明成功地制备了高活性Mpro, 为比色法高通量筛选模型的建立奠定了实验基础。
本筛选模型的基本原理概述如下(图 2): 将TSAVLQ-pNA作为Mpro水解底物, 其经Mpro水解反应后将释放自由的pNA分子, 基于比色法原理, 建立Mpro小分子抑制剂高通量筛选模型。活性化合物可抑制Mpro对pNA底物的水解作用, 不能释放自由的pNA分子, 将表现较低的A405值。反之, 非活性化合物导致自由的pNA分子增加, 将表现较高的A405值。通过判断A405值的改变, 即可快速筛选Mpro小分子抑制剂。
将pNA底物稀释8个浓度, 加入2 μmol·L-1 Mpro使其充分水解后, 以多功能酶标仪检测A405值。实验结果表明, 当pNA底物浓度大于100 μmol·L-1时, A405 (反应组)/A405 (空白组) ≥ 3, 满足了高通量筛选的基本要求(图 3A)。为了保持实验体系的高灵敏度和低本底值, 选择100 μmol·L-1作为pNA底物的最佳工作浓度。
将2倍倍比稀释的Mpro与100 μmol·L-1 pNA底物进行10 min水解反应后, 以多功能酶标仪检测A405值。Mpro水解反应曲线表明, Mpro对pNA底物具有良好的水解活性, 其水解反应的EC50值为0.4 μmol·L-1。在筛选模型的实验体系中, Mpro使用量是决定其灵敏性的重要因素。为了保持实验体系的高灵敏度, 选择0.4 μmol·L-1作为Mpro的最佳工作浓度(图 3B)。
将0.4 μmol·L-1 Mpro与100 μmol·L-1 pNA底物进行60 min水解反应, 其水解反应动力学曲线表明, 随着水解反应时间的不断延长, A405值逐渐升高。当水解反应时间达到30 min时, A405值趋于平稳并达到最大值, 这说明Mpro彻底地完成了水解反应(图 3C)。为了保证在筛选模型的实验体系中Mpro水解反应彻底完成, 选择30 min作为其最佳反应时间。
按照上述确定的pNA底物与Mpro最佳工作浓度, 将Mpro水解反应置于不同浓度的DMSO条件下, 分析本筛选模型对DMSO的耐受性。结果表明, 当DMSO浓度低于2%时, 其A405值为0.16, 波动极小。当DMSO浓度高于2%时, 其A405值略有降低, 差异显著。考虑到DMSO是药物筛选中最常使用的有机溶剂, 在进行天然产物化合物库筛选时, 需控制DMSO量低于2% (图 3D)。
GC-376是已报道的Mpro小分子抑制剂, 已被广泛用于药物高通量筛选模型的特异性评价[19-21]。在上述建立的Mpro小分子抑制剂比色法筛选模型中, GC-376表现出了良好的抑制活性, 其IC50值为(0.67 ± 0.4) μmol·L-1 (图 3E), 与文献[20, 21]报道基本一致, 说明本筛选模型具有良好的特异性。
Z'因子是评价药物高通量筛选模型稳定性、灵敏性和特异性的核心参数之一, 一般要求Z'因子值大于0.5才能满足高通量筛选的基本要求[16]。以2 μmol·L-1 GC-376作为阳性对照组, 对本筛选模型的Z'因子值进行分析。实验结果表明, 本筛选模型的Z'因子值为0.9 (图 3F)。另外, 本筛选模型的S/B值为3.22、S/N值为11.65、SW值为0.12, 满足高通量筛选的基本要求(表 1)。
本比色法高通量筛选模型使用时主要包括2步操作: 首先, 将0.8 μmol·L-1 Mpro (每孔50 μL) 与天然产物室温孵育30 min, 再加入200 μmol·L-1 pNA底物(每孔50 μL) 进行30 min水解反应后, 以多功能酶标仪检测A405值(图 4A)。为了保证本筛选模型的稳定性和可靠性, 在每轮筛选中, 应按照图 4B所示进行筛选样品的布局。每轮筛选板中均应包括阳性对照组(0.4 μmol·L-1 Mpro + 2 μmol·L-1 GC-376 + pNA底物)、阴性对照组(0.4 μmol·L-1 Mpro + DMSO + pNA底物) 和本底组(100 μmol·L-1 pNA底物)。利用上述已建立的比色法高通量筛选模型对传统中药来源的天然产物化合物库进行筛选, 以初筛抑制率大于50%作为阳性化合物基准线, 共获得6个候选苗头化合物(图 4C)。
利用已建立的比色法筛选模型, 对初筛获得的6个候选苗头化合物进行复筛, 发现白果新酸在本筛选模型中对Mpro酶活性的抑制作用具有明显的量效关系, 其IC50值为(16.11 ± 1.2) μmol·L-1 (图 5AB)。另外, 白果新酸在三明治样荧光偏振筛选模型和FRET筛选模型中对Mpro酶活性均表现出良好的抑制作用, 其IC50值分别为(7.8 ± 0.2) μmol·L-1和(7.6 ± 0.1) μmol·L-1 (图 5CD), 证实了白果新酸在体外对Mpro酶活性具有良好的抑制作用。林贝双倒数曲线表明, 白果新酸对Mpro酶活性的抑制方式为竞争性抑制, 其Ki值为3.86 μmol·L-1 (图 5EF)。
目前, 新冠病毒感染引起的COVID-19疫情仍在全球蔓延, 尤其是高传染性奥密克戎变异株的大流行, 使感染与死亡病例数再度激增。新冠病毒的高频基因突变使其传染性升高和疫苗保护力下降, 积极开发抗新冠病毒药物刻不容缓[4-6]。在新冠病毒的生命周期中, Mpro是调控病毒基因组RNA复制的关键功能蛋白, 其活性位点在各变异株中具有高度保守性, 这使Mpro成为广谱抗新冠病毒药物开发的理想靶标之一[9, 10, 22]
