Article(id=1210516645882237090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0385, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1648656000000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-31, revisedDate=1654790400000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539258689, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1662912000000, pubDateStr=2022-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539258689, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539258689, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539258689, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516638089212895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='2888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539256832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539546411, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2671, endPage=2681, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516647476072659, articleId=1210516645882237090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Discovery of a small-molecule inhibitor of carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 and its anti-colorectal cancer mechanism, columnId=1210516639267812321, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Therapeutic interventions and strategies for cancer immunotherapy, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 (CPS1) enzyme is involved in the first phase of the urea cycle, providing a prerequisite molecule for pyrimidine synthesis, as well as promoting tumor cell proliferation and growth. Studies have found that CPS1 is highly expressed in a variety of tumors, including colorectal cancer, lung cancer, etc. and its overexpression is related to the poor prognosis of tumors. Thus, small molecules targeted to inhibit the function of CPS1 in tumors may provide therapeutic benefits for cancer patients who overexpress CPS1. In this study, the function of CPS1 was investigated in vitro, and we found that overexpression of CPS1 can enhance the migration ability of colorectal cancer cells HCT15. Here, based upon the existing crystal structure, combined with high-throughput virtual screening, we obtained 8 candidate small molecule compounds. In vitro activity evaluation, we found that compound 3 has good anti-HCT15, HCT116 cell proliferation activity (HCT15, IC50, 7.69 ± 1.10 μmol‧L-1, HCT116, IC50, 13.53 ± 0.46 μmol‧L-1). Subsequently, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis showed that, compound 3 could target and inhibit the activity of CPS1. In vitro studies showed that compound 3 could inhibit the migration of HCT15 cells, as well as induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Taken together, this study found that compound 3 is a potential small molecule inhibitor that targets CPS1, which provides the experimental basis and theoretical basis for the development of targeted intervention small molecule therapeutic drugs. Based upon the chemical structure of compound 3, we will shed new light on further optimizing its activity and therapeutic potential, which may provide a therapeutic benefit to the patients with CPS1-related tumors.

, correspAuthors=Bo LIU, Lei-lei FU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xing JIANG, Wen-ke JIN, Zi-xiang LI, Bo LIU, Lei-lei FU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516649590002084, articleId=1210516645882237090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=CPS1小分子抑制剂的筛选及其抗结直肠癌的机制研究, columnId=1210516639397835747, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道:靶向肿瘤免疫治疗策略与药物干预, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶1 (CPS1) 参与尿素循环中的第一步反应, 为细胞嘧啶和精氨酸的合成提供前提分子, 促进肿瘤细胞的增殖与生长。研究发现CPS1在多种肿瘤中高表达, 包括结直肠癌、肺癌等, 且其过表达与肿瘤的不良预后有关。因此, 小分子靶向抑制肿瘤中CPS1的功能, 可能为过表达CPS1的癌症患者提供治疗益处。本研究对CPS1的功能进行体外研究, 发现过表达CPS1能够增强结直肠癌细胞HCT15的迁移能力。此外, 基于CPS1已有的晶体结构联合高通量虚拟筛选方法, 筛选得到8个候选小分子化合物, 经体外抗增殖活性评价, 发现化合物3对结直肠癌HCT15、HCT116细胞系都有较好的抗增殖活性[HCT15的半数抑制浓度(IC50) 为7.69 ± 1.10 μmol‧L-1, HCT116的IC50为13.53 ± 0.46 μmol‧L-1], 分子对接和动力学模拟研究表明化合物3能够靶向抑制CPS1活性。通过体外研究发现化合物3能够显著减弱结直肠癌细胞系的迁移能力, 同时还发现化合物3能够阻断结直肠癌细胞的S期进程和诱导凋亡。总而言之, 本研究发现化合物3是靶向CPS1的潜在小分子抑制剂, 为靶向干预小分子治疗药物的开发提供实验依据和理论基础, 以化合物3为母核进一步优化其抗肿瘤活性和治疗潜力, 为CPS1相关肿瘤患者提供广阔的治疗前景。

, correspAuthors=刘博, 符雷蕾, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘博, Tel: 15708469925, E-mail: ;
符雷蕾, Tel: 15882361164, E-mail:
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Oncol Rep, 2017, 37: 163-170., articleTitle=Silencing of argininosuccinate lyase inhibits colorectal cancer formation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516661170475124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.027, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=821, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=Eur J Pharmacol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma ZJ, Lu L, Yang JJ, et al. Lariciresinol induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells via mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis pathway[J]. 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A: Expression of CPS1 in tumor cell lines; B: CPS1 expression plasmids were transfected into HCT15 cells, and the relative expression of CPS1 in HCT15 cells was detected by RT-PCR; C: CPS1 overexpression promotes HCT15 cell migration. Scale bar = 88 μm. