Article(id=1210516650214945017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1646928000000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-11, revisedDate=1656432000000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539259723, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1662912000000, pubDateStr=2022-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539259723, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539259723, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539259723, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516638089212895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='2888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539256832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539546411, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2731, endPage=2737, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516651477430571, articleId=1210516650214945017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of metabolic flux analysis technology in glucose metabolism pathway research, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the wide application of stable isotope tracer metabolomics technology, its comprehensive analysis and in-depth mining of data are particularly important, and metabolic flux analysis is one of the main technical means, especially in the study of glucose metabolism. Metabolic flux analysis technology combines isotope tracing with mathematical models to deduce and calculate the metabolic flux between metabolites. The metabolic flux provides more information for research and reflects a dynamic metabolic process more clearly and specifically. This paper reviews the basic process, precautions, and application examples of metabolic flux analysis in glucose metabolism research, and provides a reference for the application of metabolic flux analysis based on stable isotope tracer metabolomics in glucose metabolism research.

, correspAuthors=Xue-mei QIN, Jun-sheng TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yun-hao ZHAO, Ting LINGHU, Wen-ze WU, Xian-xian WANG, Yu-mei HAN, Xue-mei QIN, Jun-sheng TIAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516652710556059, articleId=1210516650214945017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=代谢流分析技术在葡萄糖代谢通路研究中的进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着稳定同位素示踪代谢组学技术的广泛应用, 对数据的全面分析和深入挖掘显得尤为重要, 代谢流分析是主要的技术手段之一, 特别是在葡萄糖代谢研究中受到高度关注。代谢流分析技术将同位素示踪与数学模型结合, 推导计算出代谢物间的代谢通量, 为研究提供了更多的信息, 更清晰、具体地反映了一个动态的代谢过程。本文对代谢流分析在葡萄糖代谢研究中的基本流程、注意事项、应用实例等进行综述, 为基于稳定同位素示踪代谢组学的代谢流分析技术研究葡萄糖代谢提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=秦雪梅, 田俊生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*秦雪梅, Tel: 86-351-7011202, E-mail: ;
田俊生, Tel: 86-351-7019297, E-mail:
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Nat Med, 2018, 24: 1384-1394., articleTitle=Metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis via a redox-dependent mechanism in vivo, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516662948851832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516650214945017, doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.015, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=32, issue=null, pageStart=44, pageEnd=55, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=Cell Metab, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bharath LP, Agrawal M, McCambridge G, et al. Metformin enhances autophagy and normalizes mitochondrial function to alleviate aging-associated inflammation[J]. 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代谢流分析技术在葡萄糖代谢通路研究中的进展
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赵云昊 1 , 令狐婷 1 , 武文泽 1 , 王贤贤 1 , 韩雨梅 2 , 秦雪梅 1, * , 田俊生 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2022,57(9): 2731-2737
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药学学报 | 综述 2022, 57(9): 2731-2737
代谢流分析技术在葡萄糖代谢通路研究中的进展
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赵云昊1, 令狐婷1, 武文泽1, 王贤贤1, 韩雨梅2, 秦雪梅1, * , 田俊生1, *
作者信息
  • 1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
  • 2.山西大学体育学院, 山西 太原 030006

通讯作者:

*秦雪梅, Tel: 86-351-7011202, E-mail: ;
田俊生, Tel: 86-351-7019297, E-mail:
Research progress of metabolic flux analysis technology in glucose metabolism pathway research
Yun-hao ZHAO1, Ting LINGHU1, Wen-ze WU1, Xian-xian WANG1, Yu-mei HAN2, Xue-mei QIN1, * , Jun-sheng TIAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 2. School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
出版时间: 2022-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0311
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随着稳定同位素示踪代谢组学技术的广泛应用, 对数据的全面分析和深入挖掘显得尤为重要, 代谢流分析是主要的技术手段之一, 特别是在葡萄糖代谢研究中受到高度关注。代谢流分析技术将同位素示踪与数学模型结合, 推导计算出代谢物间的代谢通量, 为研究提供了更多的信息, 更清晰、具体地反映了一个动态的代谢过程。本文对代谢流分析在葡萄糖代谢研究中的基本流程、注意事项、应用实例等进行综述, 为基于稳定同位素示踪代谢组学的代谢流分析技术研究葡萄糖代谢提供科学依据。

代谢流分析  /  稳定同位素示踪代谢组学  /  葡萄糖代谢  /  代谢通路

With the wide application of stable isotope tracer metabolomics technology, its comprehensive analysis and in-depth mining of data are particularly important, and metabolic flux analysis is one of the main technical means, especially in the study of glucose metabolism. Metabolic flux analysis technology combines isotope tracing with mathematical models to deduce and calculate the metabolic flux between metabolites. The metabolic flux provides more information for research and reflects a dynamic metabolic process more clearly and specifically. This paper reviews the basic process, precautions, and application examples of metabolic flux analysis in glucose metabolism research, and provides a reference for the application of metabolic flux analysis based on stable isotope tracer metabolomics in glucose metabolism research.

