Article(id=1210516640278647688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0516, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1651161600000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-29, revisedDate=1654012800000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539257353, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1662912000000, pubDateStr=2022-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539257353, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539257353, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539257353, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516638089212895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='2888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539256832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539546411, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2654, endPage=2661, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516641125897124, articleId=1210516640278647688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Recent progress of nanoparticle-enabled modulation of macrophages for cancer immunotherapy, columnId=1210516639267812321, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Therapeutic interventions and strategies for cancer immunotherapy, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Macrophages play an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the body, and they are also one of the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). These macrophages are often called tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which play an important role in the development of tumor and are an important target for tumor therapy. Studies have shown that tumor growth and metastasis can be inhibited by regulating the function of macrophages, but the therapeutic efficacy was often hampered by the poor performance of the drugs such as lack of targeting, poor solubility, low bioavailability, and severe side effects. After introduction of the background of macrophage and tumor therapy, this review focuses on the research progress of nano-drug delivery systems in the modulation of the function of macrophages to enhance tumor immunotherapy. Nano-drug delivery systems are diverse in structures and functions, and can regulate macrophage functions through a variety of mechanisms. Four important aspects of macrophage modulation, which included TAMs depletion, repolarization of TAMs, promoted phagocytosis of TAMs, and combinational modulation of TAMs were summarized. Each strategy together with typical examples was reviewed and future directions in this field were also prospected.

, correspAuthors=Jin-zhi DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing-lan FENG, Kai YANG, Jia-run HU, Yun-he SU, Rui-tong LUO, Yu-dong PAN, Jia-qi LUO, Jing-yang ZHANG, Jin-zhi DU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516643185300443, articleId=1210516640278647688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=纳米药物调控巨噬细胞增强肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展, columnId=1210516639397835747, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道:靶向肿瘤免疫治疗策略与药物干预, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

巨噬细胞在维持机体稳态过程中起着重要作用。巨噬细胞是肿瘤微环境中最丰富的免疫细胞之一, 通常被称作肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages, TAMs), 其在肿瘤发生发展过程中发挥重要作用, 也是肿瘤治疗的重要靶点。研究表明, 通过调控巨噬细胞功能可实现抑制肿瘤生长、转移等, 但其治疗药物往往存在缺乏靶向性、溶解度较差、生物利用度低、不良反应大等问题。本文在介绍巨噬细胞与肿瘤治疗相关背景的基础上, 重点关注纳米药物递送系统在调控巨噬细胞功能增强肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展。纳米药物递送系统结构丰富、功能多样, 可通过多种途径调控巨噬细胞功能, 提高抗肿瘤治疗效果。本文将分别从靶向清除TAMs、重极化TAMs、促进TAMs吞噬, 以及联合调控TAMs功能等方面, 综述近年来基于纳米药物递送系统的调控策略及典型例子, 同时对这一领域的未来研究方向进行了展望。

, correspAuthors=杜金志, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杜金志, Tel: 86-20-39380967, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Il9pM7xzLgrjzO6wEgvupw==, magXml=mVvzXxjFYfNg/FxmRCqKLA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=6cJeNdPAFie2GTEY0Gqnlg==, pdfFileSize=18432114, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=9aLyL4O0E+GRpWMJGWsR0w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=jildgbigKdvGFGZex3CAWA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=冯靖澜, 杨凯, 胡家润, 苏耘禾, 罗锐童, 潘昱东, 罗佳琪, 张京扬, 杜金志)}, authors=[Author(id=1210516643650867201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516640278647688, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1210516643734753288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516640278647688, authorId=1210516643650867201, language=EN, stringName=Jing-lan FENG, firstName=Jing-lan, middleName=null, lastName=FENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 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Adapted from Ref. 11 with permission. Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society , figureFileSmall=fntIhwlEvXwFF0IFZywwJg==, figureFileBig=7LOWfY8m3igeep/NFhIT1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516649778745780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516640278647688, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Sb62bJNrIxRs0rTPDyGT8g==, figureFileBig=k/becwn3gV0s1s8rBvXiYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516649925546439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516640278647688, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Transforming TAMs into tumoricidal cells using mRNA nanoparticles. An injectable nanocarrier was developed to deliver <i>in vitro</i>-transcribed mRNA encoding M1-polarizing transcription factors as a method to rationally reprogram TAMs for therapeutic purposes without causing systemic toxicity. Illustrated is the first planned clinical application, designed to treat ovarian cancer patients with repeated intraperitoneal infusions of mRNA nanoparticles. Adapted from Ref. 16 with permission. 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纳米药物调控巨噬细胞增强肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展
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冯靖澜 1 , 杨凯 1 , 胡家润 1 , 苏耘禾 1 , 罗锐童 1 , 潘昱东 1 , 罗佳琪 2 , 张京扬 1 , 杜金志 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道:靶向肿瘤免疫治疗策略与药物干预 2022,57(9): 2654-2661
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药学学报 | 专题报道:靶向肿瘤免疫治疗策略与药物干预 2022, 57(9): 2654-2661
纳米药物调控巨噬细胞增强肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展
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冯靖澜1, 杨凯1, 胡家润1, 苏耘禾1, 罗锐童1, 潘昱东1, 罗佳琪2, 张京扬1, 杜金志2, *
作者信息
  • 1.华南理工大学生物医学科学与工程学院, 广东 广州 511442
  • 2.华南理工大学医学院, 广东 广州 510006

通讯作者:

*杜金志, Tel: 86-20-39380967, E-mail:
Recent progress of nanoparticle-enabled modulation of macrophages for cancer immunotherapy
Jing-lan FENG1, Kai YANG1, Jia-run HU1, Yun-he SU1, Rui-tong LUO1, Yu-dong PAN1, Jia-qi LUO2, Jing-yang ZHANG1, Jin-zhi DU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, China
  • 2. School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
出版时间: 2022-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0516
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巨噬细胞在维持机体稳态过程中起着重要作用。巨噬细胞是肿瘤微环境中最丰富的免疫细胞之一, 通常被称作肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages, TAMs), 其在肿瘤发生发展过程中发挥重要作用, 也是肿瘤治疗的重要靶点。研究表明, 通过调控巨噬细胞功能可实现抑制肿瘤生长、转移等, 但其治疗药物往往存在缺乏靶向性、溶解度较差、生物利用度低、不良反应大等问题。本文在介绍巨噬细胞与肿瘤治疗相关背景的基础上, 重点关注纳米药物递送系统在调控巨噬细胞功能增强肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展。纳米药物递送系统结构丰富、功能多样, 可通过多种途径调控巨噬细胞功能, 提高抗肿瘤治疗效果。本文将分别从靶向清除TAMs、重极化TAMs、促进TAMs吞噬, 以及联合调控TAMs功能等方面, 综述近年来基于纳米药物递送系统的调控策略及典型例子, 同时对这一领域的未来研究方向进行了展望。

纳米粒  /  药物载体  /  巨噬细胞  /  肿瘤治疗  /  吞噬作用

Macrophages play an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the body, and they are also one of the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). These macrophages are often called tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which play an important role in the development of tumor and are an important target for tumor therapy. Studies have shown that tumor growth and metastasis can be inhibited by regulating the function of macrophages, but the therapeutic efficacy was often hampered by the poor performance of the drugs such as lack of targeting, poor solubility, low bioavailability, and severe side effects. After introduction of the background of macrophage and tumor therapy, this review focuses on the research progress of nano-drug delivery systems in the modulation of the function of macrophages to enhance tumor immunotherapy. Nano-drug delivery systems are diverse in structures and functions, and can regulate macrophage functions through a variety of mechanisms. Four important aspects of macrophage modulation, which included TAMs depletion, repolarization of TAMs, promoted phagocytosis of TAMs, and combinational modulation of TAMs were summarized. Each strategy together with typical examples was reviewed and future directions in this field were also prospected.