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> Vector , figureFileSmall=dg8dWped2aa8zUP73mBYEA==, figureFileBig=/j79L0Sdemau6mCyl3VaQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516654329565916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0H+QjtKLAt6Qu1Q/JZBv5A==, figureFileBig=yyDtIHMRYeW8yQ/J7DLWYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516654480560868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Discovery of a small molecule inhibitor of CPS1. A: The three-dimensional structure of CPS1, red is the allosteric inhibitor binding pocket, and green is the ATP/ADP binding pocket; B: Workflow of screening CPS1 small molecule inhibitors; C: Eight CPS1 candidate small molecule inhibitor structures screened from the DrugBank and SPECS libraries , figureFileSmall=0H+QjtKLAt6Qu1Q/JZBv5A==, figureFileBig=yyDtIHMRYeW8yQ/J7DLWYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516654610584302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=64xNjW0Qbb1pyfXkExOI4g==, figureFileBig=8swxF/xQVmQ5hZqmQjDr7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516654740607739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Cell viability were measured for each compound with various concentrations by CCK-8 assay for 72 h , figureFileSmall=64xNjW0Qbb1pyfXkExOI4g==, figureFileBig=8swxF/xQVmQ5hZqmQjDr7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516654874825478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6wkojQvXR4hkxkQBHlQzkA==, figureFileBig=NQE0Iy8L1oQgPKyc/2r4Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516654992265998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Identification of compound <strong>3</strong> as a potential inhibitor of CPS1. A: Tumor cells were treated with different concentrations of compounds for 24 or 48 h, the cell viability was detected by CCK-8 method, and the IC<sub>50</sub> were calculated using GraphPad Prism 6. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>; B: The binding mode of compound <strong>3</strong> and CPS1; C: Molecular dynamics simulation of compound <strong>3</strong> binding to CPS1. RMSD: Root mean squared deviation , figureFileSmall=6wkojQvXR4hkxkQBHlQzkA==, figureFileBig=NQE0Iy8L1oQgPKyc/2r4Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516655118095129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Rb4GulTOQpfYBzCjk8YrfA==, figureFileBig=YLpFkvDu+sFNckUcP7CDqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516655231341350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Compound <strong>3</strong> exerts anti-migration potential <i>in vitro</i>. A: HCT15 cells were treated with compound <strong>3</strong> (8.5 μmol‧L<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 and 48 h. The migration capabilities of the cells were detected by scratch assay. The wound closure ratio represents the level of cell migration ability. Scale bar = 88 µm; B, C: HCT15 or HCT15 CPS1-PCDH cells were treated with compound <strong>3</strong> (8.5 μmol‧L<sup>-1</sup>) for 48 h, transwell assay were used to measure migration capabilities of the cells. Scale bar = 88 μm; D: HCT15 cells were treated with different concentrations of compound <strong>3</strong> (50, 25, 12.5 μmol‧L<sup>-1</sup>) for 48 h. Immunoblotting analysis of caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) and E-cadherin expression, <i>β</i>-actin was measured as a loading control. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> control (CON) , figureFileSmall=Rb4GulTOQpfYBzCjk8YrfA==, figureFileBig=YLpFkvDu+sFNckUcP7CDqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516655369753395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hdGqlVrMkBiBBL9d9Eb6xw==, figureFileBig=OwqpceYdIRYDOV/iPGz7lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516655684326204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Compound <strong>3</strong> induces cell cycle arrest in HCT15. A: Cells were treated with compound <strong>3</strong> at concentrations of 4.25, 8.5 and 17 μmol‧L<sup>-1</sup> for 48 h. The results of flow cytometry showed that compound <strong>3</strong> induced HCT15 cell cycle blocking in the G1 phase; B: HCT15 cells were treated with different concentrations of compound <strong>3</strong> (50, 25, 12.5 μmol‧L<sup>-1</sup>) for 48 h. Immunoblotting analysis of CDK7 and cyclin E1 expression, <i>β</i>-actin was measured as a loading control; C: Colony formation assay of HCT15 cells treated with compound <strong>3</strong> (4.25, 8.5 and 17 μmol‧L<sup>-1</sup>). Representative images and quantification of colonies were shown. Scale bar = 10 μm. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> CON , figureFileSmall=hdGqlVrMkBiBBL9d9Eb6xw==, figureFileBig=OwqpceYdIRYDOV/iPGz7lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516655826932550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/weslV5mj06T5bpJ3KfvJA==, figureFileBig=ndurs59/XfoOERjpPgvdlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516655940178767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Compound <strong>3</strong> induces apoptosis of HCT15 cells. A: Treat HCT15 cells with 8.5 μmol‧L<sup>-1</sup> of compound <strong>3</strong> for 48 h, then stained with 50 mmol‧L<sup>-1</sup> Hoechst 33258 and observed under a fluorescence microscope; B: HCT15 cells were treated with compound <strong>3</strong> at concentrations of 4.25, 8.5 and 17 μmol‧L<sup>-1</sup> for 48 h and apoptosis ratios were determined by flow cytometry analysis of Annexin-V/PI double staining; C: HCT15 cells were treated with compound <strong>3</strong> at concentrations of 12.5, 25 and 50 μmol‧L<sup>-1</sup> for 48 h. Immunoblotting analysis of cleaved-caspase 3, caspase 3, cleaved-caspase 9, caspase 9, Bax, Bcl-2 expression, <i>β</i>-actin was measured as a loading control. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \overline{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> CON , figureFileSmall=/weslV5mj06T5bpJ3KfvJA==, figureFileBig=ndurs59/XfoOERjpPgvdlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516656061813593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
