Article(id=1210516641398526898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0415, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1649433600000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-09, revisedDate=1651680000000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539257621, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1662912000000, pubDateStr=2022-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539257621, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539257621, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539257621, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516638089212895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='2888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539256832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539546411, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2590, endPage=2600, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516642988168143, articleId=1210516641398526898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Application and prospect of circulating tumor cell in colorectal cancer immunotherapy, columnId=1210516639267812321, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Therapeutic interventions and strategies for cancer immunotherapy, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

After the concept of liquid biopsy was proposed more than a decade ago, it has quickly expanded to the field of circulating tumor cell (CTC). As a novel biomarker, CTC has the advantages of non-invasiveness, sensitivity, and easy operation, which are incomparable with traditional imaging assay and in vivo detection, therefore it has been an increasingly important technology for tumor diagnosis and treatment. In addition to providing genomic analysis, CTC can provide information at the transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenomic levels. Compared with other liquid biopsy methods, CTC detection can provide more complete tumor genetic information and show detailed traces of tumor development. Immunotherapy has the best prognosis for colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability (MSI). The detection of CTC has great clinical application value for the prognosis evaluation of colorectal cancer, personalized medicine and the formulation of immunotherapy plans. This review article systematically summarized the various methods of capturing CTC, the prognostic factors that affect the efficacy of colorectal cancer immunotherapy, and how to use CTC characterization to formulate treatment. Schemes, dynamic detection of disease progression, prognosis, evaluation of immunotherapy efficacy and precise treatment are also discussed and prospected.

, correspAuthors=Wen-jun XIN, Guo-hui WAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Arabella H WAN, Jia-rui LI, Wen-jun XIN, Guo-hui WAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516644703637579, articleId=1210516641398526898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=循环肿瘤细胞在结直肠癌免疫治疗中的应用前景, columnId=1210516639397835747, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道:靶向肿瘤免疫治疗策略与药物干预, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

