Article(id=1210516654644138739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0343, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1647878400000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-22, revisedDate=1650470400000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539260778, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1662912000000, pubDateStr=2022-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539260778, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539260778, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539260778, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516638089212895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='2888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539256832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539546411, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2857, endPage=2863, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516655206175523, articleId=1210516654644138739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Preparation and characterization of linolenic acid-chitosan micelle for doxorubicin oral delivery and its in situ intestinal absorption in rats, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, a novel oral drug delivery system based on linolenic acid-modified chitosan (CS-LA) micelle was developed to improve the oral bioavailability of doxorubicin (DOX), which was proven by its in vivo intestinal absorption in rats. The DOX-loaded CS-LA micelles (CS-LA@DOX) were prepared by the dialysis method. The synthesized micelle material was identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). A series of the micelle properties, including particle size distribution, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE), drug loading (DL), micromorphology, polymorphy, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) were characterized or tested. The in vitro release of micelles was observed by the dialysis method, and the absorption-promoting effect of micelles was investigated by intestinal circulation experiments in rats. The animal welfare and experimental procedures were in accordance with the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Guilin Medical University. The results of 1H-NMR and FT-IR showed that CS and LA were covalently bound via an amide linkage. The DOX encapsulated in the micelle core was in an amorphous state. The as-prepared micelles in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) image showed regular spherical shapes and uniform sizes with a series