Article(id=1210516649749385648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1524, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1634832000000, receivedDateStr=2021-10-22, revisedDate=1640534400000, revisedDateStr=2021-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539259612, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1662912000000, pubDateStr=2022-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539259612, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539259612, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539259612, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516638089212895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='2888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539256832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539546411, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2601, endPage=2611, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516650265285087, articleId=1210516649749385648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in understanding leukemia bone marrow microenvironments, columnId=1210516639267812321, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Therapeutic interventions and strategies for cancer immunotherapy, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The bone marrow microenvironment, also known as the bone marrow niche, plays a critical role in maintaining the functions of hematopoietic stem cells. Under physiological conditions, various bone marrow cells regulate each other to sustain hematopoietic homeostasis. However, bone marrow cells gain abnormal function under pathological conditions to cause and promote the occurrence of leukemia and induce drug resistance. Recent findings indicate that abnormal proliferation and differentiation are not the sole reason to cause leukemia. Different types of bone marrow cells also induce intercellular adhesion, abnormally secrete cytokines and chemokines, accelerating leukemia's progress. This article reviews the multiple signaling pathways that regulate the formation and progress of leukemia bone marrow niche, such as C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12/C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 signaling pathway, et al. It emphasizes that targeting leukemia bone marrow niche is a vital strategy for improving the leukemia treatment.

, correspAuthors=Ke LI, Bing CUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhao-na YANG, Feng WANG, Ting-ting ZHANG, Ping-ping LI, Ke LI, Bing CUI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516651682959893, articleId=1210516649749385648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=白血病骨髓微环境研究进展, columnId=1210516639397835747, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道:靶向肿瘤免疫治疗策略与药物干预, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

骨髓微环境亦称骨髓龛, 在造血干细胞维持正常造血功能中发挥关键作用。正常生理条件下, 骨髓多种细胞相互调控、共同维持造血稳态; 特殊病理情况下, 骨髓中的细胞种类、比例、功能发生变化进而促发白血病的发生、发展及耐药。白血病不断恶化不仅由于肿瘤细胞增殖分化异常所致, 同时白血病特有的骨髓微环境诱导细胞间黏附, 引发细胞因子、趋化因子等分泌异常, 促发免疫耐受进而加速疾病进展。本综述重点阐述骨髓微环境中CXC趋化因子配体12/CXC趋化因子受体4等关键促发白血病的信号通路, 关注白血病骨髓微环境所致细胞耐药形成机制, 展望靶向骨髓微环境治疗白血病、提高患者预后和生存的新策略。

, correspAuthors=李珂, 崔冰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李珂, Tel: 86-10-83161187, E-mail: ;
崔冰,
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Leukemia cells inhibits the functions of HSCs and HPCs. Healthy donor-derived MSCs shows therapeutic effects in mouse model. BMSCs derived from MSCs, supports leukemia cells by CXCL12-CXCR4, PI3K-AKT and TGF<i>β</i> signaling pathways. The adipocytes, osteoblasts, immune-suppressive monocytes and regulatory T cells (Treg) cells mainly provide support conditions for leukemia cells. HSCs: Hematopoietic stem cells; HPCs: Hematopoietic progenitor cells; MSCs: Mesenchymal stromal sells; BMSCs: Bone marrow stromal cells; CXCL12: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12; CXCR4: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; TGF<i>β</i>: Transforming growth factor <i>β</i> , figureFileSmall=gG/InSznpB00X5bBBDbPoA==, figureFileBig=KYF0dy6o5tDU5zGnOL0YFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516656481244028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516649749385648, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Vj97RIpaggs5g/wrxpQwJw==, figureFileBig=s2dxufmebVxGVyRUlcYMnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516656590295942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516649749385648, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Dynamic crosstalk between leukemia cells and bone marrow microenvironment. LSCs self-renew and continuously differentiate to leukemia cells, inhibit the differentiation of HSC and the formation of blood cells. Leukemia cells and MSC, BMSC, osteoblasts, immune cells, adipocytes regulate each other by direct interaction or indirect interaction by soluble cytokines and chemokines, et al. 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白血病骨髓微环境研究进展
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杨兆娜 1 , 王凤 1, 2 , 张婷婷 2 , 李平平 1 , 李珂 2, * , 崔冰 1, *
药学学报 | 专题报道:靶向肿瘤免疫治疗策略与药物干预 2022,57(9): 2601-2611
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药学学报 | 专题报道:靶向肿瘤免疫治疗策略与药物干预 2022, 57(9): 2601-2611
白血病骨髓微环境研究进展
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杨兆娜1, 王凤1, 2, 张婷婷2, 李平平1, 李珂2, * , 崔冰1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 中国医学科学院代谢紊乱和肿瘤发生相关机制和靶点发现研究重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*李珂, Tel: 86-10-83161187, E-mail: ;
Advances in understanding leukemia bone marrow microenvironments
Zhao-na YANG1, Feng WANG1, 2, Ting-ting ZHANG2, Ping-ping LI1, Ke LI2, * , Bing CUI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2. Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2022-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1524
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骨髓微环境亦称骨髓龛, 在造血干细胞维持正常造血功能中发挥关键作用。正常生理条件下, 骨髓多种细胞相互调控、共同维持造血稳态; 特殊病理情况下, 骨髓中的细胞种类、比例、功能发生变化进而促发白血病的发生、发展及耐药。白血病不断恶化不仅由于肿瘤细胞增殖分化异常所致, 同时白血病特有的骨髓微环境诱导细胞间黏附, 引发细胞因子、趋化因子等分泌异常, 促发免疫耐受进而加速疾病进展。本综述重点阐述骨髓微环境中CXC趋化因子配体12/CXC趋化因子受体4等关键促发白血病的信号通路, 关注白血病骨髓微环境所致细胞耐药形成机制, 展望靶向骨髓微环境治疗白血病、提高患者预后和生存的新策略。

骨髓微环境  /  白血病  /  耐药  /  骨髓龛  /  免疫微环境  /  肿瘤干细胞

The bone marrow microenvironment, also known as the bone marrow niche, plays a critical role in maintaining the functions of hematopoietic stem cells. Under physiological conditions, various bone marrow cells regulate each other to sustain hematopoietic homeostasis. However, bone marrow cells gain abnormal function under pathological conditions to cause and promote the occurrence of leukemia and induce drug resistance. Recent findings indicate that abnormal proliferation and differentiation are not the sole reason to cause leukemia. Different types of bone marrow cells also induce intercellular adhesion, abnormally secrete cytokines and chemokines, accelerating leukemia's progress. This article reviews the multiple signaling pathways that regulate the formation and progress of leukemia bone marrow niche, such as C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12/C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 signaling pathway, et al. It emphasizes that targeting leukemia bone marrow niche is a vital strategy for improving the leukemia treatment.

