Article(id=1210148024144229105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0065, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1642089600000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-14, revisedDate=1646323200000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766451372418, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1660233600000, pubDateStr=2022-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766451372418, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766451372418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766451372418, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210148010437243088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='8', pageStart='2245', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766451369151, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766451533022, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210148697808179705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210148697808179706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2378, endPage=2387, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210148025809367825, articleId=1210148024144229105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanism of rhein inhibition of colorectal cancer through arginine metabolism based on protein chip, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rhein is an anthraquinone compound extracted from rhubarb, aloe vera, Polygonum multiflorum. In this study, we screened the potential targets of rhein through protein chip technology and investigated the underlying mechanism of its inhibition of colorectal cancer. Colony formation assay and scratch assay were used to examine the effect of rhein on the proliferation and migration abilities of HCT116 cell; KEGG and protein interaction analyses of rhein specific binding proteins by screening rhein binding proteins using protein chip; qRT-PCR and Western blot assays were used to determine the effect of rhein on the expression levels of BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) in HCT116 cell. The antitumor effect of rhein was verified by azoxymethane combined with dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS) induced colorectal cancer model. Experimental animal procedures were performed in accordance with animal welfare and the standards of the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of South China Agricultural University, with approval from the ethics committee. In vivo and in vitro results indicate that rhein specific binding proteins are mainly involved in amino acid anabolism, especially the arginine anabolic signaling pathway. Rhein inhibited the proliferation and migration of HCT116 cell in a concentration-dependent manner. Treated with rhein for 24 h significantly enhanced the expression of BAX and ASS1 in HCT116 cells, as well as the level of nitric oxide (NO) metabolism. In a mouse model of colorectal cancer, rhein significantly alleviated AOM/DSS induced weight loss and reduced fecal occult blood score. Meanwhile, rhein enhanced BAX and ASS1 expression in colon tumor tissue, as well as increased arginine and NO in serum. IHC and HE stain indicated that rhein alleviated Ki67 expression and macrophage infiltration in the colonic tissue of mice with AOM/DSS and delayed tumor formation. In conclusion, rhein can exert antitumor activity by regulating arginine and NO metabolism through ASS1.

, correspAuthors=Shi-ning GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-hua WANG, Wen-chang ZHANG, Jie-yi HUANG, Jian-chi LUN, Yi-qing DING, Wei-jie LÜ, Xiao-long XU, Shi-ning GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210148028195926989, articleId=1210148024144229105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于蛋白质芯片技术探究大黄酸通过精氨酸代谢抑制结直肠癌机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大黄酸是从大黄、芦荟、何首乌等中提取的一种蒽醌类化合物, 本研究通过蛋白质芯片技术筛选大黄酸潜在作用靶点, 并探究其抑制结直肠癌的潜在机制。采用集落形成实验和划痕实验分别检测大黄酸对人HCT116细胞系增殖和迁移能力影响; 利用蛋白质芯片技术筛选大黄酸靶向蛋白, 对大黄酸特异性结合蛋白进行KEGG和蛋白互作分析; 利用qRT-PCR和Western blot技术检测大黄酸对HCT116细胞中B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因相关X蛋白(BCL-2-associated X protein, BAX)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(B-cell lymphoma-2, BCL-2) 和精氨基琥珀酸合成酶1 (argininosuccinate synthetase 1, ASS1) 表达水平影响; 并通过氧化偶氮甲烷与葡聚糖硫酸钠(azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate, AOM/DSS) 联合诱导的结直肠癌模型小鼠验证大黄酸的体内抗肿瘤效果, 实验动物操作均按照动物福利和华南农业大学实验动物伦理委员会标准执行, 并得到伦理委员会的批准。结果表明, 大黄酸特异性结合蛋白主要参与氨基酸合成代谢, 尤其是精氨酸合成代谢信号通路; 并以浓度依赖性抑制HCT116细胞增殖和迁移。大黄酸作用HCT116细胞24 h后, 显著增强BAX和ASS1表达, 以及细胞一氧化氮水平; 在结直肠癌小鼠模型中, 大黄酸显著缓解AOM/DSS诱导的体重下降, 降低便隐血评分, 增强结肠肿瘤组织中BAX和ASS1的表达, 并提高血清中精氨酸和一氧化氮含量; IHC和HE染色表明, 大黄酸减轻AOM/DSS诱导的结直肠癌小鼠结肠组织中Ki67表达及巨噬细胞浸润, 延缓肿瘤形成。综上, 大黄酸可通过精氨酸关键限速酶ASS1, 调节精氨酸和NO代谢, 从而发挥抗肿瘤活性。

, correspAuthors=郭世宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郭世宁, Tel: 86-20-85280236, E-mail:
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Gut, 2020, 69: 1988-1997., articleTitle=A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurised bacterium blunts colitis associated tumourigenesis by modulation of CD8+ T cells in mice, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210148036555174190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, awardId=32072903, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(32072903), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210148028476945373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210148028485333982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, companyId=1210148028476945373, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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A: Rhein chemical structure formula; B: HCT116 cell viability at different rhein concentrations; C: Effect of rhein on colony formation of HCT116 cells; D: Effect of rhein on migration of HCT116 cells. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group (CON) , figureFileSmall=EDPY57eqvYrlmqyYbYrIfg==, figureFileBig=LX+Xw12Lqe3HW9KgQPF1PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148034923589865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=f6M6CdSRinoeWYOel2r1og==, figureFileBig=jy1QpLT752oy2zm0xAEmjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148035028447469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Rhein promotes apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Effect of rhein on BAX (A) and BCL-2 (B) mRNA expression in HCT116 cells; C: Changes in BCL-2/BAX mRNA ratio in HCT116 cells after rhein treatment. Rhein effects on BAX (D) and BCL-2 (E) protein expression in HCT116 cells; F: Changes in BCL-2/BAX protein ratio in HCT116 cells after rhein treatment. <i>n</i> = 4, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CON , figureFileSmall=f6M6CdSRinoeWYOel2r1og==, figureFileBig=jy1QpLT752oy2zm0xAEmjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148035112333555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=M9eprl0YkTTv9Yin2hxIPA==, figureFileBig=x0qlUzjvoJa+eGu90gue0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148035217191160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Identification of rhein binding human protein microarray. A: Schematic of the substance binding process; B: Part with rhein binding protein, measured at 635 nm wavelength. +: In the presence of biotin-rhein; -: In the presence of biotin alone , figureFileSmall=M9eprl0YkTTv9Yin2hxIPA==, figureFileBig=x0qlUzjvoJa+eGu90gue0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148035309465851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3IZe11pbANC/C2FZAuO+eQ==, figureFileBig=lfe9tl4Z1O7eJvoM1ACyYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148035384963326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= KEGG analysis of rhein binding protein related pathways , figureFileSmall=3IZe11pbANC/C2FZAuO+eQ==, figureFileBig=lfe9tl4Z1O7eJvoM1ACyYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148035456266500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dkf4xu5AnbAODjlYaK17qg==, figureFileBig=mm7FhciG40sSBmDKnBn6uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148035552735496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Diagram of the rhein binding protein interaction network , figureFileSmall=dkf4xu5AnbAODjlYaK17qg==, figureFileBig=mm7FhciG40sSBmDKnBn6uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148035682758924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=i6h0I9VKbOLKz68WTjo5Eg==, figureFileBig=cKzJEKDbDiiFrze/5diUvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148035791810833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Rhein regulates arginine anabolism. A: Rhein promotes ASS1 mRNA expression; B: Rhein promotes ASS1 protein expression; C: Rhein elevates arginine levels; D: Rhein elevates nitric oxide (NO) levels. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CON , figureFileSmall=i6h0I9VKbOLKz68WTjo5Eg==, figureFileBig=cKzJEKDbDiiFrze/5diUvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148035888279829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kMmuWS64Do3bsudq23307w==, figureFileBig=Bl5W0t/VOpt5XD7YxpqTjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148035984748826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Rhein alleviates colorectal cancer induced by azoxymethane (AOM) combined with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice. A: Animal testing process; B: Weight percentage change trend; C: Fecal occult blood score; <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CON; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> model group (MOD) , figureFileSmall=kMmuWS64Do3bsudq23307w==, figureFileBig=Bl5W0t/VOpt5XD7YxpqTjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148036043469082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RiwwkprJTd5UlAoDu/gmyA==, figureFileBig=/yHEy/BhJEn4hZcb8Uhbtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148036118966557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Rhein promotes apoptosis expression in colon tumor tissue. A: Relative mRNA expression of BAX in each group; B: Relative mRNA expression of BCL-2 in each group; C: Changes in BCL-2/BAX mRNA ratio; D: Relative protein expression of BAX in each group; E: Relative protein expression of BCL-2 in each group; F: Changes in BCL-2/BAX protein ratio. <i>n =</i> 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CON; <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> MOD , figureFileSmall=RiwwkprJTd5UlAoDu/gmyA==, figureFileBig=/yHEy/BhJEn4hZcb8Uhbtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148036202852640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9Skwe9dzgCYIku/gNGtlGA==, figureFileBig=xo3Eb4VjbOETbQmEXHKDnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148036299321635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= Rhein promotes arginine metabolism and delays tumor formation. A: IHC staining of F4/80 (upper) and Ki67 (lower) in the colonic tissue; B: HE staining of colon tissues; C: Relative mRNA expression of ASS1 in each group; D: Relative protein expression of ASS1 in each group; E: Arginine in serum by ELISA; F: NO was measured in serum using a nitric oxide assay kit. Scale bar: 500 μm. <i>n =</i> 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> MOD , figureFileSmall=9Skwe9dzgCYIku/gNGtlGA==, figureFileBig=xo3Eb4VjbOETbQmEXHKDnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148036374819110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene namePrimer sequence
