Article(id=1210516639846634369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0483, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1650643200000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-23, revisedDate=1652025600000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766539257250, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1662912000000, pubDateStr=2022-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766539257250, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766539257250, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539257250, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210516638089212895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='2888', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766539256832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766539546411, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210517852726096744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210516638089212895, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2720, endPage=2730, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210516640677106576, articleId=1210516639846634369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on targeted SUMOylation inhibitors and their antitumor activity, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

SUMOylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins. Similar to ubiquitylation, SUMOylation is the process that the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins are specifically and covalently binding to lysine residues of substrate proteins. Through SUMOylation, the physiological functions and pathological processes of cells are well controlled and balanced, and its abnormal activation has been reported in various tumors. Therefore, SUMOylation has been a potential target for anti-tumor drug development. In this review, we summarize recent advances on development of inhibitors targeting SUMOylation pathway and their antitumor properties.

, correspAuthors=Ao ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chao-dong XIONG, Jia-ming DIAO, Ao ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210516643944468502, articleId=1210516639846634369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向SUMOylation通路的抗肿瘤小分子抑制剂研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

SUMOylation是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰。与ubiquitylation类似, SUMOylation是指将小类泛素化修饰物(SUMO) 蛋白特异性地共价连接到底物蛋白中的赖氨酸残基上的过程。SUMOylation通过调节底物蛋白的生物活性来调节细胞的生理功能及病理过程, 在多种肿瘤的发生和发展中异常活化。因此, 靶向SUMOylation已成为抗肿瘤药物研发的重要策略。本文总结了近年来靶向SUMOylation通路的小分子抑制剂研究的最新进展及其独特的抗肿瘤机制, 其中包括SUMO活化酶E1 (SAE) 抑制剂、SUMO结合酶E2 (UBC12) 抑制剂及SUMO1降解剂。

, correspAuthors=张翱, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张翱, Tel: 86-21-34204020, E-mail:
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EMBO Rep, 2014, 15: 878-885., articleTitle=SUMO2 is essential while SUMO3 is dispensable for mouse embryonic development, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516658179937264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, doi=10.1007/s00432-010-0920-x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=137, issue=null, pageStart=533, pageEnd=541, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo WH, Yuan LH, Xiao ZH, et al. Overexpression of SUMO-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma: a latent target for diagnosis and therapy of hepatoma[J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2011, 137: 533-541., articleTitle=Overexpression of SUMO-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma: a latent target for diagnosis and therapy of hepatoma, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516658364486646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, doi=10.1007/s12013-013-9612-x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=67, issue=null, pageStart=1081, pageEnd=1087, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=Cell Biochem Biophys, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang H, Kuai X, Ji Z, et al. Over-expression of small ubiquitin-related modifier-1 and sumoylated p53 in colon cancer[J]. Cell Biochem Biophys, 2013, 67: 1081-1087., articleTitle=Over-expression of small ubiquitin-related modifier-1 and sumoylated p53 in colon cancer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516658486121468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, doi=10.1007/s00403-014-1500-8, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=306, issue=null, pageStart=837, pageEnd=841, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=Arch Dermatol Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Alves M, Delgado A, Balducci I, et al. Study of MDM2 and SUMO-1 expression in actinic cheilitis and lip cancer[J]. Arch Dermatol Res, 2014, 306: 837-841., articleTitle=Study of MDM2 and SUMO-1 expression in actinic cheilitis and lip cancer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516658565813248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, doi=10.1038/ncomms5234, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=5, issue=null, pageStart=4234, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Commun, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bellail AC, Olson JJ, Hao C. SUMO1 modification stabilizes CDK6 protein and drives the cell cycle and glioblastoma progression[J]. Nat Commun, 2014, 5: 4234., articleTitle=SUMO1 modification stabilizes CDK6 protein and drives the cell cycle and glioblastoma progression, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516658653892614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=55, issue=null, pageStart=446, pageEnd=452, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Y, Long J, Chang Q, et al. The application of small molecule PROTAC in researches of different targets[J]. Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2020, 55: 446-452., articleTitle=The application of small molecule PROTAC in researches of different targets, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516658754555917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, doi=10.1038/s41573-021-00371-6, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=21, issue=null, pageStart=181, pageEnd=200, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=Nat Rev Drug Discov, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Békés M, Langley DR, Crews CM. PROTAC targeted protein degraders: the past is prologue[J]. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2022, 21: 181-200., articleTitle=PROTAC targeted protein degraders: the past is prologue, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1210516658888773649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.abh1486, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=eabh1486, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=Sci Transl Med, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bellail AC, Jin HR, Lo HY, et al. Ubiquitination and degradation of SUMO1 by small-molecule degraders extends survival of mice with patient-derived tumors[J]. Sci Transl Med, 2021, 13: eabh1486., articleTitle=Ubiquitination and degradation of SUMO1 by small-molecule degraders extends survival of mice with patient-derived tumors, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210516651452273159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, awardId=2021ZD0204004, language=CN, fundingSource=科技创新2030重大项目(2021ZD0204004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210516651603268113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, awardId=ZJ2021-ZD-007, language=CN, fundingSource=上海张江国家自主创新示范区专项发展资金重大项目(ZJ2021-ZD-007), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210516644288401452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516644296790062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, companyId=1210516644288401452, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Pharmacy, Pharm-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210516644300984368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, companyId=1210516644288401452, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海交通大学药学院, 药学交叉中心, 上海 200240)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210516647631261928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+zcq7AMWYG4mHz4I+eVfug==, figureFileBig=bCn6j3ePH3rbRLQ13QPELg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516647740313843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Comparison of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and ubiquitin. a: Structural alignment of the backbones of SUMO-1 (cyan, PDB: 1a5r) and ubiquitin (green, PDB: 1ubq); b: Sequence alignment of H. sapiens Ub, SUMO-1, SUMO-2, and SUMO-3 was made using ESPript 3.0. Positions that are completely consistent in all sequences are shaded dark red. Positions that are three identical in all sequences are framed in blue , figureFileSmall=+zcq7AMWYG4mHz4I+eVfug==, figureFileBig=bCn6j3ePH3rbRLQ13QPELg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516647937446150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iYpCuBWeSL0mk/Yu/eouYQ==, figureFileBig=kyBZin8B+RHk9uBaUgr2FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516648050692373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The mechanism of protein SUMOylation and de-SUMOylation. SUMOylation is a process that conjugates maturated SUMO to targeted protein substrates <i>via</i> enzymatic cascades involving SUMO-activating enzyme E1, SUMO-conjuagating enzyme E2 and SUMO ligases E3. Shown are reported SUMOylation E1, E2 and E3. De-SUMOylation is the inverse process of SUMOylation , figureFileSmall=iYpCuBWeSL0mk/Yu/eouYQ==, figureFileBig=kyBZin8B+RHk9uBaUgr2FQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516648147161375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=az2ko4T+kYzpdkV7PAJx4A==, figureFileBig=FgaovymNjXam1dNadazpnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516648277184810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Natural product-based SAE inhibitors , figureFileSmall=az2ko4T+kYzpdkV7PAJx4A==, figureFileBig=FgaovymNjXam1dNadazpnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516648423985464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vyHdt9S9vOmguEc++btnKQ==, figureFileBig=0Y0zircauVU6jiXpWHFubg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516648520454464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Semi-synthetic SAE inhibitors , figureFileSmall=vyHdt9S9vOmguEc++btnKQ==, figureFileBig=0Y0zircauVU6jiXpWHFubg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516648612729162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=R/A8e/kfVMw8WdR1Hiq46g==, figureFileBig=4A1ViB/Bu/OzWHaQAok9mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516648734363992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Virtually screened small molecule SAE inhibitors , figureFileSmall=R/A8e/kfVMw8WdR1Hiq46g==, figureFileBig=4A1ViB/Bu/OzWHaQAok9mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516648847610216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WT6klN6IMZAbVR7a15yh6w==, figureFileBig=2NzEN1N2tJTQZiOy1tW7/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516648948273526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= SAE inhibitors of AMP analogues , figureFileSmall=WT6klN6IMZAbVR7a15yh6w==, figureFileBig=2NzEN1N2tJTQZiOy1tW7/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516649325760910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=daO7aXlUBtYVdYoxikOh8g==, figureFileBig=IGznlPfWOOR581ESJ8JIAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516649443201429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Natural product-based UBC9 inhibitors , figureFileSmall=daO7aXlUBtYVdYoxikOh8g==, figureFileBig=IGznlPfWOOR581ESJ8JIAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516649602584997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FlmT4cxVwzzWl7pzesGsiQ==, figureFileBig=5idwXUO1kcePKKVlqdXYDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516649715831214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Synthetic small-molecule inhibitors of UBC9 , figureFileSmall=FlmT4cxVwzzWl7pzesGsiQ==, figureFileBig=5idwXUO1kcePKKVlqdXYDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516649824883130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dV7++jUNIfDBumxiFYXjlg==, figureFileBig=t13CkJS54xkrGspz+/Wl0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516649929740742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= Specific SUMO1 degraders , figureFileSmall=dV7++jUNIfDBumxiFYXjlg==, figureFileBig=t13CkJS54xkrGspz+/Wl0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210516650022015437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Component of SUMOylationUpregulated proteinCancer type
SUMOsSUMO1-4Breast, colorectal, glioma, hepatocellular, AML, NSCLS, oral scc, pancreatic
E1SAE1/2Breast, cercival, colorectal, gastric, glioblastoma, head and neck, hepatocellular, lung, pancreatic, renal, uterine corpus endometrial
E2UBC9Bladder, breast, cervical, cholangio, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, glioblastoma, head and neck, hepatocellular, lung, lymphoma, melanoma, multiple myeloma, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, renal, testicular germ cell, thymoma, thyroid, uterine