液体活检的概念在十多年前被提出后, 很快就扩展到了循环肿瘤细胞(CTC) 领域。CTC作为一种新型的生物标志物, 具有无创、敏感、操作简易等传统影像学检测和活体检测无法比拟的优点, 正成为日渐重要的肿瘤诊疗技术。CTC除了可以提供基因组层面的分析, 还可以由此得到转录组、蛋白组及表观遗传组等层面的信息。相比其他液体活检技术, CTC检测能够提供更为完整的肿瘤遗传信息, 以及展示出更为详细的肿瘤发展轨迹。针对微卫星不稳定型(MSI) 结直肠癌, 免疫疗法的预后最佳。CTC的检测对结直肠癌预后评估、个性化用药与制定免疫治疗方案有着重要的临床应用价值。本综述系统总结了CTC分离方法和在肿瘤中的应用, 影响结直肠癌免疫疗效的预后因素, 以及对如何利用CTC检测表征来制定治疗方案, 动态检测疾病进展、判断预后、评价免疫疗效和精准治疗等展开了讨论和展望。

, correspAuthors=信文君, 万国辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*信文君, ;
万国辉, Tel: 86-20-39943495, E-mail:
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JAMA Oncol, 2020, 6: 589-590., articleTitle=Evaluation of POLE/POLD1 variants as potential biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment outcomes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210516651708125721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, awardId=82122069, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82122069), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210516651829760546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, awardId=82073869, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073869), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210516651930423852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, awardId=2021B1515020004, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2021B1515020004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210516652018504247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, awardId=2019A050510019, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2019A050510019), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210516652123361858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, awardId=202002020051, language=CN, fundingSource=广州市科技计划项目-基础与应用基础研究项目(202002020051), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516645085319265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516645097902179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, companyId=1210516645085319265, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516645450223738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, companyId=1210516645429252216, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中山大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210516649241874815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Po2yIqihHX1KstaeGQnTDg==, figureFileBig=4MJRgOZDhGu4oDSx2xteBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516649325760908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in personalized medicine as liquid biopsy. CTC could be enriched by positive or negative immunoaffinity, and by biophysical properties <i>via</i> microfluidic sorting or density discrepancy. After purification, CTC could be verified by immunoaffinity with tumor-associated markers, E-specific mRNA or EPISPOT detection. Finally, CTC could be used for proteomic, genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic analysis , figureFileSmall=Po2yIqihHX1KstaeGQnTDg==, figureFileBig=4MJRgOZDhGu4oDSx2xteBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516649577419171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sDqv86eOK6+7gq7kPu6Brw==, figureFileBig=6RKqmbJfbwMqUl31R1kuEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516649707442605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= CTC subtypes. CTCs can be characterized as epithelial subtype, mesenchymal subtype, mixed subtype (epithelial and mesenchymal) and stem-like subtype , figureFileSmall=sDqv86eOK6+7gq7kPu6Brw==, figureFileBig=6RKqmbJfbwMqUl31R1kuEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516649803911608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Po5PX7pHYuEsoDnylEjOCA==, figureFileBig=6orqhkPPe2/FM2bL8ApMJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516649933935047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Application of CTC analysis in clinic. CTC is enriched and purified for quantity analysis and quality analysis, which could serve as a biomarker for survival prediction and therapy efficacy prediction. CTC analysis is being used for personalized medicine , figureFileSmall=Po5PX7pHYuEsoDnylEjOCA==, figureFileBig=6orqhkPPe2/FM2bL8ApMJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516650022015436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3v6PmBy6kLrXuc3I2kupsQ==, figureFileBig=3wEHkdsgqcJUa+zQmXI1MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516650135261655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Surface biomarkers of CTC in colorectal cancer (CRC). PD-L1: Programmed death ligand 1; CD47: Cluster of differentiation 47, known as integrin associated protein (IAP); TIM3: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3; CD133: Cluster of differentiation 133, known as prominin-1; EpCAM: Epithelial cell adhesion molecule; MUC2: Mucin 2; GPA33: Cell surface glycoprotein A33; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; WNT receptor: Frizzled G protein-coupled receptor , figureFileSmall=3v6PmBy6kLrXuc3I2kupsQ==, figureFileBig=3wEHkdsgqcJUa+zQmXI1MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516650277868002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oVAeNFxBcSmG2xqBMuVAGw==, figureFileBig=dI9KDSFebvpa2s1wA0w03w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516650412085739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= CTC analysis in prognostic prediction. CTC detection could be monitored at various phases during treatments (surgery or chemotherapy), including onset, progression and cure/relapse , figureFileSmall=oVAeNFxBcSmG2xqBMuVAGw==, figureFileBig=dI9KDSFebvpa2s1wA0w03w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516651188031989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=A6QfAPK/W8jtOVuKdgLRGA==, figureFileBig=+uNxXX0lffSeYYwz2JPJ2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516651284500990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Application of CTC analysis in chemotherapy and immunotherapy in CRC. Detection of CTC could provide transcriptomic, proteomic and genomic information to assist in personalized therapy, including target-therapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy , figureFileSmall=A6QfAPK/W8jtOVuKdgLRGA==, figureFileBig=+uNxXX0lffSeYYwz2JPJ2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516651372581380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PlatformSeparationValidation methodReference
CellSearchPositive immunoaffinity by magnetic beadsICC detection (CTC = EpCAM+/CK+/CD45-/DAPI+)[23]
ParsortixMicrofluidic chips (relative larger sizes and smaller deformabbility)ICC detection, cell-based detection, FISH detection, HE/WG staining, qPCR detection, RNA seq analysis[24]
CytophoneIn vivo photoacoustic flow cytometryFlow cytometry analysis[25]
CellCollectorPositive enrichment of FSMW hydrogel-coupled immunoaffinityICC detection, qPCR detection, RNA seq analysis[26]