GAPDH (human)F: GTCAAGGCTGAGAACGGGAA
R: AAATGAGCCCCAGCCTTCTC
ASS1 (human)F: AGCAGGCACCATCCTTTACC
R: GCTCACCAGCTCCTCATTGT
BAX (human)F: CATGGGCTGGACATTGGACT
R: TGAGGAGTCTCACCCAACCA
BCL-2 (human)F: GAACTGGGGGAGGATTGTGG
R: CATCCCAGCCTCCGTTATCC
β-Actin (mice)F: TGCTGTCCCTGTATGCCTCTG
R: CTGTAGCCACGCTCGGTCA
ASS1 (mice)F: GAAGCTTGGGGCCAAAAAGG
R: CCTGGTCATTCCCCTTTCCC
BAX (mice)F: CACTAAAGTGCCCGAGCTGA
R: CTTCCAGATGGTGAGCGAGG
BCL-2 (mice)F: GAACTGGGGGAGGATTGTGG
R: GGGGTGACATCTCCCTGTTG
), ArticleFig(id=1210148036450316585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148024144229105, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Human and mice primer sequences. GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; ASS1: Argininosuccinate synthetase 1; BAX: BCL-2-associated X protein; BCL-2: B-cell lymphoma-2; β-Actin: Beta-actin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene namePrimer sequence
GAPDH (human)F: GTCAAGGCTGAGAACGGGAA
R: AAATGAGCCCCAGCCTTCTC
ASS1 (human)F: AGCAGGCACCATCCTTTACC
R: GCTCACCAGCTCCTCATTGT
BAX (human)F: CATGGGCTGGACATTGGACT
R: TGAGGAGTCTCACCCAACCA
BCL-2 (human)F: GAACTGGGGGAGGATTGTGG
R: CATCCCAGCCTCCGTTATCC
β-Actin (mice)F: TGCTGTCCCTGTATGCCTCTG
R: CTGTAGCCACGCTCGGTCA
ASS1 (mice)F: GAAGCTTGGGGCCAAAAAGG
R: CCTGGTCATTCCCCTTTCCC
BAX (mice)F: CACTAAAGTGCCCGAGCTGA
R: CTTCCAGATGGTGAGCGAGG
BCL-2 (mice)F: GAACTGGGGGAGGATTGTGG
R: GGGGTGACATCTCCCTGTTG
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基于蛋白质芯片技术探究大黄酸通过精氨酸代谢抑制结直肠癌机制
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王志华 1 , 张文嫦 1 , 黄洁怡 1 , 伦健炽 1 , 丁倚晴 1 , 吕伟杰 1 , 徐霄龙 2 , 郭世宁 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(8): 2378-2387
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(8): 2378-2387
基于蛋白质芯片技术探究大黄酸通过精氨酸代谢抑制结直肠癌机制
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王志华1, 张文嫦1, 黄洁怡1, 伦健炽1, 丁倚晴1, 吕伟杰1, 徐霄龙2, 郭世宁1, *
作者信息
  • 1.华南农业大学, 广东 广州 510642
  • 2.首都医科大学附属北京中医医院, 北京 100010

通讯作者:

*郭世宁, Tel: 86-20-85280236, E-mail:
Mechanism of rhein inhibition of colorectal cancer through arginine metabolism based on protein chip
Zhi-hua WANG1, Wen-chang ZHANG1, Jie-yi HUANG1, Jian-chi LUN1, Yi-qing DING1, Wei-jie LÜ1, Xiao-long XU2, Shi-ning GUO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
  • 2. Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
出版时间: 2022-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0065
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大黄酸是从大黄、芦荟、何首乌等中提取的一种蒽醌类化合物, 本研究通过蛋白质芯片技术筛选大黄酸潜在作用靶点, 并探究其抑制结直肠癌的潜在机制。采用集落形成实验和划痕实验分别检测大黄酸对人HCT116细胞系增殖和迁移能力影响; 利用蛋白质芯片技术筛选大黄酸靶向蛋白, 对大黄酸特异性结合蛋白进行KEGG和蛋白互作分析; 利用qRT-PCR和Western blot技术检测大黄酸对HCT116细胞中B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因相关X蛋白(BCL-2-associated X protein, BAX)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(B-cell lymphoma-2, BCL-2) 和精氨基琥珀酸合成酶1 (argininosuccinate synthetase 1, ASS1) 表达水平影响; 并通过氧化偶氮甲烷与葡聚糖硫酸钠(azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate, AOM/DSS) 联合诱导的结直肠癌模型小鼠验证大黄酸的体内抗肿瘤效果, 实验动物操作均按照动物福利和华南农业大学实验动物伦理委员会标准执行, 并得到伦理委员会的批准。结果表明, 大黄酸特异性结合蛋白主要参与氨基酸合成代谢, 尤其是精氨酸合成代谢信号通路; 并以浓度依赖性抑制HCT116细胞增殖和迁移。大黄酸作用HCT116细胞24 h后, 显著增强BAX和ASS1表达, 以及细胞一氧化氮水平; 在结直肠癌小鼠模型中, 大黄酸显著缓解AOM/DSS诱导的体重下降, 降低便隐血评分, 增强结肠肿瘤组织中BAX和ASS1的表达, 并提高血清中精氨酸和一氧化氮含量; IHC和HE染色表明, 大黄酸减轻AOM/DSS诱导的结直肠癌小鼠结肠组织中Ki67表达及巨噬细胞浸润, 延缓肿瘤形成。综上, 大黄酸可通过精氨酸关键限速酶ASS1, 调节精氨酸和NO代谢, 从而发挥抗肿瘤活性。

大黄酸  /  结直肠癌  /  精氨基琥珀酸合成酶1  /  精氨酸

Rhein is an anthraquinone compound extracted from rhubarb, aloe vera, Polygonum multiflorum. In this study, we screened the potential targets of rhein through protein chip technology and investigated the underlying mechanism of its inhibition of colorectal cancer. Colony formation assay and scratch assay were used to examine the effect of rhein on the proliferation and migration abilities of HCT116 cell; KEGG and protein interaction analyses of rhein specific binding proteins by screening rhein binding proteins using protein chip; qRT-PCR and Western blot assays were used to determine the effect of rhein on the expression levels of BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) in HCT116 cell. The antitumor effect of rhein was verified by azoxymethane combined with dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS) induced colorectal cancer model. Experimental animal procedures were performed in accordance with animal welfare and the standards of the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of South China Agricultural University, with approval from the ethics committee. In vivo and in vitro results indicate that rhein specific binding proteins are mainly involved in amino acid anabolism, especially the arginine anabolic signaling pathway. Rhein inhibited the proliferation and migration of HCT116 cell in a concentration-dependent manner. Treated with rhein for 24 h significantly enhanced the expression of BAX and ASS1 in HCT116 cells, as well as the level of nitric oxide (NO) metabolism. In a mouse model of colorectal cancer, rhein significantly alleviated AOM/DSS induced weight loss and reduced fecal occult blood score. Meanwhile, rhein enhanced BAX and ASS1 expression in colon tumor tissue, as well as increased arginine and NO in serum. IHC and HE stain indicated that rhein alleviated Ki67 expression and macrophage infiltration in the colonic tissue of mice with AOM/DSS and delayed tumor formation. In conclusion, rhein can exert antitumor activity by regulating arginine and NO metabolism through ASS1.