of excellent characteristics including (119.2 ± 2.1) nm of mean particle size [polymer dispersity index (PDI), 0.190 ± 0.08], +12.1 mV of zeta potential, (70.23 ± 0.74) % of EE, (8.77 ± 0.02) % of DL and 51.75 μg·mL-1 of CMC. Compared with the reference, DOX hydrochloride, the proposed micelle drug delivery system showed an obvious sustained-release effect in vitro release; and enhanced drug absorption in the small intestine of rats.

, correspAuthors=Wei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-han YANG, Shi-yuan LIN, Hui CHEN, Dian-peng LI, Jian-fang FENG, Wei WU, Wei ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516656900674465, articleId=1210516654644138739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=亚麻酸-壳聚糖载多柔比星口服胶束的制备和表征及大鼠在体肠吸收, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究通过制备亚麻酸修饰的壳聚糖胶束(linolenic acid-modified chitosan, CS-LA), 以多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 为模型药物, 构建了CS-LA@DOX胶束给药系统以提高DOX口服生物利用度, 并研究其大鼠在体肠吸收情况。透析法制备CS-LA@DOX, 通过核磁共振氢谱、傅里叶红外光谱等对聚合物进行表征; 测定载药胶束的粒径、zeta电位、包封率(entrapment efficiency, EE)、载药量(drug loading, DL) 和临界胶束浓度(critical micelle concentration, CMC) 等理化参数, 并考察胶束粒子的微观形态及载药的多晶型现象; 透析法考察胶束的体外释放; 以盐酸多柔比星水溶液为对照, 通过大鼠在体肠循环实验考察胶束的促吸收作用。动物福利和实验过程均遵循桂林医学院动物伦理委员会的规定。结果表明, CS与LA通过酰胺键共价结合, DOX以无定型态包载于胶束内核, CS-LA@DOX胶束zeta电位为+12.1 mV, 平均粒径为(119.2 ± 2.1) nm, 聚合物分散指数(polymer dispersity index, PDI) 为0.190 ± 0.08; CS-LA的CMC为51.75 μg·mL-1; EE和DL分别为(70.23 ± 0.74) %、(8.77 ± 0.02) %; 本胶束体外释放较市售的盐酸多柔比星有明显的缓释作用; CS-LA@DOX胶束对DOX在大鼠小肠的吸收具有明显的促进作用。

, correspAuthors=张玮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张玮, Tel: 13557330014, E-mail:
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B: Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR) of CS, LA and CS-LA. C: X-ray diffraction (XRD) of doxorubicin (DOX)·HCl (a), physical mixture of CS-LA and DOX·HCl (b), CS-LA (c) and CS-LA@DOX (d) , figureFileSmall=vmggUEkQhUN7ab8IhF5pFg==, figureFileBig=q58oa4kJUQlDHn0F+9+5hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516662084833430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516654644138739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HBdh5G5oj9dcniwT6qU+Yw==, figureFileBig=QVi5IVFwhxNy8ZcKC2HzgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516662198079639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516654644138739, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= A: Particle size distribution of drug-loading micelle. B: Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of CS-LA@DOX. 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PreparationSoluble equationR2