EPISPORTMicrofluidic chipsICC detection[27]
EPIDROPMicrofluidic chipsDigital pathology detection, single-cell sequencing[28]
LiquidBiopsyPositive enrichment of biotin-ferromagnetic immunoaffinityICC detection, qPCR detection, RNA seq analysis[29]
AccuCyteCell density gradient centrifugationICC detection, qPCR detection, RNA seq analysis[22]
CTC-iChipPositive enrichment by immunoaffinity chipsICC detection, qPCR detection, RNA seq analysis[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1210516651540353549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516641398526898, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Common platforms for CTC detection and validation. ICC: Immunocytochemistry; EpCAM: Epithelial cell adhesion molecule; CK: Cytokeratins; CD45: Lymphocyte common antigen; DAPI: 4', 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindolel; FISH: Fluorescence in situ hybridization; HE: Hematoxylin and eosin; WG: Wright-Giemsa; qPCR: Real-time polymerase chain reaction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PlatformSeparationValidation methodReference
CellSearchPositive immunoaffinity by magnetic beadsICC detection (CTC = EpCAM+/CK+/CD45-/DAPI+)[23]
ParsortixMicrofluidic chips (relative larger sizes and smaller deformabbility)ICC detection, cell-based detection, FISH detection, HE/WG staining, qPCR detection, RNA seq analysis[24]
CytophoneIn vivo photoacoustic flow cytometryFlow cytometry analysis[25]
CellCollectorPositive enrichment of FSMW hydrogel-coupled immunoaffinityICC detection, qPCR detection, RNA seq analysis[26]
EPISPORTMicrofluidic chipsICC detection[27]
EPIDROPMicrofluidic chipsDigital pathology detection, single-cell sequencing[28]
LiquidBiopsyPositive enrichment of biotin-ferromagnetic immunoaffinityICC detection, qPCR detection, RNA seq analysis[29]
AccuCyteCell density gradient centrifugationICC detection, qPCR detection, RNA seq analysis[22]
CTC-iChipPositive enrichment by immunoaffinity chipsICC detection, qPCR detection, RNA seq analysis[21]
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循环肿瘤细胞在结直肠癌免疫治疗中的应用前景
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Arabella H WAN 1, 2 , 李佳蕊 3 , 信文君 1, * , 万国辉 3, *
药学学报 | 专题报道:靶向肿瘤免疫治疗策略与药物干预 2022,57(9): 2590-2600
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药学学报 | 专题报道:靶向肿瘤免疫治疗策略与药物干预 2022, 57(9): 2590-2600
循环肿瘤细胞在结直肠癌免疫治疗中的应用前景
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Arabella H WAN1, 2, 李佳蕊3, 信文君1, * , 万国辉3, *
作者信息
  • 1.中山大学中山医学院, 广东 广州 510080
  • 2.中山大学附属第一医院, 广东 广州 510080
  • 3.中山大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006

通讯作者:

万国辉, Tel: 86-20-39943495, E-mail:
Application and prospect of circulating tumor cell in colorectal cancer immunotherapy
Arabella H WAN1, 2, Jia-rui LI3, Wen-jun XIN1, * , Guo-hui WAN3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
  • 2. The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
  • 3. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
出版时间: 2022-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0415
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液体活检的概念在十多年前被提出后, 很快就扩展到了循环肿瘤细胞(CTC) 领域。CTC作为一种新型的生物标志物, 具有无创、敏感、操作简易等传统影像学检测和活体检测无法比拟的优点, 正成为日渐重要的肿瘤诊疗技术。CTC除了可以提供基因组层面的分析, 还可以由此得到转录组、蛋白组及表观遗传组等层面的信息。相比其他液体活检技术, CTC检测能够提供更为完整的肿瘤遗传信息, 以及展示出更为详细的肿瘤发展轨迹。针对微卫星不稳定型(MSI) 结直肠癌, 免疫疗法的预后最佳。CTC的检测对结直肠癌预后评估、个性化用药与制定免疫治疗方案有着重要的临床应用价值。本综述系统总结了CTC分离方法和在肿瘤中的应用, 影响结直肠癌免疫疗效的预后因素, 以及对如何利用CTC检测表征来制定治疗方案, 动态检测疾病进展、判断预后、评价免疫疗效和精准治疗等展开了讨论和展望。