bone marrow microenvironment  /  leukemia  /  drug resistance  /  bone marrow niche  /  immune microenvironment  /  cancer stem cell
杨兆娜, 王凤, 张婷婷, 李平平, 李珂, 崔冰. 白血病骨髓微环境研究进展. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2601 -2611 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1524
Zhao-na YANG, Feng WANG, Ting-ting ZHANG, Ping-ping LI, Ke LI, Bing CUI. Advances in understanding leukemia bone marrow microenvironments[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2601 -2611 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1524
最近的研究发现, 造血干细胞存活及分化所处场所骨髓微环境(bone marrow microenvironment) 即骨髓龛(bone marrow niche) 在白血病的形成和发展过程中发挥关键作用[1, 2]。骨髓龛调控造血干细胞数量及分化潜能。正常生理条件下, 骨髓细胞可通过分泌可溶性细胞因子和细胞外基质等支持造血细胞的生长、增殖、分化, 同时维持正常造血稳态[3]。然而, 病理条件下骨髓微环境中细胞比例和功能均发生变化。改变后的骨髓龛通过分泌异常的可溶性细胞因子、增强细胞黏附、上调耐药基因表达、改变细胞周期等方式促进白血病的发生发展。
白血病是造血系统异常引发的恶性肿瘤性疾病, 其发病机制为原始细胞异常增生, 出现分化障碍、增殖失控和凋亡受阻等现象导致数量迅速增多[3], 主要包括慢性粒细胞白血病、慢性淋巴细胞白血病、急性髓细胞白血病和急性淋巴细胞白血病等4种类型。白血病细胞早期在骨髓、血液和淋巴结堆积。随着疾病进展肿瘤细胞逐渐浸润至其他组织, 进而发生脾脏肿大、肝功异常、淋巴结增大、感染发热等症状。白血病形成过程中, 白血病骨髓微环境中的组分细胞比例和功能均发生改变, 促使骨髓龛更有利于肿瘤细胞增殖和白血病干细胞(leukemia stem cells, LSCs) 存活, 诱发肿瘤细胞耐药形成。
肿瘤干细胞的概念最早来源于白血病研究。LSCs与造血干细胞(hematopoietic stem cells, HSCs) 具有相同的骨髓来源, 作为干细胞两者具有多个相似特征, 如两者共享多个相同的膜表面标志蛋白, 进而导致免疫细胞无法正确识别LSCs[1]。靶向LSCs药物容易产生杀伤正常HSCs、抑制正常造血功能等毒副作用。细胞分化增殖对营养物质的需求使LSCs与HSCs在骨髓微环境中存在竞争关系。然而, 白血病细胞的大量扩增逐渐侵占骨髓空间进而抑制HSCs的分化和增殖。此外, 白血病细胞来源的因子亦促使骨髓微环境更有利于LSCs存活。血液病患者接受放化疗过程中, 具有更高迁移能力的LSCs能规避药物的杀伤并迅速进入休眠状态, 环境适宜时则再激活后引起肿瘤复发及耐药。本文综述白血病骨髓微环境的细胞组分及功能、白血病骨髓微环境促进肿瘤进展的关键信号通路等相关研究进展, 展望靶向白血病骨髓龛提高白血病患者预后的前景。
骨髓微环境存在的造血干细胞、间充质干细胞、骨髓基质细胞、脂肪细胞、成骨细胞、免疫细胞等细胞组分与白血病细胞之间存在密切的交互作用(图 1), 不断被改造的骨髓微环境逐渐形成促进肿瘤不断进展的骨髓龛[2]
具有自我更新和分化能力的HSCs是所有血细胞的来源。HSCs分布在骨髓、外周血、胚胎、脐带血4个场所[4]。外周和脐带血来源的HSCs主要应用于造血干细胞移植治疗。在白血病的发生发展中, 始终伴随恶性突变细胞与正常细胞之间的竞争, 不断改变的白血病骨髓微环境影响正常HSCs的数量和功能。自体和异体造血干细胞移植(HSCT) 是目前治疗白血病及部分实体肿瘤的重要方法: 大剂量放疗和化疗首先对恶性肿瘤细胞进行预处理, 清除患者体内白血病细胞; 然后移植造血干细胞促使患者重建正常造血系统[5]。值得一提的是, 单倍体造血干细胞移植目前已经能够显著提高疾病的治愈率。
最近研究发现, 急性T淋巴细胞白血病(T-ALL) 小鼠模型来源的造血祖细胞(hematopoietic progenitor cells, HPCs) 对骨髓龛的响应不同于HSCs[6]。白血病进展过程中正常造血功能被抑制。虽然HSCs和HPCs均具有分化潜能, 但白血病微环境对HPCs具有更明显抑制作用。白血病小鼠HSCs保持静息状态, 分离HSCs并移植至正常小鼠后其正常造血分化能力未受影响。然而, 分离HSCs移植至白血病小鼠后HPCs则迅速衰竭。HSCs和HPCs细胞周期蛋白和调节性因子差异检测亦发现类似结论[6]。研究结果提示, 白血病微环境对HSCs的抑制作用具有可塑性, 而对HSCs分化的下游细胞如HPCs则具有不可逆的作用。这项研究对理解T-ALL的发生机制和造血干移植治疗具有重要意义。
急性髓系白血病(AML) 诱发患者骨髓衰竭、出血及感染等并发症。为明确AML细胞如何影响正常造血功能, Miraki-Moud等[7]研究人员在骨髓移植AML细胞的免疫缺陷小鼠上量化正常造血细胞亚群比例和数目, 结果发现移植AML细胞后小鼠骨髓中HSCs数量不变, 而HPCs及其他下游造血细胞的数量明显减少。白血病骨髓分离获得的正常HSCs仍能迅速分化成其他下游造血细胞, 其分化速度超过稳态HSCs。近期临床研究发现, 与正常人群相比较, AML患者骨髓造血细胞亚群中HSCs的数量没有显著改变, 而HPCs数量则显著减少[6]。这些研究共同提示, AML患者骨髓衰竭并非白血病细胞抑制HSCs所致, 而是由于阻滞HSCs向HPCs分化进而抑制下游造血细胞产生。