nanoparticle  /  drug carrier  /  macrophage  /  cancer therapy  /  phagocytosis
冯靖澜, 杨凯, 胡家润, 苏耘禾, 罗锐童, 潘昱东, 罗佳琪, 张京扬, 杜金志. 纳米药物调控巨噬细胞增强肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2654 -2661 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0516
Jing-lan FENG, Kai YANG, Jia-run HU, Yun-he SU, Rui-tong LUO, Yu-dong PAN, Jia-qi LUO, Jing-yang ZHANG, Jin-zhi DU. Recent progress of nanoparticle-enabled modulation of macrophages for cancer immunotherapy[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2654 -2661 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0516
癌症进展由肿瘤细胞及其所在的微环境共同决定。TME除了肿瘤细胞外, 还包括肿瘤细胞以外的其他细胞和非细胞成分, 包括血管、免疫细胞、成纤维细胞和细胞外基质等[1]。肿瘤和周围环境不断进行交互作用, 可通过释放细胞因子、各种信号分子等促进肿瘤的血管生成和诱导免疫耐受, 而微环境中的免疫细胞也可影响肿瘤细胞的生长和发育。其中, 浸润性和组织驻留巨噬细胞构成肿瘤微环境的主要细胞群, 称为肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages, TAMs), 可占某些实体瘤的50%[2]。TAMs可分泌诸如血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)、肿瘤生长因子β (tumor growth factor β, TGF-β)、白介素8 (interleukin 8, IL-8) 和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor, bFGF) 等直接促进肿瘤细胞浸润和转移的细胞因子及生长因子[3]。巨噬细胞在人体内参与非特异性免疫与特异性免疫, 其主要功能是吞噬细胞残片及病原体, 并激活其他免疫细胞。研究表明[4], 巨噬细胞在肿瘤的发生和转移中起着重要作用。
巨噬细胞主要分为2个亚型: 经典激活型或促炎的M1亚型和选择性激活型或抗炎的M2亚型巨噬细胞[5]。这些不同表型通过不同的刺激被激活, 表达不同的细胞标记物, 执行不同功能。促炎M1型巨噬细胞可吞噬肿瘤细胞。在癌症早期, TME中的M1型巨噬细胞会启动炎症和抗肿瘤反应, 表达高水平促炎细胞因子, 如干扰素γ (interferon gamma, IFN-γ) 和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α), 直接杀死癌细胞, 并具有激活适应性免疫系统的能力, 这也使得M1型巨噬细胞对于肿瘤治疗十分重要[6]。然而在肿瘤发展过程中, TME中会释放出一些因子使得M1型巨噬细胞极化为M2型巨噬细胞[6], 其特征是表达包括IL-10在内的抗炎细胞因子, 表现出促血管生成和促纤维化特性, 成为一种免疫抑制型巨噬细胞[6], 引起免疫抑制的TME, 并积极参与肿瘤的转移[7]。TAMs大多数为抗炎的M2亚型, 可促进肿瘤的生长和侵袭。
因此, 巨噬细胞已成为肿瘤治疗的重要靶点之一。然而, 传统靶向巨噬细胞疗法中, 所使用的小分子药物存在缺乏靶向性、易被体内清除而造成生物利用度低等问题, 高剂量使用易造成不良反应[8]。特别是在靶向脑部肿瘤治疗时, 传统化疗药物较差的血脑屏障透过性极大地限制了裸药递送的应用范围与生物安全性[9]。近年来, 纳米药物递送系统在肿瘤治疗领域展现出独特优势, 包括提高药物溶解度、改善药物组织分布, 从而提高药物利用度、降低不良反应等。另外, 纳米载体具有多功能化修饰的优势, 可更好地实现靶向递送。目前, 纳米药物递送系统在调控巨噬细胞功能方面也引起了广泛关注和研究兴趣。本文将重点总结近期纳米药物递送系统调控TAMs的4种策略及典型进展, 包括: ①清除TAMs; ②重极化TAMs; ③促进吞噬作用; ④联合调控TAMs功能(图 1)。
