Article(id=1210516652794442143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0307, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1646755200000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-09, revisedDate=1658073600000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539260337, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1662912000000, pubDateStr=2022-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539260337, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539260337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539260337, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516638089212895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='2888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539256832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539546411, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2791, endPage=2797, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516653280981456, articleId=1210516652794442143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The pulmonary pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory effect of anemoside B4 after intratracheal and intravenous administration, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Anemoside B4 (B4), a main triterpenoid saponin from a traditional Chinese medicine plant, Pulsatilla chinensis, is a novel anti-inflammatory agent for protection from acute lung injury. We investigated the pulmonary availability and anti-inflammatory efficacy of B4 after intratracheal and intravenous dosing with a view to evaluating the suitability of inhalation delivery. All animal studies were performed under the guidelines approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Approval No: SLXD-20181113046). In vitro evaluation of the aerodynamic characteristics and droplet size distribution showed that the aerosols generated by a commercially available nebulizer were well deposited in the respiratory tract. Following intratracheal administration, B4 underwent pulmonary absorption into the bloodstream, rendering an absolute bioavailability of 103%. Compared to intravenous delivery, intratracheal administration dramatically increased the drug availability in lung tissue of rats by more than 1 000-fold, leading to improved and prolonged concentrations of B4 in lung tissue up to 48 h. In addition, the intratracheal administration of B4 resulted in dose-dependent and prolonged anti-inflammatory efficacy in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury model in mice. The present results demonstrate that inhalation delivery of B4 is a promising approach to treat pulmonary inflammation with once-daily dosing.

, correspAuthors=Yong-hong LIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chun-yu LIU, Tao-tao FU, Fei-fei YANG, Yu-lin FENG, Hong-wei GAO, Shi-lin YANG, Yong-hong LIAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516654996451950, articleId=1210516652794442143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=白头翁皂苷B4经气管和静脉给药后的肺部药代动力学与抗炎作用比较研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

白头翁皂苷B4 (anemoside B4, B4) 是清热解毒中药白头翁的主要抗炎活性成分, 具有治疗肺部炎症的潜力。本文通过比较研究B4经气管和静脉给药后的肺部药代动力学与抗炎作用, 评价了B4经肺部给药的可行性。所有动物实验经中国医学科学院药用植物研究所伦理委员会批准(批准号: SLXD-20181113046)。体外气溶胶液滴粒径分布及其空气动力学特性评价结果显示, B4溶液经商品化雾化器雾化后形成的气溶胶具有良好的肺部沉积性能。药代动力学研究结果表明, B4经全身给药后药物肺组织渗透性差, 而经肺部给药后可以在肺内充分滞留, 肺组织局部生物利用度是静脉给药的1 000倍以上, 且药物在肺部的抗炎药物浓度可维持长达48 h。脂多糖(LPS) 诱导小鼠肺损伤模型的抗炎结果显示, B4经气管给药后的肺部抗炎作用具有剂量依赖性, 其最大抗炎强度强于10倍剂量静脉给药效果, 肺部给药后抗炎作用持续至少24 h。总体而言, 吸入给药是B4治疗肺部炎症的理想给药途径。

, correspAuthors=廖永红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*廖永红, Tel: 86-10-57833268, E-mail:
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Int J Pharm, 2018, 549: 21-30., articleTitle=Ciclesonide and budesonide suspensions for nebulization delivery: an in vivo inhalation biopharmaceutics investigation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210516662172905544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, awardId=82173983, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173983), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210516662265180239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, awardId=2021-I2M-1-048, language=CN, fundingSource=中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-1-048), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516655323607693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516655331996302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, companyId=1210516655323607693, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516655340384911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, companyId=1210516655323607693, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 北京 100193)]), AuthorCompany(id=1210516655428465306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516655441048219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, companyId=1210516655428465306, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516655449436828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, companyId=1210516655428465306, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.