循环肿瘤细胞  /  液体活检  /  免疫治疗  /  结直肠癌  /  精准治疗

After the concept of liquid biopsy was proposed more than a decade ago, it has quickly expanded to the field of circulating tumor cell (CTC). As a novel biomarker, CTC has the advantages of non-invasiveness, sensitivity, and easy operation, which are incomparable with traditional imaging assay and in vivo detection, therefore it has been an increasingly important technology for tumor diagnosis and treatment. In addition to providing genomic analysis, CTC can provide information at the transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenomic levels. Compared with other liquid biopsy methods, CTC detection can provide more complete tumor genetic information and show detailed traces of tumor development. Immunotherapy has the best prognosis for colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability (MSI). The detection of CTC has great clinical application value for the prognosis evaluation of colorectal cancer, personalized medicine and the formulation of immunotherapy plans. This review article systematically summarized the various methods of capturing CTC, the prognostic factors that affect the efficacy of colorectal cancer immunotherapy, and how to use CTC characterization to formulate treatment. Schemes, dynamic detection of disease progression, prognosis, evaluation of immunotherapy efficacy and precise treatment are also discussed and prospected.

circulating tumor cell  /  liquid biopsy  /  immunotherapy  /  colorectal cancer  /  precision therapy
Arabella H WAN, 李佳蕊, 信文君, 万国辉. 循环肿瘤细胞在结直肠癌免疫治疗中的应用前景. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2590 -2600 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0415
Arabella H WAN, Jia-rui LI, Wen-jun XIN, Guo-hui WAN. Application and prospect of circulating tumor cell in colorectal cancer immunotherapy[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2590 -2600 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0415
结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC) 是全球范围内第三位高发恶性肿瘤, 也是致死率第二的癌种[1]。大于90%结直肠癌是由结肠和直肠腺上皮细胞发展而来的腺癌, 其他种类CRC还包括鳞状细胞癌、腺鳞癌、梭型细胞癌和未分化癌[2]。以往CRC多发病于50岁以上且以男性患者居多, 但由于不健康的饮食生活习惯和沉重的生活压力等因素, 近年来CRC发展呈现年轻化趋势。尽管肠镜筛查可以有效地降低死亡风险, 但仍有大量患者初次诊断即为晚期转移性CRC。目前, CRC的治疗主要包括手术切除、化疗和生物免疫治疗。近十几年来, 由于分子靶向技术的高速发展与新药研发上市, CRC治疗方案有了很大的改善, 虽然有效降低了发病率和死亡率[2], 但仍存在部分患者的治疗效果很差, CRC的耐药性和易转移等特点仍是有待解决的重要挑战。
CRC具有显著的基因组不稳定性(genomic instability), 其染色体畸变与基因序列突变的概率大幅度增加, 导致CRC过度增殖与免疫逃逸。CRC细胞基因组的不稳定性主要包括染色体不稳定性(CIN)、微卫星不稳定性(MSI) 和CpG岛甲基化表型(CIMP), 这些特点增加了CRC的治疗难度[2]。除此之外, CRC还存在明显的肿瘤内异质性。APC、TP53、KRAS、BRAF、PIK3CA和SMAD4等是驱动CRC的关键基因[3]。精确检测CRC细胞中上述关键基因的变化有利于预后判断和改善靶向治疗、化疗方面的临床决策。
在过去, 肿瘤学检测的标准做法是对切除的原发肿瘤进行活体组织检查分析, 虽然这对肿瘤的生长、扩散情况等提供了必要的临床信息, 但对原发肿瘤及其相关基质进行活体检测并不能提供实时的肿瘤进展信息, 而且还有可能提供与转移特征有误的相关信息[4]。据报道, 有相当一部分癌症患者在原发肿瘤切除后的随访过程中没有发现肿瘤转移病灶, 但却在5年内发生了转移性复发, 说明这些看似成功治愈的肿瘤患者其实具有隐匿不易检测的微转移或微小残留病灶(MRD)[5]。由此, 科学家们提出对血液或其他体液中的循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells, CTC) 及循环肿瘤DNA (ctDNA) 进行“液体活检”, 用于早期检测原发肿瘤和肿瘤复发的监控、疗效的监控及研究耐药机制和寻找潜在的药物靶点。由于CTC是活的肿瘤细胞, 较其他免疫治疗常用的生物标志物更能安全、实时、全面、动态地反映免疫治疗的效果, 进而揭示发病与转移机制。而且CTC保留着完整的肿瘤信息, 可以支持单细胞测序、全转录组和表观遗传组分析, 为预测免疫疗效提供更为精准的生物标志物和临床信息[5]。因此, 近年来科学家们开发出了多种新的平台来高灵敏地检测不同亚型的CTC, 而CTC在CRC肿瘤研究中的应用价值也正逐步被发掘。