N0.SPECE IDIC50/μmol‧L-1
HCT15HCT116A549NCIH2122
1DB11703> 50> 5038.92 ± 3.6730.33 ± 4.15
2DB0061928.14 ± 1.9817.54 ± 1.9130.66 ± 1.7817.02 ± 2.63
3DB012547.69 ± 1.1013.53 ± 0.467.47 ± 1.8810.51 ± 1.68
4DB00705> 50> 50> 50> 50
5AK-918/43210364> 50> 50> 50> 50
6AP-906/42285787> 50
7AO-022/43514832> 50> 50> 50> 50
8AO-081/41228034> 50> 50> 50> 50
), ArticleFig(id=1210516656187642724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516645882237090, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The SPECE ID of the compound and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Tumor cells were treated with different concentrations of compounds for 72 h, the cell viability was detected by CCK-8 method, and the IC50 were calculated using GraphPad Prism 6. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
N0.SPECE IDIC50/μmol‧L-1
HCT15HCT116A549NCIH2122
1DB11703> 50> 5038.92 ± 3.6730.33 ± 4.15
2DB0061928.14 ± 1.9817.54 ± 1.9130.66 ± 1.7817.02 ± 2.63
3DB012547.69 ± 1.1013.53 ± 0.467.47 ± 1.8810.51 ± 1.68
4DB00705> 50> 50> 50> 50
5AK-918/43210364> 50> 50> 50> 50
6AP-906/42285787> 50
7AO-022/43514832> 50> 50> 50> 50
8AO-081/41228034> 50> 50> 50> 50
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CPS1小分子抑制剂的筛选及其抗结直肠癌的机制研究
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姜星 1 , 靳文珂 1 , 李自祥 1 , 刘博 2, * , 符雷蕾 1, *
药学学报 | 专题报道:靶向肿瘤免疫治疗策略与药物干预 2022,57(9): 2671-2681
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药学学报 | 专题报道:靶向肿瘤免疫治疗策略与药物干预 2022, 57(9): 2671-2681
CPS1小分子抑制剂的筛选及其抗结直肠癌的机制研究
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姜星1, 靳文珂1, 李自祥1, 刘博2, * , 符雷蕾1, *
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学生命科学与工程学院, 四川 成都 610031
  • 2.四川大学生物治疗国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 610041

通讯作者:

*刘博, Tel: 15708469925, E-mail: ;
符雷蕾, Tel: 15882361164, E-mail:
Discovery of a small-molecule inhibitor of carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 and its anti-colorectal cancer mechanism
Xing JIANG1, Wen-ke JIN1, Zi-xiang LI1, Bo LIU2, * , Lei-lei FU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2022-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0385
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氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶1 (CPS1) 参与尿素循环中的第一步反应, 为细胞嘧啶和精氨酸的合成提供前提分子, 促进肿瘤细胞的增殖与生长。研究发现CPS1在多种肿瘤中高表达, 包括结直肠癌、肺癌等, 且其过表达与肿瘤的不良预后有关。因此, 小分子靶向抑制肿瘤中CPS1的功能, 可能为过表达CPS1的癌症患者提供治疗益处。本研究对CPS1的功能进行体外研究, 发现过表达CPS1能够增强结直肠癌细胞HCT15的迁移能力。此外, 基于CPS1已有的晶体结构联合高通量虚拟筛选方法, 筛选得到8个候选小分子化合物, 经体外抗增殖活性评价, 发现化合物3对结直肠癌HCT15、HCT116细胞系都有较好的抗增殖活性[HCT15的半数抑制浓度(IC50) 为7.69 ± 1.10 μmol‧L-1, HCT116的IC50为13.53 ± 0.46 μmol‧L-1], 分子对接和动力学模拟研究表明化合物3能够靶向抑制CPS1活性。通过体外研究发现化合物3能够显著减弱结直肠癌细胞系的迁移能力, 同时还发现化合物3能够阻断结直肠癌细胞的S期进程和诱导凋亡。总而言之, 本研究发现化合物3是靶向CPS1的潜在小分子抑制剂, 为靶向干预小分子治疗药物的开发提供实验依据和理论基础, 以化合物3为母核进一步优化其抗肿瘤活性和治疗潜力, 为CPS1相关肿瘤患者提供广阔的治疗前景。

氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶1  /  结直肠癌  /  高通量虚拟筛选  /  小分子抑制剂  /  细胞周期阻滞  /  细胞凋亡

The carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 (CPS1) enzyme is involved in the first phase of the urea cycle, providing a prerequisite molecule for pyrimidine synthesis, as well as promoting tumor cell proliferation and growth. Studies have found that CPS1 is highly expressed in a variety of tumors, including colorectal cancer, lung cancer, etc. and its overexpression is related to the poor prognosis of tumors. Thus, small molecules targeted to inhibit the function of CPS1 in tumors may provide therapeutic benefits for cancer patients who overexpress CPS1. In this study, the function of CPS1 was investigated in vitro, and we found that overexpression of CPS1 can enhance the migration ability of colorectal cancer cells HCT15. Here, based upon the existing crystal structure, combined with high-throughput virtual screening, we obtained 8 candidate small molecule compounds. In vitro activity evaluation, we found that compound 3 has good anti-HCT15, HCT116 cell proliferation activity (HCT15, IC50, 7.69 ± 1.10 μmol‧L-1, HCT116, IC50, 13.53 ± 0.46 μmol‧L-1). Subsequently, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis showed that, compound 3 could target and inhibit the activity of CPS1. In vitro studies showed that compound 3 could inhibit the migration of HCT15 cells, as well as induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Taken together, this study found that compound 3 is a potential small molecule inhibitor that targets CPS1, which provides the experimental basis and theoretical basis for the development of targeted intervention small molecule therapeutic drugs. Based upon the chemical structure of compound 3, we will shed new light on further optimizing its activity and therapeutic potential, which may provide a therapeutic benefit to the patients with CPS1-related tumors.

carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1  /  colorectal cancer  /  high-throughput virtual screening  /  small-molecule inhibitor  /  cell cycle arrest  /  apoptosis
姜星, 靳文珂, 李自祥, 刘博, 符雷蕾. CPS1小分子抑制剂的筛选及其抗结直肠癌的机制研究. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2671 -2681 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0385
Xing JIANG, Wen-ke JIN, Zi-xiang LI, Bo LIU, Lei-lei FU. Discovery of a small-molecule inhibitor of carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 and its anti-colorectal cancer mechanism[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2671 -2681 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0385
在全球范围内, 结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC) 是常见的癌症之一。每年CRC新增患者超过94.5万人, 死亡人数高达492 000例[1]。CRC仅次于胃癌、肺癌、肝癌, 成为第四大癌症死亡原因。在年轻人中结直肠癌的发病率也呈现上升趋势[2, 3]。一直以来, 结直肠癌的治疗方式都是以放疗、化疗及手术为主, 但是这些治疗方式不仅对癌细胞能够产生一定杀伤作用, 对正常细胞的增殖、分裂也会产生一定毒性作用, 并且许多患者在接受根治性手术或接受手术后辅助化疗后同样经历了癌症复发、转移性疾病和最终死亡[4]。尽管近几年来, 靶向治疗成为转移性结直肠癌有效治疗策略的一部分, 能够显著改善结直肠癌患者的生存周期。但是原发肿瘤的位置或产生耐药等特有因素可能会限制药物的应用[5]。因此, 寻找更多的替代和有效的治疗靶标并针对新靶标找到能够有效抑制CRC增殖、转移的新药物来治疗CRC是至关重要的。
尿素循环(urea cycle, UC) 是排尿素动物在肝脏中合成尿素的一个循环机制, 循环中主要包括5种酶, 氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶1 (carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1, CPS1)、鸟氨酸转氨甲酰酶(ornithine transcarbamylase, OTC) 2种线粒体酶和精氨酸琥珀酸酯合成酶1 (argininosuccinate synthase 1, ASS1)、精氨酸琥珀酸酯裂解酶(argininosuccinate lyase, ASL)、精氨酸酶1 (arginase 1, ARG1) 3种胞质酶[6, 7]。当UC酶表达发生改变时, 与尿素循环相关的代谢物也会随之发生改变, 已被证实这些代谢物有利于癌细胞的增殖和转移。这主要是通过两种机制实现的: 第一种机制是通过改变单个尿素循环基因的表达, 从而改变尿素循环代谢产物的用途, 以支持合成代谢途径, 特别是嘧啶的合成; 第二种机制是通过上调总尿素循环活性, 以防止氨在肿瘤内积聚, 在一部分癌症中, 氨气可能不利于癌细胞的生长[8-10]
CPS1参与尿素循环中的第一步反应, 为细胞嘧啶和精氨酸的合成提供前体分子, 它能够促进肿瘤细胞的增殖与生长[11]。已有研究发现CPS1在多种肿瘤中高表达, 包括结直肠癌、肺癌、膀胱癌等[10]。也有研究发现抑癌基因P53可以通过下调CPS1的转录水平来调节氨代谢和抑制嘧啶合成, 抑制癌细胞的生长与增殖[12]。并且越来越多的研究发现CPS1与肿瘤的发生发展有关。在KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase) 和LKB1 (liver kinase B1) 突变(KL) 的肺癌细胞中, 当沉默CPS1的表达时, 嘧啶与嘌呤的平衡被打破, 从而阻断肿瘤细胞S期进程, 导致DNA聚合酶停滞和DNA损伤, 使细胞停留在G1期。CPS1高表达的肺腺癌患者的总生存期(OS) 和无进展生存期(PFS) 往往更差, CPS1可能成为肺腺癌诊断和预后评估的潜在生物标志物[13, 14]。CPS1的高表达也是上皮性卵巢癌患者生存不良的一个预后生物标志物[15]。在胶质母细胞瘤中, CPS1甲基化水平较低, 与患者不良预后相关[16]。当沉默肝癌和膀胱癌细胞中CPS1的表达后, 细胞周期阻滞在G0/G1期, 并减少S期和G2/M期细胞的比例从而抑制细胞增殖, 促进细胞凋亡[17, 18]。在接受同步放化疗(CCRT) 的直肠癌患者中, CPS1的高表达与不良反应和不良结局相关, 表明CPS1对此类患者具有潜在的治疗价值[19]。有研究表明, 沉默CPS1基因与常规化疗药物或DNA损伤检查点抑制剂联合使用有良好的协同作用, 靶向抑制CPS1扩大了与传统化疗药物联合使用的潜在治疗选择[20, 21]。因此, 针对CPS1高表达患者开发靶向CPS1小分子抑制剂可能有助于改善相关癌症治疗现状。