广西中医药大学, 广西 南宁 530200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210516660147057648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MD1qB27iu8/L49/niuLJVA==, figureFileBig=dcLyzlRC2lA+PpXPgcJT7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516660251915253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Dynamic changes in droplet size and concentration of aerosols of anemoside B4 over time following the nebulization <i>via</i> PARI LC Plus as measured with a Spraytec laser diffractometer. D(90), D(50) and D(10) are the corresponding particle sizes when the cumulative particle size distribution percentage of the sample reaches 90%, 50% and 10%, respectively , figureFileSmall=MD1qB27iu8/L49/niuLJVA==, figureFileBig=dcLyzlRC2lA+PpXPgcJT7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516660495183872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2sDuAJKlRF/3StT3SZT/dg==, figureFileBig=V978CrrSGb9lflZvxkAIzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516660616818694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Aerodynamic particle size distribution of nebulizer generated aerosols of anemoside B4 solution assessed by NGI testing (<i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>). MOC: Micro-orifice collector; NGI: Next generation pharmaceutical impactor , figureFileSmall=2sDuAJKlRF/3StT3SZT/dg==, figureFileBig=V978CrrSGb9lflZvxkAIzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516660725870601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8y8MHencYpainWeecLBD+g==, figureFileBig=UoyKgBml3azBn8flGgoP0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516660843311120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Mean plasma concentration-time curves of anemoside B4 in rats after intratracheal administration (A) at a dose of 15 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> and intravenous administration (B) at a dose of 5 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> (<i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>) , figureFileSmall=8y8MHencYpainWeecLBD+g==, figureFileBig=UoyKgBml3azBn8flGgoP0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516660969140243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=klzCQE//ugOXVfnDUT3/vw==, figureFileBig=WSkZBQ+2SWl+Y/OuBG2P2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516661069803544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Mean concentrations of anemoside B4 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (A) and lung tissues (B) after intratracheal administration and in the lung tissues (C) after intravenous injection to rats at a dose of 10 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> (<i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>) , figureFileSmall=klzCQE//ugOXVfnDUT3/vw==, figureFileBig=WSkZBQ+2SWl+Y/OuBG2P2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516661216604189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Nbo1wAl56DBP+s6lYHa/FA==, figureFileBig=7bwswRVUgg9aroD2FvBP4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516661300490275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Relative production of TNF-<i>α</i> in BALF after (A) intratracheal and (B) intravenous administration of anemoside B4 at different doses (mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) on LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation model mice (<i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>). <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> LPS group. LPS: Lipopolysaccharide , figureFileSmall=Nbo1wAl56DBP+s6lYHa/FA==, figureFileBig=7bwswRVUgg9aroD2FvBP4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516661451485225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VeSnkdgJmIjC9daoYlfW1Q==, figureFileBig=pKhsvAFt1YydhsiGfI/LTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516661577314349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Relative production of TNF-<i>α</i> in BALF in mice after pretreated with intratracheal administration of anemoside B4 at a dose of 10 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> at different time prior to LPS-induced acute lung injury (<i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>). <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> LPS group , figureFileSmall=VeSnkdgJmIjC9daoYlfW1Q==, figureFileBig=pKhsvAFt1YydhsiGfI/LTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516661719920692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AnalytePrecursor ion/DaProduct ion/DaDeclustering potential/VCollision energy/eVEntrance potential/VCollision cell exit potential/eV