由于TAMs在促进肿瘤进展过程中发挥了重要作用, 研究者最直接的策略是发展策略清除肿瘤组织中的TAMs, 从而达到抑制肿瘤进展的目的。多种小分子抑制剂或生物大分子被证明具有清除TAMs的功能, 但其到达肿瘤组织的效率有待提高。纳米药物载体系统可提高药物的生物利用度, 因此, 发展合适的纳米药物递送载体有望实现更高效的TAMs清除效率[10]
集落刺激因子-1 (colony stimulating factor 1, CSF-1) 及其受体CSF-1R (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor) 被认为是维持TAMs生存和功能的主要信号通路。BLZ-945是一种疏水性小分子, 是高度选择性的CSF-1R抑制剂, 可显著降低肿瘤局部巨噬细胞的丰度, 促进细胞毒性T细胞(CD8+ T细胞) 浸润[11]。但研究表明, 单纯给予BLZ-945仅显示出轻微的肿瘤生长抑制效果[12]
为达到更好地抑制肿瘤生长的治疗目的, 王均教授团队[11]在前期开发的肿瘤酸度超敏感的“集束化”纳米载体(sensitive cluster nanoparticles, SCNs) 上同时负载BLZ-945和顺铂前药, 形成一种免疫刺激性的纳米载体(称为BLZ-945SCNs/Pt)。在BLZ-945SCNs/Pt中, BLZ-945被物理包裹在疏水结构域中, 而顺铂前药则以共价方式连接到粒子上。在酸性TME中, BLZ-945SCNs/Pt可瞬间解体为小尺寸纳米粒(nanoparticles, NPs), 并将BLZ-945和顺铂前药分别递送到TAMs和肿瘤细胞, 释放的BLZ-945优先被血管周围的TAMs摄取, 从而实现TAMs清除, 而携带顺铂前药的小颗粒则能渗透到肿瘤深部并在肿瘤细胞内释放顺铂, 实现肿瘤化疗和免疫治疗的联合(图 2)。
Zhan等[13]研发了一种双膦酸葡甘聚糖结合物(Bletilla striata conjugated alendronate, ALN-BSP), 由白芨多糖(Bletilla striata polysaccharide, BSP, 一种能靶向结合巨噬细胞表面高表达的甘露糖受体的葡甘聚糖) 与体外具有巨噬细胞抑制活性的双膦酸类化合物阿仑磷酸(alendronic acid, ALN) 进行偶联, 可有效靶向并特异性清除肿瘤微环境中的TAMs。在体外和体内实验中, ALN-BSP可优先在巨噬细胞中蓄积并诱导其凋亡。在皮下S180荷瘤小鼠模型中, ALN-BSP治疗有效清除了TAMs, 显著抑制血管生成, 恢复了局部免疫监视, 并最终抑制了肿瘤生长。
此外, 抗癌化疗药物如多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 和表柔比星(epirubicin, EPI) 也可用于清除TAMs。Zhou等[14]合成了唾液酸-胆固醇偶联物(sialic acid-cholesterol, SA-CH), 通过在包载EPI的脂质体(EPI-SAL) 表面修饰SA-CH用于EPI的递送。在TAMs表面高表达唾液酸结合免疫球蛋白样凝集素1 (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 1, Siglec1) 受体, 因此SA-CH修饰的脂质体可很好地将所携带的药物靶向递送到TAMs, 并有效清除TME中的TAMs。
在TME中, TAMs在肿瘤浸润免疫细胞中的占比最大[15]。TAMs通常会加速未经治疗条件下肿瘤的发展, 影响包括免疫检查点阻断疗法在内的抗癌药物的疗效, 且其数量的增加与较差的预后有关。TAMs有2种表型, 即促进肿瘤生长的M2表型和抑制肿瘤生长的M1型。大多数TAMs在肿瘤中表现为M2表型, 而此类TAMs与肿瘤的形成、侵袭、转移、免疫抑制等相关[16]。因此, TAMs的重极化是肿瘤治疗的重要策略。