E3PIAS1Breast, glioblastoma, multiple myeloma, prostate
PIAS3Breast, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, renal
Glioblastoma, hepatocellular, lung, prostate
PIAS4Glioblastoma, hepatocellular
RanBP2Prostate
RSUMERenal
PC2 (CBX4)Bladder, breast, cholangio, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, liver, lung, melanoma, thyroid, osteosarcoma, pancreatic, prostate, sarcoma, thymoma
), ArticleFig(id=1210516650139455960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Correlations of SUMOylation dysregulation with cancer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Component of SUMOylationUpregulated proteinCancer type
SUMOsSUMO1-4Breast, colorectal, glioma, hepatocellular, AML, NSCLS, oral scc, pancreatic
E1SAE1/2Breast, cercival, colorectal, gastric, glioblastoma, head and neck, hepatocellular, lung, pancreatic, renal, uterine corpus endometrial
E2UBC9Bladder, breast, cervical, cholangio, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, glioblastoma, head and neck, hepatocellular, lung, lymphoma, melanoma, multiple myeloma, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, renal, testicular germ cell, thymoma, thyroid, uterine
E3PIAS1Breast, glioblastoma, multiple myeloma, prostate
PIAS3Breast, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, renal
Glioblastoma, hepatocellular, lung, prostate
PIAS4Glioblastoma, hepatocellular
RanBP2Prostate
RSUMERenal
PC2 (CBX4)Bladder, breast, cholangio, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, liver, lung, melanoma, thyroid, osteosarcoma, pancreatic, prostate, sarcoma, thymoma
), ArticleFig(id=1210516650269479391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ClassInhibitorIC50Reference
Natural productsGinkgolic acid (1)SUMOylation IC50 = 3.0 µmol·L-1[21]
Anacardic acid (2)SUMOylation IC50 = 2.2 µmol·L-1[21]
Kerriamycin B (3)SUMOylation IC50 = 11.7 µmol·L-1[27]
Davidiin (4)SUMOylation IC50 = 0.15 µmol·L-1[28]
Tannic acid (5)SUMOylation IC50 = 12.8 µmol·L-1[29]
Semi-syntheticSUMO-AMSN (6)-[30]
SUMO-AVSN (7)-[30]
pS50 (8)SUMOylation IC50 = 125 µmol·L-1[31]
Virtual screening9SUMOylation IC50 = 14.4 µmol·L-1[32]
10SUMOylation IC50 = 13.4 µmol·L-1[33]
11SUMOylation IC50 = 13.8 µmol·L-1[34]
COH000 (12)SUMOylation IC50 = 0.2 µmol·L-1[35]
AMP analogues13SAE: IC50 < 10 nmol·L-1[36]
ML-792 (16)SAE: IC50 = 0.4 nmol·L-1[12]
ML-93 (17)SAE: IC50 = 0.4 nmol·L-1[37]
TAK981 (18)SAE: IC50 =1 nmol·L-1[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1210516650374337003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

SAE inhibitors and their pharmacologic properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ClassInhibitorIC50Reference
Natural productsGinkgolic acid (1)SUMOylation IC50 = 3.0 µmol·L-1[21]
Anacardic acid (2)SUMOylation IC50 = 2.2 µmol·L-1[21]
Kerriamycin B (3)SUMOylation IC50 = 11.7 µmol·L-1[27]
Davidiin (4)SUMOylation IC50 = 0.15 µmol·L-1[28]
Tannic acid (5)SUMOylation IC50 = 12.8 µmol·L-1[29]
Semi-syntheticSUMO-AMSN (6)-[30]
SUMO-AVSN (7)-[30]
pS50 (8)SUMOylation IC50 = 125 µmol·L-1[31]
Virtual screening9SUMOylation IC50 = 14.4 µmol·L-1[32]
10SUMOylation IC50 = 13.4 µmol·L-1[33]
11SUMOylation IC50 = 13.8 µmol·L-1[34]
COH000 (12)SUMOylation IC50 = 0.2 µmol·L-1[35]
AMP analogues13SAE: IC50 < 10 nmol·L-1[36]
ML-792 (16)SAE: IC50 = 0.4 nmol·L-1[12]
ML-93 (17)SAE: IC50 = 0.4 nmol·L-1[37]
TAK981 (18)SAE: IC50 =1 nmol·L-1[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1210516651192226296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ClassInhibitorIC50Reference
Natural productsSpectomycin B1 (19)SUMOylation IC50 = 4.4 µmol·L-1[38]
Chaetochromin A (20)SUMOylation IC50 < 10 µmol·L-1[38]
Viomellein (21)SUMOylation IC50 < 10 µmol·L-1[38]
Synthetic2-D08 (22)UBC9: IC50 = 6.0 µmol·L-1[39]
GSK145A (23)UBC9: IC50 = 12.5 µmol·L-1[41]
24UBC9: IC50 = 46.3 µmol·L-1[42]
25UBC9: IC50 = 3.0 mmol·L-1[43]
26UBC9: IC50 = 5.8 mmol·L-1[43]
27UBC9: IC50 = 74 µmol·L-1[44]
), ArticleFig(id=1210516651284500989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210516639846634369, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

UBC9 inhibitors and their pharmacologic properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ClassInhibitorIC50Reference
Natural productsSpectomycin B1 (19)SUMOylation IC50 = 4.4 µmol·L-1[38]
Chaetochromin A (20)SUMOylation IC50 < 10 µmol·L-1[38]
Viomellein (21)SUMOylation IC50 < 10 µmol·L-1[38]
Synthetic2-D08 (22)UBC9: IC50 = 6.0 µmol·L-1[39]
GSK145A (23)UBC9: IC50 = 12.5 µmol·L-1[41]
24UBC9: IC50 = 46.3 µmol·L-1[42]
25UBC9: IC50 = 3.0 mmol·L-1[43]
26UBC9: IC50 = 5.8 mmol·L-1[43]
27UBC9: IC50 = 74 µmol·L-1[44]
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靶向SUMOylation通路的抗肿瘤小分子抑制剂研究进展
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熊朝栋 , 刁嘉铭 , 张翱 *
药学学报 | 综述 2022,57(9): 2720-2730
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药学学报 | 综述 2022, 57(9): 2720-2730
靶向SUMOylation通路的抗肿瘤小分子抑制剂研究进展
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熊朝栋, 刁嘉铭, 张翱*
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学药学院, 药学交叉中心, 上海 200240

通讯作者:

*张翱, Tel: 86-21-34204020, E-mail:
Research progress on targeted SUMOylation inhibitors and their antitumor activity
Chao-dong XIONG, Jia-ming DIAO, Ao ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmacy, Pharm-X Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2022-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0483
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SUMOylation是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰。与ubiquitylation类似, SUMOylation是指将小类泛素化修饰物(SUMO) 蛋白特异性地共价连接到底物蛋白中的赖氨酸残基上的过程。SUMOylation通过调节底物蛋白的生物活性来调节细胞的生理功能及病理过程, 在多种肿瘤的发生和发展中异常活化。因此, 靶向SUMOylation已成为抗肿瘤药物研发的重要策略。本文总结了近年来靶向SUMOylation通路的小分子抑制剂研究的最新进展及其独特的抗肿瘤机制, 其中包括SUMO活化酶E1 (SAE) 抑制剂、SUMO结合酶E2 (UBC12) 抑制剂及SUMO1降解剂。

SUMOylation  /  活化酶  /  翻译后修饰  /  抗肿瘤  /  抑制剂

SUMOylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins. Similar to ubiquitylation, SUMOylation is the process that the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins are specifically and covalently binding to lysine residues of substrate proteins. Through SUMOylation, the physiological functions and pathological processes of cells are well controlled and balanced, and its abnormal activation has been reported in various tumors. Therefore, SUMOylation has been a potential target for anti-tumor drug development. In this review, we summarize recent advances on development of inhibitors targeting SUMOylation pathway and their antitumor properties.