Anemoside B41 221750-243-77-7-19
Esculetin178134-87-25-3-10
), ArticleFig(id=1210516661845749819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The optimized operating parameters of mass spectrometer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AnalytePrecursor ion/DaProduct ion/DaDeclustering potential/VCollision energy/eVEntrance potential/VCollision cell exit potential/eV
Anemoside B41 221750-243-77-7-19
Esculetin178134-87-25-3-10
), ArticleFig(id=1210516661971578943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterIntratracheal instillationIntravenous injection
AUC0-t /μg·min·mL-111 000 ± 1 6603 200 ± 339
MRT /min432 ± 11262.3 ± 6.30
t1/2 /min343 ± 94.645.5 ± 6.20
tmax /min90.0 ± 21.2
Cmax /μg·mL-129.6 ± 0.950
CL /mL·min-1·kg-11.36 ± 0.2001.56 ± 0.140
V /L·kg-10.459 ± 0.1400.199 ± 0.018 0
Absolute bioavailability /%103
), ArticleFig(id=1210516662080630853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516652794442143, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Pharmacokinetic parameters of anemoside B4 in rat plasma after intratracheal administration at a dose of 15 mg·kg-1 and intravenous administration at a dose of 5 mg·kg-1 (n = 5, $ \overline{x} $ ± s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterIntratracheal instillationIntravenous injection
AUC0-t /μg·min·mL-111 000 ± 1 6603 200 ± 339
MRT /min432 ± 11262.3 ± 6.30
t1/2 /min343 ± 94.645.5 ± 6.20
tmax /min90.0 ± 21.2
Cmax /μg·mL-129.6 ± 0.950
CL /mL·min-1·kg-11.36 ± 0.2001.56 ± 0.140
V /L·kg-10.459 ± 0.1400.199 ± 0.018 0
Absolute bioavailability /%103
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白头翁皂苷B4经气管和静脉给药后的肺部药代动力学与抗炎作用比较研究
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刘春雨 1 , 付涛涛 1 , 杨飞飞 1 , 冯育林 2 , 高红伟 2 , 杨世林 2 , 廖永红 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(9): 2791-2797
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(9): 2791-2797
白头翁皂苷B4经气管和静脉给药后的肺部药代动力学与抗炎作用比较研究
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刘春雨1, 付涛涛1, 杨飞飞1, 冯育林2, 高红伟2, 杨世林2, 廖永红1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 北京 100193
  • 2.广西中医药大学, 广西 南宁 530200

通讯作者:

*廖永红, Tel: 86-10-57833268, E-mail:
The pulmonary pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory effect of anemoside B4 after intratracheal and intravenous administration
Chun-yu LIU1, Tao-tao FU1, Fei-fei YANG1, Yu-lin FENG2, Hong-wei GAO2, Shi-lin YANG2, Yong-hong LIAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2. Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
出版时间: 2022-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0307
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白头翁皂苷B4 (anemoside B4, B4) 是清热解毒中药白头翁的主要抗炎活性成分, 具有治疗肺部炎症的潜力。本文通过比较研究B4经气管和静脉给药后的肺部药代动力学与抗炎作用, 评价了B4经肺部给药的可行性。所有动物实验经中国医学科学院药用植物研究所伦理委员会批准(批准号: SLXD-20181113046)。体外气溶胶液滴粒径分布及其空气动力学特性评价结果显示, B4溶液经商品化雾化器雾化后形成的气溶胶具有良好的肺部沉积性能。药代动力学研究结果表明, B4经全身给药后药物肺组织渗透性差, 而经肺部给药后可以在肺内充分滞留, 肺组织局部生物利用度是静脉给药的1 000倍以上, 且药物在肺部的抗炎药物浓度可维持长达48 h。脂多糖(LPS) 诱导小鼠肺损伤模型的抗炎结果显示, B4经气管给药后的肺部抗炎作用具有剂量依赖性, 其最大抗炎强度强于10倍剂量静脉给药效果, 肺部给药后抗炎作用持续至少24 h。总体而言, 吸入给药是B4治疗肺部炎症的理想给药途径。

白头翁皂苷B4  /  肺部炎症  /  肺部吸入  /  肺部生物利用度  /  药代动力学

Anemoside B4 (B4), a main triterpenoid saponin from a traditional Chinese medicine plant, Pulsatilla chinensis, is a novel anti-inflammatory agent for protection from acute lung injury. We investigated the pulmonary availability and anti-inflammatory efficacy of B4 after intratracheal and intravenous dosing with a view to evaluating the suitability of inhalation delivery. All animal studies were performed under the guidelines approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Approval No: SLXD-20181113046). In vitro evaluation of the aerodynamic characteristics and droplet size distribution showed that the aerosols generated by a commercially available nebulizer were well deposited in the respiratory tract. Following intratracheal administration, B4 underwent pulmonary absorption into the bloodstream, rendering an absolute bioavailability of 103%. Compared to intravenous delivery, intratracheal administration dramatically increased the drug availability in lung tissue of rats by more than 1 000-fold, leading to improved and prolonged concentrations of B4 in lung tissue up to 48 h. In addition, the intratracheal administration of B4 resulted in dose-dependent and prolonged anti-inflammatory efficacy in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury model in mice. The present results demonstrate that inhalation delivery of B4 is a promising approach to treat pulmonary inflammation with once-daily dosing.