研究表明, IL-12、IFN-γ、Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLR) 激动剂和CD40激动剂等都可诱导TAMs重极化[16]。这些利用小分子阻断TAMs表面受体、酪氨酸激酶或其他通路的方法已成为实现TAMs重极化的重要方向[17]。Weissleder课题组[15]开发了一种单细胞高内涵筛选方法, 通过表征TAMs不同表型的差异评估小分子极化TAMs的能力。在对不同药物进行形态测定分析后发现, TLR7/8激动剂的极化效果最好, 其中瑞喹莫德(requimod, R848) 表现最高效的TAMs表型转化能力。然而, 游离R848单独作用在小鼠体内实验中的抗肿瘤效果不佳[15]。由于其作为免疫调节剂, 可激活广泛的细胞类型, 意味着R848与剂量限制的不良反应和全身毒性有关, 如患者长期接受此类治疗, 将导致高毒性。所以, 在体内优先将此类小分子药物递送给肿瘤区域TAMs显得尤为重要。封装在纳米制剂中的药物可在体内更有效地输送到TAMs。利用R848与环糊精可形成包合物的特点, 研究者开发了一类纳米递送系统CDNP-R848用于R848的体内递送[15]。从体内抑制肿瘤生长的结果可看到, CDNP-R848比游离R848抑瘤效果更为显著, 且可有效延长小鼠生存期。
此外, 高分子NPs[18]等也被用于递送R848。然而这些材料包载递送R848多面临载药量不高、存在药物暴释等现象[15]。因此, 寻找一种高载药量的纳米载体成为解决问题的关键。本课题组使用N, N-二乙基乙二胺(N, N-diethylethylenediamine, DEEA) 对第四代聚酰胺-胺树枝状分子(polyamide amine, PAMAM) 进行修饰, 合成一种新的PAMAM衍生物G4-DEEA作为R848的递送载体[19]。与以往研究中许多纳米制剂对R848的负载能力通常在10 wt%左右或以下相比, G4-DEEA的R848负载能力可高达35.9 wt%[19]。在肿瘤治疗上, 相较于游离R848, 使用G4-DEEA负载R848具有更好的肿瘤杀伤能力, 显著延长了荷瘤小鼠的生存期。
体外转录(in vitro transcription, IVT) mRNA作为一种可直接将遗传信息传递到现有细胞的潜在新药, 近年来颇受关注[20]。这种合成药物在结构上类似于天然mRNA, 可被设计成特定的序列, 诱导特定蛋白质暂时地在体内表达。IVT mRNA易于开发, 生产成本低廉, 可满足生产需要[21]。Zhang等[16]开发了一种可注射IVT mRNA药物的策略, 利用干扰素调节因子5 (interferon regulatory factor 5, IRF5) 和IKKβ (一种磷酸化并激活IRF537的激酶) 的共表达使TAMs成为抗肿瘤巨噬细胞, 在不破坏免疫稳态或引起系统性毒性的情况下, 可大大减少黑素瘤、肺转移瘤或胶质母细胞瘤的进展, 在一些动物模型中, 甚至可清除疾病(图 3)。基因表达研究显示, 转染IRF5/IKKβ mRNA NPs的巨噬细胞显示出与炎症性巨噬细胞相似的基因表达谱, 与对照组相比, IRF5/IKKβ NPs处理的小鼠肿瘤病灶中M2型巨噬细胞密度显著降低, 具有明显M1型转录谱的炎症髓样细胞数量增加[16]。除了IRF5, IRF家族的其他亚型也有重极化功能。研究表明[22], IRF1、IRF5和IRF8能促进巨噬细胞向M1表型的极化。
通常情况下, 吞噬细胞对肿瘤细胞的吞噬作用是由一组促吞噬的“吃我”信号和抗吞噬“别吃我”信号调控的。一方面, 肿瘤细胞表达的“吃我”信号包括肿瘤相关抗原、钙网蛋白(calreticulin, CALR) 和信号淋巴细胞激活分子家族成员7 (signal lymphocyte activating molecule family member 7, SLAMF7) 等[23-25]。另一方面, 肿瘤细胞逃避吞噬依赖于“别吃我”信号的表达, 如CD47、程序性细胞死亡配体1 (programmed death ligand 1, PD-L1) 等, 抑制吞噬细胞对肿瘤细胞的清除作用[26-29]。针对这些受体配体相互作用的治疗性抗体, 可被用于多种癌症的免疫疗法[30]