rhein  /  colorectal cancer  /  argininosuccinate synthetase 1  /  arginine
王志华, 张文嫦, 黄洁怡, 伦健炽, 丁倚晴, 吕伟杰, 徐霄龙, 郭世宁. 基于蛋白质芯片技术探究大黄酸通过精氨酸代谢抑制结直肠癌机制. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (8) : 2378 -2387 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0065
Zhi-hua WANG, Wen-chang ZHANG, Jie-yi HUANG, Jian-chi LUN, Yi-qing DING, Wei-jie LÜ, Xiao-long XU, Shi-ning GUO. Mechanism of rhein inhibition of colorectal cancer through arginine metabolism based on protein chip[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (8) : 2378 -2387 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0065
结直肠癌(CRC) 是肠上皮细胞的一种异质性疾病, 其特征为突变积累和免疫反应失调, 是最常见的三大恶性肿瘤之一, 为严重的公共卫生问题和致命性疾病[1]。我国结直肠癌发病率增速尤为显著, 尤其是在50岁以下人群中[2]。全球肿瘤流行病统计数据库显示, 我国2018年结直肠癌新发病例和死亡病例分别增至52.1万例和24.5万例, 结直肠癌在全部恶性肿瘤发病率排名由第3位升至第2位。目前, 我国结直肠癌的主要治疗方法涉及影像学评估、内镜诊疗、病理学评估、手术、化疗、放疗等手段[3]。结直肠癌患者化疗杀死癌细胞的同时, 也伤害了正常的免疫细胞[4], 损伤机体和降低免疫功能。结直肠癌在转移期进行根治性手术的CRC患者预后和生存率都很低。因此, 在CRC治疗中, 识别参与CRC发病机制的蛋白质和细胞过程, 寻找与CRC生长相关的药物靶点是关键[5], 对开发有效的靶向治疗药物至关重要, 这有利于提高患者的生存率。
大黄酸主要分布在蓼科植物中[6], 是一种亲脂性蒽醌类化合物, 其广泛存在于中草药, 如大黄、芦荟、何首乌、虎杖[7]。现代医学发现, 大黄酸具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、免疫抑制及抗炎的药理学活性作用。研究证明, 大黄酸是蒽醌类的生物活性成分[8], 能显著抑制肿瘤细胞对葡萄糖的摄取, 致使生物膜相关功能改变, 导致细胞死亡, 具有良好的抗癌活性[9]。多项研究证明, 影响肿瘤细胞的氨基酸代谢, 可有效抑制肿瘤细胞的生长, 抑制癌症进一步发展[10, 11]。目前, 关于大黄酸通过氨基酸代谢治疗结直肠癌研究较少且其药效机制尚不清楚。
蛋白质芯片技术是一种高通量的蛋白功能分析技术, 可用于蛋白质表达谱的分析, 研究蛋白质与蛋白质之间的相互作用, 甚至可用于研究DNA-蛋白质、RNA-蛋白质的相互作用及筛选药物作用的蛋白靶点等。本研究基于蛋白质芯片技术, 筛选出大黄酸结合的蛋白, 通过靶向大黄酸特异性结合蛋白探究大黄酸抑制结直肠癌发展作用的机制。
细胞    人结直肠癌肿瘤细胞HCT116, 购于上海中科院细胞库。
实验动物    6~7周龄, 体重18 ± 2 g雄性C57BL/6J小鼠购于南方医科大学[合格证号: SCXK (粤) 2016-0041], 饲养于华南农业大学实验动物中心[许可证号: SYXK (粤) 2019-0136], 室温25 ± 2 ℃, 相对湿度55 ± 5 ℃, 本实验动物操作均按照动物福利和华南农业大学实验动物伦理委员会标准执行, 并得到伦理委员会的批准。
主要试剂    大黄酸购买于上海同田生物技术有限公司, 纯度≥ 98%, 批号E-0207。RPMI-1640培养基、胎牛血清、磷酸盐缓冲液、胰蛋白酶均购于美国Gibco公司; DMSO、氧化偶氮甲烷(azoxymethane, AOM)、葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sodium sulfate, DSS) 中性树胶均购于美国Sigma公司; 一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO) 检测试剂盒、RIPA裂解液、山羊抗兔IgG抗体购于上海碧云天生物技术有限公司; 精氨酸检测试剂盒购于武汉科鹿生物技术有限公司; SDS-PAGE凝胶配制试剂盒购于上海雅酶生物科技有限公司; ECL发光液、脱脂奶粉购于北京博奥森生物技术有限公司; B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因相关X蛋白(BCL-2-associated X protein, BAX)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(B-cell lymphoma-2, BCL-2)、精氨基琥珀酸合成酶1 (argininosuccinate