anemoside B4  /  pulmonary inflammation  /  pulmonary delivery  /  pulmonary bioavailability  /  pharmacokinetics
刘春雨, 付涛涛, 杨飞飞, 冯育林, 高红伟, 杨世林, 廖永红. 白头翁皂苷B4经气管和静脉给药后的肺部药代动力学与抗炎作用比较研究. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2791 -2797 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0307
Chun-yu LIU, Tao-tao FU, Fei-fei YANG, Yu-lin FENG, Hong-wei GAO, Shi-lin YANG, Yong-hong LIAO. The pulmonary pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory effect of anemoside B4 after intratracheal and intravenous administration[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2791 -2797 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0307
白头翁皂苷B4 (anemoside B4, B4) 是从毛茛科多年生草本植物白头翁中提取的具有药理活性的五糖三萜皂苷[1]。白头翁具有凉血止痢, 清热解毒的功效。和其他清热解毒中药一样, 白头翁药材及其活性成分B4均具有抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒、免疫增强等多种药理活性[2-6]。Yuan等[7]发现B4经静脉给药后可通过阻断NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体激活和Toll样受体4 (toll-like receptor 4, TLR4) 二聚化来治疗脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤, 具有治疗呼吸系统感染所致肺炎的潜力。对于呼吸系统疾病治疗而言, 肺部给药系统可将药物直接递送到病灶部位, 提高药物在肺部的分布和局部生物利用度, 因此具有更好的成药潜力。但部分吸入药物到达肺部后会快速吸收入血, 制约药物在肺部的滞留时间和肺局部生物利用度, 以及其在肺部的作用时间和作用强度。为此, 本文拟通过对B4溶液的体外可吸入性及其在大鼠体内的肺部药代动力学和药效学规律的探究, 阐明其吸入给药的成药性。
实验动物  健康雄性Wistar大鼠, 体重200 ± 10 g, 10周龄; 健康雄性BALB/c小鼠, 体重20 ± 2 g, 均购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司。所有动物实验经中国医学科学院药用植物研究所伦理委员会批准(批准号: SLXD-20181113046)。
实验仪器  AB Sciex 4000液质联用仪(美国Applied Biosystems公司); 实时喷雾粒度分析仪Spraytec (英国马尔文仪器有限公司); 新一代药用撞击器(next generation pharmaceutical impactor, NGI, 美国MSP公司); BRS 1100型呼吸模拟器、HCP5高容量真空泵(英国Copley Scientific有限公司); e2695高效液相色谱仪(美国Waters公司); TSI series4000实验室通用质量流量计(美国TSI有限公司), Model DP-4型注射器(Penn-Century公司)。
药物与试剂  白头翁皂苷B4为江西本草天工提供; 戊巴比妥钠购自北京鼎国昌盛生物技术有限公司; 脂多糖购自索莱宝科技有限公司; 氯化钠购自北京化工厂; 甲醇、乙腈为色谱纯试剂, 购自德国Merck公司。
HPLC条件  色谱柱BDS HYPERSIL C18 (150 mm × 3.2 mm, 5 μm), 流动相: 0.1%磷酸-乙腈(30:70), 流速: 1 mL·min-1, 检测波长: 203 nm, 柱温: 30 ℃, 进样量: 50 μL。