metabolic flux analysis  /  stable isotope tracer metabolomics  /  glucose metabolism  /  metabolic pathway
赵云昊, 令狐婷, 武文泽, 王贤贤, 韩雨梅, 秦雪梅, 田俊生. 代谢流分析技术在葡萄糖代谢通路研究中的进展. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2731 -2737 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0311
Yun-hao ZHAO, Ting LINGHU, Wen-ze WU, Xian-xian WANG, Yu-mei HAN, Xue-mei QIN, Jun-sheng TIAN. Research progress of metabolic flux analysis technology in glucose metabolism pathway research[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2731 -2737 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0311
测定葡萄糖代谢通路上的关键酶活性、酶含量以及使用传统代谢组学测定中间代谢产物是研究葡萄糖代谢传统技术手段。但是关键酶活性、酶含量、中间代谢产物浓度只能侧面反映出代谢通路活性, 不能完全作为判断代谢通路活性高低的依据。稳定同位素示踪代谢组学(stable isotope-resolved metabolomics, SIRM) 使用同位素标记的代谢物, 检测被标记的物质在机体中的代谢过程, 从而明确该代谢物的具体代谢路径, 明确代谢前体转化的中间代谢产物浓度。因此, 稳定同位素示踪代谢组学技术成为了研究葡萄糖代谢的一项重要手段。
然而, 稳定同位素示踪代谢组学技术仍存在一定的局限性, 该技术尚无法对代谢通路上的中间代谢产物进行定量及动态分析。代谢流分析(metabolic flux analysis, MFA) 技术通过多种同位素示踪剂引入、设计数学模型、公式推导以及数据计算等方法解决了代谢通路定量的问题, 并反映了一个动态的代谢过程, 进而能够更加全面地揭示葡萄糖代谢通路。
本文对代谢流分析在葡萄糖代谢研究中的基本流程、注意事项、应用实例等进行综述, 为基于稳定同位素示踪代谢组学的代谢流分析技术研究葡萄糖代谢提供科学依据。
代谢流分析是基于稳定同位素示踪代谢组学的一种深度数据挖掘技术。该技术通过简化代谢通路设计一个便于计算的数学模型。将得到的稳定同位素示踪代谢组学的数据代入数学模型中进行公式推导, 计算出代谢物与代谢物之间的通量, 即代谢通量(metabolic flux), 从而实现了对葡萄糖代谢中多个代谢产物之间的定量分析, 并展现出一个动态的代谢过程。
传统葡萄糖代谢研究多数局限于测定代谢通路上关键酶的活性以及含量变化。但是葡萄糖代谢是复杂多变的, 并非只受单一因素的影响, 是由多种因素共同决定的。例如, 单一关注酶活性的变化是无法全面解释疾病中葡萄糖代谢通路的变化。以癌症中的沃伯格效应为例, 这是一种在氧气充足的条件下, 葡萄糖摄取增加并转化为乳酸的现象, 是由缺氧诱导因子在内的多种因素共同决定的[1]
随着色谱、质谱、核磁共振技术的不断发展, 代谢组学技术逐渐广泛应用于葡萄糖代谢研究中, 从而能够观察到更加细微的代谢物丰度的变化。稳定同位素示踪代谢组学技术的应用, 使得葡萄糖代谢研究可以更加深入开展, 其显著的优势不仅可以示踪特异性的代谢通路, 同时可以通过同位素丰度占比来确定代谢产物是否堆积, 代谢通路是否受阻[2]
稳定同位素示踪代谢组学仅能提供较为粗浅的同位素标记信息, 不能将其等同于物质间的净转化量[3]。中间代谢产物浓度可以提供机体基因调节、信号传递和生物合成等多种信息, 但是中间代谢产物浓度高低不能代表通路活性。需要用单位时间内物质的流量来进行量化, 从而了解每一条代谢途径的活性, 此即代谢通量的科学内涵[4]。例如, 在葡萄糖代谢中, 中间产物浓度的升高, 不一定是上游产量的增加, 也可能是下游消耗量的减少[5]。而代谢通量是无法使用仪器检测得到, 需要建立相关的数学模型和公式, 分析稳定同位素示踪代谢组学得到的庞大数据, 计算出代谢通量。