SUMOylation  /  activation enzyme  /  post-translational modification  /  antitumor  /  inhibitor
熊朝栋, 刁嘉铭, 张翱. 靶向SUMOylation通路的抗肿瘤小分子抑制剂研究进展. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2720 -2730 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0483
Chao-dong XIONG, Jia-ming DIAO, Ao ZHANG. Research progress on targeted SUMOylation inhibitors and their antitumor activity[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (9) : 2720 -2730 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0483
小类泛素化修饰物(small ubiquitin-like modifier, SUMO) 是一类高度保守的由97个氨基酸残基组成的多肽, 也是发现最早、已知底物最多、功能范围最广的泛素相关的蛋白(ubiquitin-like proteins, UBLs), 参与蛋白质翻译后修饰。虽然SUMO蛋白的C末端的类泛素(UBL) 结构域的折叠结构与泛素蛋白(Ub) 的相应结构域几乎完全重叠, 但SUMO与Ub仅具有18%的序列同一性, 主要区别在于SUMO具有较长的N端延伸结构[1] (图 1a)。
人类SUMO蛋白家族包括4种异构体, 即SUMO1~4。其中SUMO1与SUMO2有48%的相似性, SUMO2和SUMO3仅在N-末端的几个氨基酸残基上存在差异(95%相同), 且这些氨基酸残基在功能上没有区别, 但SUMO4的研究较为稀少[2] (图 1b)。
将SUMO特异性地共价连接到底物蛋白的赖氨酸残基上的过程称为SUMOylation (图 2)。作为一种重要的蛋白翻译后修饰, SUMOylation参与调节细胞分化、细胞周期、核转录、蛋白间的相互作用、DNA修复等多种病理生理过程。与泛素化不同的是, SUMO需要经历一个成熟的过程才能进行SUMOylation, 即SUMO前体被C端水解酶(sentrin specific peptidases, SENPs) 水解游离出Gly97[3]。与泛素化机制相似, SUMOylation也是由SUMO活化酶E1 (SUMO activation enzyme, SAE)、SUMO结合酶E2、SUMO连接酶E3介导的一系列酶促反应。即成熟的SUMO首先以ATP依赖的形式与E1形成E1-SUMO复合物; 随后E2被招募, 将活化好的SUMO通过转硫醇的过程转移到E2酶的半胱氨酸残基上形成E2-SUMO复合物; 最后在E3酶的作用下将SUMO以异肽键的形式共价结合到底物蛋白的赖氨酸残基上(图 2)。与泛素化不同的是SUMOylation只调节底物蛋白的功能活性, 而不影响底物蛋白的降解。
SUMOylation的底物蛋白众多, 到目前为止, 通过多肽富集方法和质谱技术, 已经鉴定出6 000多个SUMOylation的底物蛋白和40 000个SUMO化的作用位点[4]。因此SUMOylation通路几乎可以调节细胞所有的生理功能及病理过程, 如调控基因表达与转录、细胞核质转运、染色质重塑、生物信号传导、细胞分裂、细胞周期、细胞增殖, 以及亚细胞定位等过程[1, 5, 6]
在多种肿瘤的发生和发展中, SUMOylation通路发现被异常活化[7], 主要表现为SUMOs蛋白水平和SUMOylation相关酶的表达上调(表 1)。
由于蛋白通过SUMOylation调控其生理平衡, 因此, 阻断肿瘤相关的底物蛋白的SUMOylation, 即可抑制底物蛋白的功能, 达到抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的目的。在SUMOylation介导的众多抗肿瘤机制中, 其与Myc基因的合成致死(synthetic lethality), 以及激活机体Ⅰ型IFN介导的抗肿瘤免疫反应尤为重要。
70%的癌症患者存在致癌基因Myc蛋白的失调, 包括Myc基因扩增或过表达[8]。在多种移植瘤模型中, 沉默Myc基因可以显著抑制肿瘤的生长。因此, Myc很早就被认为是抗肿瘤药物研究的热点靶标[9], 但由于Myc蛋白中缺乏明确的药物分子结合“口袋”, 致使直接靶向肿瘤细胞Myc蛋白的小分子抑制剂研究较为困难。近年来, 合成致死在多个靶向药物研究中的成功, 为靶向Myc的药物研究带来希望。合成致死是指通过两个非致死基因同时失活导致细胞死亡的现象。这一策略为许多不可成药或难成药的靶标的药物研究提供了新的思路。
2012年, Kessler等[10]通过RNA干扰技术筛选出SAE2是Myc基因的合成致死搭档。进一步机制研究表明, Myc蛋白的SUMOylation修饰是Myc依赖的肿瘤细胞生长所必需的, 沉默SAE2将抑制Myc基因介导的转录程序, 引起Myc高表达的细胞有丝分裂过程受阻, 进而导致细胞死亡。随后在多种Myc高表达的移植瘤模型中, 沉默SAE2显著抑制肿瘤的生长[10, 11]。2017年, He等[12]报道了首个高选择性的高效SAE小分子抑制剂ML-792, 对Myc扩增的肿瘤细胞具有合成致死的作用, 因而具有更强的抗肿瘤作用。