造血细胞来源的可溶性因子亦促进肿瘤进展。Tian等[8]近期发现, T-ALL模型小鼠骨髓及外周血中干细胞因子(SCF) 表达增加。然而, SCF的主要来源为正常造血细胞而非肿瘤细胞, 这提示SCF上调可能是造血细胞为抵御白血病形成所致。造血细胞转录组测序发现, 正常HSCs发状分裂相关增强子-1 (Hes1) 及其下游靶基因细胞周期负调控因子p21表达显著升高, 而HPCs表达无显著变化。体外诱导HSCs过表达Hes1抑制集落形成, 体内则抑制造血细胞的形成; 过表达Hes1对HPCs干性及分化无显著影响[8]。Hes1的差异表达可能是HSCs和HPCs对白血病细胞产生不同应答的关键原因。Cheng等[9]进一步研究发现, Hes1通过p21介导应答差异: 细胞周期抑制蛋白p21表达受Hes1调控; p21则是维持HSCs静息状态或进入分裂的分子开关; 敲除p21导致细胞周期加快, 造血干细胞衰竭。在白血病临床治疗过程中, 抑制快速分化增殖对于预防HSCs耗竭至关重要。因此, 靶向Hes1-p21信号通路可能成为治疗白血病的新策略。
间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stromal cells, MSCs) 属于基质细胞中具有一定分化潜能的特殊类型细胞。MSCs在实体瘤肿瘤微环境中广泛存在, 其生物学作用也具有可塑性。目前研究发现, MSCs具有分化为其他促肿瘤基质细胞、促进肿瘤周围血管生成、介导免疫抑制环境、形成局部乏氧环境、促进肿瘤转移、促进肿瘤细胞存活和增殖、诱导耐药等作用促进肿瘤发生发展[5]。与此不同, 在某些特定环境下MSCs发挥抑制肿瘤血管生成、增强免疫应答、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、调节细胞信号传导、增加细胞黏附抑制转移等抑制肿瘤进展的作用[10]
在移植物抗宿主病(GVHD) 和炎症等免疫相关疾病的临床研究发现, 给予正常MSCs可提高部分GVHD患者治疗效果。然而, 健康供者来源MSCs能否重塑受损的白血病骨髓微环境尚不明确。Miraki-Moud等[7]采用慢性骨髓增生异常/骨髓增生瘤小鼠模型, 结果发现Nras突变体白血病的发生与MSCs功能退化及血小板减少存在关联。疾病动物模型研究发现, 在骨髓腔接种正常小鼠骨髓MSCs可显著改善造血功能、恢复血小板数量、延长小鼠存活时间, 同时移植后宿主自身MSCs的数量及功能也得以恢复。临床研究发现, 健康志愿者骨髓来源MSCs治疗后可诱导宿主巨噬细胞多能性增加, 从分化成熟细胞转化为精氨酸酶-1 (Arg1) 阳性巨噬细胞, 进而发挥修复功能[6, 7]。此研究提示健康供者来源的MSCs能够重塑肿瘤患者骨髓造血微环境, 这为提高白血病患者骨髓移植疗效及白血病治疗提供新思路。
骨髓基质细胞(bone marrow stromal cells, BMSCs) 经间充质干细胞分化而来。BMSCs是骨髓微环境的重要组分并具有分化潜能, 但其定义和分类尚不清晰。BMSCs具有CD73+、CD105+、CD44+、CD29+、CD90+、CD34-、CD45-、CD14-、CD31-等表面标志物[11]。最近研究发现, BMSCs与HSCs之间存在直接的相互调控作用: 两类细胞不仅影响黏附分子血管细胞黏附分子-1 (VCAM-1)、CD44等蛋白表达, 同时通过分泌型细胞因子形成细胞与细胞间的交互作用; 两类细胞通过神经源性基因Notch同源蛋白(Notch)、Hedgehog (Hh)、CXC趋化因子配体12 (chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 12, CXCL12)/CXC趋化因子受体4 (CXCR4) 等多种信号转导通路参与造血稳态维持[10, 12]。近期研究发现, 巢蛋白Nestin阳性的BMSCs对于造血系统具有重要的调节作用。Nestin作为多种肿瘤干细胞的特征基因, 主要通过Rac-GTP、GS及Wnt等信号通路共同参与调控BMSCs与HSCs的交互影响[13]。随着不断发现BMSCs在骨髓微环境的重要作用, 目前已成为靶向细胞间交互作用治疗白血病的重要研究方向。
血液肿瘤耐药是困扰临床治疗的难题。近期研究发现, 骨髓造血微环境的细胞间相互调控亦促进肿瘤耐药的形成[14]。白血病细胞与BMSCs经CXCL12-CXCR4传导通路促进细胞黏附, 促使白血病细胞隐藏于BMSCs周围而无法被免疫细胞识别, 从而降低免疫治疗的疗效[15-17]。目前, 化疗药物联用CXCR4拮抗剂阻断免疫耐受微环境和肿瘤杀伤两种途径已经成为改善白血病耐药的临床举措[15, 16]。BMSCs可诱导白血病细胞无法进入S期而引起细胞周期异常, 促使白血病细胞进入相对静息态, 分裂增殖速度减缓进而抵御放化疗药物的杀伤; 激活白血病细胞内磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K)-蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, AKT)、转化生长因子β (transforming growth factor β, TGFβ) 等促生存信号通路, 进一步规避药物及免疫细胞杀伤作用[18, 19]。此外, BMSCs亦可诱导线粒体钙内流, 促使白血病细胞活性氧水平升高, 氧化应激造成部分白血病细胞死亡; 存活的耐药细胞经代谢重编程适应氧化还原水平的改变, 表现为抗氧化蛋白表达上调、活性氧ROS水平降低、线粒体膜电位降低等。BMSCs促进白血病细胞代谢重编程可作为预测耐药发生的指标[20]。因此, 靶向代谢重塑、抑制抗氧化蛋白产生及阻断凋亡是目前克服肿瘤耐药的新思路。