DOX·HClWeibull equation: lnln[1/(1-F(t))] = 1.372lnt - 4.021 20.966 1
CS-LA@DOXWeibull equation: lnln[1/(1-F(t))] = 0.827 4lnt - 5.383 10.957 8
LA+CS-
LA@DOX
Higuchi equation: Q =-3.205 3t1/2-3.109 40.979 6
), ArticleFig(id=1210516662823030951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516654644138739, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

In vitro release model and soluble equation (n = 5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PreparationSoluble equationR2
DOX·HClWeibull equation: lnln[1/(1-F(t))] = 1.372lnt - 4.021 20.966 1
CS-LA@DOXWeibull equation: lnln[1/(1-F(t))] = 0.827 4lnt - 5.383 10.957 8
LA+CS-
LA@DOX
Higuchi equation: Q =-3.205 3t1/2-3.109 40.979 6
), ArticleFig(id=1210516662936277163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516654644138739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PreparationKa/×10-2 s-1Papp/×10-4 cm·s-1t1/2/s
DOX·HCl1.53 ± 0.200.55 ± 0.1145.29 ± 5.92
CS-LA@DOX2.40 ± 0.10*1.52 ± 0.13*28.87 ± 1.20
LA+CS-LA@DOX2.00 ± 0.210.92 ± 0.1234.65 ± 3.63
), ArticleFig(id=1210516663015968942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516654644138739, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Absorption parameters of different preparations by using rat single pass intestine perfusion (n = 3, $ \bar{x} $ ± s). *P < 0.05 vs DOX·HCl

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PreparationKa/×10-2 s-1Papp/×10-4 cm·s-1t1/2/s
DOX·HCl1.53 ± 0.200.55 ± 0.1145.29 ± 5.92
CS-LA@DOX2.40 ± 0.10*1.52 ± 0.13*28.87 ± 1.20
LA+CS-LA@DOX2.00 ± 0.210.92 ± 0.1234.65 ± 3.63
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亚麻酸-壳聚糖载多柔比星口服胶束的制备和表征及大鼠在体肠吸收
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杨宇涵 1 , 林世源 1 , 陈卉 1 , 李典鹏 2 , 奉建芳 3 , 吴卫 1 , 张玮 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(9): 2857-2863
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(9): 2857-2863
亚麻酸-壳聚糖载多柔比星口服胶束的制备和表征及大鼠在体肠吸收
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杨宇涵1, 林世源1, 陈卉1, 李典鹏2, 奉建芳3, 吴卫1, 张玮1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.桂林医学院药学院, 广西 桂林 541004
  • 2.广西壮族自治区中国科学院广西植物研究所, 广西 桂林 541006
  • 3.广西中医药大学药学院, 广西 南宁 530200

通讯作者:

*张玮, Tel: 13557330014, E-mail:
Preparation and characterization of linolenic acid-chitosan micelle for doxorubicin oral delivery and its in situ intestinal absorption in rats
Yu-han YANG1, Shi-yuan LIN1, Hui CHEN1, Dian-peng LI2, Jian-fang FENG3, Wei WU1, Wei ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