已有研究发现化合物H3B-120能够有效抑制CPS1活性, H3B-120与位于CPS1结构中的整合结构域和ATP A结构域(the integrating and ATP A domains) 之间的一个未知的变构口袋结合来抑制CPS1活性, 从而阻断尿素合成和嘧啶合成途径。但是H3B-120只是作为一种工具分子, 代谢稳定性和理化性质不稳定, 还无法满足在体内使用的要求, 目前也未进行抗肿瘤活性和抗肿瘤机制研究[10, 22]。目前, 关于CPS1小分子抑制剂的研究少之又少, 并且缺乏在肿瘤中的研究, 因此亟需开发能够靶向抑制CPS1的小分子抑制剂, 可能为高表达CPS1的癌症患者提供治疗益处。
本研究基于CPS1已知变构位点, 结合高通量虚拟筛选和体外抗肿瘤活性评价寻找能够抑制CPS1活性的潜在小分子化合物。
细胞与试剂  HCT15、HCT116、A549和HGC27细胞购自于ATCC (Amerrican Type Culture Collection); RPMI-1640和DMEM培养基、胎牛血清购自于美国Thermo公司; 青霉素、链霉素、Hoechst 33258 (14530)、多聚甲醛购自于Sigma-Aldrich公司; 胰酶购自于Bio-sharp公司; CCK-8购自于Selleck公司; PBS和生理盐水购自于四川科伦药业股份有限公司; RIPA裂解液、5× SDS上样缓冲液、蛋白酶抑制剂和磷酸酶抑制剂、山羊抗兔和山羊抗鼠二抗购自于碧云天生物技术研究所; BCA蛋白定量试剂盒购自康为世纪公司; Omni-ECL™超灵敏化学发光检测试剂盒购自于上海雅酶生物医药科技有限公司; CDX2 (caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2)、E-cadherin、CDK7、cyclin E1、Bax、Bcl-2、caspase-3、caspase-9购自Cell Signalilng Technology公司; β-actin (66009-1-Ig) 购自Proteintech公司; 迁移小室购自于Corning公司; 结晶紫购自于索莱宝生物科技有限公司。
仪器  CO2培养箱、低速离心机、高速离心机、超低温冰箱(Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 4 ℃和-20 ℃冰箱(海尔公司); 摇床、涡旋混匀器、磁力搅拌器(SCILOGEX公司); 酶标仪(BioTek公司); 纯水仪(Millipore公司); Western blot制胶装置、Western blot电泳装置(BIO-RAD公司); 曝光仪(北京赛智生物制品有限公司); 普通光学显微镜、倒置显微镜(Olympus公司); 超净工作台(SANYO公司)。
配体收集和预处理  从DrugBank和SPECS小分子化合物库收集20多万个小分子化合物进行小分子预处理, 利用Discovery Studio软件包修正不良价态原子, 进行加氢、去盐、调节电荷, 最后生成互变异构体和立体异构体, 对小分子加载CHARMm分子力场, 然后通过最小化能量得到需要的3D构象。再将不满足里宾斯基五原则(Lipinski's "rule of five") 及成药性较差的分子进行剔除, 参数要求为化合物的分子质量应小于500道尔顿; 化合物结构中包括氨基和羟基等的氢键供体的数量应小于5个; 化合物中氢键受体的数量不超过10个; 化合物的脂水分配系数的对数值(logP) 在-2~5之间; 化合物中可旋转键的数量不超过10个[23]
受体蛋白准备与预处理  CPS1蛋白的结构(PDB ID: 6UEL) 于PDB蛋白晶体数据库(https://www.rcsb.org/) 下载, 利用Discover Studio软件包的Prepare Protein模块对晶体结构进行加氢, 补全缺失氨基酸支链和缺失的loop, 去除金属离子、水分子及其他结晶剂分子, 生成二硫键和pH 7.0 ± 2.0的氨基酸电荷价态, 利用CHARMm分子力场对重原子在RMSD 0.3 Å范围进行构象优化[23]
虚拟筛选  采用Discovery Studio软件包中libDock和CDOCKER程序进行分子对接。首先利用类药五原则(Lipinski's "rule of five") 进行类药分析, 对SPECS数据库中的小分子进行筛选, 再运用Discovery Studio软件(3.5版) 中的Libdock模块进行快速对接, 根据libDock打分保留筛选结果排名前1 000个分子, 采用CDOCKER模块进行柔性对接, 并根据它们与CPS1的结合模式及结构多样性, 最终挑选8个化合物进行抗肿瘤活性检测。
分子动力学模拟  利用GROMACS (2022) 对化合物3/CPS1复合物进行分子动力学模拟[24]。采用CHARMM36立场生成蛋白质的top结构, 配体的top结构由CGenFF服务器生成[25]
CCK-8法检测细胞活性  取对数生长期的HCT15、HCT116、A549、NCIH2122细胞制备成合适密度的细胞悬液, 计数后以每孔4 500个细胞接种于96孔板中, 每孔体积为90 μL。培养24 h后, 实验组加入10 μL不同浓度的待测化合物(最高药物浓度为50 μmol‧L-1, 以1.5倍稀释成6个浓度), 对照组加入10 μL含1% DMSO的培养基, 继续培养24、48、72 h。每孔加入10 μL CCK-8, 在培养箱中孵育2 h, 用酶标仪测定450 nm下的吸光值(A), 并计算细胞存活率。存活率(%) = (A实验组 - A空白组) / (A对照组 - A空白组) × 100, 再用GraphPad Prism 6软件计算化合物的半数抑制浓度(IC50) 值。