气溶胶液滴实时粒径分布测试  调节真空泵流速为15 mL·min-1, 将装有2 mL B4药液的PARI LC Plus雾化器通过适配器连接至马尔文Spraytec实时喷雾粒度分析仪的人工喉管, 校正光路背景后启动雾化装置开始测定, 待气溶胶透光率(transmission) 迅速上升时停止测试。记录雾化后实时粒径随雾化时间的变化情况和中位粒径D (50) (指累积粒度分布百分数达到50%时对应的粒径), 室温下重复测定3次, 取平均值。
空气动力学粒径分布测定  按照2020版《中华人民共和国药典》操作, 将已装好玻璃纤维滤纸的NGI放置在4 ℃冰箱中预冷至少1.5 h, 取出后按说明装配好并调节气流至15 mL·min-1。将装有2 mL B4药液的PARI LC Plus雾化器通过适配器与L型管相连, 启动雾化装置并开始计时, 在预计时间内完成雾化后关闭雾化器和真空泵。以10 mL水作为洗涤液, 洗涤NGI各级和雾化器中残留的药物, HPLC测定其含量。将计算结果导入到CITDAS数据分析系统, 计算微细颗粒分数(fine particle fraction, FPF)、质量中值粒径(median mass aerodynamic diameter, MMAD)、几何标准偏差(geometric standard deviation, GSD), 用以表征药液的空气动力学粒径分布。重复测定三次, 取平均值。
大鼠气管给药  给药前, 大鼠腹腔注射20 mg·kg-1戊巴比妥钠溶液进行浅度麻醉。气管给药时, 大鼠腹面向上固定在鼠板上, 头部抬高45°, 用止血钳固定舌头, 将一特制铜嘴插入大鼠口腔, 暴露支气管开口, 沿开口处插入Model DP-4型注射器的尖端喷嘴, 快速推动注射器给予药物溶液。给药后保持大鼠头上脚下的垂直姿势1 min, 使药物沉积。
药代动力学研究  实验前进行颈静脉插管手术, 术前将大鼠腹腔注射40 mg·kg-1戊巴比妥钠生理盐水溶液, 深度麻醉后, 在右嘴角向锁骨处做一条垂线, 钝性分离颈静脉, 并将其远心端结扎, 在颈静脉窦远心方向约0.5 cm处剪一个小切口, 沿切口方向向心脏插入约2.5 cm的聚乙烯管, 并将聚乙烯管末端沿皮下从背部导出, 用肝素钠生理盐水溶液封管, 结扎固定, 缝合开口。术后至少恢复12 h以上, 给药前均自由饮食。
开展药代动力学实验时, 插管的动物随机分为2组, 每组5只, 自由饮食。其中一组以气管滴注的方式给予15 mg·mL-1 B4溶液200 μL, 给药剂量为15 mg·kg-1; 另外一组以尾静脉注射的方式给予2.5 mg·mL-1 B4溶液400 μL, 给药剂量为5 mg·kg-1。分别在给药后5、15、30、45、60和90 min以及2、3、4、6、8、12和24 h于颈静脉插管处取血约120 μL, 立即置于肝素化的1.5 mL离心管中。血样立即放入离心机中, 5 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 分取50 μL血浆冻存于-20 ℃待检。每次取完血冲洗聚乙烯管路, 并给大鼠补充120 μL生理盐水。
肺部组织分布评价  大鼠在SPF动物房适应7天后, 称重并编号, 随机分为2组, 每组有7个时间点, 每个时间点3只大鼠, 分别以气管滴注和静脉注射的方式给予B4溶液, 给药剂量为10 mg·kg-1。在给药1、4、8、12、24和48 h后颈椎脱臼处死大鼠, 暴露气管, 在气管上端气管环状第二环节开T型口, 固定灌胃针。5 mL注射器吸取3 mL生理盐水, 慢速由气管推入肺中, 停留30 s, 抽出, 如此重复灌洗3次, 将3次灌洗液合并, 定容于10 mL量瓶中, 然后转移至离心管中冻存于-20 ℃待检。灌洗后取出肺, 生理盐水冲洗肺表面血渍, 滤纸吸干, 称重后置于15 mL离心管中, 冻存于-20 ℃待检。
空白生物样品的制备  取健康雄性Wistar大鼠若干只, 腹腔注射40 mg·kg-1戊巴比妥钠麻醉, 进行颈静脉插管手术。术后至少恢复12 h后, 从颈静脉插管中取新鲜血液, 置于肝素化试管中, 静置5 min, 5 000 r·min-1离心7 min, 分离血浆。大鼠颈椎脱臼处死, 收集肺泡灌洗液, 小心剪开胸腔, 摘取全肺, 用生理盐水冲洗血液, 将空白血浆、灌洗液和肺组织冻存于-20 ℃冰箱备用。
大鼠血浆样品处理  精密吸取血浆50 μL至2 mL EP管, 加入内标(秦皮乙素) 0.1 mL, 再加入0.35 mL乙腈涡旋5 min后, 12 000 r·min-1离心10 min。小心吸出上清, 氮气吹干, 加0.2 mL流动相复溶, 经0.22 μm有机滤膜过滤, 进样5 μL, 用LC-MS/MS方法检测血浆中药物浓度。