目前, 已报道了FRET筛选法、三明治样荧光偏振筛选法、细胞模型筛选法和表型筛选法等多种生化实验筛选法用于Mpro小分子抑制剂的筛选与发现[15, 17, 18, 23-26]。其中, FRET筛选法被认为是Mpro小分子抑制剂最主要的筛选方法, 但其水解动力学过程易受环境、温度等条件影响, 重复性和稳定性较差, 并易于产生假阳性化合物。三明治样荧光偏振筛选法虽具有操作简便、高灵敏性、经济稳定等诸多优点, 但其对多功能酶标仪的配置要求较高, 必须配备高端的荧光偏振检测功能模块才可使用上述方法筛选Mpro小分子抑制剂, 这使其在基层实验室的推广应用仍具有一定的局限性。另外, 细胞模型筛选法和表型筛选法还具有操作繁琐、筛选周期长、筛选成本高和稳定性差等缺点。因此, 积极开发简便快速、稳定可靠、易于基层推广的新型高通量筛选模型具有重要意义。
本研究基于比色法原理, 以TSAVLQ-pNA作为Mpro水解底物, 通过判断Mpro水解反应中由于游离pNA浓度改变导致的A405值变化, 即可快速筛选到活性化合物。与上述已报道的筛选法相比, 本研究建立的比色法筛选模型更好地避免了天然产物自身荧光对筛选模型可靠性的干扰, 只需使用酶标仪的吸收光检测功能即可实现活性化合物的快速筛选, 具有操作简便、稳定可靠、易于推广等优点, 非常适合基层实验室使用。但在比色法筛选模型的使用过程中, 由于pNA底物具有不稳定性, 需在实验过程中新鲜配制并使用。另外, Mpro在长时间冻存或反复冻融后会使其酶活性降低, 定期采用FRET方法对其进行比活力测定也是至关重要的。在筛选过程中, 尽量室温操作, 最大限度地降低外界环境因素波动对Mpro水解反应的影响。
白果新酸是传统中药白果中酚酸类提取物的组成成分之一, 具有抗细菌、抗病毒、抗寄生虫等药理作用[27-30]。近期已有研究证实, 白果新酸可能是新冠病毒Mpro小分子抑制剂, 且白果新酸的结构类似物银杏酸和漆树酸对新冠病毒具有良好的抗病毒活性, 其EC50值约为8 μmol·L-1 [31, 32]。本研究证实, 白果新酸对新冠病毒Mpro酶活性具有良好的竞争性抑制作用。但白果新酸仍具有一定的细胞毒性, 还需深入进行化学改造, 以降低其细胞毒性, 提高其靶向性与抗病毒活性。
综上所述, 本研究成功建立了新冠病毒Mpro小分子抑制剂比色法高通量筛选模型, 初步证实了白果新酸在体外对Mpro酶活性具有良好的竞争性抑制作用, 为抗新冠病毒药物先导化合物的筛选与发现奠定了实验基础。
致谢:衷心感谢北京大学化学与分子工程学院来鲁华教授和孙琦博士在比色法筛选模型设计中给予的悉心指导和无私帮助。
作者贡献: 闫干干、张晶和陈云雨负责完成实验设计与论文撰写; 闫干干负责完成主体实验部分; 闫浩浩、刘志成、戚海燕、刘晓丽和刘晓平负责完成实验数据分析。所有作者均对本文有所贡献。
利益冲突: 无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81370087)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81703546)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金资助项目(1808085QH265)
  • 安徽省高等学校自然科学研究项目(KJ2019ZD30)
  • 安徽省高等学校自然科学研究项目(KJ2021A0839)
  • 安徽省高等学校自然科学研究项目(YJS20210549)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程资助项目(2021-I2M-1-054)
  • 皖南医学院青年骨干人才资助项目(wyqnyx202104)
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2022年第57卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0365
  • 接收时间:2022-03-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-28
  • 修回日期:2022-05-01
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81370087)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81703546)
安徽省自然科学基金资助项目(1808085QH265)
安徽省高等学校自然科学研究项目(KJ2019ZD30)
安徽省高等学校自然科学研究项目(KJ2021A0839)
安徽省高等学校自然科学研究项目(YJS20210549)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程资助项目(2021-I2M-1-054)
皖南医学院青年骨干人才资助项目(wyqnyx202104)
作者信息
    1.皖南医学院, 药物筛选与评价研究所, 安徽 芜湖 241002
    2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

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*张晶, Tel: 86-10-63180623, E-mail: ;
陈云雨, Tel: 86-553-3932414, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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