流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡  将生长状态良好的HCT15细胞以合适的密度接种于12孔板中, 培养24 h后加入不同浓度的化合物3, 继续培养48 h (培养过程中根据培养基pH值变化进行换液和加药处理), 收集细胞, 1 000 ×g离心5 min, 离心后弃去上清, 取1 mL预冷PBS轻轻重悬细胞, 制备成大概含有5~10万个细胞的细胞悬液, 随后1 000 ×g离心5 min, 弃去上清, 加入195 μL Annexin V-FITC结合液轻轻重悬细胞, 重悬后加入5 μL Annexin V-FITC轻轻混匀, 随后加入10 μL碘化丙啶染色液并轻轻混匀, 在室温条件下避光孵育10~20 min, 用流式细胞仪进行检测。测得结果用Flowjo软件进行分析。
流式细胞术检测细胞周期  取生长状态良好的HCT15细胞以合适的密度接种于12孔板中, 培养24 h后加入不同浓度的化合物3, 继续培养48 h (培养过程中根据培养基pH值变化进行换液和加药处理), PBS清洗两次, 收集细胞, 1 000 ×g离心5 min, 离心后弃去上清, 取1 mL预冷PSS轻轻重悬细胞, 1 000 ×g离心5 min, 弃去上清, 加入1 mL预冷的70%乙醇轻轻重悬细胞, 4 ℃固定过夜, 1 000 ×g离心5 min, 弃去上清, 加入1 mL预冷PBS轻轻重悬细胞, 1 000 ×g离心5 min, 弃去上清, 加入500 μL碘化丙啶染色液重悬细胞, 37 ℃避光孵育30 min, 流式细胞仪进行检测。测得结果用Flowjo软件进行分析。
细胞划痕实验  将生长状态良好的HCT15细胞以适合的密度接种于6孔板中, 用20 μL枪尖进行划痕。划痕后用PBS清洗两次, 实验组加入化合物3 (8.5 μmol‧L-1), 在显微镜下观察并拍摄不同时间点的照片。
细胞Transwell实验  取对数生长期的HCT15细胞, 用无血清培养基制备成合适密度的细胞悬液, 以每孔50万个细胞, 200 μL的总体积加入小室, 下室加入800 μL完全培养基, 实验组的下室与小室加入化合物3 (8.5 μmol‧L-1), 培养48 h。用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞30 min, 1%的结晶紫染色30 min, 自来水清洗, 待风干后在显微镜下观察并拍照。
细胞克隆形成实验  取对数生长期的HCT15细胞制备成合适密度的细胞悬液, 计数后以每孔500个细胞接种于12孔板中培养5天后, 更换培养基, 实验组加入不同浓度的化合物3, 继续培养10天(每3天进行一次换液和加药处理), 用PBS洗涤, 4%多聚甲醛固定细胞20 min, 1%结晶紫染色30 min, 染色结束后用自来水清洗, 自然风干。
Hoechst 33258染色  取生长状态良好的HCT15细胞制备成合适密度的细胞悬液, 接种于12孔板中, 培养24 h后, 加入化合物3 (8.5 μmol‧L-1), 继续培养48 h, PBS洗涤两次, 随后加入500 μL Hoechst染液, 放入孵箱中染色30 min, 用PBS清洗细胞两次, 在倒置荧光显微镜下观察细胞形态变化。
蛋白免疫印迹实验  取状态良好的HCT15细胞接种于6孔板中, 培养24 h后加入不同浓度的化合物3, 继续培养48 h, 收集细胞, 低温裂解提取蛋白, 95 ℃、10 min高温变性后用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离, 转入PVDF膜后用快速封闭液封闭10 min, 在4 ℃条件下孵一抗过夜, TBST洗膜后孵育二抗1 h, TBST洗膜3次, 每次10 min, 显影液避光孵育1 min进行曝光, Image J进行灰度分析。
统计学分析  所有实验都经过3次独立验证。独立设计的两组连续变量和两组间的统计学差异利用GraphPad Prism 6软件进行t检验和单因素方差分析。P < 0.05表示具有统计学差异。
已有研究对TCGA数据库中CPS1在多种肿瘤中的表达进行分析, 发现CPS1在结肠癌等多种癌中高表达, CPS1表达增加与结肠癌患者生存率降低相关[10]。本研究分析了CPS1在不同胃癌和结直肠癌细胞系中的表达, 结果表明胃癌细胞IM95m、MGC803、BGC823、SNU719和结直肠癌细胞HCT15、HCT116中CPS1的表达显著高于人胃黏膜上皮细胞GES1 (图 1A)。
有研究表示CPS1在结直肠癌中高表达[11, 26]。但CPS1在结直肠癌中的生物功能还尚不清楚, 因此, 本研究构建稳定高表达CPS1的HCT15细胞株进行功能研究, 如图 1B所示, 稳定表达CPS1的细胞株构建成功。进行Transwell实验发现, 稳定表达CPS1的HCT15细胞穿过微孔膜至下室的数量显著增加(图 1C)。结果表明, 上调CPS1的表达促进了结直肠癌细胞的迁移。