临床观察发现, 肥胖患者发生乳腺癌、结肠癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌的风险增高; 肥胖患癌人群使用抗肿瘤药物的治疗疗效变差。肥胖患者脂肪细胞数目显著增多, 而脂肪细胞则是由MSCs定向分化而形成的成熟细胞。过度肥胖伴随的脂肪细胞大量堆积影响药物在患者机体中代谢、吸收和分布等药代动力学特征。脂肪细胞促进多种实体肿瘤进展, 目前尚不明确脂肪细胞与白血病进展的关系。
近期的研究证据提示, 脂肪细胞主要在骨髓微环境中发挥负调控作用: 脂肪细胞包围肿瘤组织躲避杀伤; 脂肪细胞通过分泌代谢调节因子影响周围细胞的能量代谢和胰岛素敏感性, 调控骨髓微环境, 抑制HSCs正常造血功能, 进而促进白血病细胞的增殖并抑制分化[15, 16]。在急性粒细胞白血病研究中, Shafat等[21]将患者原代白血病细胞与脂肪细胞在体外共培养, 结果发现共培养体系中脂肪细胞代谢状态被诱导改变, 主要表现包括脂肪酶磷酸化增加、脂肪裂解加快, 同时促使脂肪裂解产物脂肪酸转移至肿瘤细胞周围来满足其营养需求。这是由于白血病细胞高表达脂肪酸结合蛋白FABP4, 能与其他细胞竞争性消耗脂肪酸。体外敲低FABP4可显著抑制白血病细胞体外增殖, 延缓白血病小鼠疾病进展并延长生存周期。上述结果表明, 骨髓微环境中白血病细胞能通过脂肪细胞代谢调节, 改造微环境并促使形成利于AML细胞存活的条件。
脂肪细胞不仅影响骨髓中白血病细胞的分化和存活, 同时影响放化疗药物对白血病细胞的杀伤作用。第一代蒽环类抗肿瘤抗生素柔红霉素是治疗ALL的一线药物。体外共培养体系中加入不同浓度的柔红霉素, 观测白血病患者来源的脂肪细胞对柔红霉素的吸收和代谢。结果发现脂肪细胞存在条件下, 白血病细胞对柔红霉素的反应降低、细胞存活率提高。这是由于脂肪细胞本身吸收化疗药物, 降低白血病细胞周围柔红霉素的浓度和细胞内积聚; 脂肪细胞中的特殊酶能改变药物分子结构并失活药物; 诱导白血病细胞对化疗药物低响应, 进而降低药物对白血病细胞的杀伤能力[22]。这些结果表明减脂不仅降低肿瘤发生率, 亦能增强抗肿瘤药物的疗效。脂肪组织在白血病治疗过程中是否促进药物耐药仍有待探究。
脂肪细胞存在多重作用, 近期研究发现脂肪细胞亦可维持正常造血功能。正常骨髓和白血病患者骨髓中脂肪细胞的数目、功能存在显著差异。研究者采用体外细胞共培养和移植瘤模型, 结果发现AML细胞特异性调控脂肪细胞诱导骨髓微环境改变, 导致造血干细胞和祖细胞调节失衡, 进而抑制骨髓中正常血细胞的生成。筛选获得促骨髓脂肪细胞生成药物显著增加白血病小鼠骨髓中脂肪细胞的数量、恢复骨髓HSCs正常造血功能、抑制白血病细胞的生长[23]。该研究首次揭示骨髓脂肪细胞与正常造血细胞之间的关系, 为髓系白血病提供治疗新思路, 有望通过脂肪细胞生成改善髓系白血病患者造血衰竭的症状。然而, 关于平衡脂肪细胞对骨髓微环境的双向调控作用仍有待进一步探究。
成骨细胞和破骨细胞作为骨髓龛的重要组分, 可旁分泌或直接吸收多种生物活性物质。二者相互平衡是维持骨髓结构的关键, 若发生病理改变不仅导致骨质疏松和软骨病等病变, 同时影响HSCs功能, 同时两种细胞对骨肿瘤发生、骨髓内白血病细胞生长、增殖及药物敏感性均发挥关键作用。
近期研究发现, 成骨细胞影响白血病起始细胞命运, 抑制急性白血病细胞发展进程[24, 25]。小鼠ALL模型动物成骨细胞数目越低, ALL细胞转移比例越高, 骨髓和脾脏中浸润白血病细胞越多; 活体成像呈现肿瘤负荷增加, 小鼠生存时间缩短。由于色氨酸羟化酶-1 (TPH-1) 参与成骨细胞、破骨细胞的代谢和骨重吸收, 因此使用TPH-1抑制剂可抑制成骨细胞流失, 恢复骨髓功能, 降低白血病细胞浸润, 延缓疾病进展并延长小鼠生存周期[25]。Quagliano等[26]在体外分别将B-ALL或T-ALL白血病细胞与成骨细胞共培养, 结果发现肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感性均显著降低。这些作用主要通过细胞间黏附分子如极迟抗原和淋巴相关抗原介导。联用DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂阿扎胞苷(azacitidine) 和组蛋白脱乙酰基酶抑制剂(panobinostat) 能克服成骨细胞所致白血病耐药[26]。近期研究发现, 非编码微小RNA (microRNA, miRNA) 参与成骨细胞所致白血病耐药的形成。成骨细胞、BMSCs与白血病细胞共培养会导致白血病细胞内的miRNA种类和数目发生明显变化, 主要表现为成熟的miR-221/222表达降低, 引起细胞周期蛋白p27蛋白表达升高, 肿瘤细胞因此被阻滞在G0期, 从而规避化疗药物的直接杀伤作用; ALL细胞中过表达miR-221可恢复细胞周期, 增强ALL细胞的药物敏感性, 削弱白血病骨髓微环境对肿瘤细胞的保护作用[27]
骨髓成骨细胞影响白血病细胞的功能和药物敏感性。白血病的发生常常伴随机体其他血液系统相关疾病的出现, 提示白血病细胞亦可影响成骨细胞数目和功能, 两者形成反馈调节回路。为明确白血病细胞对成骨细胞影响, 研究人员通过小鼠AML模型研究发现AML细胞导致骨钙素(osteocalcin) 水平降低, 提示AML细胞抑制成骨细胞吸收, 同时骨祖细胞和骨膜内细胞减少、骨桥蛋白(osteopontin) 阳性细胞数目减少。进一步研究发现, 肿瘤细胞来源的细胞因子CCL-3是抑制成骨细胞数目和功能的关键因素, 提示阻断白血病所致成骨、破骨细胞的异常或使用抗CCL-3单克隆抗体可能改善髓系白血病患者的正常造血功能[28]。乳腺癌骨转移早期成骨细胞可与雌激素受体α (ERα) 阳性肿瘤细胞经钙调蛋白形成间隙连接(gap junction), 更有效地为肿瘤细胞提供钙离子, 并激活钙离子相关信号通路从而促进肿瘤细胞增殖[29]。白血病临床一线药物三氧化二砷(As2O3) 可显著诱导肿瘤细胞死亡。在骨髓微环境中, As2O3可有效阻断间隙连接形成, 切断成骨细胞为肿瘤细胞输送“营养”, 进而显著抑制骨转移。在骨肉瘤细胞MG63和成骨细胞的共培养体系中, As2O3可抑制MG63细胞的存活及增殖, 诱导活性氧ROS增加及DNA损伤, 同时促进非坏死性细胞凋亡[30]