2020年, Biederstädt等[13]发现在Myc过表达的胰腺导管癌PDAC细胞中, SUMOylation通路高度活化, SUMOylation通路相关基因的表达水平提高。在Myc过表达的PDAC移植瘤模型中, 高选择性的SAE小分子抑制剂ML-93显著抑制蛋白SUMOylation修饰, 并抑制肿瘤的生长。近期, Rohrberg等[14]报道BIRC5、EG5和TPX2也是Myc基因的合成致死搭档。重要的是, 这3个蛋白的功能发挥均需要进行SUMOylation修饰[15]
因此, 对于Myc高表达的肿瘤细胞, SUMOylation抑制剂通过合成致死可以达到协同抗肿瘤作用。
研究发现, 类泛素修饰的E3连接酶PIAS蛋白可以介导多种与免疫调节相关的底物蛋白的SUMOylation, 进而调控机体的先天性免疫应答。因此, SUMOylation修饰是机体先天性免疫应答的一个重要过程[16]。2016年, Hannoun等[17]详细研究了SUMOylation的底物蛋白与机体免疫应答之间的关系, 证明SUMO蛋白在先天性免疫中应答的作用。
2016年, Decque等[18]发现, 敲除免疫细胞中的SUMO修饰的E2结合酶UBC9, 可以阻断SUMOylation通路, 进而促进NF-κB依赖的炎症细胞因子和Ⅰ型IFN的表达。同时在体内模型中, 敲除UBC9可以增加体内炎症细胞因子的水平, 进而增加机体对LPS诱导的内毒素休克的敏感性和抗病毒感染的能力。
2018年, Crowl等[19]报道SUMO2/3能特异性地阻止自发性的IFN应答。在THP-1细胞中, UBC9缺失导致SUMOylation被抑制, 进而驱动IFN应答, 但机制与目前所有已知的典型的IFN应答机制完全不同。
2021年, Lightcap等[20]报道, 临床在研的高选择性的SAE抑制剂TAK-981可以显著上调免疫细胞中Ⅰ型IFN的表达以及激活Ⅰ型IFN依赖的先天性免疫细胞, 包括巨噬细胞、NK细胞、树突细胞及T细胞等。在A20淋巴瘤细胞小鼠模型中, TAK-981能够诱导机体产生稳定的抗肿瘤免疫反应。每周给药二次且每次给药7.5 mg·kg-1 TAK-981 12天, 1/4小鼠的肿瘤完全消退, 小鼠的最大耐受剂量可达到40 mg·kg-1。同时TAK-981与PD1抗体或抗CTLA4抗体联用可以显著延长CT26和MC38移植瘤小鼠的生存期。
综上所述, SUMOylation通路抑制剂可以通过双重作用模式抑制肿瘤生长, 即阻断SUMOylation抑制肿瘤细胞增殖及刺激Ⅰ型IFN信号转导增加机体的抗肿瘤免疫反应。
SUMO活化酶(SAE) 是由SAE1和SAE2/UBA2组成的异源二聚体。其中, SAE负责SUMOylation多级酶联过程的第一步, 也是最关键的决速酶。同时在多种肿瘤细胞中SAE的表达上调, 导致SUMOylation过度活化(表 1)。因此, 通过抑制SAE的活性, 可以完全抑制SUMOylation通路的活化, 进而抑制SUMOylation通路过度活化依赖的肿瘤细胞的生长。
目前已报道的SAE抑制剂主要分为天然产物类、半合成的小分子、虚拟筛选的小分子及AMP类似物(表 2, 图 3~6)。
2009年, Fukuda等[21]通过筛选500种植物提取物对SUMOylation通路的抑制活性, 发现银杏叶中的提取物主要成分ginkgolic acid (1, 图 3) 和anacardic acid (2, 图 3) 可以有效抑制蛋白的SUMOylation。随后体外SUMOylation通路的测试中, 两者均可有效抑制RanGAP1-C2的SUMOylation, IC50值分别为3.0和2.2 µmol·L-1。在293T细胞中, 化合物12均能有效且特异性地降低高分子量SUMO偶联物的数量, 进而抑制底物蛋白p53的SUMOylation, 而对高分子量Ub偶联物的数量无影响, 从而显示较好的选择性。进一步机制研究表明, 两者均直接作用于SUMOylation的E1酶, 阻止SUMO1-E1加合物的形成。其中化合物1可以抑制多种肿瘤细胞的生长和转移[22-25]。2019年, Liu等[26]首次验证了化合物1的体内抗肿瘤疗效。在口腔鳞状癌Tca8113细胞的移植瘤小鼠模型中, 通过口服给药的方式, 每天给药一次且每次给药50 mg·kg-1 21天后, 化合物1显著抑制肿瘤的生长(TGI = 68.5%), 且小鼠体重无变化。机制研究表明, 化合物1通过降低底物蛋白SMAD4的SUMOylation抑制细胞的生长和转移。
2009年, Fukuda等[27]从放线菌培养基中获得一类SAE抑制剂kerriamycin B (3, 图 3)。化合物3同样直接作用于SAE, 特异性地阻止SUMO1-E1加合物的形成, 进而抑制RanGAP1-C2的SUMOylation, 但活性较弱, IC50值为11.7 µmol·L-1
2014年, Takemoto等[28]再次通过筛选750种植物和水果提取物, 发现另一天然产物davidiin (4, 图 3) 对SUMOylation通路具有明显抑制。机制研究表明, 化合物4同样直接作用于SAE, 特异性地阻止SUMO1-E1加合物的形成, 进而抑制RanGAP1-C2的SUMOylation, IC50值为0.15 µmol·L-1。同时, davidiin可以有效抑制多种肿瘤细胞的增殖, GI50值为8.3~16.4 µmol·L-1