  • 2. Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China
  • 3. School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
出版时间: 2022-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0343
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本研究通过制备亚麻酸修饰的壳聚糖胶束(linolenic acid-modified chitosan, CS-LA), 以多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 为模型药物, 构建了CS-LA@DOX胶束给药系统以提高DOX口服生物利用度, 并研究其大鼠在体肠吸收情况。透析法制备CS-LA@DOX, 通过核磁共振氢谱、傅里叶红外光谱等对聚合物进行表征; 测定载药胶束的粒径、zeta电位、包封率(entrapment efficiency, EE)、载药量(drug loading, DL) 和临界胶束浓度(critical micelle concentration, CMC) 等理化参数, 并考察胶束粒子的微观形态及载药的多晶型现象; 透析法考察胶束的体外释放; 以盐酸多柔比星水溶液为对照, 通过大鼠在体肠循环实验考察胶束的促吸收作用。动物福利和实验过程均遵循桂林医学院动物伦理委员会的规定。结果表明, CS与LA通过酰胺键共价结合, DOX以无定型态包载于胶束内核, CS-LA@DOX胶束zeta电位为+12.1 mV, 平均粒径为(119.2 ± 2.1) nm, 聚合物分散指数(polymer dispersity index, PDI) 为0.190 ± 0.08; CS-LA的CMC为51.75 μg·mL-1; EE和DL分别为(70.23 ± 0.74) %、(8.77 ± 0.02) %; 本胶束体外释放较市售的盐酸多柔比星有明显的缓释作用; CS-LA@DOX胶束对DOX在大鼠小肠的吸收具有明显的促进作用。

亚麻酸  /  壳聚糖胶束  /  多柔比星  /  在体单向肠灌流模型  /  吸收

In this study, a novel oral drug delivery system based on linolenic acid-modified chitosan (CS-LA) micelle was developed to improve the oral bioavailability of doxorubicin (DOX), which was proven by its in vivo intestinal absorption in rats. The DOX-loaded CS-LA micelles (CS-LA@DOX) were prepared by the dialysis method. The synthesized micelle material was identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). A series of the micelle properties, including particle size distribution, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE), drug loading (DL), micromorphology, polymorphy, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) were characterized or tested. The in vitro release of micelles was observed by the dialysis method, and the absorption-promoting effect of micelles was investigated by intestinal circulation experiments in rats. The animal welfare and experimental procedures were in accordance with the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Guilin Medical University. The results of 1H-NMR and FT-IR showed that CS and LA were covalently bound via an amide linkage. The DOX encapsulated in the micelle core was in an amorphous state. The as-prepared micelles in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) image showed regular spherical shapes and uniform sizes with a series of excellent characteristics including (119.2 ± 2.1) nm of mean particle size [polymer dispersity index (PDI), 0.190 ± 0.08], +12.1 mV of zeta potential, (70.23 ± 0.74) % of EE, (8.77 ± 0.02) % of DL and 51.75 μg·mL-1 of CMC. Compared with the reference, DOX hydrochloride, the proposed micelle drug delivery system showed an obvious sustained-release effect in vitro release; and enhanced drug absorption in the small intestine of rats.