总而言之, CTC的“液体检测”技术在未来CRC的诊断、治疗与随访中至关重要。这篇综述概述了当前热门的CTC分离和检测技术, 并讨论CTC在CRC预防、治疗与预后中的临床价值, 重点对CTC在评价免疫治疗疗效和精准治疗领域的作用进行了系统讨论和展望(图 1)。
1869年, 医生Thomas Ashworth首次在癌症转移的患者血液中发现了CTC, 并于1955年阐明了其与癌症进展和肿瘤转移的临床关系[6]。2007年美国临床肿瘤协会首次将CTC列入肿瘤标志物行列[7]。CTC指与原发肿瘤分离, 进入循环系统或骨髓(BM) 并在其中漂流或聚集的肿瘤细胞, 其分子特征和表型与癌种、肿瘤进展程度、免疫微环境及癌症治疗手段有关。散布在骨髓中的CTC通常被称为散播性肿瘤细胞(disseminating tumor cell, DTC)。大部分癌症患者或根治性治疗后有复发风险的患者血液循环中都存在CTC, 且高CTC评分往往意味着预后更差与转移能力更强[8, 9]。2014年一项研究表明, 在1 944例转移性乳腺癌中991例患者(46.9%) 检测出CTC (每7.5 mL血液中分离出5个), 且其存在与乳腺癌无进展生存期(PFS) 和总生存期(OS) 的降低相关[10]。同样, 在一项包含胃肠道癌临床研究中, CTC的高检出率也意味着患者的疾病进展加剧与化疗效果不佳有关[11]。因此, CTC正成为癌症治疗领域中极具前途的一种新型生物标志物, 对结直肠癌患者的预后监测、治疗实时观测、治疗后随访评估以及提升生存率具有重要的诊断意义。同时CTC的检测与分析也作为研究CRC发生发展与转移的重要医学手段。
过去几年中, CTC在实时液体活检中的运用受到了广泛关注。一方面通过对CTC的分析, 医生可以为结直肠癌患者提供早期诊断, 确立最低疾病量, 以及对早期患者的复发率做评估, 也对患者的潜在转移提供了一种更方便的途径; 另一方面, 由于血液样本比较廉价, 且容易获取, 除了CTC, 血浆和血清也可以作为研究对象, 检测血液样本可以避免侵入性操作, 而且可以重复获取[12]。但是如何用原理不同的方法和各种多样化实验来检测和验证CTC, 仍困扰着整个CTC研究领域。CTC在肿瘤转移患者血液中浓度极低, 数量极少(每毫升6~10个), 而且它们的异质性也影响其细胞表面标志物的分离, 因而给CTC检测分析工作带来了很大的挑战[13, 14]。此外, 离体后的CTC十分脆弱, 容易发生表型变化甚至凋亡, 使得针对CTC的功能研究备受局限[15]。最初的研究主要围绕着逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR) 技术对CTC的上皮标志物, 如EpCAM进行检测[16]。随着免疫治疗的发展, 一些针对CTC的检测手段陆续被开发出来, 其中以“液体活检”手段效果最为突出。“液体活检”具有高度的灵敏性可以实时分离出肿瘤患者隐藏在十几亿普通血液细胞中零星的肿瘤细胞。
生物分离法是使用特定的表面标志物, 根据其免疫亲和力分选细胞的方法。原发肿瘤细胞在进入外周血循环的过程中通常会发生上皮-间质转变(EMT), 按照细胞表型分类可以分为: ①上皮细胞表型: 常见表面标志物为上皮细胞黏附分子(EpCAM)、细胞骨架蛋白成员(pan-CK、CK8、CK18、CK19和CK20)、黏蛋白1 (MUC1); ②间质细胞表型: 常见表面标志物为波形蛋白(VIM); ③上皮间质细胞混合表型; ④干细胞表型[常见表面标志物为(CD44和CD133)[17]和醛脱氢酶1 (ALDH1)[18]。根据特定CTC表面标志物可以采用亲和性富集法进行分离(图 2)。
唯一经过FDA批准的杨森诊断公司的CellSearch系统是CTC检测的黄金标准, 它可以捕捉到具有特定EpCAM高度表达的CTC。随后, MagSweeper系统则引入了EpCAM修饰的免疫磁珠, 该磁珠适用于低至中度EpCAM表达的CTC分离[19]。随着CTC分离效率的提高, CTC样本质量也逐渐提高。2010年麻省总医院癌症研究中心的Stott教授等[20]设计研发出一种“人字形CTC芯片(HB-Chip)”, 该芯片通过产生微涡流来促进CTC与EpCAM抗体包被的芯片表面之间的相互作用, 从而能够灵敏并快速地分离CTC。但该方法分离得到的CTC无法进行下一步的体外培养。因此, 2013年第三代CTC分离平台CTC-iChip系统被开发出来。该平台首先利用流体力学手段去除最小的血液组分, 然后以正选法清除淋巴细胞, 最后剩余细胞即为CTC。该平台成功将生物分离和物理分离结合起来, 并且能够以107个细胞/秒的速度从全血中分选出稀有的CTC[21]
物理分离方法是基于CTC的物理特性, 诸如尺寸(微滤器)、膜电荷(电泳) 和密度(密度梯度离心) 等对CTC进行分离。这些物理特性的组合与一些特定平台结合, 如微流控技术, 能够显示出捕捉CTC的巨大潜力。而这些方法分离CTC大多数都不需要特定的表面标记, 虽然在原理上很简单, 但这些技术必须依赖先进的材料或辅助性手段来取得良好的分离效果[19]。比如AccuCyte系统利用的是CTC特定密度, 能将白细胞和血小板完全分离。分离后的CTC被CyteFinder系统识别和表征, 其获得CTC计数的能力优于CellSearch系统, 而CTC平均回收率也高达90%以上[22]。具体常见的分离CTC方法总结如下(表 1)[21-29]
越来越多的证据表明, 炎症标志物如血细胞比率, 包括白细胞计数和CTC检出率在CRC患者的预后和生存中发挥着重要作用[30]。这些细胞生物标志物可以在常规的血液检查中进行评估, 并用于识别高风险患者或有可能从化疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗中获益的患者。目前, CTC的分析可以为CRC的早期诊断提供有用信息, 如识别最小残余疾病量和评估早期CRC患者的复发风险等, 下面列举CTC在临床上的应用(图 3)。
CTC在外周血中的识别是基于上皮细胞表面标志物的表达水平或物理特征。CTC的出现表明了疾病的活跃度、肿瘤细胞增殖和转移能力。随后CTC可以提供基因组分析, 提供肿瘤生物学方面的信息及实时监测疗效[31]。常用于CTC分析的CRC表面标志物总结如下, 其中CRC干细胞表面常用的细胞标志物包括有CD133、CD44、beta-catenin蛋白和EpCAM等(图 4)。
有大量的研究表明, CTC的数量和生物学特征具有重要的临床预后价值(图 5)。如富含EpCAM的CTC可以作为多种癌症中一种可靠的预后工具。由于CTC具备RNA测序能力, 其提供的转录组信息包括表观遗传组信息, 对鉴定和预测该肿瘤的生物特性和发展状态具有重大的临床意义。目前, 针对单个CTC细胞进行的RNA测序检测已被多个医疗机构用于分析预后的显著性、肿瘤的转移性及药品靶点和抗药性机制研究[32]。一项研究发现, 转移性结直肠癌患者在切除肝转移肿瘤前后治疗的1个月内, 其CTC计数(每7.5 mL中多于3个, 即≥ 3/7.5 mL) 是该患者不良OS的独立预后因素[33]。手术前后高负荷CTC在预测复发和转移方面也有显著相关性[34]。针对切除肝转移的CRC患者中, 发现术前CTC分析呈阳性(≥ 2/7.5 mL), 即使是手术完全切除, 患者的PFS和OS的指标呈现更差[35]。而在非转移性CRC患者中, 术后CTC水平和术前肿瘤生物标志物CA125水平与肿瘤复发呈现显著相关[36]。间质型CTC与总CTC的比率可以评估CRC患者的预后和转移[37]。有研究报道, CTC的染色体变异与肿瘤组织染色体变异及相应的转移阶段存在一致性, CTC的分子特征可以用来评估CRC复发和转移状态[38]。如间质型CTC常出现在转移性CRC患者中, CTC上高表达EMT相关基因Akt-2的患者预后较差[39]。一项研究73例CRC患者不同表型CTC中环氧合酶-2 (COX-2) 的表达与间质型CTC和转移性密切相关, 表明了间质型CTC (COX-2阳性) 具有早期检测转移和评估预后的潜力[40]