肿瘤微环境中浸润的免疫细胞与肿瘤细胞相互调控成为近年的研究热点。免疫细胞起源于骨髓HSCs, 成熟免疫细胞可随血液循环经过或再次驻留至骨髓, 通过多种机制影响骨髓内的肿瘤细胞功能。
单核/巨噬细胞(monocytes/macrophages) 在抗肿瘤免疫应答、防御外来微生物入侵等方面发挥着重要作用。生理情况下, 巨噬细胞发挥免疫监视作用, 识别并有效杀伤肿瘤细胞。然而, 在复杂肿瘤微环境中巨噬细胞受肿瘤来源的因子调控, 引发异常极化进而形成肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor associated macrophages, TAMs), 丧失自身肿瘤杀伤能力并介导异常免疫功能。Xu等[31]研究者关注AML骨髓免疫微环境, 采用CIBERSORT算法系统分析血液恶性肿瘤骨髓样本中浸润的免疫细胞分布, 结果发现AML患者M2巨噬细胞比例显著增加, 同时M2巨噬细胞的高浸润与AML不良预后相关。研究人员进一步解析发现, M2标记基因CD206可用于AML患者的预后评测。
调节性T细胞(Treg) 主要介导肿瘤免疫抑制的细胞类型。Treg通过与其他免疫细胞直接接触抑制杀伤作用、分泌抑制性细胞因子两种方式发挥免疫抑制作用, 导致杀伤性细胞数目降低, 减少浸润至肿瘤组织的免疫细胞进而抑制抗肿瘤效应。一项白血病Ⅳ期试验(NCT01347996) 对首次完全缓解的84名AML患者连续给予10次组胺二盐酸盐(HDC) 和小剂量白介素-2 (IL-2)。结果发现, 外周血Treg数目显著增加, 细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4 (CTLA-4) 表达增强, 杀伤性T细胞的细胞周期和增殖受抑制。而在后续HDC/IL-2治疗周期中, Treg数目逐渐减少并解除免疫抑制[32]。这项临床研究提示, 采用免疫治疗解除Treg细胞所致免疫抑制可能是改善白血病治疗和防止复发的重要策略。Treg细胞与免疫检查点程序性死亡受体1 (programmed cell death 1, PD1)/细胞程序性死亡-配体1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, PD-L1) 存在重要的联系: AML白血病细胞膜表面高表达PD-L1能够导致native T向Treg方向分化增加和骨髓驻留Treg细胞增多, 促使形成免疫耐受微环境; Treg细胞分泌的抑制性细胞因子能引发免疫耐受并促进白血病细胞增殖; 白介素-35 (IL-35) 增强对阿糖胞苷化学耐药性并促进肿瘤恶性进展; 肿瘤组织浸润的PD-1+ Treg细胞数目越高, AML患者生存率愈差; 抗PD-L1抗体显著抑制Treg细胞生成, 延缓白血病进程。这些结果表明, AML细胞表达的PD-L1可能直接驱动Treg细胞增殖进而介导免疫逃逸[33]。白血病造血微环境(leukemia hemopoietic microenvironment, LHME) 的相关研究发现, Treg累积与患者不良预后存在密切关联; 在AML小鼠模型中, 活化Treg在LHME中比例显著增加; Treg敲除则能恢复CD8+ T细胞的抗白血病作用, 同时延长AML小鼠存活时间; 上述作用主要通过CCL3-CCR1/CCR5和CXCL12-CXCR4信号轴形成, 靶向该信号轴能抑制LHME中Treg积累并延缓白血病发展进程[31]
白血病的疾病进程亦是白血病细胞对正常骨髓微环境逐渐占领, 进而造成恶性克隆增殖及正常造血功能受抑制的过程。LSCs的存在是白血病复发及耐药形成的关键因素, 其中白血病细胞与骨髓微环境之间的相互作用发挥重要作用。研究发现, 除细胞的直接接触, 多种趋化因子和细胞因子如CXCL12/CXCR4、Wnt/β-catenin、NF-κB、PI3K/AKT、Notch、缺氧诱导因子-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, HIF-1α)/血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 等形成的细胞间分子调控网络在LSCs免受化疗药物及免疫细胞的杀伤及形成耐药过程中发挥关键作用(图 2)[2]
研究证实CXCL12及其受体CXCR4信号通路在白血病细胞与骨髓微环境的相互调节中发挥重要作用[34]。在正常骨髓中, 基质细胞分泌CXCL12结合CXCR4有利于造血稳态维持, 并促进HSC归巢及骨髓再植。在白血病或其他病理条件下, 骨髓微环境中CXCL12的分泌异常增加, 导致CXCL12/CXCR4轴过度活化, 诱导肿瘤细胞增殖加快、黏附和浸润增加, 并随血液循环侵袭其他组织, 从而促进白血病的骨髓外转移。临床治疗的相关性研究发现, CXCR4表达水平与白血病患者预后呈现负相关, 因此CXCR4成为预测白血病治疗效果的表面标志物。CXCR4抑制剂/拮抗剂AMD3100 (Plerixafor®) 联用化疗药物成为白血病治疗的新方向。AMD3100可破坏肿瘤细胞与基质细胞之间的交互作用, 暴露隐藏在骨髓基质微环境中的白血病细胞, 从而被常规化疗药物杀伤清除。为明确CXCR4抑制剂是否影响白血病细胞与成骨细胞的相互作用, 研究人员将白血病患者间充质干细胞植入生物来源的骨支架上, 诱导其进入成骨细胞中以建立生物成骨细胞的微环境[35], 继而接种具有FLT3-ITD突变的白血病细胞MV4-11至生物成骨细胞微环境中, 形成三维共培养系统。结果发现, 共培养体系中CXCL12水平显著升高, 细胞膜表面CXCR4表达水平增加, MV4-11肿瘤细胞对成骨细胞的黏附率升高并可抵抗药物杀伤; AMD3100可阻断成骨细胞与白血病细胞的相互作用, 显著降低耐药形成, 进而抑制白血病发展进程[36]