2015年, Suzawa等[29]通过基因表达筛选得到了安全性较好的SUMOylation抑制剂tannic acid (5, 图 3)。化合物5同样也是直接作用于SAE, 特异性地阻止SUMO1-E1加合物的形成。在体内外实验中, 化合物5明显抑制人肝受体类似物1 (LRH1) 的SUMOylation, IC50值为12.8 µmol·L-1。但遗憾的是, 化合物5对多种肿瘤细胞的增殖无明显抑制作用。
2010年, Lu等[30]基于SUMOylation过程中形成的SUMO-AMP复合物, 设计并合成该复合物的类似物SUMO-AMSN (6, 图 4) 和SUMO-AVSN (7, 图 4), 两者均高效且特异性地抑制SAE的活性, 阻止SUMO信号传递, 而不影响其他同源的E1s酶。
2014年, Zhao等[31]利用噬菌体展示技术, 基于SUMO C末端序列研究设计出SUMO蛋白模拟物pS50 (8, 图 4)。其中化合物8与SAE的结合能力比SUMO强, 因此在对底物蛋白进行SUMOylation修饰的过程中, 化合物8竞争性地替代SUMO与SAE结合, 并依次转移到UBC9和底物蛋白上, 但并不影响底物蛋白的功能。
2013年, 基于SUMO-E1复合物的晶体结构, Kumar等[32]对77 931个小分子化合物库进行虚拟筛选, 获得脲类结构的化合物9 (图 5), 为ATP竞争性的SAE抑制剂。化合物9可以剂量依赖地抑制RanGAP1-C2的SUMOylation, IC50值为14.4 µmol·L-1。但是化合物9结构上的对称性使其溶解度较差, 随后进一步的结构优化获得溶解度改善的化合物10[33]11[34] (图 5), 两者均能剂量依赖地抑制RanGAP1-C2的SUMOylation, IC50值分别为13.4和13.8 µmol·L-1
2019年, Li等[35]对290 921个小分子化合物库进行高通量筛选, 获得首个SAE的变构抑制剂COH000 (12, 图 5)。细胞内外实验中, COH000剂量依赖地特异性抑制底物的SUMOylation修饰, IC50值为0.2 µmol·L-1, 而对同源的ubiquitylation或NEDDylation修饰无明显抑制作用。在Raji和HCT-116细胞中, COH000可以诱导miR-34b的表达, 降低c-Myc mRNA和蛋白的水平。通过皮下注射的给药方式, 每天给药一次且每次给药10 mg·kg-1 14天后, COH000显著抑制HCT-116移植瘤小鼠模型的肿瘤生长, 且小鼠体重无变化。进一步机制研究表明, COH000特异性与Cys30共价结合, 而对SAE其他Cys残基无相互作用, 诱导细胞凋亡和降低c-Myc表达。有意思的是, COH000在抑制SAE酶活性的同时, 能促进SAE2的泛素化降解, 进而降低SAE2的水平。因此, COH000能通过双重机制抑制SUMOylation通路活性。
Millenium公司通过高通量筛选得到N-苄基腺苷活性化合物, 对其进行结构修饰得到了高活性的Pan-E1酶抑制剂化合物13[36] (图 6), 对E1酶的IC50值均小于10 nmol·L-1。研究人员首先采取骨架跃迁的策略将化合物13的嘧啶并咪唑母核中的咪唑环开环, 同时使用五元碳糖环替代呋喃糖环后进一步结构优化得到含嘧啶类母核的SAE/NAE双靶化合物14 (图 6), 对SAE及其同源E1酶NAE的IC50值分别为1 nmol·L-1和29 nmol·L-1, 而对SAE同源的E1酶UAE几乎无明显抑制作用, IC50值> 1 000 nmol·L-1。接着移除五元碳糖环2′位的羟基后得到对NAE选择性提高的化合物15 (图 6), IC50值分别为2 nmol·L-1和190 nmol·L-1。最后对3-吡唑取代基N1位的取代基进行优化得到选择性SAE抑制剂ML-792[12, 37] (16, 图 6), IC50值为0.4 nmol·L-1, 对SAE同源的E1酶NAE和UAE的IC50值分别为228 nmol·L-1和 > 1 000 nmol·L-1。在HCT-116细胞中, ML-792对SUMOylation通路抑制的IC50值为10 nmol·L-1, 对其他多种肿瘤细胞也具有强效的抗增殖作用, IC50值为0.06~0.45 µmol·L-1。在HCT-116细胞的移植瘤小鼠模型中, 通过皮下注射的给药方式, 每天给药一次且每次给药150 mg·kg-1 24天后, ML-792显著抑制肿瘤的生长, 且小鼠体重无变化[37]