CD47是免疫球蛋白超家族中一种高度糖基化、广泛表达的细胞膜表面5次跨膜蛋白, 表达在几乎所有细胞上, 包括红细胞、血小板及各种免疫细胞。不同于其受体信号调节蛋白α (signal regulatory protein α, SIRPα) 在抗原呈递细胞(antigen-presenting cells, APCs) 上的稳定表达, CD47的表达量会随着免疫应答的进行而波动。CD47被发现在多种类型人类肿瘤细胞上表达, 包括多种血液肿瘤和实体瘤如急性髓细胞白血病[31]、B细胞非霍奇金淋巴瘤[32]、非小细胞肺癌[33]、乳腺癌[34]等, 是正常细胞和组织的3倍, 在许多恶性肿瘤中, 其表达与侵袭性表型和整体不良临床预后相关。肿瘤细胞通过高表达CD47躲避吞噬细胞的追杀, 实现免疫逃逸[35]
CD47最重要的生理功能之一是可作为机体内宿主细胞的自我标记, 结合其受体SIRPα给巨噬细胞、树突状细胞(dendritic cell, DC) 提供“别吃我”信号[36]。SIRPα是高表达于巨噬细胞、DC和神经元表面的受体, 其胞外远端为1个V型免疫球蛋白(V-type immunoglobulin, IgV) 结构域, 近端为2个C型免疫球蛋白(C-type immunoglobulin, IgC) 结构域, 胞质区域为包含4个酪氨酸残基的2个免疫受体酪氨酸抑制基序(immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, ITIMs)[37], 这种基序被磷酸化后可募集抑制分子—含有Src同源结构域(SH2结构域) 的酪氨酸磷酸酶SHP1和SHP2。CD47-SIRPα结合后导致ITIMs磷酸化, 触发招募并结合SHP1和SHP2, 这些磷酸酶能抑制肌球蛋白Ⅱ在吞噬突触的积累, 从而阻止吞噬作用[38, 39]。概括地说, CD47-SIRPα提供“别吃我”信号, 抑制巨噬细胞吞噬。因此, 阻断CD47-SIRPα通路增强巨噬细胞的吞噬功能, 成为肿瘤治疗的一种重要策略。
目前CD47-SIRPα阻断的策略主要是基于抗CD47单克隆抗体(aCD47), 可激活巨噬细胞吞噬肿瘤细胞, 并进一步加工肿瘤抗原并交叉呈递给CD8+效应T细胞, 表明CD47可作为连接固有免疫系统和适应性免疫系统的桥梁, 验证了其作为癌症免疫治疗靶点的价值。然而CD47/SIRPα抗体在多种实体肿瘤治疗中效果不够理想。结合已有实验结果推测, 可能是由于游离抗体亲和力不足, 或不足以在实体瘤中提高巨噬细胞吞噬功能。
此外, 一种新方法也被提出[40], 以克服免疫抑制TME的激活能阈值, 并通过APCs介导肿瘤新抗原的传递和呈现到宿主的T细胞。此方法是基于自然衍生的铁蛋白纳米笼, 在该设计体系中, 铁蛋白纳米笼不仅携带能增强APCs吞噬的SIRPα抗体, 而且还携带诱导免疫原性细胞死亡(immunogenic cancer cell death, ICD) 的药物DOX, 诱导新抗原和危险信号的释放, 协同增强肿瘤细胞的吞噬作用, 并由DC将肿瘤抗原交叉提呈给肿瘤特异性T细胞。
肿瘤细胞表面表达不同水平的CALR, 对巨噬细胞的吞噬作用有显著影响。CALR通过与巨噬细胞上的低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1 (LRP1) 相互作用, 作为“吃我”信号, 促进巨噬细胞对肿瘤细胞的吞噬。因此, 有理由认为, CALR的表达水平是CD47-SIRPα阻断效果的关键因素。当CALR表面暴露较低时, 阻断CD47-SIRPα可能不能引起充分的吞噬作用。因此, 在阻断CD47-SIRPα通路的同时, 上调肿瘤细胞上CALR的表达, 在增强巨噬细胞的吞噬功能方面有着巨大的希望, 并可能最终增强巨噬细胞为基础的癌症免疫治疗的疗效。
因此, 本研究团队[41]提出了一种双信号NPs策略, 同步调节肿瘤细胞上的CALR和CD47, 以提高巨噬细胞的吞噬能力。该NPs记作SNPACALR & aCD47, 通过3个方面发挥作用: ① SNPACALR & aCD47上的aCD47能通过与细胞表面CD47分子的相互作用将颗粒靶向输送到肿瘤细胞; ②这种相互作用破坏了CD47-SIRPα信号通路, 从而阻断了“别吃我”信号; ③ CD47介导的靶向传递增加了外源性CALR在肿瘤细胞细胞膜上的暴露, 为巨噬细胞提供了“吃我”信号。这些方面可协同上调促吞噬信号, 阻断抗吞噬信号, “双管齐下”促进巨噬细胞吞噬作用, 提高肿瘤免疫治疗的效果。