骨髓和胸腺来源的细胞因子在T-ALL的发展中发挥关键作用。Scupoli等[37]将患者T-ALL原代细胞与骨髓基质细胞共培养, 结果发现骨髓基质细胞可分泌CXCL12并激活核因子κB (NF-κB)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)/转录因子激活蛋白-1 (AP-1) 信号通路, 诱导白血病细胞膜受体CXCR4表达增加, 进一步增强CXCL12生物学效应; 上调白介素-8 (IL-8) mRNA、蛋白表达水平, IL-8可继续作用于骨髓微环境中的其他细胞进而放大生物学效应; 抗CXCL12中和抗体抑制骨髓微环境中前述信号级联效应。这些结果提示, CXCL12/CXCR4/IL-8信号通路调控骨髓微环境促进T-ALL的发病进程。近期研究发现, BMSCs经CXCR4/CXCL12可诱发慢性粒细胞白血病细胞对酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI) 伊马替尼耐药。给予CXCR4趋化因子受体拮抗剂AMD3100可阻断肿瘤耐药微环境并诱导细胞凋亡[38]。临床研究发现, 抗CXCR4中和性抗体或拮抗剂阻断CXCR4/CXCL12结合, 能够抑制白血病细胞信号转导, 增强药物敏感性并改善化疗效果[39]。目前CXCR4抑制剂在临床中已得到广泛应用, 在难治性T-ALL和复发性AML的临床试验中, 联用化疗药物均改善疾病预后[40, 41]。口服CXCR4拮抗剂Mavorixafor已经用于治疗CXCR4基因突变所致WHIM综合征[42], 其临床抗肿瘤疗效还有待进一步研究。
原癌基因Wnt参与肺癌、乳腺癌等多种肿瘤的发生发展。经典Wnt/β-catenin信号通路及非经典Wnt-Ca2+-核因子信号通路共同调控细胞增殖、干性和迁移等生物学功能[43]。Wnt/β-catenin信号传导过程中, β-catenin可与Apc、Axin、LEF/TCF等蛋白发生相互作用。如若Wnt/β-catenin和下游级联反应受阻, 则导致关键促癌蛋白无法降解而至堆积, 导致肿瘤发生或恶性转化。骨髓龛中HSCs细胞存在的Wnt信号通路维持其自我更新能力, 通路失调则会导致分化早期细胞转变为肿瘤干细胞, 进而发展成肿瘤。骨髓微环境中其他细胞Wnt通路失调导致造血稳态失衡, 终末端成熟细胞增殖失控亦诱导血液系统恶性肿瘤发生[43]
Hu等[44]近期研究发现, Wnt/β-catenin信号通路促进维持CML中LSCs的自我更新能力和增殖活性。原癌基因BCR-ABL诱导造血干细胞恶性转化为CML细胞。从慢性期到成骨期的急变期是患者死亡的高危阶段, 该阶段PI3K/AKT/β-catenin信号通路受BCR-ABL激酶调节而异常活化。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂可减少外周血和骨髓浸润的白血病细胞数目, 延长小鼠存活时间并降低急变期小鼠死亡率[44]。AML相关研究发现, AML干细胞的自我更新依赖于β-catenin的异常表达和核异位[45]。与初诊患者相比, ALL复发患者白血病细胞中β-catenin活性明显升高, Wnt抑制剂iCRT14降低Wnt靶基因转录和表达, 延缓ALL小鼠模型动物的疾病进展[46]。Wnt/β-catenin信号通路不仅直接调控白血病细胞命运, 亦调节其他动态交流细胞的功能而间接发挥作用。如间充质干细胞激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路促使K562细胞对药物诱导的凋亡敏感性降低。Wnt抑制剂DKK-1不仅诱导β-catenin表达降低, 还提高CML细胞的药物敏感性[47]β-Catenin拮抗剂BC2059可显著改善组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂帕比司他的抗白血病效果, 两药物联用不仅促进白血病细胞凋亡, 亦能清除化疗耐受的AML干/祖细胞[48]。综上所述, 靶向Wnt/β-catenin信号传导通路的抗白血病药物具有令人期待的临床应用前景。
NF-κB在人体多种组织细胞中广泛表达, 通过形成同源二聚体或异源二聚体发挥复杂调控作用。NF-κB处于蛋白质信号调控网络的中心位置, 其对细胞生物学功能调节的重要性已获得广泛认可。细胞响应于氧化应激、细菌入侵、病毒感染、DNA损伤等均需要NF-κB参与。NF-κB具有介导多种因子分泌、调节免疫应答、影响细胞周期和细胞凋亡等功能。NF-κB信号失调则无法正确应答应激反应, 故而引发炎症反应、自身免疫疾病, 甚至肿瘤。在多种类型白血病细胞和白血病干细胞的研究发现NF-κB信号通路异常活化, 同时NF-κB表达和活性变化与白血病患者的生存复发之间存在密切联系。