linolenic acid  /  chitosan micelle  /  doxorubicin  /  in situ single pass intestine perfusion model  /  absorption
杨宇涵, 林世源, 陈卉, 李典鹏, 奉建芳, 吴卫, 张玮. 亚麻酸-壳聚糖载多柔比星口服胶束的制备和表征及大鼠在体肠吸收. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2857 -2863 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0343
Yu-han YANG, Shi-yuan LIN, Hui CHEN, Dian-peng LI, Jian-fang FENG, Wei WU, Wei ZHANG. Preparation and characterization of linolenic acid-chitosan micelle for doxorubicin oral delivery and its in situ intestinal absorption in rats[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2857 -2863 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0343
多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 是从链球菌色素代谢物中提取出的蒽环类广谱抗肿瘤药, 由于水溶性差[1-3], 临床使用其盐酸盐。静脉注射盐酸多柔比星(DOX·HCl) 能产生严重的不良反应, 包括骨髓抑制、肾毒性、肝毒性, 最严重的是心脏毒性, 长期应用还会导致充血性心力衰竭甚至死亡。DOX·HCl属BCS Ⅲ类药物, 虽然水溶性良好, 但渗透性差, 口服吸收依然困难, 鉴于其临床应用范围广[4, 5], 可增强药物口服吸收, 提高患者用药依从性, 开发其口服制剂具有实际意义。
纳米载药系统一直是药剂学关注热点[6, 7], 大量证据表明, 聚合物胶束纳米给药系统可提高载药的溶解性和渗透性[8-11], 从而增强其口服吸收, 且实现缓释效益。壳聚糖(chitosan, CS) 是自然界中大量存在的阳离子聚合物, 具有良好的生物相容性、可降解性、黏膜黏附性, 是一种理想的药物载体。亚麻酸(linolenic acid, LA) 是全顺式-9, 12, 15-十八碳三烯酸, 为人体必需的高级不饱和脂肪酸, 是重要的营养物质, 且有一系列重要生理活性, 包括抗炎[12]、抗心律失常[13]、抗血栓[14]等功效。人体不能合成LA, 只能通过体外摄取。口服的LA通过肠道上皮细胞的脂肪酸转运体介导吸收[15]
药物透过胃肠道黏液层, 穿过细胞膜, 经细胞转运是药物的主要转运途径, 需特异性载体参与的促进扩散和主动转运是药物吸收的主要方式[16, 17]。目前, 虽然CS接枝饱和脂肪酸已有研究[18], 但将人体必需的不饱和脂肪酸LA接枝于壳聚糖, 构建聚合物胶束, 用于促进载药口服吸收的研究还未见报道, 因此, 将CS-LA应用于实际载药系统, 具有研究价值。
本课题以DOX为模型药物, 构建CS-LA@DOX胶束给药系统, 考察胶束理化性质, 并以大鼠在体肠循环实验评估载药胶束促吸收效能, 以期为口服胶束载药系统研究提供有价值的参考。
仪器  超声波细胞破碎仪(SCIENTZ-IID, 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司); 真空冷冻干燥机(LC-10N-50A, 上海力辰邦西仪器科技有限公司); 红外光谱仪[Nicolet iS 10, 赛默飞世尔科技(中国) 有限公司]; 核磁共振波谱仪[Bruker Ascend 500 MHz AVANCE III HD, 布鲁克(北京) 科技有限公司]; 透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) [HT7700, 日立科学仪器(北京) 有限公司]; X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD) 仪(Ultima IV, 日本理学株式会社); 高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) 仪[LC-20AT, 岛津企业管理(中国) 有限公司]; 纳米粒度及zeta电位仪(Nano ZS90, 英国马尔文公司); 荧光分光光度计(F97pro) 棱光荧光检测仪(杭州俊生科学器材有限公司); 多功能酶标仪[Spark, 帝肯Tecan (上海) 贸易有限公司]; 蠕动泵(LEAD-2, 保定兰格恒流泵有限公司); 电导率仪(DDS-11A, 上海盛磁仪器有限公司)。
试剂与耗材  壳聚糖(分子质量≤ 1 000 Da, 脱乙酰度92.3%, 合肥博美生物科技有限责任公司); 亚麻酸(纯度≥ 90%, 上海伊卡生物技术有限公司); N-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-N'-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC, 中国上海阿拉丁试剂数据库有限公司); DOX·HCl (成都普思生物科技股份有限公司); 无水乙醇AR、无水甲醇AR (西陇科学股份有限公司); 甲醇(Fisher) 色谱纯(阿拉丁试剂有限公司); 超滤离心管(MWCO 10 000 Da, 密理博中国有限公司); 透析管[MWCO 8 000~10 000 Da, 仕必纯贸易(上海) 有限公司]。