随后, 本研究基于高通量虚拟筛选的方法从DrugBank和SPECS库中寻找CPS1的候选小分子抑制剂。小分子结合位点选择CPS1 (PDB ID 6UEL) 晶体结构中变构抑制剂结合的口袋(图 2A)。用于虚拟筛选的小分子化合物库包括DrugBank中收集的2 723个经FDA批准和6 677个正在进行临床研究的小分子化合物, 212 255个SPECS中收集的小分子化合物(图 2B)。对于SPECS化合物库中的212 255个化合物, 利用里宾斯基五原则进行类药性分析, 筛选后得到符合Lipinski规则的97 360个小分子。再运用Discovery Studio软件(3.5版) 中的Libdock模块将过滤后的106 760个小分子(包括SPECS库的97 360个和DrugBank库的9 400个化合物) 进行快速对接筛选, 筛选出得分在120分以上的1 000个小分子化合物。对这1 000个化合物采用CDOCKER模块进行柔性对接, 挑选出结合自由能最低的200个候选小分子化合物(图 2B)。最后根据结构多样性原则继续对这200个化合物进行挑选, 最终从DrugBank和SPECS库中挑选出8个小分子化合物作为CPS1的小分子抑制剂进行体外抗肿瘤活性研究(图 2C)。
有研究表明, 在KRAS/LKB1突变的肺癌细胞中沉默CPS1的表达可诱导细胞死亡并抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖, 所以将肺癌细胞系A549、NCIH2122作为对照, 通过CCK-8法检测8个候选化合物对结直肠癌细胞系HCT15、HCT116和增殖的影响。用不同浓度的化合物作用于细胞72 h, CCK-8结果显示, 化合物3对4个细胞系表现出较好的抗增殖活性(图 3), 如表 1所示, 化合物3对HCT15、HCT116和A549、NCIH2122细胞的IC50值分别为7.69 ± 1.10、13.53 ± 0.46、7.47 ± 1.88和10.51 ± 1.68 μmol‧L-1
本研究又测定了不同浓度的化合物3处理结直肠癌和肺癌细胞24和48 h的抗增殖活性, CCK-8结果显示, 均能抑制HCT15、HCT116、A549、NCIH2122的增殖(24 h, IC50分别为49.66 ± 0.36、41.81 ± 3.19、23.72 ± 2.61、21.53 ± 0.95 μmol‧L-1, 48 h, IC50分别为8.45 ± 2.17、25.56 ± 1.74、16.84 ± 2.85、13.65 ± 0.93 μmol‧L-1), 并以时间和剂量依赖的方式抑制细胞增殖(图 4A)。
由于化合物3对CRC细胞具有较好的抗肿瘤活性, 本研究分析了该化合物与CPS1的结合模式。分子对接结果发现, 化合物3结合在CPS1的变构位点, 并且与变构位点口袋周围的氨基酸残基形成氢键和疏水相互作用, 其中化合物3的羟基与SER819、PRO828形成氢键, 与CYS816、HIS817、LEU778、MET656、ARG850和ILE828形成疏水相互作用。结果表明, 化合物3能够与CPS1稳定结合(图 4B)。随后, 又对化合物3/CPS1复合物进行了50 ns的分子动力学模拟, 如图 4C显示, 在10 ns后体系达到平衡, 且平衡后均方根偏差(RMSD) 小于0.1 nm, 说明了化合物3与CPS1形成稳定的分子间作用, 与CPS1稳定结合。
本研究进一步探究化合物3抑制HCT15细胞迁移的作用。划痕实验结果显示, 化合物3处理细胞后, 细胞伤口愈合能力显著减弱(图 5A), Transwell实验结果也显示, 化合物3处理细胞后, 穿过微孔膜至下室的细胞数显著减少(图 5B)。除此以外, 化合物3能够逆转CPS1促进肿瘤细胞迁移的作用(图 5C)。总而言之, 这些结果都能表明化合物3可能通过靶向抑制CPS1来抑制HCT15细胞的迁移。
癌症的发生发展过程中, 上皮间质转化(EMT) 可以增强肿瘤细胞的迁移和侵袭能力。E-cadherin是上皮黏附连接的核心成分, 其缺失能够增强肿瘤的迁移和侵袭能力, 与肿瘤患者不良预后相关。同样的, 在结直肠癌中CDX2也被认为是肿瘤抑制因子, CDX2表达下调时可促进结肠癌细胞增殖和转移, 并通过诱导EMT表型促进体内肝转移[26, 27]。蛋白免疫印迹实验发现, 化合物3能够上调E-cadherin蛋白和CDX2蛋白表达水平(图 5D)。因此, 化合物3可能是通过上调E-cadherin和CDX2抑制结直肠癌细胞的迁移。
CPS1缺失会打破嘧啶与嘌呤的平衡, 将细胞阻滞在G1期, 进而影响细胞增殖[13, 18]。因此, 本研究进一步探究化合物3对HCT15细胞周期的影响。流式结果显示, 化合物3将细胞周期阻滞在G1期, 并减少了S期和G2期细胞的百分比(图 6A)。抑制cyclin E1和CDK7可以调节细胞周期的G1/S期转变, 延迟S期[28, 29]。通过蛋白免疫印迹实验发现, 化合物3使cyclin E1和CDK7的蛋白表达下调(图 6B)。同时细胞克隆形成实验结果如图 6C所示, 化合物3能够抑制HCT15细胞克隆的形成。通过上述实验表明, 化合物3可能通过下调cyclin E1和CDK7蛋白表达阻断细胞周期进程, 并且可能通过阻滞周期来抑制细胞增殖, 表现出良好的抗肿瘤活性。
沉默CPS1基因的表达能够诱导肿瘤细胞发生凋亡[18]。因此, 本研究进一步探究化合物3对结直肠癌细胞凋亡的影响。Hoechst染色实验结果如图 7A所示, 化合物3处理细胞后, 细胞核皱缩, 呈致密浓染, 荧光增强。表明化合物3能够诱导结直肠癌细胞发生凋亡。进一步的流式细胞术分析结果显示, 化合物3处理细胞后, HCT15细胞的凋亡数显著增加(图 7B)。
细胞凋亡是细胞程序性死亡的一种形式, 受Bcl-2家族和caspase家族蛋白的调控, 并且Bcl-2在大肠腺癌中的表达高于正常结肠黏膜上皮组织中的表达[30-32]。蛋白免疫印迹结果表明, 化合物3处理细胞后, Bcl-2的蛋白表达量被明显下调, 促凋亡蛋白Bax的蛋白表达量被上调(图 7C)。本研究还检测了活化的caspase 3和活化的caspase 9的表达, 发现活化的caspase 3和caspase 9都表达上调(图 7C)。因此, 推测化合物3可能诱导结直肠癌细胞发生线粒体途径凋亡。