由于M1型巨噬细胞具有抗肿瘤功能, 且更有利于抗原提呈, 因此巨噬细胞重极化联合调控吞噬作用有望实现更好的抗肿瘤效果[41, 42]。Nie等[43]开发了响应性外泌体纳米生物偶联物, 这种外泌体纳米生物偶联物(M1 Exo-Ab) 由aCD47和aSIRPα通过酸敏感的苯甲酸亚胺键与M1外泌体结合而成, 该团队发现Mn2+可诱导巨噬细胞向M1型重极化。由于aCD47的靶向性, 这些纳米生物结合物可有效积聚在肿瘤组织中, 通过酸性肿瘤微环境选择性地切割苯甲酸亚胺键释放抗体。因此, M1 Exo有效地将促肿瘤M2重极化为抗肿瘤M1, 而aCD47和aSIRPα通过阻断“别吃我”信号, 显著增强巨噬细胞的吞噬功能, 产生了强大的抗肿瘤作用。
Rao等[44]制备了一种用新型基因编辑细胞膜包被的磁纳米粒(genetically engineered cell-membrane-coated magnetic nanoparticles, gCM-MNs), 在该系统中, gCM外壳为通过基因编辑技术过表达SIRPα变体的肿瘤细胞膜, 与CD47的亲和性增强了5万倍, 可有效阻断CD47-SIRPα信号通路, 而MN内核则促进了TAMs向M1型的重极化, 协同促进巨噬细胞吞噬肿瘤细胞, 并触发抗肿瘤T细胞免疫。此外, 仿生gCM外壳保护MN内核不被免疫清除, MN核在磁力导航下靶向运输到肿瘤组织部位, 提高gCM-MN的肿瘤积累, 减少脱靶效应, 防止免疫过度激活, 达到原发肿瘤原位抑制、远端转移灶抑制的效果。
此外, 该团队[45]还构建了一种杂化细胞膜纳米囊泡(hybrid cell membrane nanovesicles, hNVs), 包括来源于血小板、M1型巨噬细胞和过表达高亲和力SIRPα变体的肿瘤细胞的纳米囊泡(nanovesicles, NVs)。继承了血小板能力的hNVs可有效地在手术伤口部位积累, 使TAMs向M1表型重极化, 并阻断CD47-SIRPα的相互作用, 从而加强巨噬细胞对肿瘤细胞的吞噬, 具有增强抗肿瘤T细胞、免疫抑制肿瘤复发和术后转移的持久作用。通过使用免疫原性较差的三阴性乳腺癌模型, 该团队[45]发现hNVs增强了干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes, STING) 激动剂的胞质传递, STING激动剂可将冷肿瘤重新编程到免疫原性状态, 提高hNVs的治疗效果, 成功延长小鼠手术后总生存期并有力控制肿瘤的原位复发和远端转移。
由于肿瘤细胞的快速繁殖和个体特异性, 通常某种单一疗法无法彻底清除肿瘤细胞并易导致肿瘤复发。联合抑制CSF-1和CD47-SIRPα通路能进一步提高TAMs重极化效果, 增强对肿瘤的杀伤力, 对多种荷瘤小鼠模型均具有良好的抑制生长作用。将R848与aPD-L1 (anti-PD-L1) 联用, 相较于单独使用R848或aPD-L1, 其TAMs的重极化效率更高, 抗PD-1 (programmed death-1) 信号通路效果更好, 两者协同可显著提高药物的利用率和TAMs的活化程度。
Malik等[46]利用双载药脂质纳米粒(lipid nanoparticles, LNP) 同时递送R848和SHP099 (SHP2抑制剂), 其亲水层和疏水层分别装载不同药物, 并用胆固醇修饰以提高该LNP系统的稳定性。该LNP具有良好的自组装能力, 生物相容性高, 具有促进TAMs重极化和增强对肿瘤细胞吞噬的能力。Sun等[47]构建了PCP@R848/DOX载体, 可在TME内被成纤维细胞活化蛋白-α反应肽(fibroblast activation protein-α responsive peptide, FAP-a) 所裂解, 可提高药物渗透能力, 具有M1重极化、诱导ICD、重塑免疫抑制微环境和培养长期抗癌记忆的作用。Zhang等[41]将奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin, OXA) 和R848联用, 诱导Lewis肺癌细胞表面CALR暴露, 使得肿瘤细胞易被M1型巨噬细胞吞噬, 同时还可诱导ICD, 显著降低了小鼠肿瘤负荷。