大鼠肺组织处理  肺组织加入5 mL生理盐水匀浆, 精密吸取匀浆液0.2 mL至2 mL EP管中, 加入内标0.1 mL, 再加入0.35 mL乙腈涡旋5 min后, 12 000 r·min-1离心10 min。小心吸出上清, 氮气吹干, 加0.2 mL流动相复溶, 经0.22 μm有机滤膜过滤, 进样5 μL, 用LC-MS/MS方法检测肺组织中药物浓度。
灌洗液样品处理  灌洗液经0.44 μm滤膜过滤后, 取0.5 mL灌洗液加入3 mL乙腈沉降蛋白, 12 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清, 进样5 μL, 用LC-MS/MS方法检测灌洗液中药物浓度。
LC-MS/MS条件  色谱条件: 色谱柱Phenomenex, Luna 5 μm C18 100A (150 mm × 2.00 mm, 5 μm), 流动相: 0.1%甲酸-乙腈(65:35), 流速: 0.2 mL·min-1, 柱温: 30 ℃, 进样量: 5 μL。质谱条件: 喷雾电压-4.5 kV; 离子源温度450 ℃; 离子源气体1: 50 psi; 离子源气体2: 50 psi; 气帘气压: 4 psi (B4) 和35 psi (秦皮乙素), 1 psi = 6.895 kPa。分析物选择的离子对及相关仪器参数见表 1
生物样品采用LC-MS/MS进行分析, 结果显示, B4在肺泡灌洗液和肺组织匀浆中的最低定量限为20 ng·mL-1, 在血浆样品中的最低定量限是25 ng·mL-1; 该检测方法在50 ng·mL-1~50 μg·mL-1内线性良好, 不同组织样品标准曲线的R2值均大于0.999。采用空白生物样品分别配制各自的高、中、低质控样品进行方法学验证, 回收率在90%~110%之间; 日内和日间3个浓度的相对标准偏差(RSD) 均小于10%。
小鼠气管给药  在SPF动物房饲养7天后, 腹腔注射40 mg·kg-1戊巴比妥钠麻醉后进行气管滴注。具体是将小鼠仰卧固定于操作台上, 用酒精棉擦拭小鼠喉部消毒并使确定气管位置, 横向切开颈前皮肤, 钝性分离皮下组织, 可分离出气管。将连有1 mL注射器的5号小儿头皮针(预先在小儿头皮针内吸好的50 μL生理盐水、LPS或B4溶液以及200 μL空气) 轻轻插入气管腔内, 固定好针头后迅速推动针管将溶液喷射入小鼠肺部, 滴注后立即将动物直立并旋转, 使药物均匀分布于两肺。
剂量依赖性研究  小鼠腹腔注射40 mg·kg-1戊巴比妥钠麻醉后, 气管滴注组给予阳性药物布地奈德混悬液(500 μg·kg-1) 或不同剂量的B4溶液, 剂量分别为0.025 6、0.064、0.16、0.4、1.0、2.5、5.0、10、25和50 mg·kg-1 (n = 3); 尾静脉注射组剂量分别为2.0、20、50和100 mg·kg-1 (n = 3)。给药1 h后给予生理盐水或LPS (每只4 μg) 处理, 6 h后收集肺泡灌洗液, 灌洗液离心(4 ℃, 1 000 r·min-1, 15 min) 后, 用ELISA试剂盒测定上清液中的TNF-α含量。
药效作用时长研究  小鼠腹腔注射40 mg·kg-1戊巴比妥钠麻醉后, 气管滴注组给予10 mg·kg-1的B4溶液。在给药1、6、12、24和48 h后, 经气管给予LPS (每只4 μg) 处理, 6 h后收集肺泡灌洗液, 灌洗液经3 000 r·min-1离心后, 用ELISA试剂盒测定上清液中的TNF-α含量。
药代动力学参数计算  根据每只大鼠血药浓度-时间曲线, 采用统计软件DAS (上海博佳医药科技有限公司, 版本2.0) 非房室模型计算各个大鼠的药代动力学参数, 包括达峰浓度(Cmax)、达峰时间(tmax)、消除半衰期(t1/2)、血药浓度-时间曲线下面积AUC0-t、表观分布容积(V) 和清除率(CL)。
统计学分析  统计分析采用Prism 6软件(GraphPad, USA) 分析。实验数据以均数±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示, 组间差异经单因素方差分析后, 采用纽曼-科伊尔斯检验。组间差异P < 0.05表示具有统计学差异。