动物  雌性远交群SD (Sprague-Dawley) 大鼠, 体重200 ± 20 g, 由湖南斯莱克景达实验动物有限公司提供, 许可证号SCXK (湘) 2019-0004。动物福利和实验过程均遵循桂林医学院动物伦理委员会的规定。
CS-LA的制备  取1 g壳聚糖(≤ 1 000 Da), 纯水溶解, 细胞破碎仪超声分散, 制备溶液1; 取LA 0.255 mL, EDC 0.777 8 g (LA: EDC = 1:5, mol/mol), 无水乙醇溶解, 45 ℃搅拌活化反应30 min, 得到溶液2; 将溶液1缓慢滴加至溶液2, 60 ℃搅拌, 持续反应7 h。反应结束, 透析袋(MWCO 8 000~14 000 Da) 透析48 h, 除去未反应的EDC及其他水溶性物质, 0.45 μm聚醚砜滤膜过滤, 滤液冷冻干燥, 得到冻干载体材料。合成路线见图 1
CS-LA的表征
傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)  分别称取CS、CS-LA适量, 压片法制成透明薄片, 测定红外光谱; LA采用涂膜法测定。
核磁共振氢谱(1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, 1H-NMR)  称取CS、LA、CS-LA适量, 分别溶解于D2O、CDCl3、D2O中, 加至核磁管中进行500 MHz核磁共振波谱扫描。
CS-LA@DOX的制备  精密称量18 mg CS-LA, 纯水10 mL溶解, 探头超声10 min, 加入DOX·HCl 2 mg, 溶解后, 按摩尔比(DOX·HCl: 三乙胺= 1:3) 加入三乙胺, 300 W超声2 min, 30 ℃避光搅拌反应12 h, 过0.45 μm滤膜, 即得载药胶束溶液。
包封率(entrapment efficiency, EE) 和载药量(drug loading, DL) 测定  取载药胶束溶液, 透析袋避光透析2 h, HPLC法测定透析后游离液体中DOX浓度; 取透析后的载药胶束溶液, 于10 000 Da超滤离心管中6 500 r·min-1离心5 min, HPLC法测定滤液中DOX浓度, 按公式(1)、(2) 分别计算EE和DL。
$ \mathrm{EE}(\%)=\left(C_{\mathrm{a}}-C_{\mathrm{b}}-C_{\mathrm{c}}\right) / C_{\mathrm{a}} \times 100 \% $
$ \mathrm{DL}(\%)=W_{\mathrm{b}} / W_{\mathrm{a}} \times 100 \% $
其中, Ca: 胶束溶液中总药物浓度; Cb: 透析液中游离药物浓度; Cc: 透析袋中游离药物浓度; Wa: CS-LA胶束的重量; Wb: 被包载药物的重量。
粒径与zeta电位测定  取CS-LA@DOX胶束溶液, 适当稀释至0.2 mg·mL-1, 并测定其粒径及zeta电位。
TEM观察实验  取CS-LA@DOX胶束溶液用纯水适当稀释后, 滴至铜网碳膜上, 干燥后, 采用TEM观察。
XRD实验  扫描速度为每分钟5°, 对DOX、CS-LA与DOX物理混合物、CS-LA、CS-LA@DOX的冻干品进行XRD分析。
临界胶束浓度(critical micelle concentration, CMC) 的测定  壳聚糖衍生物在溶液中是带正电荷的多聚电解质, 由于溶液的结构改变导致其在CMC处电导率同浓度的关系曲线出现明显转折, 所以采用电导率法测定聚合物胶束的CMC。配制不同浓度的CS-LA胶束溶液(5~200 μg·mL-1), 室温下, 用电导率仪测定胶束溶液电导率σ (μS·cm-1)。
体外释放实验  采用透析法考察胶束的体外释放行为, 释放介质为磷酸盐缓冲液(pH = 6.8)。制备1 mg·mL-1 DOX·HCl对照制剂(溶剂按照市售处方用蒸馏水溶解), 配制DOX浓度与对照制剂相同的CS-LA@DOX溶液和LA+CS-LA@DOX溶液; 分别取2 mL上述制剂置于透析管(MWCO 8 000~10 000 Da) 中, 置于装有50 mL释放介质的EP管中, 摇床中避光震摇(37 ℃、100 r·min-1), 以考察释放行为(n = 3)。分别于0.25、0.5、1、1.5、2、4、6、8、10、12、24、48、60 h取样1 mL, 每次取样后补充同温度的释放介质1 mL。采用荧光分光光度计测定DOX的浓度。
酚红含量测定  精密称取酚红5 mg, 加入少量0.1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液研磨, 100 mL蒸馏水定容, 配制0.5 mg·mL-1的酚红储备液; 稀释成浓度分别为1、5、10、20、50、100、250 μg·mL-1的标准溶液。取黑色96孔板, 分别加入以上溶液, 在λex = 260 nm激发光下, 测定λem = 519 nm波长下的荧光强度(I), 以I对浓度(C, μg·mL-1) 作线性回归, 得标准曲线。
DOX含量测定  精密称取DOX·HCl 3.20 mg, 溶于3 mL蒸馏水中, 配制1 mg·mL-1的DOX储备液。稀释成浓度分别为1、3、5、8、10、15、20 μg·mL-1的DOX标准溶液。取黑色96孔板, 分别加入以上药液, 在λex = 485 nm激发光下, 测定λem = 593 nm波长下的I值, 以IC (μg·mL-1) 作线性回归, 得标准曲线。