synthetase 1, ASS1)、小鼠含生长因子样模体黏液样激素样受体(mouse EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1, EMR1, 又称F4/80) 抗体购于Cell Signaling Technology公司; Ki67抗体购于美国Abcam公司; 石蜡购于上海国药生物公司; 二步法试剂盒、DAB试剂盒购于中衫金桥公司; ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix和HiScript Ⅲ RT SuperMix for qPCR (+gDNA wiper) 试剂盒购于南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司; 动物/细胞总RNA提取试剂盒购于北京擎科生物技术有限公司。
主要仪器    Multiskan FC全自动酶标仪(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); 精密分析天平(上海精科太平仪器厂); 微滴式数字PCR系统(BIO-RAD公司); 切片机(浙江金华益迪试验器材); 包埋机(常州中威电子仪器); 荧光定量PCR仪(Roche公司); 超净工作台(苏州安泰空气技术有限公司)。
CCK-8法    将生长状态良好的人结直肠癌肿瘤细胞HCT116进行铺板。将培养好的细胞用PBS清洗, 胰蛋白酶消化, 收集细胞1 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 重悬细胞沉淀, 细胞计数板对细胞计数, 细胞浓度调整每毫升为5×104个, 接种100 μL到96孔板中。将其置于37 ℃培养箱中培养4 h; 弃掉培养液, 加入不同浓度的大黄酸溶液(0、0.5、1、2、4、8、16、32、64和100 μg·mL-1) 100 μL; 于细胞培养箱中培养24 h, 弃掉液体, 每孔加入100 μL含10% CCK-8的培养基, 继续培养1.5 h。将96孔板从培养箱中取出, 将细胞板放入酶标仪中, 在波长为450 nm下测定吸光度(OD) 值。计算公式: 细胞存活率= [(加药孔OD值-空白孔OD值)/(对照组OD值-空白孔OD值)] × 100%。
集落实验    将生长良好的人结直肠癌肿瘤细胞HCT116进行铺板。将培养好的细胞用PBS清洗, 胰蛋白酶消化, 收集细胞1 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 重悬细胞沉淀, 进行细胞计数, 细胞浓度调整为每毫升5×105个, 按每孔500个细胞接种到6孔板, 均匀铺板。细胞铺板24 h, 加入不同浓度的大黄酸溶液(0、2、4和8 μg·mL-1) 处理72 h, 弃上清液, PBS清洗, 加入新鲜培养液, 2~3天更换一次培养液, 培养皿置于5% CO2、37 ℃细胞培养箱内, 当培养皿出现肉眼可见的细胞集落时, 弃掉培养液, 用PBS清洗2次, 风干或空气干燥, 每孔加入甲醇固定15 min, 弃掉甲醇, 空气干燥, 加入吉姆萨染液1 mL, 染色10 min, 弃掉染液, PBS缓慢清洗3次, 空气干燥, 拍照。
划痕实验    将生长良好的人结直肠癌肿瘤细胞HCT116进行铺板。培养好的细胞用PBS清洗, 胰酶消化, 新鲜完全培养液终止消化, 收集细胞, 1 000 r·min-1, 离心5 min, 重悬细胞沉淀, 细胞计数, 细胞浓度调整为每毫升5×105个, 均匀铺板, 置于5% CO2、37 ℃细胞培养箱内, 培养24 h, 进行划痕。划痕完成后, 用PBS清洗脱落的细胞, 加入不同浓度的大黄酸溶液(0、2、4和8 μg·mL-1) 处理24 h, 在显微镜下观察, 拍照记录, 用Image J软件计算划痕宽度, 细胞迁移率= (0 h划痕宽度-24 h划痕宽度)/0 h划痕宽度× 100%。
精氨酸检测    收集细胞沉淀, PBS清洗, 0.02 mol·L-1盐酸溶液稀释, 超声破碎细胞; 离心取上清; 上清加入5%的磺基水杨酸1∶1混合, 去蛋白, 离心取上清于氨基酸分析仪(日立L-8900型) 检测; 检测依据为JY/T 0576-2020氨基酸分析方法通则。
动物分组及给药    将健康雄性C57BL/6J小鼠称重, 使用ROUND函数, 随机分为3组, 每组10只, 分别为对照组(CON)、模型组(MOD)、大黄酸用药组(Rhein)。模型组和大黄酸用药组按10 mg·kg-1剂量给予小鼠腹腔注射AOM, 空白组腹腔注射生理盐水作为对照。AOM注射7天后, 模型组和大黄酸用药组2% DSS自由饮水5天, 常规水饮用14天, 此为1个周期, 3个周期建立结肠炎性相关结直肠癌模型[12], 空白组饮用常规水作为对照。在第1个周期2% DSS饮水结束后, 对小鼠进行大黄酸50 mg·kg-1灌胃给药, 空白组灌胃生理盐水作为对照, 直到实验结束, 实验结束后处死, 记录各项指标, 采集样品。