根据Spraytec测试结果(图 1), 可以得到2 mL B4溶液经PARI LC Plus雾化器雾化的总时间为162 s。在30~120 s出雾平稳期内各参数的平均值分别是D(10) 为1.41 ± 0.04 μm, D(50) 约为4.82 ± 0.06 μm, D(90) 约为13.62 ± 0.24 μm, 透光率约为32.87% ± 1.45%。D(90)、D(50) 和D(10) 分别是样品累积粒度分布百分比达到90%、50%和10%时对应的粒度。
B4雾化气溶胶经NGI测试的结果如图 2, 经计算雾化气溶胶的MMAD为4.91 ± 0.42 μm, GSD为2.71 ± 0.15, FPF为54% ± 4%。其FPF值和实验室前期采用该雾化器递送其他药物溶液的结果没有显著差异。前期研究中, 采用LC Plus雾化器雾化穿琥宁药液时的FPF值为57% ± 2.7%[8]。因此, 基于液滴粒径分布和空气动力学粒径分布结果显示: B4溶液可经常规雾化器雾化, 形成可吸入气溶胶, 并递送到肺部。
B4溶液经气管和静脉给药后的药时曲线见图 3, 计算药代动力学参数见表 2。由图 3可以看出, B4溶液气管给药后可经由肺部快速入血, 在第1个取血时间点(5 min) 即可检出血浆中的药物浓度, 平均达峰时间(tmax) 约为90.0 ± 21.2 min, 此后血药浓度下降趋势十分明显, 消除半衰期t1/2为343 min。而经静脉给药后, 血浆中的药量随着时间快速消除, 6 h后的血药浓度已低于检测限, 平均消除半衰期t1/2为45.5 min。气管给药更长的消除半衰期可能和药物持续从肺部吸收入血有关, 从计算的药代参数可知, 肺部给药的平均吸收时间约为370 min。此外, 气管滴注B4溶液的绝对生物利用度约为103%, 说明药物在肺部没有代谢, 可全部吸收入血。
图 4为B4溶液经过气管和尾静脉两种方式给药后在不同时间点的大鼠肺泡灌洗液(BALF) 和经肺泡灌洗后的肺组织中的药物含量, 结果直观地反映了药物在呼吸道黏液及肺组织中药物分布情况。气管给药组BALF中的药物含量整体呈下降趋势, 48 h后药物已基本全部从呼吸道黏液中进入了肺组织。和文献报道的绿原酸、连翘酯苷和黄芩苷等[9]天然产物相比, B4从BALF中吸收清除的速度要慢很多。吸收速度也可通过平均吸收时间得到反映, 绿原酸、连翘酯苷和黄芩苷的平均吸收时间在20~137 min之间, 而B4的平均吸收时间约为370 min。B4在肺部的较长吸收时间有利于药物在肺部的滞留, 可延长药物的肺部作用时间。
气管给予B4溶液经灌洗后肺组织中药物含量在1 h达到较高浓度, 滞留药量超过200 μg, 4 h后药量到达平台, 8 h后药物含量缓慢下降, 但直到48 h肺组织内含量依然超过200 μg, 结果说明B4具有很好的肺组织滞留。相反, 静脉给予B4溶液经灌洗后的肺组织中药物含量在1 h为3.8 μg, 但在4 h时下降到0.2 μg, 此后则低于检测限, 说明B4很难从血浆渗透到肺组织。对于呼吸系统治疗药物, 药物的肺组织渗透性和肺部疗效直接相关, 常用肺组织-血浆药物浓度比作为渗透性指标[10, 11]。静脉给药的肺组织-血浆药物浓度比约为0.1, 说明药物的渗透性非常差, 全身给药不利于发挥肺部抗炎作用。而气管给药后, 由于药物在肺组织具有良好的滞留, 24 h之内的肺组织-血浆药物浓度比在13~150之间, 说明肺部给药可提高肺部生物利用度, 并可维持较长时间的起效药物浓度。
LPS诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤模型常用于评价肺部抗炎药物的量-效和时-效关系[12, 13]。前期研究发现B4对LPS诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤具有显著的治疗作用, 可降低肺部TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β等促炎性细胞因子水平[7], 因此本文以肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α含量为指标评价B4的肺部抗炎药效。从图 5的药效结果可以看出, 与气管滴注相比, 尾静脉注射治疗小鼠急性肺损伤的抗炎效果较差, 需要更大的给药剂量。气管滴注给药后抗炎作用显著优于静脉给药, 其半数最大有效浓度(EC50) 值约为5 mg·kg-1。在10 mg·kg-1的给药剂量下, 其抗炎药效到达最强, 提高给药剂量到25和50 mg·kg-1, 药效没有进一步提高。B4气管给药对TNF-α表达量的抑制可高达75%, 而阳性药物布地奈德混悬液在500 μg·kg-1的剂量下, TNF-α表达量抑制约为60%, 说明B4具有很强的抗炎作用。