因此, 只有通过代谢流分析才能全方位地揭示葡萄糖代谢过程, 更加全面地解释代谢通路上的流向以及流量问题。
代谢流分析是由20世纪90年代初建立的化学计量代谢流分析演变而来的[6]。化学计量代谢流分析依赖于给定的生化反应网络里已知化学计量, 所以要求整个实验系统处于静止或者准静止(伪静止) 的状态, 这种状态下的化学反应处于平衡之中, 各化学物质不发生变化, 可以满足计算需求。代谢流分析同样需要研究对象处于该状态, 即保证研究对象处于代谢稳态以及同位素稳态[7]
代谢稳态要求细胞或细胞群内的代谢物水平和代谢物流量均保持恒定[7], 这就要求所研究的培养系统为连续培养, 同时培养基内的细胞数量以及营养物浓度在整个实验过程中不能发生变化。但是这一点较难做到, 更常见的是代谢伪稳态。在准静止状态下, 只需要保证培养系统营养物质变化最小, 且不影响细胞的正常生长(细胞吸收营养物质的速率及浓度不发生变化)[8]。此状态下的细胞一般处于指数生长期, 保持稳定的分裂状态[9]
代谢稳态表明了细胞内代谢处于稳定的状态, 同位素稳态则说明稳定同位素引入后, 在一定时间内细胞富集程度达到平衡, 当同位素的富集达到实验设计所预期的浓度并保持相对稳定时就达到了同位素稳态。同位素富集动态因所分析的代谢物和使用的同位素示踪剂不同而不同。因为达到同位素稳态所需的时间取决于从摄入的物质到代谢物的通量, 以及中间代谢物的多少。比如用13C-葡萄糖标记后, 糖酵解中间产物的同位素稳态通常在几分钟内出现, 而对于三羧酸(tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA) 循环中间产物, 可能需要几个小时。对于许多由细胞产生, 同时在培养基中有补充的氨基酸来说, 由于细胞内和细胞外氨基酸库之间的恒定和快速交换, 同位素稳态可能永远无法在普通培养中实现。在这种情况下, 示踪剂定性分析很容易产生误导[10]
相对于细胞模型, 动物体内存在复杂的代谢交换, 其代谢稳态更为复杂。因此, 动物模型的代谢稳态需要考虑多个水平, 须同时保证器官、组织、细胞、分子等多个水平上的代谢稳态。例如: 葡萄糖的代谢交换在细胞水平只需要考虑乳酸脱氢酶的作用, 而在器官及组织水平上却存在着可立氏循环[11], 即肌内生成的乳酸不能通过糖异生产生葡萄糖, 需要透过细胞膜弥散进入血液, 再被肝脏吸收。乳酸在肝脏中异生为葡萄糖, 葡萄糖释放入血后又可被肌肉摄取, 由此构成了可立氏循环, 因此在器官与组织水平上可立氏循环的影响更大, 必须充分考虑。
代谢流分析是基于稳定同位素示踪代谢组学的数据, 建立的一种数据挖掘技术。为此, 首先需要设计一个合理的数学模型, 再根据设计的数学模型确定引入同位素标记的物质种类, 然后基于建立的数学模型推导数学公式, 最后进行实验及样本分析。前期的数据处理与同位素示踪代谢组学数据处理基本相同, 武文泽等[12]对此已进行了详细的描述。通过稳定同位素示踪代谢组学得到数据后, 代入数学模型进行计算, 得到代谢流分析结果并进行模型验证。其中, 数学模型的设计、同位素的选择、计算公式的建立是该分析方法中的关键步骤。
葡萄糖代谢非常复杂, 主要涉及糖酵解、三羧酸循环、磷酸戊糖、糖异生等代谢通路。同时每条代谢通路内的中间代谢产物之间均存在着可逆反应, 且代谢产物间的交换速率极快。因此, 需要根据研究目标对复杂的代谢通路进行简化, 从而建立一个相对简易的数学模型[12]。数学模型的设计原则是用较为简单的模型来适当地解决关键问题, 而且需要在实现研究目标和与实际通路的相似性之间达到一种平衡。