此外, Pauli等[48]构建了脂质体递送系统DSTAP (1, 2-stearoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane chloride), 同步递送OXA和DSTAP-R848, 可降低R848在内质网的聚集并增强局部免疫反应, 并导致IFN-α的释放, 引起CD8+ T细胞的活化[42, 48]。Song等[49]使用pH敏感的共封装响应型纳米颗粒, 同时负载R848、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG) 和抗OX40抗体(anti-OX40 antibody, aOX40), 在TME中释放药物以提高细胞摄取、促进DC成熟和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL) 浸润, 其联合治疗可使肿瘤体积减少91.56%, 并具有持久的抗肿瘤免疫记忆效应。
综上, 本文系统总结了纳米药物递送系统靶向巨噬细胞用于肿瘤治疗的主要策略和重要进展。纳米递送技术可通过清除TAMs、重极化TAMs、调节吞噬功能及多策略联合等更有效地实现对巨噬细胞功能的调控, 更好地提高抗肿瘤疗效。尤其需指出的是, 纳米载体具有结构与功能的多样性优势, 可同时负载多种药物、实现靶向递送等, 有利于实现多功能的联合和协同增效。
该类靶向巨噬细胞用于肿瘤治疗的策略依然面临一些挑战。由于肿瘤的个体特异性, 浸润其中的TAMs也具有个体特异性, 研究者可利用近期快速发展的基因测序和大数据分析, 选择针对性的靶向药物, 提高对于瘤内TAMs的靶向性和转化能力, 降低其脱靶效应和所造成的不良反应[50-53]。此外, 由于肿瘤的顽强生存力, 单一途径的免疫治疗策略可能无法一次性根除肿瘤细胞, 除了针对TAMs的调控, 还可联合运用抗PD-1、嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell, CAR-T) 及CRISPR-Cas基因编辑等多种疗法进行双重甚至是多重调节以实现更好地清除肿瘤细胞的目的[50, 51, 53]。对于TAMs在TME中被招募和极化成促肿瘤的M2型的机制尚不明确, 且纳米药物载体具有众多的颗粒参数(如大小、形状、电荷、表面疏水性、表面粗糙度等), 不同参数对于药物在生物体内的靶向和累积具有独特的影响, 不同理化性质纳米粒和巨噬细胞之间的互作机制也需进一步全面探索研究[51, 52, 54], 以实现更有效的药物递送, 降低细胞毒性, 提高所载药物的抗肿瘤效果。
作者贡献: 冯靖澜、杨凯、胡家润、苏耘禾、罗锐童和潘昱东收集资料和撰写论文初稿; 罗佳琪、张京扬参与相关资料的总结归纳; 杜金志为文章提供了重要指导并撰写论文。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51922043)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52173122)
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2022年第57卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0516
  • 接收时间:2022-04-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-29
  • 修回日期:2022-06-01
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51922043)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52173122)
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    1.华南理工大学生物医学科学与工程学院, 广东 广州 511442
    2.华南理工大学医学院, 广东 广州 510006

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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