延长吸入药物作用时间, 降低用药频次是当前吸入药物研发的发展趋势[14, 15]。当前治疗哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病的主流吸入药物的发展已历经三代, 20世纪60~80年代研发的第一代吸入药物作用时间通常较短, 需每日给药4~6次。90年代以后陆续研发了每日给药2次的第二代长效吸入药物, 以及每日给药1次的第三代长效吸入药物。本文采用预防性给药评价了B4在肺部的抗炎作用时间, 如图 6所示, LPS造模前1、6、12和24 h气管给药后, 药物依然保持其强抗炎药效, 说明药效至少持续24 h, 可以实现每日给药1次的给药频次。预防性给药48 h后, B4依然具有显著的抗炎药效。
肺部抗炎药物的药效通常和血浆药物浓度之间没有相关性, 而与肺组织中药物浓度直接相关[16, 17]。气管给药后, B4在肺组织中的生物利用度大幅高于其静脉给药1 000倍以上, 因此可具有更强的肺部抗炎作用; 而且, 其在肺部的药物浓度可维持至少48 h, 因此可在肺部发挥长效抗炎作用。
本文从B4的药代动力学和药效动力学(PK-PD) 相关性以及肺部可吸入性等方面初步评价了B4雾化吸入溶液的成药性。首先, 采用NGI法和激光法评价了经雾化器生成的B4气溶胶的可吸入性, 结果显示该溶液雾化气溶胶具有良好的肺部吸入性能, 说明B4溶液可通过商品雾化器有效递送到人体肺部。然后, 通过比较研究B4经肺部和静脉给药后的血浆、肺组织和肺泡灌洗液中的药-时曲线发现: B4经全身给药后, 药物渗透到肺组织的药量比较低, 其肺组织渗透性低于0.1, 不利于发挥肺部抗炎作用; 而经肺部给药后, 可经吸收进入血液从肺部清除, 其在肺部滞留充分, 可维持药物在肺部的抗炎药物浓度时间长达48 h。第三, 比较研究B4经肺部和静脉给药后肺部抗炎作用的量-效和时-效关系的结果显示: LPS诱导肺损伤小鼠经肺部给药后, B4的肺部抗炎作用具有剂量依赖性, 其最大抗炎强度(降低BALF中TNF-α含量达75%) 强于常规剂量下的激素药物布地奈德, 而静脉给药10倍剂量下的最大抗炎强度只有约50%的TNF-α抑制; 此外, 肺部给药后肺部抗炎作用持续至少24 h, 说明肺部给药具有长效抗炎作用。
总体而言, B4肺部给药后具有很强的抗炎作用, 且单次给药可持续至少24 h, 其肺部靶向性、肺部抗炎作用显著优于静脉给药, 考虑到B4溶液经雾化可有效沉积在肺部, 说明吸入给药是B4治疗肺部炎症的理想给药途径。
作者贡献: 廖永红负责论文选题、指导与论文审阅; 刘春雨负责部分实验数据采集、实验监督和论文初稿; 付涛涛负责实验实施; 杨世林、冯育林和高红伟负责药物制备与质量控制、研究方案设计; 杨飞飞负责论文修改。
利益冲突: 本文无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173983)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-1-048)
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2022年第57卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0307
  • 接收时间:2022-03-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-09
  • 修回日期:2022-07-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173983)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-1-048)
作者信息
    1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 北京 100193
    2.广西中医药大学, 广西 南宁 530200

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*廖永红, Tel: 86-10-57833268, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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