如何把握这种平衡去建立合适的数学模型, 需要长时间的摸索, 并不断地进行模型参数优化。Hui等[13]在动物水平上建立了乳酸、葡萄糖进入三羧酸循环的数学模型, 该数学模型中只考虑了单一组织内的乳酸、葡萄糖转换以及两者对三羧酸循环的贡献。结果发现乳酸的贡献是大于葡萄糖的。但Liu等[11]认为研究组织水平上的乳酸和葡萄糖的代谢关系无法忽视可立氏循环的存在, 体内不同的组织可划分为供乳酸组织和消耗乳酸组织两种, 单一地研究组织内的乳酸和葡萄糖的转化, 忽略组织间的可立氏循环是不符合真实情况的。尤其是肌肉和肝脏之间的可立氏循环, 其作用是远远大于组织内的乳酸与葡萄糖的转化, 于是Liu等对Hui等的模型进行了改进和优化。得到的结果与Hui等的结果完全相反, 葡萄糖才是主要的供能源。两种完全相反的结果就是由于模型设计的差异导致的。
在设计数学模型的同时需要确定同位素示踪剂的选择, 根据不同的实验目的, 来设计同位素示踪剂引入的标记原子(13C、2H、15N), 引入同位素示踪剂的种类。依据研究目的不同还可调整不同的同位素标记模式, 例如: 全碳标记和不同位置碳原子标记等。葡萄糖代谢通路虽然复杂, 但其碳链传递规律是不变的, 因此不同位置的13C同位素标记, 可以显示特定通路的碳原子贡献。
在测定葡萄糖和乳酸进入三羧酸循环的绝对贡献时, 使用普通全碳标记的葡萄糖和乳酸无法进行准确计算。这是由于代谢产生的丙酮酸均为全碳标记, 而丙酮酸和乳酸之间存在着快速的同位素交换, 导致无法区分。因此, Ying等[14]在全碳标记的乳酸基础上还使用了三号碳原子单独标记的乳酸。这区分了葡萄糖和乳酸产生的丙酮酸。M表示质量, M+1同位素为乳酸产生的丙酮酸, M+2同位素代表了葡萄糖产生的丙酮酸。这称为途径贡献的定性变化, 即某一同位素丰度变化只表明某一通路活性的变化。如: 13C5谷氨酰胺的M+5柠檬酸盐丰度分数变化表明谷氨酰胺代谢发生变化[15, 16], 或13C6葡萄糖的M+3苹果酸盐丰度变化表明丙酮酸通过丙酮酸羧化酶发挥作用。
此外, 代谢通路中还存在一些联系紧密的通路分支, 这些分支或有着相同的代谢来源, 或有着相同的代谢下游。因此可以认定这些途径的代谢总和为1, 可以通过测定其中一个分支, 而推算出另一个分支。推算的结果称为相对途径活性, 测定相对途径活性, 需要对同位素的选择进行设计。
磷酸戊糖途径既有氧化分支, 也有非氧化分支, 它们通过不同的代谢通路与糖酵解途径相连[17]。在某些条件下, 通过氧化途径产生的戊糖可以通过非氧化途径重新进入糖酵解, 此时6-磷酸葡萄糖到三糖有两条代谢途径。当1、2号碳原子标记的葡萄糖通过糖酵解途径转化为丙酮酸时, 将生成没有碳原子标记和两个碳原子标记的丙酮酸, 即M+0和M+2丙酮酸。而葡萄糖通过氧化戊糖磷酸途径转化为丙酮酸, 将生成无碳原子标记, 一个碳原子标记, 两个碳原子标记的丙酮酸, 即M+0, M+1, M+2丙酮酸。因此, 糖酵解和磷酸戊糖途径之间的拆分比率(相对途径活性) 可根据上述不同的标记模式进行估算[18]。但是在癌细胞中, 非氧化性磷酸戊糖途径的通量全部用于戊糖的生成, 这时丙酮酸标记的差异就没有任何的意义[19]
设计了合适的数学模型后, 需要进一步进行数学公式推导, 所有的公式推导都是基于之前提到的代谢稳态和同位素稳态的基础之上, 即代谢物池的输入通量与输出通量相平衡, 从而得出每一个代谢物池的线性方程。
而葡萄糖多条代谢通路存在着可逆反应和多种中间产物。所以不同于其他物质代谢流分析, 如氧化还原辅因子烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸的代谢反应, 虽然有多种酶催化, 但均为一步反应, 反应均为单底物 [20]。该模型在设计数学公式时只需用到米氏动力学, 一个酶促反应的起始速度与底物浓度关系的速度方程, 方程式如下:
$ V=\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}S}{S+{K}_{\mathrm{m}}} $
式(1) 中, V表示反应速率, S表示底物浓度, Km表示米氏常数。
对于葡萄糖代谢则需要引入新的概念, 流平衡分析通过化学计量分析中进一步的约束条件来研究代谢的理论容量和运作模式。第1个约束是由稳态假设所设定的。第2个约束是关于热力学性质的, 也就是反应的不可逆性需要在极端通路中被考虑到。第3个约束可能源于酶催化代谢物转化能力的限制。进一步的约束可能由生物质组成或其他外部条件造成。这些约束条件将稳态流限定到一个可行的集合内, 但通常还不能产生一个唯一解。特定代谢流分布的确定是一个线性规划问题, 其主要思想是最大化目标函数Z, 其由化学计量和容量约束所确定:
$ Z=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{r}{c}^{i}{v}^{i}\to \max $
式(2) 中, ci表示单个速率的权重, vi表示反应速率。该目标函数的例子有: 最大化ATP产量、最小化养分摄取量、最大化期望产物的产量、最大化生长速率或这些要求的组合。
将数学模型中加入各个代谢产物之间的流量的方向和大小, 一般使用字母J表示[21]。根据图 1所建立的一个三种营养物质进入三羧酸循环的数学模型中, 可以建立多个稳态等式。如等式(3), 表示乳酸输入量等于乳酸输出量。
$ {J}_{1}+{J}_{3}={J}_{2}+{J}_{4}+{J}_{8} $
数学模型和稳态等式建立后, 需要将已知的数据代入到所建立的公式内, 需要进行函数拟合, 将数据转化为函数。如: 在动物模型中同位素输注的速率v是已知的数据, 细胞模型中同位素消耗的浓度c是已知的数据。需要将其拟合并推导为可与J转化的公式, 进行求解, 即得到一个v/cJ的等式。
结合LC-MS分析得出的数据, 进行公式推导, 最后得出一系列方程组, 使用矩阵进行求解, 矩阵的结果不是唯一的, 需要根据实际情况对结果进行筛选, 得到最优解[13]
经LC-MS测定引入同位素标记的样本后, 得到中间代谢产物同位素质量分布向量(mass isotopomer distribution, MID)。当同位素发生替换后, 代谢产物的质量发生变化, 以13C同位素为例, 每当一个碳原子发生替换, 质量M都会升高1。当达到同位素稳态时, 所检测的中间代谢产物会替换出n种不同质量的同位素代谢物(n为代谢物的可替换的碳原子数)。同位素质量分布向量用M+0, M+1……M+n表示, 代表不同质量同位素代谢物所占百分比, 因此, 从M+0到M+n所占分数之和为1。但是由于天然同位素的存在, 初步得到的MID还需要进行数据校正。
大多数与生物相关的元素以两种或两种以上稳定同位素形式存在[22]。例如: 13C的自然丰度为1.07%, 15N的自然丰度为0.368%, 2H的自然丰度为0.011 5%, 17O的自然丰度为0.038%, 18O的自然丰度为0.205%, 29Si的自然丰度为4.683 2%, 20Si的自然丰度为3.087 2%[23-25]
谷氨酸盐和α-酮戊二酸盐通常完全交换并共享相同的碳主链, 因此应具有完全相同的MID。但是由于分子式的不同, N、H和O中存在天然同位素也会影响MID, 这会导致谷氨酸和α-酮戊二酸的未校正MID不匹配。因此在得到同位素质量分布向量后, 需要消除天然同位素带来的影响。
使用标准品进行质谱测定标记同位素和未标记同位素的样品可以确定其质量变化, 但是从标记的样本中将未标记的样本减去来修正天然同位素丰度是不准确的。在未标记的样本中, 主要的天然同位素丰度是M+1, 而在标记的样本中, 天然同位素丰度存在于更高的质量M+2, M+3内。
天然同位素的校正通过一种通用的校正矩阵来修正, 校正矩阵法是一种利用实验或理论推导的校正因子进行天然同位素峰校正的代数方法[23]。MIDobs为观察到的代谢物同位素质量分布, MIDcorr为经过矫正的代谢物同位素质量分布, CMCxHyOz表示代谢物的校正矩阵。计算公式如等式(4):
$ \mathrm{M}\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{s}}=\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{M}}_{{}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{x}}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{y}}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{z}}}}^{}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}} $