免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICI) 是近年来抗肿瘤免疫治疗的重点之一。常用的免疫检查点包括细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白质4 (CTLA-4) 及其抑制剂、程序性细胞死亡蛋白1 (PD-1) 及其抑制剂及T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白3 (TIM3) 抑制剂[41]。其中以PD-1/PD-L1通路抑制剂研究最为深入, 肿瘤细胞利用自身诱导PD-L1异常表达来保护自身免受机体免疫反应的影响。逻辑上说, 通过阻断CTC上的免疫检查点, 可以激活自身免疫系统来消除血液循环中的CTC, 这为减少恶性肿瘤的复发和转移提供了一个新的途径[42]。另外, 肿瘤细胞也会上调CD47, 一个可以与调节蛋白α (SIRPα) 结合, 从而向巨噬细胞传递抑制性信号并抑制吞噬作用的受体蛋白, 可以作为CTC上一个“不要吃我”的信号逃避免疫杀伤[43]。因此, 2019年一项研究开展了同时抑制PD-L1和CD47双检查点, 阻断“不要找到我”信号和“不要吃我”信号, 结果发现阻断双检查点可以更高效地阻断CTC的转移[44]
另外一个检查点TIM3在多种免疫细胞和白血病干细胞表面均有表达, 作为T细胞抑制受体并阻碍免疫治疗的进展。在癌症中, TIM3高表达标志着免疫失调与T细胞耗竭, 阻断TIM3可以有效增强免疫治疗的效果[45]。CTLA-4是一种白细胞分化抗原, 与CD28分子具有高度的同源性, 与其受体结合后可向T细胞传递抑制信号[46]。有研究在分析了10名肺癌患者组织样本和血液中74种生物标志物与CTC的关系后发现, CTC数目与CTLA4、TIM3、PD-1之间存在强关联性[47]。但是CTLA4、TIM3等其他更多免疫检查点与CTC的关系及相互作用机制有待进一步的研究。
在过去治疗难治性实体瘤如黑色素瘤和肺癌中发现, 高肿瘤突变负荷(TMB) 已经成为多种癌症免疫治疗反应性一个重要的标志[48, 49]。在结直肠癌中, 根据突变模式, 可分为MSI型(每106个DNA碱基 > 12个突变) 和MSS型(每106个DNA碱基 < 8.24个突变)。DNA错配修复(MMR) 功能则可以通过检测MMR蛋白MLH1 (MutL homolog 1)、MSH2 (MutS homolog 2)、MSH6 (MutS homolog 6) 或PMS2 (PMS1 homolog 2) 的表达量来判断。临床研究发现, MSI型CRC存在大量浸润的免疫细胞, 包括CD8+肿瘤浸润淋巴T细胞(TILs)、T helper 1细胞和M1型巨噬细胞; 与MSS型CRC相比, MSI型CRC的肿瘤微环境中还检测到丰富的干扰素γ (IFN-γ) 信号。从疾病进展程度分析, 转移性结直肠癌(mCRC) 患者的预后普遍较差, 但由MSI型CRC发展而来的晚期mCRC患者(仅占所有mCRC的2%~4%) 体内的PD-1、PD-L1和CLAT-4蛋白表达量显著上调, 这些现象预示这些患者可能对ICI疗法反应良好[50]。因此, 在2017年美国FDA批准ICI用于治疗MSI型CRC患者。而与MSI型患者不同, 单独的ICI治疗在占绝大多数MSS型mCRC患者中并没有显示出临床效益, 这可能是由于低TMB和缺乏浸润的效应免疫细胞从而产生免疫抵抗, 肿瘤微环境对免疫细胞的招募能力应该是免疫治疗效果的根本保证[51, 52]
PD-1抑制剂和其他免疫检查点分子(如CTLA-4) 的抑制剂联合治疗可能对一小部分MSS型CRC患者有益, 但大多数MSS型患者仍需要联合其他治疗方法进行治疗[53]。通常有几种联合治疗的思路, 包括MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) 抑制剂和PD-1抑制剂联合疗法、双特异性抗体治疗、化疗和抗血管新生联合治疗、免疫治疗和放疗联合治疗[54]。研究发现, RAS-MAPK通路的激活不仅对肿瘤细胞有直接的促增殖作用, 还与T细胞向肿瘤浸润程度的减少有关, 相反, 抑制MEK这条通路的下游效应, 可以诱导依赖IFN-γ的HLA (human leukocyte antigen) 和PD-L1表达上调, 从而增强PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的抗肿瘤活性[55, 56]。正在进行的针对MSS型CRC患者的免疫治疗和靶向治疗相结合的研究包括了联合cobimetinib、nivolumab和ipilimumab治疗的Ⅱ期临床研究和另一项联合cobimetinib、atezolizumab和贝伐珠单抗治疗的Ib期临床研究, 相信联合治疗这个思路在不久后将会在临床上得到大量应用。
双特异性抗体是一类新型的工程抗体, 具有与两个不同靶点结合的能力。CEA-TCB是一个T细胞双特异性抗体, 能同时结合癌胚抗原(CEA) 和T细胞表面的CD3从而交联肿瘤细胞和T细胞, 引导T细胞的参与和特异性识别肿瘤细胞, 增强T细胞的浸润能力和肿瘤炎症反应[57, 58]。CEA-TCB是第一种在实体瘤特别是MSS型CRC患者中显示出疗效的T细胞双特异性抗体, 目前仍处于临床Ⅰ期试验。有研究表明, 肿瘤化疗后对检查点阻断疗法敏感, 因此免疫治疗联合化疗也是一个思路[59]。在一项黑色素瘤患者治疗中发现, 抗血管生成的药物(贝伐珠单抗) 具有明显的免疫调节作用, 和单独给药ipilimumab相比, 联合贝伐珠单抗可以增加CD8+ T细胞向肿瘤的浸润[60]。因此, 阿特佐利单抗(atezolizumab) 联合贝伐株单抗和化疗正在难治性MSS型CRC患者中进行临床试验, 结果发现, 14例MSS型CRC患者在接受atezolizumab加贝伐珠单抗治疗后, 1例(7%) 有临床反应, 9例(64%) 病情稳定。随后的相关性分析显示, 经过化疗后, 无论是否给予atezolizumab和贝伐珠单抗治疗, 肿瘤中CD8+ T细胞浸润和PD-L1表达均增加[61]。另外, 放疗辐射会对肿瘤细胞造成DNA损伤, 产生新抗原库, 从而增强对T细胞识别的免疫原性[62]。之前有报道, pembrolizumab联合射频消融术或体外照射治疗CRC患者的临床研究, 22例接受体外照射的患者中, 1例有反应, 但接受射频消融的患者无反应。另外, CTLA-4和PD-L1的双重免疫检查点阻断疗法联合放疗或射频消融术目前正在研究中[30]。将来, 针对增强MSS型CRC患者的免疫疗法还需深入研究。
PD-1抑制剂在MSI型CRC患者中获得持久反应的结果, 成功预示着治疗mCRC型患者新时代的到来。然而, 除了MSI基因型作为临床验证过的mCRC免疫治疗的生物标志物, 研究者迫切需要更多的生物标志物来预示mCRC免疫治疗反应。而CTC作为治愈性治疗后残留疾病的重要标志物, 它的增加或新克隆的出现均与MSS型mCRC患者随后的疾病进展有关[63, 64]。目前, 已有多项研究在评估强化辅助治疗对根治性治疗后CTC阳性患者的作用、在早期治疗反应评估中的作用及在指导全身治疗中的作用[30]。因此, 结合CTC对于免疫治疗生物标志物的检测, 一方面能够很好地解决活体检测遇到的难题; 另一方面由于组织取样灵活而且能够多次无创取样, CTC能够辅助免疫治疗伴随的诊断和作为生物标志物提供预后评估和免疫疗效监测(图 6)。