蛋白质芯片技术    按照CDI芯片公司提供的芯片检测标准流程进行芯片杂交、洗涤与检测。芯片封闭: 将芯片从-80 ℃取出, 立即浸入预冷的封闭液中, 于水平摇床, 室温, 50 r·min-1, 封闭5 min; 更换新封闭液, 室温, 50 r·min-1; 封闭1.5 h。芯片检测: 弃掉封闭液, 1×PBS-T清洗芯, 清洗5 min; 芯片放入加入样品的杂交盒中, 50 r·min-1, 室温孵育1 h; 孵育好的芯片移入培养皿中, 清洗; 芯片与1% Cy5-Streptavidn Solution反应, 避光, 50 r·min-1, 室温20 min; 清洗芯片, 甩干, 避光, GenePix 4000B扫描仪于635 nm扫描芯片, 芯片图像使用GenePixTM Pro v6.0读取数据。
Western blot    实验处理完成的HCT116细胞, PBS清洗, 加入一定体积的RIPA裂解液, 冰上裂解30 min, 于低温离心机12 000 r·min-1离心30 min, 收集上清(小鼠结肠组织使用组织匀浆机破碎)。使用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒进行蛋白定量, 用RIPA裂解液将样品调至同一浓度, 加入5×上样缓冲液于沸水中变性10 min。实验样品进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳, 分离蛋白, 湿法转膜。用含5%脱脂奶粉的TBST对PVDF膜封闭1 h, 加入一抗4 ℃孵育过夜。次日, TBST清洗3次, 加入对应二抗, 室温孵育1.5 h, TBST洗3次。PVDF膜表面加ECL发光液, 置于凝胶成像系统中曝光拍照。
HE染色    小鼠结肠组织经组织固定液固定后, 常规石蜡切片包埋组织, 然后进行苏木素-伊红染色, 光学显微镜下观察。
免疫组化    将包埋好的石蜡切片于60 ℃烤片12 h, 切片置于二甲苯、浓度梯度下降的乙醇溶液中脱蜡, 蒸馏水浸洗; 将切片浸入枸橼酸盐缓冲液(pH 6.0), 电炉加热至沸腾后断电, 煮20 min后拿出, 冷却至室温, PBS清洗; 加入1%高碘酸, 室温10 min, PBS清洗; 孵育一抗4 ℃过夜, PBS冲洗; 孵育二抗37 ℃, 30 min, PBS冲洗; 加预制好的显色剂DAB工作液50~100 μL, 室温孵育1~5 min, 镜下控制反应时间, 蒸馏水洗涤; 苏木素复染5~10 min, 蒸馏水冲洗, PBS返蓝; 梯度乙醇溶液脱水; 取出置于二甲苯10 min, 2次, 中性树胶封片、显微镜观察。
qRT-PCR    试剂盒提取细胞/组织总RNA, 使用HiScript Ⅲ RT SuperMix for qPCR逆转录试剂盒将RNA逆转录为cDNA, 按照ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix试剂盒配置反应体系并进行反应, $ {2}^{-\Delta \Delta } $Ct法数据分析目的基因相对表达。引物由北京擎科生物技术有限公司合成, 人源及鼠源引物序列如表 1所示。
统计学分析    采用SPSS 19.0软件进行数据统计学分析。计量资料以均值±标准差(x ± s) 表示, 各实验组组间差异比较采用单因素方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA), 当P < 0.05时认为差异有统计学意义。
不同浓度的大黄酸(图 1A) 作用于HCT116细胞24 h, 大黄酸呈剂量依赖性地抑制肿瘤细胞增殖(图 1B)。
集落实验如图 1C所示, HCT116细胞大黄酸处理24 h后, 与对照组相比, 2和4 μg·mL-1大黄酸处理组其细胞集落无明显差异, 8 μg·mL-1大黄酸处理后细胞集落形成明显减少。
划痕实验结果如图 1D所示, 对照组细胞不断向划痕空白区迁移, 空白间距明显缩短; 大黄酸用药组肿瘤细胞迁移率随大黄酸浓度升高不断降低, 呈现剂量依赖性, 与对照组相比, 2和4 μg·mL-1处理组细胞迁移率无明显差异, 大黄酸剂量为8 μg·mL-1时肿瘤细胞迁移显著受抑制。
BAX是BCL-2基因家族中细胞凋亡促进基因。如图 2所示, 大黄酸作用HCT116细胞24 h后, 对BAX和BCL-2表达进行检测, 与对照组相比, 大黄酸8 μg·mL-1处理后, BAX mRNA和蛋白表达均升高(图 2AD); 大黄酸处理促进BCL-2 mRNA表达, 但BCL-2蛋白表达无明显差异(图 2BE); 大黄酸8 μg·mL-1处理, mRNA和蛋白BCL-2/BAX比值均显著降低(图 2CF)。这些结果表明, 大黄酸增强凋亡促进基因BAX表达, 可能有助于促进肿瘤细胞凋亡, 从而发挥抗肿瘤作用。
基于大黄酸表现出良好的抑制HCT116细胞增殖和迁移活性, 通过蛋白质芯片技术对大黄酸结合蛋白进行探究。为鉴定大黄酸结合蛋白, 探测了一个有18 583种蛋白组成的人类蛋白质组芯片。检测样品结合过程示意图(图 3A)。将样品与蛋白质芯片进行杂交, 获得的芯片图像(图 3B), 使用GenePix TM Pro v6.0进行读取数据。对检出的蛋白数据处理, 设置荧光信号强度阈值参数, 得到57种大黄酸特异性结合蛋白。