Fiskus等[49]研究发现, 组蛋白H3去甲基化酶KDM1A经翻译后修饰调控抑制AML分化并介导不良预后, 而KDM1A正是通过NF-κB信号通路影响p21、p27及CCAT/enhancer结合蛋白的表达水平。NF-κB信号通路调控前凋亡和抗凋亡Bcl-2家族蛋白转录、表达及相互作用, 进而决定肿瘤细胞命运: NF-κB活化后上调Bcl-2表达并激活PI3K-AKT-mTOR和Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK信号通路, 维持白血病细胞的增殖活性和存活能力[50]。NF-κB在头颈部鳞状细胞癌和AML中可调控TNF-JNK-AP1信号通路, 直接上调细胞凋亡抑制蛋白表达, 导致细胞凋亡受阻而引发增殖失控[51, 52]。Rushworth等[53]研究显示, AML中NF-κB信号通路异常活化会持续诱导核转录因子Nrf-2的表达和分泌, 进而抵抗化疗药物的杀伤并促进白血病细胞存活。NF-κB信号通路还可上调P-糖蛋白(P-gp) 表达保护白血病细胞免受外来物入侵, 将药物泵出细胞外来抵抗药物杀伤作用, 进而造成多药耐药; 使用蛋白酶体抑制剂硼替佐米(bortezomib) 可抑制K562细胞NF-κB活性, 降低P-gp表达后促进细胞内药物浓度升高, 引发细胞凋亡及裂解。这些结果提示, 阻断NF-κB通路活性可能改善白血病的多药耐药性[54]
PI3K具有Ser/Thr激酶和磷脂酰肌醇激酶活性, 其效应分子AKT亦具有激酶活性。HSC中高表达AKT, 而PI3K-AKT作为AKT发挥激酶活性和信号传导最重要的通路, 在白血病细胞代谢调控、疾病进展和多药耐药形成过程中均发挥关键作用[55]。人AML肿瘤细胞HL-60或U937分别与人骨髓基质细胞HS-5细胞接触共培养, 模拟骨髓龛中两类细胞之间的黏附, 结果发现PI3K/AKT信号通路活化, 同时诱发AML细胞对柔红霉素(DNR)、高灵敏素(HHT) 和胞嘧啶阿拉伯糖苷(Ara-C) 等多种抗肿瘤药物产生耐药。PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制剂一定程度可逆转耐药, 其机制可能与P-gp、抑癌基因PTEN、多药耐药相关蛋白(MRP-1)、唾液酸转移酶相关[49, 50]
研究发现, 知母皂苷A-Ⅲ对CML细胞具有一定的抗肿瘤活性。知母皂苷A-Ⅲ主要通过抑制P-gp和MRP1的表达和功能, 调控PI3K/AKT信号通路, 增强白血病细胞对多柔比星的敏感性进而逆转耐药[56]。B-ALL相关研究发现, 血液肿瘤高表达的PI3K/AKT信号通路依赖的解联蛋白金属蛋白酶-28 (ADAM28) 表达程度与患者复发密切相关。靶向ADAM28-PI3K/AKT信号通路可能是B-ALL的治疗新途径[57]。T细胞淋巴母细胞白血病和淋巴瘤相关研究发现, γ-分泌酶抑制剂可有效阻断Notch1通路激活, 理论上可成为T-ALL治疗的有效策略。然而, Notch1降低白血病细胞中PTEN表达, 活化PI3K-AKT信号通路进而形成对γ-分泌酶抑制剂的耐药。Notch1诱导肿瘤发生模型的相关研究发现, Notch1信号通路和PI3K-AKT通路在体内具有协同作用, 共同促进Notch1诱导的白血病发生发展[58]。这些研究结果为靶向PI3K-AKT治疗T-ALL提供理论基础。
目前认为, Notch信号通路作为细胞最基本的传导系统。造血干细胞高表达Notch受体, Notch配体则高表达于BMSCs。正常造血功能的维持得益于两者的稳定表达及相互作用, 一旦表达异常则促发增殖凋亡失衡进而诱发恶性白血病[59]。在Notch驱动的T-ALL研究中, Bernasconi-Elias等[60]研发抗Notch抗体, 同时解析Notch与抗体结合的晶体结构。结果发现, 在肿瘤异种移植模型中该抗体对Notch突变的肿瘤细胞产生良好的阻断效应。Stephen研究发现儿童T-ALL患者中超过50%存在Notch突变, 突变位点主要发生在异二聚体化区域和PEST区域。Notch1突变患者对泼尼松响应好, 早期治疗反应较快, 长期预后佳[61]。Sanchez-Irizarry等[62, 63]发现, Notch结构变化是其被激活和发挥促肿瘤作用的前提: N-端属于疏水区域, 与其细胞外部分形成稳定的复合物; LNR区域不需要进行异二聚化, 通过金属蛋白酶保护N端免受配体非依赖性切割; PEST结构域调节Notch1细胞内部分的构象改变; Notch的各个区域相互约束, 其结构相对稳定, 避免配体独立激活。Notch1的突变可能通过结构改变引发信号通路异常和失调, 持续激活Notch1下游靶基因进而导致T-ALL的发生发展[64, 65]
在慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL) 研究中, Pozzo等[66]发现Notch1基因突变与癌基因MYC表达水平呈正相关, 同时影响核苷磷酸酶1 (NPM1) 等蛋白合成, 提高细胞增殖活性。比较Notch1突变型(Notch1-mut) CLL和Notch1野生型(Notch1-wt) CLL基因表达谱, 发现Notch1突变型细胞的核糖体生物合成相关基因NPM1表达升高, NPM1与MYC、Notch1表达水平均存在显著的正相关性, Notch1-MYC-NPM1形成促肿瘤信号通路。开发阻断Notch信号通路靶向药物已成为白血病治疗领域的重要策略。目前γ-分泌酶抑制剂和小干扰RNA阻断Notch信号通路已取得临床前研究进展, 但临床试验未见报道[67]
转录因子HIF-1在常氧条件下可迅速被UPS系统降解, 而在缺氧条件下则稳定表达, 特别是在肿瘤周围的酸性微环境中表达明显升高。研究证据显示, HIF-1对肿瘤周围的细胞外基质形成和肿瘤恶性转化至关重要[68]。多种实体肿瘤中HIF-1α高表达[69], 血液系统肿瘤HIF-1α表达同样异常升高[70]。缺氧、辐射、pH改变等应激因素可诱导白血病细胞HIF-1α表达增加。HIF-1α进一步诱导血管内皮生长因子表达增加, 促进肿瘤周围和肿瘤内部血管生成, 从而满足肿瘤细胞对氧气和营养物质的需求。新生血管同时促使肿瘤周围细胞从有序变为杂乱无章, 妨碍免疫细胞浸润和防御作用[68]