研究人员使用不同杂环替代ML-792中的3-吡唑环后, 进一步的成药性优化得到更高选择性的SAE抑制剂ML-93 (17, 图 6) 和TAK981[37] (18, 图 6), IC50值分别为0.4 nmol·L-1和1 nmol·L-1, 对NAE的IC50值分别为386和960 nmol·L-1, 而对UAE均无明显抑制作用。在HCT-116细胞中, 两者对SUMOylation通路抑制的IC50值分别为3 nmol·L-1和15 nmol·L-1, 抗增殖活性的IC50值为63~110 nmol·L-1。在大鼠体内, 相比于ML-792, ML-93和TAK-981的PK性质略微改善, 但总体仍不理想。在多种移植瘤小鼠模型中, 更低剂量的ML-93和TAK-981即可达到与ML-792相当的抗肿瘤效应, 如在HCT-116细胞的移植瘤小鼠模型21天的治疗过程中, 每天给药两次且每次给药150 mg·kg-1 ML-792与每天给药一次且每次给药50 mg·kg-1 ML-93或每周给药三次且每次给药50 mg·kg-1 TAK-981的抗肿瘤效应相当; 在OCI-Ly10细胞的移植瘤小鼠模型21天的治疗过程中, 每天给药两次且每次给药150 mg·kg-1 ML-792与每周给药两次且每次给药75 mg·kg-1 ML-93或每周给药三次且每次给药25 mg·kg-1 TAK-981的抗肿瘤效应相当[37]。基于TAK-981优异的临床前抗肿瘤疗效及可接受的安全性, 该化合物已进入临床研究, 目前处于临床Ⅰ期, 用于治疗成人实体瘤和淋巴瘤(NCT03648372、NCT04074330和NCT04381650)。
SUMO结合酶(UBC9) 是SUMOylation信号通路中的唯一E2结合酶, 同时在多种肿瘤细胞中UBC9的表达上调, 导致SUMOylation过渡活化(表 1)。因此, 通过抑制UBC9的活性, 可以完全抑制SUMOylation信号通路活性, 进而抑制SUMOylation通路过渡活化导致的肿瘤细胞的生长。目前已报道的UBC9抑制剂主要分为天然产物类和合成小分子类(表 3, 图 78)。
Fukuda课题组[38]长期致力于寻找SUMOylation通路的小分子抑制剂, 并且已经发现多个天然产物类的SAE抑制剂。2013年, 该课题组报道第一个选择性的UBC9抑制剂spectomycin B1 (19, 图 7), KD值为4.3 µmol·L-1。化合物19直接与SUMO E2结合, 特异性地阻断E2-SUMO中间体的形成, 而不与SUMO E1结合。在体外的SUMOylation实验中, 化合物19有效抑制RanGAP1-C2的SUMOylation, IC50值为4.4 µmol·L-1。重要的是, 化合物19可以降低ER依赖基因的表达和抑制MCF7细胞的增殖, 证明其具有抗乳腺癌潜力。同时, 结构类似物chaetochromin A (20, 图 7) 和viomellein (21, 图 7) 也表现出与化合物19相似的SUMOylation抑制活性[38]
2013年, Kim等[39]使用电泳迁移率实验(electrophoretic mobility shift assay, EMSA) 实时监测细胞内的SUMOylation的状态, 发现黄酮类衍生物2-D08 (22, 图 8) 具有UBC9抑制活性, IC50值为6.0 µmol·L-1。2-D08特异性地阻止SUMO从UBC9转移到底物上, 而对同源的ubiquitylation通路无明显抑制作用。在乳腺癌细胞中, 2-D08可以有效抑制topo-Ⅰ的SUMOylation。近期, Zhou等[40]报道2-D08通过抑制NOX2的SUMOylation, 导致ROS蓄积, 进而介导AML细胞的凋亡。
2013年, GSK公司开发了一种用于高通量筛选的荧光偏振(FP) 检测方法, 发现二氨基嘧啶类UBC9抑制剂GSK145A[41] (23, 图 8), IC50值为12.5 µmol·L-1。机制研究表明, GSK145A可能作用于UBC9的底物结合位点, 与底物竞争性地结合UBC9, 进而抑制底物蛋白的SUMOylation。
2014年, Kumar等[42]利用分子建模方法预测UBC9潜在的成药性口袋, 并对ZINC数据库进行虚拟筛选, 获得UBC9抑制剂化合物24 (图 8), 但活性较弱, IC50值为46.3 µmol·L-1
2016年, Hewitt等[43]基于UBC9的晶体结构进行基于片段的药物筛选, 获得UBC9的变构抑制剂化合物2526 (图 8), 但两者仅具有微弱的SUMOylation抑制活性, IC50值分别为3.0和5.8 mmol·L-1, 进一步基于片段的结构优化有望获得活性提高的抑制剂。
2017年, Zlotkowski等[44]构建了小分子芯片的新型高通量药物筛选平台, 筛选得到UBC9抑制剂三环化合物27 (图 8), IC50值为74 µmol·L-1。在微摩尔浓度下, 化合物27可以有效抑制RanGAP1的SUMOylation。
SUMOylation在胚胎发育过程中具有重要的调控作用[45], 其中UBC9和SUMO2对胚胎的存活是必不可少的, 敲除UBC9或者SUMO2的胚胎在早期发育过程中死亡, 而SUMO1缺失的小鼠可以正常存活[46-50]。因此, 选择性抑制SUMO1介导的SUMOylation具有较好的安全性。同时, SUMO1在多种肿瘤细胞中被发现高表达, 敲除后会抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖并延缓移植瘤模型中肿瘤的生长[51-54]。因此, 靶向SUMO1介导的SUMOylation的抑制剂具有较好的抗肿瘤药物研发的前景。遗憾的是, 目前尚无特异性抑制SUMO1介导的SUMOylation抑制剂报道。