对大黄酸特异性结合蛋白进行KEGG通路和蛋白互作分析, 发现这57种蛋白主要参与氨基酸合成代谢。KEGG pathway分析大黄酸特异性结合蛋白主要参与11个信号通路, 包括氨基酸合成(biosynthesis of amino acids)、碳代谢(carbon metabolism)、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢(arginine and proline metabolism)、过氧化物酶体(proxisome)、丙氨酸/天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢(alanine/aspartate and glutamate metabolism)、PPAR信号通路(PPAR signaling pathway)、精氨酸生物合成(arginine biosynthesis)、谷胱甘肽代谢(glutathione metabolism)、嘌呤代谢(purine metabolism)、Wnt信号通路(Wnt signaling pathway)、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢(glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism)。在11个信号通路中, 大黄酸结合蛋白主要富集在氨基酸合成代谢, 其中以精氨酸合成代谢富集最为显著(图 4)。
图 5所示, 利用String和Cytoscape进行蛋白互作分析, 大黄酸特异性结合蛋白形成2个主要集簇, 在第一个集簇中主要涉及精氨酸代谢、丝氨酸代谢及谷氨酰胺代谢相关蛋白。由于大黄酸特异性结合蛋白主要参与氨基酸合成途径, 而其中以精氨酸合成代谢途径显著。鉴于KEGG分析和蛋白互作分析均表明大黄酸结合蛋白参与精氨酸途径, 推测大黄酸可能通过调节精氨酸代谢来影响肿瘤发展。
ASS1是精氨酸合成代谢通路上的关键限速酶[13], 也是尿素和NO合成的关键限速酶。对ASS1表达检测结果显示, 与对照组相比, 8 μg·mL-1大黄酸处理后, HCT116细胞中ASS1的mRNA和蛋白水平上的表达均显著升高(图 6AB)。由于ASS1是精氨酸合成途径的关键限速酶, 对精氨酸合成有重要意义。因此, 对大黄酸处理后精氨酸水平表达进行检测, 结果表明, 8 μg·mL-1大黄酸处理HCT116细胞24 h后, 与对照组相比, 大黄酸处理后细胞精氨酸水平显著增加(图 6C)。另外, 精氨酸也是内源性生成NO的唯一底物, 精氨酸在一氧化氮合酶的作用下产生NO, 精氨酸缺乏, NO生成减少。研究表明, NO是宿主免疫和组织修复的重要信号, 细胞内源性NO产生可提高肠道上皮完整性、减轻结肠炎和炎症性相关结直肠癌[14]。实验结果显示, 与对照组相比, 大黄酸处理显著增加NO水平(图 6D)。
在体外实验中, 已证明大黄酸通过靶向精氨酸限速酶ASS1, 调节精氨酸代谢发挥抗肿瘤作用, 接下来在体内进行验证, 图 7A为动物实验流程。与对照组相比, 模型组小鼠体重随着实验周期不断降低; 大黄酸处理后, 小鼠体重下降趋势显著改善, 并与对照组相比无显著差异(图 7B)。粪便隐血是结直肠癌发生的潜在指标之一, 粪便隐血试验是早期筛查大肠癌的主要方法[15, 16]。在试验第50天(第3次DSS饮水结束) 和第64天(试验结束) 对各组小鼠进行便隐血测试, 第50天时, 模型组和大黄酸组的便隐血评分均显著高于对照组; 在第64天, 与对照组相比, 模型组便隐血评分显著升高, 大黄酸处理后, 小鼠便隐血评分显著降低(图 7C)。综上所述, 大黄酸处理可以显著改善AOM/DSS诱导粪便潜血、体重降低等癌症表型。
图 8所示, 在结肠组织中, 与对照组相比, 模型组BAX mRNA和蛋白表达无明显差异; 但与模型组相比, 大黄酸组BAX mRNA和蛋白表达均显著升高(图 8AD); 各组之间BCL-2 mRNA和蛋白表达无明显差异(图 8BE); 相对于模型组, 大黄酸处理后肿瘤组织中BCL-2/BAX比值均显著降低, 可能诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡(图 8CF)。
免疫组化结果显示, 在AOM/DSS诱导结肠直肠癌中, 与对照组相比, 模型组肠道组织中巨噬细胞浸润明显; 大黄酸处理后, 结肠组织中巨噬细胞浸润减轻(图 9A上)。模型组Ki67表达明显增多, 大黄酸处理后减轻组织中Ki67表达(图 9A下), 表明结肠组织恶性增殖下降。HE染色结果如图 9B显示, 对照组结肠组织细胞形态正常、结构完整, 小鼠结肠黏膜未见明显病理改变; 模型组小鼠黏膜上皮增生, 有大小不等的腺癌形成, 可见癌细胞呈异性核深染, 淋巴细胞浸润增多; 与模型组相比, 大黄酸组黏膜上皮增生减轻, 黏膜层腺癌数量明显减少, 淋巴细胞浸润明显降低。对结肠肿瘤组织中ASS1表达进行检测发现, 与对照组相比, 模型组ASS1表达无显著变化; 与模型组相比, 大黄酸处理后ASS1 mRNA和蛋白水平均显著升高(图 9CD)。对血清中精氨酸和NO含量进行检测, 发现与模型组相比, 大黄酸处理后小鼠血清中精氨酸和NO含量均显著升高(图 9EF)。