因此, 可通过计算观察到的代谢物同位素质量分布乘以矫正矩阵的倒数, 来计算校正的代谢物同位素质量分布。计算公式如等式(5):
$ \mathrm{M}\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}}=\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{M}}_{{}_{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{x}}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{y}}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{z}}}}^{-1}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{s}} $
葡萄糖代谢的紊乱会对生理系统造成严重的影响, 近年来越来越多的研究揭示了葡萄糖代谢紊乱与多种疾病存在着密切的联系。尤其是在癌症、糖尿病、神经退行性疾病中。因此, 对研究葡萄糖基础代谢、疾病导致的葡萄糖代谢障碍以及药物对葡萄糖代谢的改善具有重要的意义[12]
代谢流分析技术的应用, 使研究者可以具体、清晰地观察到葡萄糖代谢的动态变化, 为葡萄糖代谢障碍在疾病中的研究, 以葡萄糖代谢为作用靶点的药物研究提供新的见解。
代谢流分析技术的应用颠覆了以往对葡萄糖代谢的认知。Hui等 [13]基于LC-MS在小鼠体内通过代谢流分析技术首次发现, 乳酸并不是代谢废物, 而是TCA循环的一个主要能量来源。一个细胞释放的乳酸被用作其他细胞的燃料, 身体的大多数组织吸收循环乳酸并将其代谢为丙酮酸和下游TCA中间产物。TeSlaa等[26]在此基础上进一步发现虽然一些组织快速将葡萄糖代谢为乳酸, 但实际上大量的葡萄糖首先转变为糖原储存在细胞内, 糖原随后代谢为糖酵解中间产物进入糖酵解, 如图 2所示。Jang等 [27]发现葡萄糖和果糖的主要代谢器官并不都是以往认为的肝脏。果糖主要代谢器官为小肠, 肝脏只是起到了辅助作用。Cappel等[28]发现肝脏的TCA循环是需要丙酮酸羧化酶回补途径补充中间代谢产物的, 当丙酮酸羧化酶缺失时, 回补途径受损, TCA循环中间产物减少, 糖异生抑制, TCA循环流量减少, 酮生成和肾脏糖异生代偿性增加。Hui等[29]通过引入28种同位素标记的营养物质, 建立了一个完整的代谢模型, 发现生酮饮食和高碳水化合物饮食对正常小鼠没有影响, 两种饮食模式下, 各组织的吸收营养物质类型是稳定的, 虽然吸收进入体内的物质不同, 但通过体内循环最终会转化为需要的物质进入代谢循环。
代谢流分析技术在疾病模型中的应用, 有助于人们发现新的疾病发病机制。Rahim等[30]将小鼠胞浆磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶敲除后, 小鼠肝脏的糖异生以及葡萄糖生成减少, 但是全身整体的葡萄糖生成未受影响, 机体通过补偿性增加肾脏葡萄糖生成和糖异生维持葡萄糖稳态。甘氨酸N-甲基转移酶的下调在肝细胞癌和非酒精性脂肪肝中很常见。Hughey等[31]发现甘氨酸N-甲基转移酶缺失的小鼠糖异生和肝糖原分解均减少, 但是肝脏多胺合成和分解代谢、转硫和从头脂肪生成途径活性增加。这些活性增加的途径都是利用了糖异生的底物。Arnould等[32]发现, 神经退行性疾病中细胞朊蛋白的丢失减少了脂肪酸降解相关的糖酵解流量, 并诱导氧化应激的发生。