方法专属性验证  用荧光酶标仪检测空白的CS-LA及空白肠循环液对DOX和酚红的荧光强度有无干扰。
大鼠在体肠吸收实验
溶液配制  Kerbs-Ringer试剂: 称取NaCl 7.8 g、KCl 0.35 g、CaCl2 0.37 g、NaHCO3 1.37 g、NaH2PO4 0.32 g、MgCl2 0.02 g、葡萄糖1.4 g, 蒸馏水溶解, 定容至1 L; 含酚红Kerbs-Ringer试剂: 精密称取酚红20 mg, 加入少量0.1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液研磨, Kerbs-Ringer试剂定容至1 L; 供试液: 将DOX·HCl对照制剂、CS-LA@DOX载药胶束和LA+CS-LA@DOX胶束, 以Kerbs-Ringer空白试剂分别稀释, 配制成含DOX (20 μg·mL-1) 的供试液。
在体肠吸收实验方法  调节蠕动泵体积流量为1.0 mL·min-1, 取100 mL供试液, 置锥形瓶中, 恒温水浴中预热至(37 ± 0.5) ℃; 取禁食12 h、不禁水的健康雌性SD大鼠, 麻醉后背位固定。在腹腔中下部沿腹中线剪开约3 cm的开口, 打开腹腔取出肠段, 在肠段两端, 十二指肠下端及回肠下端切口, 在切口处分别插入直径约为0.5 cm的玻璃管, 手术线结扎。以37 ℃恒温生理盐水排净肠内容物, 清洗肠管, 两端的玻璃管分别与蠕动泵及供试液连接, 形成闭合回路。将伤口用浸有生理盐水的纱布覆盖, 用于保湿, 并随时补充纱布上的生理盐水。连接空白Kerbs-Ringer试剂, 开启蠕动泵, 饱和管路15 min后, 排空液体, 连接含药供试液, 以第1滴灌流液回流至锥形瓶中开始计时, 立即自锥形瓶中取样2份, 作为供试液和酚红液零时间样本, 同时向锥形瓶中补加酚红Kerbs-Ringer溶液2 mL, 每隔15 min按同法取样并补加酚红液, 2 h后停止循环。实验后处死大鼠, 分别测定样品中DOX和酚红的浓度。
吸收动力学参数  按公式(3)、(4) 分别计算吸收速率常数(Ka)[19]和表观吸收系数(Papp)[20]:
$ K_{\mathrm{a}}=\ln \left(X_0 / X\right) / t $
$ P_{\text {app }}=-Q \times \ln \left(C_{\text {out }} / C_{\text {in }}\right) / 2 \pi r l $
其中, X表示肠循环液中剩余药量(μg); X0表示肠循环液起始药量(μg); t表示时间; CinCout分别表示肠管进口和出口处的灌流液中药物的浓度(μg·mL-1); Q表示灌流液的体积流速(mL·min-1); l表示灌流段肠管的长度(cm); r表示肠段内径半径(cm)。
FT-IR结果显示(图 2A), CS (a) 信号峰归属: 3 375 cm-1为CS分子内-OH伸缩振动和-NH的伸缩振动吸收峰重叠形成的多重吸收峰, 2 907和2 824 cm-1为C-H的伸缩振动, 1 585 cm-1为氨基变形振动, 898 cm-1β-糖苷键特征吸收; LA (b): 2 910和2 875 cm-1为LA链C-H键伸缩振动, 1 750 cm-1为酯羰基伸缩振动; CS-LA (c): 1 646 cm-1为仲酰胺的羰基伸缩振动, 1 560和1 379 cm-1分别为酰胺带Ⅱ和酰胺带Ⅲ的弯曲振动[21]; 1 120 cm-1为CS的C-O伸缩振动, 说明CS-LA中形成了酰胺键, 提示LA与CS酰胺缩合成功。且在1 700~1 800 cm-1无峰, 表明CS-LA存在LA的O-酰基酯基团, 酯链存在于接枝物上, 由此可见LA成功接枝于CS。
1H-NMR结果可见(图 2B), CS-LA保留了LA的各个基团峰, 包括δ = 0.95 (-CH3)、δ = 1.23 (-CH2-CH2-CH2-)、δ = 2.7 (-CH(CH2)6)、δ = 4.56~4.60、4.84 (-CH = CH-CH2-); δ = 3.32~3.83多重峰为壳聚糖的特征信号峰[22]
本实验制备的CS-LA@DOX胶束为橙红色溶液, XRD谱图结果显示(图 2C), DOX·HCl (a) 粉末中, 有3个分别位于17°、22°、25°的强吸收峰, 这些峰在CS-LA与DOX·HCl物理混合物(b) 的XRD谱图中也有体现, 说明混合物中DOX以晶体形式存在。但空白胶束CS-LA (c) 及CS-LA@DOX胶束(d) 的XRD谱中未见明显的强吸收峰, 表明DOX是以分子状态或无定型形式存在于CS-LA@DOX胶束内核中。
DOX的EE为(70.23 ± 0.74) %, DL为(8.77 ± 0.02) %。CS-LA@DOX胶束zeta电位为+12.1 mV (n = 3), 粒径为(119.2 ± 2.1) nm (n = 3) (图 3A), 聚合物分散指数(polymer dispersity index, PDI) 为0.190 ± 0.08。载药胶束冻干复溶后, 粒径为(135.5 ± 2.1) nm (n = 3), PDI为0.140 ± 0.01。透射电镜下显示(图 3B), CS-LA@DOX载药胶束类球形, 形态均匀, 大小在约80 nm, 略小于纳米粒度电位仪检测结果, 可能是晾干后的粒子存在一定程度的皱缩。
配制不同浓度的CS-LA胶束溶液, 以电导率σ对浓度C作图(n = 3), 拟合得到两条回归方程σ = 0.188 2C + 0.028 4和σ = 0.086 8C + 5.017 8, 交点处对应的浓度即是该聚合物的CMC, 为51.75 μg·mL-1 (图 4)。