近年来, 癌症在筛查方面有了较大的进展, 结直肠癌的发病率和死亡率也有所下降, 但是在年轻人群中结直肠癌的确诊率呈现增长趋势[33]。一直以来, 结直肠癌的治疗方式都是以放疗、化疗以及手术为主, 但许多患者在接受根治性手术或接受手术后辅助化疗后同样经历了癌症复发、转移性疾病和最终死亡[4]。对于转移性结直肠癌而言, 目前尚无有效的治疗方法, 而靶向治疗提供了一个更好的治疗选择[5]。已有多项研究表明, 靶向抑制UC对多种肿瘤都具有较好的抗肿瘤作用[34-36]。针对UC酶设计靶向尿素循环相关蛋白抑制剂能够为肿瘤患者提供有效的、可选择的临床治疗策略[6]。CPS1是UC过程中关键的限速酶, 参与UC中的第一步反应。研究发现CPS1在多种肿瘤中高表达, 能够促进肿瘤细胞的增殖与生长, 与肿瘤的不良预后有关。因此, 小分子靶向抑制CPS1的功能, 可能为高表达CPS1的癌症患者提供治疗益处。
本研究对CPS1的功能进行体外研究, 发现上调CPS1的表达能够增强HCT15细胞的迁移能力。基于已知变构位点结合高通量虚拟筛选及体外抗增殖活性评价, 以寻找能够靶向抑制CPS1的小分子化合物。研究发现, 化合物3对HCT15细胞表现出良好的抗增殖的活性(IC50, 72 h, 7.69 ± 1.10 μmol‧L-1; 48 h, 8.45 ± 2.17 μmol‧L-1; 24 h, 49.66 ± 0.36 μmol‧L-1), 能够抑制HCT15细胞的迁移, 并且能够逆转CPS1促进HCT15细胞迁移的作用, 分子对接研究和动力学模拟表明化合物3能够与CPS1形成稳定的相互作用。以上结果表明, 化合物3可作为靶向抑制CPS1的潜在小分子抑制剂。
沉默肝癌和膀胱癌细胞中CPS1的表达后, 细胞周期阻滞在G0/G1期, 并减少S期和G2/M期细胞的比例从而抑制细胞增殖, 促进细胞凋亡[17, 18]。沉默KL细胞中的CPS1可能通过阻断嘧啶合成来诱导细胞发生凋亡并抑制细胞的生长[13]。Cyclin E1和CDK7是与细胞周期相关的蛋白, 抑制cyclin E1和CDK7可以调节细胞周期的G1/S期转变, 延迟S期[28, 29]。凋亡受Bcl-2家族和caspase家族蛋白的调控, Bcl-2/Bax比例下降能够激活caspase蛋白, 而活化的caspase-9和caspase-3是线粒体介导的细胞凋亡途径中最重要的执行蛋白[37]。本研究通过流式细胞术分析和蛋白免疫印迹实验进一步研究化合物3对HCT15细胞周期和凋亡的影响, 结果发现, 化合物3能够诱导HCT15细胞周期阻滞和凋亡。同时也发现化合物3能够下调cyclin E1和CDK7蛋白的表达, 下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2, 上调促凋亡蛋白Bax, 并激活caspase-9和caspase-3。结果表明, 化合物3可能通过抑制cyclin E1和CDK7表达从而阻滞细胞周期进程, 并且可能通过线粒体途径诱导细胞凋亡。
总之, 通过高通量筛选, 体外活性验证和抗肿瘤作用机制初步研究, 发现化合物3是靶向CPS1潜在的小分子抑制剂, 为靶向干预小分子治疗药物的开发提供实验依据和理论基础。同时, 可利用化合物3在动物模型中进一步评价靶向抑制CPS1的治疗潜力, 并以化合物3为母核进一步优化其活性, 为CPS1相关肿瘤患者提供治疗益处。
致谢: 感谢四川大学生物治疗国家重点实验室许恒教授对本文的指导。
作者贡献: 符雷蕾和刘博负责实验选题与设计; 姜星负责实验实施、整理实验数据和撰写论文; 靳文珂、李自祥参与实施实验过程; 所有作者参与论文阅读和修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 四川省应用基础研究项目(2020YJ0285)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费(2682021CX088)
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2022年第57卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0385
  • 接收时间:2022-03-31
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-31
  • 修回日期:2022-06-10
基金
四川省应用基础研究项目(2020YJ0285)
中央高校基本科研业务费(2682021CX088)
作者信息
    1.西南交通大学生命科学与工程学院, 四川 成都 610031
    2.四川大学生物治疗国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 610041

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*刘博, Tel: 15708469925, E-mail: ;
符雷蕾, Tel: 15882361164, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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