靶向蛋白降解(targeted protein degradation, TPD) 技术凭借其在不可成药靶点和药物耐药性方面的优势, 成为近年来药物研究的热潮[55]。目前已有多个PROTACs和分子胶形式的降解剂成功进入临床试验[56]。2021年, Bellail等[57]从美国国立卫生研究所(NCI) 的类药性化合物库中, 筛选得到可以特异性靶向降解SUMO1的苗头化合物CPD1 (28, 图 9)。CPD1特异性地降低SUMO1蛋白水平, 而不影响SUMO1 mRNA水平。进一步的成药性优化获得首个高选择性高效的SUMO1降解剂HB007 (29, 图 9)。HB007通过选择性降解SUMO1抑制多种肿瘤细胞的增殖, IC50值为0.3~1.5 µmol·L-1, 相对于对正常细胞的增殖抑制作用强10倍。在多种患者来源的移植瘤(PDX) 小鼠模型中, HB007均能显著降解SUMO1蛋白水平和肿瘤的生长, 并且延长小鼠的生存期。
蛋白质的翻译后修饰是蛋白质稳定和功能发挥的重要调控手段。除了常见的无机和有机小分子修饰(甲基化、乙酰化、磷酸化、糖基化、棕榈酰化等) 外, 还有一类用小肽进行的蛋白质翻译后修饰, 包括泛素化(ubiquitination)、类泛素化(SUMOylation)、NEDD8化(neddylation) 等。与其他两类小肽类修饰一样, SUMOylation也是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰, 参与调节细胞分化、细胞周期、核转录、蛋白间的相互作用、DNA修复等多种病理生理过程。在多种肿瘤细胞中SUMOylation通路异常活化, 敲除SUMOylation通路中关键酶具有显著的抗肿瘤效应。因此, 靶向SUMOylation通路关键的调控蛋白已成为抗肿瘤药物研发的重要领域。得益于机制研究的不断深入, 近年来涌现出了结构类型多样的SUMOylation通路抑制剂, 主要集中在SAE抑制剂和UBC9抑制剂。其中, 高选择性高效的SAE抑制剂TAK-981凭借其优异的临床前抗肿瘤疗效及可接受的安全性已成功进入临床研究, 目前处于临床Ⅰ期, 用于治疗成人实体瘤和淋巴瘤。令人欣慰的是, TAK-981可以显著上调免疫细胞中Ⅰ型IFN的表达及激活Ⅰ型IFN依赖的先天性免疫应答, 在体内移植瘤模型中, TAK-981能够诱导机体产生稳定的抗肿瘤免疫反应进而显著抑制肿瘤生长, 同时TAK-981与免疫检查点抑制剂联用能显著延长移植瘤小鼠的生存期。因此, SAE抑制剂研究具有较好的应用前景, 但最终患者临床是否受益, 安全性是否可控, 还需等待大量患者的临床试验结果。
SUMOylation在胚胎发育过程中起到重要的作用, 尤其是UBC9和SUMO2对胚胎的存活必不可少, 因此SUMOylation通路抑制剂的安全性一直是科研人员最担心的因素。与UBC9和SUMO2不同, SUMO1缺失的小鼠可以正常存活。因此, 选择性抑制SUMO1介导的SUMOylation的药物将具有更高的安全性。近期, Bellail等[57]报道了首个高选择性SUMO1降解剂HB007, 体内外实验也证实能显著且特异性降解SUMO1的蛋白水平, 进而抑制移植瘤模型中肿瘤的生长, 值得进一步研究。
综上所述, SUMOylation通路抑制剂通过双重作用模式抑制肿瘤生长, 既通过阻断SUMOylation通路抑制肿瘤细胞增殖, 同时通过刺激Ⅰ型IFN信号转导增加机体的抗肿瘤免疫反应。因此, 靶向SUMOylation通路的抑制剂具有较好的研发潜力。虽然目前报道的SUMOylation通路抑制剂大多数只停留在细胞活性水平, 类药性也存在明显缺陷, 但这些抑制剂具有丰富的结构类型, 以及目前众多前沿结构优化技术, 将为后续SUMOylation通路抑制剂的研发提供了坚实的基础, 相信将有更多药效好、安全性和选择性高的SUMOylation抑制剂进入临床研究和验证, 最终惠及肿瘤病患。
作者贡献: 熊朝栋负责文献检索、文章撰写和绘制插图; 刁嘉铭协助文献检索; 张翱指导和文章修改。
利益冲突: 本论文所有作者均声明无利益冲突。
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2022年第57卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0483
  • 接收时间:2022-04-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2022-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-23
  • 修回日期:2022-05-09
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科技创新2030重大项目(2021ZD0204004)
上海张江国家自主创新示范区专项发展资金重大项目(ZJ2021-ZD-007)
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    上海交通大学药学院, 药学交叉中心, 上海 200240

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*张翱, Tel: 86-21-34204020, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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