DOX在0.5~10 μg·mL-1呈现良好的线性关系, DOX荧光分光分析方法标准曲线为I = 2.170 9C + 2.389 8, R2 = 0.985 1。日内相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD) < 1%, 日间RSD < 2% (n = 5)。以累积释药百分率(Q) 对时间(t) 作图(图 5)。结果显示, DOX·HCl制剂释放最快, 在透析24 h体外释放量达80%; CS-LA@DOX胶束释放最慢, 透析24 h体外释放量仅10%, 表明其在磷酸盐缓冲液(pH = 6.8) 模拟胃肠道pH下不易分解泄露药物, 且具有较好的稳定性, 提示胃肠道中胶束仍以完整形式存在; 根据各个时间的释放量及释放曲线将3组制剂数据进行体外释放方程拟合。在拟合方程中, 相关系数越接近1 (即R2 ≈ 1), 选择的模型越合适。拟合曲线计算结果显示(表 1), DOX·HCl和CS-LA@DOX载药胶束均符合Weibull分布函数; LA+CS-LA@DOX载药胶束符合Higuchi模型。结合释放曲线分析, LA+CS-LA@DOX体外释放较CS-LA@DOX胶束释放略快, 原因可能是加入了游离LA, 影响了胶束结构, 疏水端占据的空间变大, 使得胶束外壳稳定性降低, 反而稍微加快了药物释放。
DOX与酚红在不同的激发光和发射光下, 两者荧光强度信号基本分离, 且空白肠循环液和空白胶束溶液对药物的测定无干扰, 说明方法选择性好。
DOX·HCl在0.5~10 μg·mL-1呈现良好的线性关系, 线性回归方程为I = 2 717.3C + 2 601.9, R2 = 0.999 4。日内RSD为0.30%, 日间RSD为1.39%。酚红在0.5~15 μg·mL-1呈现良好的线性关系, 线性回归方程为I = 195.83C + 641.36, R2 = 0.999 3。日间RSD为0.15%, 日间RSD为1.66%。符合浓度测定要求。
本实验分别考察了在DOX含量10 mg·kg-1浓度下, DOX·HCl、CS-LA@DOX和LA+CS-LA@DOX这3种溶液在大鼠小肠的吸收情况。以肠循环液中剩余药量的对数(lnX) 对取样时间(t) 作线性回归, 利用公式(3)、(4) 求出3种溶液的KaPapp及吸收半衰期t1/2 (表 2)。结果显示, CS-LA@DOX胶束的KaPapp均明显大于市售的DOX·HCl制剂(P < 0.05), 且CS-LA@DOX和LA+CS-LA@DOX都有促进吸收作用, 但CS-LA@DOX胶束吸收效果更好, 提示LA单体的加入反而抑制了吸收。
本研究采用透析法制备CS-LA@DOX胶束, 将嵌段共聚物和DOX·HCl在溶剂中用纯水透析, 水溶性的DOX·HCl和三乙胺缓慢反应, 逐渐生成不溶于水的DOX, 被包载于胶束的疏水内核中, 反应条件温和, EE、DL高, 且亚麻酸不易被分解。此外, 载药胶束冻干时无需加入冻干保护剂, 振摇即可充分在水中分散, 显示出所测的粒径和DL, 分散性优良。固态冻干品的保存方式展现出的制剂稳定性, 对生产制备和临床应用具有重要意义。
该口服给药系统以CS为亲水外壳, LA残基作为胶束疏水内核为疏水药物提供载药空间, 且很可能通过靶向于胃肠道脂肪酸转运体, 从而以转运体介导或其上调机制促进载药胶束的吸收。
体外释放实验显示载药胶束释药量极少且缓慢, 表明载药胶束具有明显的缓释效应, LA的加入会加快胶束中药物的释放, 原因可能是疏水段增加, 导致胶束的结构变疏松, 从而降低胶束的稳定性导致药物泄露, 这提示药物释放速率在一定限度上可通过疏水段的加入比例来调控。
肠循环结果显示, 本实验制备的胶束能明显促进DOX的口服吸收, 胶束体外释放缓慢, 却能在载体肠循环中表现出促吸收效果, 说明胶束有特殊的吸收方式, 并非通过在胃肠道释放载药, 进而载药被肠道上皮细胞吸收, 而是通过完整的胶束形式, 被肠道吸收, 进而促进载药吸收。在体肠循环实验中, 游离LA的加入使胶束吸收减弱, 显示游离的LA与CS-LA胶束竞争介导吸收的转运体, 产生竞争性抑制, 从而降低了胶束载药的吸收, 这也从侧面印证了胶束吸收是通过LA转运体(脂肪酸转运体) 介导的事实[23]
本研究制备的亚麻酸修饰的壳聚糖在促进吸收方面具有良好效果, 同时脂肪酸转运体具有增强药物口服吸收的潜力, 其转运机制亟待进一步研究, 该给药系统的构建期望能为促进低渗透性药物胃肠吸收方向提供一定的数据参考。
作者贡献: 杨宇涵完成相关实验研究、采集实验数据、统计分析和文章撰写; 林世源、陈卉、李典鹏、奉建芳、吴卫负责对本实验设计思路进行指导、提供技术和材料支持; 张玮提出实验选题、指导实验设计和数据分析、批阅文章、提供研究经费。
利益冲突: 全体作者均同意最终的文章, 无潜在利益冲突。
  • 广西自然科学基金资助项目(2020GXNSFAA297133)
  • 广西科技基地和人才专项(桂科AD19110070)
  • 广西高等学校千名中青年骨干教师培育计划(桂教师范〔2019〕47号)
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2022年第57卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0343
  • 接收时间:2022-03-22
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-22
  • 修回日期:2022-04-21
基金
广西自然科学基金资助项目(2020GXNSFAA297133)
广西科技基地和人才专项(桂科AD19110070)
广西高等学校千名中青年骨干教师培育计划(桂教师范〔2019〕47号)
作者信息
    1.桂林医学院药学院, 广西 桂林 541004
    2.广西壮族自治区中国科学院广西植物研究所, 广西 桂林 541006
    3.广西中医药大学药学院, 广西 南宁 530200

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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