代谢流分析技术的应用为药物新靶点发现和理解药物作用机制提供了新的思路。二甲双胍是治疗2型糖尿病的通用一线药物, 通过抑制肝脏糖异生发挥其治疗性降糖作用。Madiraju等[33]发现二甲双胍的作用机制是通过调节氧化还原状态和抑制肝脏糖异生来降低内源性葡萄糖生成。二氯乙酸是另一种广泛使用的药物, 可抑制丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶, 从而激活丙酮酸脱氢酶, 并促进细胞凋亡。二氯乙酸治疗后TCA循环通量增加导致肿瘤细胞代谢重编程和谷氨酰胺回补激活[34]
代谢流分析已经逐渐应用于代谢通路的测定, 可以量化通路中的代谢通量, 这是其他组学技术尚无法实现的。代谢流分析技术日益成熟, 其具体步骤也已得到优化和标准化。首先基于代谢通路设计一个用于计算的数学模型, 再选择标记的稳定同位素种类, 进行示踪实验, 将得到的数据进行天然同位素矫正, 最后根据数学公式进行推导, 计算通量, 进行代谢流分析。
其中数学模型的设计是最为关键的步骤之一, 所设计的数学模型需要符合代谢稳态, 后续的计算都是建立在代谢稳态的基础上。代谢流分析的应用, 突破了现有仪器、技术的限制, 结合数学模型、公式推导来精确量化代谢通量。
目前相比于稳定同位素示踪代谢组学, 代谢流分析应用相对较少。尤其是在与能量代谢相关的疾病研究中, 许多疾病具有相似的代谢受阻情况, 如阿尔茨海默症和抑郁症等[35, 36]。如图 3所示, 代谢流分析技术的应用提供了更有价值的信息, 该技术量化了代谢途径中的代谢产物, 同时提供了一个动态的代谢过程全貌。因此只有通过代谢流分析进行深层次的数据挖掘, 计算出不同疾病特异性的代谢通量, 以此发现新的机制, 为疾病治疗和药物精准干预提供新的思路。然而, 代谢流分析技术及其应用还具有一定的局限性, 如成本偏高、对亚细胞层次研究有限、无法同时在多种水平上对葡萄糖代谢进行实时绝对定量等。
作者贡献: 田俊生、秦雪梅、韩雨梅负责文章框架思路及修改; 赵云昊负责文章撰写; 令狐婷、武文泽、王贤贤负责文献资料整理与收集。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家“重大新药创制”科技重大专项资助项目(2017ZX09301047)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82074147)
  • 山西省科技重点研发计划资助项目(201903D321210)
  • 山西省“1331工程”协同创新中心建设计划
  • 山西省应用基础研究项目(201801D121291)
  • 山西省基础研究计划(202103021224026)
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2022年第57卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0311
  • 接收时间:2022-03-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-11
  • 修回日期:2022-06-29
基金
国家“重大新药创制”科技重大专项资助项目(2017ZX09301047)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82074147)
山西省科技重点研发计划资助项目(201903D321210)
山西省“1331工程”协同创新中心建设计划
山西省应用基础研究项目(201801D121291)
山西省基础研究计划(202103021224026)
作者信息
    1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
    2.山西大学体育学院, 山西 太原 030006

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*秦雪梅, Tel: 86-351-7011202, E-mail: ;
田俊生, Tel: 86-351-7019297, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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