Wang等[71]研究发现HIF-1α抑制剂棘霉素显著抑制TP53突变的AML CD34+CD38-干细胞功能, 具有低纳摩尔IC50。整体动物实验结果表明, 棘霉素对多种AML异体移植模型的效果超过阿糖胞苷和柔红霉素的组合化疗效果, 同时仅棘霉素能够清除AML肿瘤干细胞, 提示HIF-1α抑制剂可能是治疗TP53突变AML的新方法。Welsh等[72]研究发现, 给予缺氧环境诱导的肿瘤细胞HIF-1α抑制剂PX-478可显著抑制HIF-1α蛋白积聚, 恢复VEGF蛋白表达。PX-478在小鼠肿瘤模型和PDX肿瘤模型动物均呈现良好的抗肿瘤效应。Yeo等[73]在小鼠皮下移植模型动物的研究中发现, HIF-1α特异性抑制剂YC-1对肝癌、胃癌、肾癌、宫颈癌、神经上皮瘤等多种肿瘤具有明显的抗肿瘤活性。YC-1不仅延缓肿瘤自身生长速度, 还抑制肿瘤局部血管生成和组织快速扩增。此外, 多种HIF-1α抑制剂如Oltipraz进入抗肿瘤药物研发的临床试验阶段, 可有效阻断HIF-1α/VEGF通路来治疗ALL; 托泊替康在肺癌、卵巢癌等实体瘤中具有明确的生物学作用, 而在血液肿瘤的作用仍有待进一步明确[74]
骨髓微环境是多种细胞组成并共同调节的复杂系统。任何细胞的功能变异或数目异常均可能破坏造血稳态并诱导白血病发生[2]。白血病发生后, 骨髓微环境被白血病细胞侵占, 正常造血功能被抑制, 并逐渐促进白血病进展、耐药、转移的形成。尽管白血病的发病机制和临床治疗已取得突破性进展, 但由于骨髓微环境调控造血干细胞和白血病干细胞的机制十分复杂, 骨髓龛随着疾病的进展不断变化促进白血病干细胞干性维持, 引发的肿瘤复发和耐药仍为目前临床难以克服的瓶颈问题[2, 69]。骨髓龛对于肿瘤干性维持具有特殊性。目前靶向白血病微环境的药物仍然缺乏, 但已形成多种不同策略。①抑制白血病存活所需关键信号, 包括细胞黏附或FAK激酶抑制、整合素β3或整合素α4、CXCR4/CXCL12信号通路、NADPH氧化酶4 (NOX4) 一氧化氮合成酶3 (NOS3) 信号通路、游离脂肪酸等; ②采用免疫疗法激活肿瘤免疫效应, 包括抗CD47抗体促进先天免疫吞噬效应, 抑制DNA修复酶PARP1促进活化性NKG2D受体表达促进NK细胞介导的杀伤, CAR-T疗法联合抗PD1抗体避免T细胞功能耗竭, 促进血管完整性及正常化维持T细胞功能等; ③采用单细胞测序技术翔实研究白血病骨髓微环境特征, 清晰明确研究白血病骨髓微环境的关键的细胞间交互作用及信号系统。因此, 在白血病的治疗过程中, 除靶向肿瘤细胞本身, 关注骨髓微环境尤其是骨髓龛介导的白血病干性维持、肿瘤复发和耐药, 深入研究微环境中肿瘤细胞与其他细胞之间的关键调控信号通路, 有利于为白血病的诊疗提供新思路和新药靶。
作者贡献: 杨兆娜负责文章构思及布局、文献检索、文章撰写、制图和文章修改; 王凤和张婷婷负责文献检索和文章修改; 李平平负责文章撰写和文章修改; 李珂和崔冰负责文章构思及布局、文章撰写、制图和文章修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81874316)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81872904)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173853)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-026)
  • 中国医学科学院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(2018PT35004)
  • 中国医学科学院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(3332019150)
  • 北京高校卓越青年基金(BJJWZYJH01201910023028)
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2022年第57卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2021-1524
  • 接收时间:2021-10-22
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2021-10-22
  • 修回日期:2021-12-27
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81874316)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81872904)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173853)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2021-I2M-1-026)
中国医学科学院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(2018PT35004)
中国医学科学院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(3332019150)
北京高校卓越青年基金(BJJWZYJH01201910023028)
作者信息
    1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 中国医学科学院代谢紊乱和肿瘤发生相关机制和靶点发现研究重点实验室, 北京 100050
    2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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