PD-L1是T细胞表面的共抑制受体, 也在多种CTCs上高表达。PD-L1在肿瘤细胞(肿瘤比例评分, TPS) 和CD8+ T细胞浸润(肿瘤浸润免疫细胞, IC) 或两者(组合阳性评分, CPS) 上的表达已被确定作为对ICI反应的潜在预测因子。此外, 已经开发了几种PD-L1抗体用于免疫组织化学染色, PD-L1的表达模式可以根据所用抗体和病理医生的检测判断而变化[65]。在一项临床研究KEYNOTE-016中, 膜表面PD-L1的表达仅发生在基因配对修复缺陷(dMMR) 癌症患者中, 并且在肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞和位于肿瘤侵袭前沿的肿瘤浸润巨噬细胞上表达显著[66]。但是, 膜表面PD-L1的表达在结直肠癌患者中尚未确定为有效的生物标志物。2017年一项研究开发了工程化释放PD-L1抗体的血小板, 其能有效靶向和攻击小鼠体内的CTC[67]。虽然目前PD-L1的表达作为预测免疫疗法最成熟的生物标志物, 但仅分析PD-L1的表达并不足以对患者肿瘤进展进行精准分析与预测。为了评估肿瘤中的PD-L1表达, 组织PD-L1活检是一种常见的方法[68]。然而, 这使患者面临着并发症和检测延迟的风险。而有限的样本可能不足以代表整个肿瘤的异质性。在这种情况下, PD-L1在CTC上的表达检测可以克服肿瘤组织PD-L1活检的缺点。在胃肠道肿瘤中, 高表达PD-L1的CTC可以认为是一个预测因素, 因此PD-L1的表达量被临床上判断作为筛选患者进行PD-1/PD-L1阻断疗法的一个预测因素, 而测量CTC上PD-L1动态的变化同时可以监测ICI治疗的响应效果[69, 70]。CTC的检测目前被应用于对免疫治疗进行指导, 通过检测CTC表面的分子特征, 科学家们可以进一步揭示个体有效的治疗靶点如PD-L1, 从而对患者进行个性化治疗[71]
TMB可导致肿瘤产生许多新抗原, 增加T细胞反应性和不同肿瘤类型对免疫检查点抑制剂的反应性[72, 73]。基于预处理患者免疫治疗反应率的提高, FDA最终批准了单药派姆单抗用于每一百万个碱基中TMB大于10个的所有实体瘤类型[74-77]。有研究表明, 在52例结直肠癌患者中, CTC与原发肿瘤存在5.77% KRAS (KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase)、3.85% BRAF (B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase) 的突变不一致, 但其余肿瘤突变负荷CTC与原发肿瘤存在显著相关, 因此, 检测CTC可以有效地预测患者TMB状态[78]。在接受双重免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的早期结肠癌患者中, 尽管治疗前肿瘤细胞TMB较低, 但在基因配对修复完善型(pMMR) 肿瘤中观察到了免疫反应, 并且TMB在pMMR反应者和非反应者之间并没有差异[79]。虽然高TMB是许多实体瘤中免疫检查点抑制剂的重要指征, 但它似乎并不能准确预测结直肠癌患者的反应[80]。最近针对中国结直肠癌患者全外显子测序的研究表明, TMB可以作为一个有效的生物标志物来表征免疫治疗临床获益[81, 82]。利用单细胞测序与基因组测序能有效地评估结直肠癌患者CTC的TMB状态[83, 84]。目前, 利用CTC评估免疫检查点抑制剂单独使用或与其他药物联合治疗TMB高的结直肠癌的研究正在进行中, 相信不久会得到更多的临床数据证明。
POLE是具有校对活性的外切核酸酶, 其种系突变与结肠息肉病和结直肠癌的易感性有关[85]。有研究证明, 在脑胶质瘤CTC簇中能检测出POLE的突变[86]。体细胞POLE上校对域突变导致基因组上插入缺失、错义突变和无义突变的积累, 从而导致肿瘤pMMR/MSS具有高TMB (范围为每100万碱基出现50~200个突变)[87]。POLE的突变与结直肠癌免疫治疗响应性存在明显的相关性[88, 89], 而对mCRC患者检测CTC中突变等位基因(包括POLE) 可以对药物治疗反应进行评估和预判[90]。导致校对缺陷的POLE突变主要是错义突变[91], 并且免疫治疗临床研究调查了在具有外切核酸酶域POLE突变的肿瘤患者的Ⅱ期单臂队列中PD-1的阻断与纳武单抗的疗效和耐受性相关。欧洲肿瘤医学会(ESMO) 2020上公布的初步结果表明, 在具有致病性edPOLE突变(P286R、N363K、V411L) 的患者中, ORR为50% (n = 3/6)。因此, 直接从CTC上检测POLE的突变可以作为结直肠癌对免疫检查点抑制剂反应的有效的生物标志物, 也提供了更为便捷的非侵入式检测方法。
CTC研究在过去十几年为癌症检测打开了新的大门, 对肿瘤个性化治疗具有重要的临床意义。目前, CTC作为一种药物引起癌症变异的生物标记, 其分子特性可以提供额外的信息。比如通过单细胞测序分析CTC能够提供患者之间的异质性, 能够进一步阐明患者耐药的分子机制。相对于其他液体活检而言, CTC的转录分析能给对不同器官土壤下肿瘤克隆的侵袭性进行深入的探讨, 结合蛋白组学和转基因小鼠, 为建立CTC的后续研究提供了一个连接临床的平台。另外, 临床试验协会比如美国的BLOODPAC和欧洲的CANCER-ID对越来越多的CTC临床应用开展了预分析和建立了分析标准, 而且对标准操作的规范化进行广泛的校正, 也针对CTC质量控制和稳定性开发一些合适的材料。相信在不久的将来, CTC可以作为连接临床和基础的桥梁, 为抗肿瘤药物开发提供一个标准化的平台。
作者贡献: WAN Arabella H.负责执笔、构思作图; 李佳蕊负责作图和调研文献; 信文君、万国辉指导、修改和审校。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82122069)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073869)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2021B1515020004)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2019A050510019)
  • 广州市科技计划项目-基础与应用基础研究项目(202002020051)
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2022年第57卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0415
  • 接收时间:2022-04-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-09
  • 修回日期:2022-05-05
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82122069)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073869)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2021B1515020004)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2019A050510019)
广州市科技计划项目-基础与应用基础研究项目(202002020051)
作者信息
    1.中山大学中山医学院, 广东 广州 510080
    2.中山大学附属第一医院, 广东 广州 510080
    3.中山大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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