中医药长期以来是我国肿瘤治疗的重要组成部分, 在联合化疗增效减毒、改善生活质量、延长生存期方面作用显著[17]。研究表明, 天然产物雷公藤红素可直接与STAT-3结合, 抑制其磷酸化和核移位, 显著缓解血管紧张素2诱导的心肌细胞肥大和纤维化[18]。黄芩素可显著抑制食管鳞癌细胞的迁移、侵袭和转移, 其通过调节ERK/ELK-1/Snail信号通路, 阻断食管鳞癌细胞上皮间质转化发生[19]。中药单体由于其药物活性成分单一、药效明确, 对正常细胞毒副作用较小[20], 得到广大科研工作者的青睐。研究证明, 中药提取物中蒽醌类化合物具有抗肿瘤[21]、抗菌、免疫抑制及抗炎等药理学活性。大黄酸是一种蒽醌类化合物, 主要提取于大黄、芦荟、何首乌等。研究证明, 大黄酸可通过调节MAPK等信号, 控制新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征的发生、发展及延缓病情恶化[22]。大黄蒽醌类化合物已被证实可抑制多种肿瘤的发生发展, 但其还有很多未完善的机制待探究[23]
本研究证明, 大黄酸能显著抑制人结直肠癌肿瘤细胞HCT116细胞生长和增殖, 并呈现剂量依赖性。集落实验表明, 8 μg·mL-1大黄酸作用HCT116细胞24 h, 能显著抑制肿瘤细胞的集落形成。划痕实验证明, 大黄酸能显著降低肿瘤细胞的迁移能力。同时, 大黄酸处理能显著促进BCL-2家族蛋白中促凋亡蛋白BAX表达, BCL-2/BAX比值降低, 这一实验结果与已报道研究[24]相一致, 说明大黄酸有良好的促肿瘤细胞凋亡活性。
基于大黄酸具有抗肿瘤活性, 针对中药多靶点、多途径特点, 本研究通过蛋白质芯片技术筛选出大黄酸特异性结合的57种蛋白, 对57种蛋白进行KEGG通路和蛋白互作分析, 分析发现大黄酸特异性结合蛋白参与氨基酸合成、碳代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、精氨酸生物合成等11个信号通路。而在氨基酸合成代谢途径中以精氨酸合成代谢较为显著。利用String和Cytoscape进行蛋白互作分析, 发现大黄酸特异性结合蛋白形成2个主要集簇, 第一个集簇主要涉及精氨酸合成代谢相关蛋白ASS1。已有研究表明, 在肿瘤生长和机体免疫的过程中, 氨基酸发挥着特殊作用, 调控某些氨基酸的比例, 对机体免疫和抑制肿瘤生长具有积极作用[25]。因此, 本课题组推测大黄酸可能与精氨酸合成途径上的关键限速酶ASS1靶向结合。对大黄酸处理后的细胞中ASS1不同水平的表达进行检测。研究发现, 经大黄酸处理的HCT116细胞中ASS1的表达无论在mRNA水平还是蛋白水平均显著升高。随后的精氨酸水平检测也显著升高。肿瘤细胞或癌症患者通过补充或限制某些特定氨基酸, 可显著抑制肿瘤细胞生长、降低肿瘤转移率、增强患者术后恢复能力[26-28]。Qiu等[29]证明精氨酸可抑制肿瘤的增殖, 降低肿瘤的转移率。在精氨酸合成中, ASS1发挥重要作用, 同时精氨酸又是合成NO的底物[30]。研究表明, 肠内细胞中NO的合成是机体一种天然的抗结肠炎的防御机制, NO通过减少巨噬细胞浸润和组织损伤来缓解结肠炎, 调节NO代谢水平有助于抗结肠炎和相关结直肠癌[14]。本实验表明, 大黄酸处理可增加肿瘤细胞中NO水平, 这显著抑制了肿瘤细胞的增殖和迁移, 初步验证对大黄酸抗肿瘤作用的机制假设。在AOM/DSS诱导的炎症性结直肠癌小鼠模型中, 补充大黄酸后可缓解小鼠体重丢失、粪便隐血等症状。通过对结肠组织检测发现, 大黄酸处理显著增强了ASS1在基因和蛋白水平的表达, 并提高了小鼠血清中精氨酸和NO含量, 与体外实验相一致。病理切片发现, 大黄酸用药组黏膜上皮增生减轻, 黏膜层腺癌数量明显减少, 淋巴细胞浸润明显降低, 表明大黄酸能够延缓结直肠癌的发生。进一步检测发现, 结肠组织BCL-2和BAX在mRNA和蛋白水平的表达与精氨酸合成途径的关键限速酶ASS1的表达趋势相一致。免疫组化结果显示, 大黄酸处理后明显减少了结肠组织中Ki67表达, 抑制了肿瘤细胞的增殖[31], 降低肠组织中巨噬细胞的浸润。体内实验进一步表明, 大黄酸可通过靶向ASS1促进精氨酸合成, 进而促进肠细胞产生NO, 调节机体免疫功能, 抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移和炎症性结直肠癌的发展。
本研究通过蛋白质芯片技术筛选到大黄酸关键结合蛋白ASS1, 并通过体内外实验在不同水平证明ASS1的表达对肿瘤发展的影响, 深度挖掘大黄酸的靶向性和生物活性, 为蛋白质芯片技术在抗肿瘤药物开发提供科学依据。
作者贡献: 郭世宁和吕伟杰指导本研究的实验方案及文章修改; 徐霄龙负责蛋白质芯片数据分析; 王志华负责完成实验部分及撰写文章; 张文嫦、黄洁怡和伦健炽协助完成动物实验; 丁倚晴负责部分实验数据分析。所有作者都参与了稿件的写作、论文修改和最终确认, 并同意稿件的出版。
利益冲突: 本研究内容无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(32072903)
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2022年第57卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0065
  • 接收时间:2022-01-14
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-14
  • 修回日期:2022-03-04
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(32072903)
作者信息
    1.华南农业大学, 广东 广州 510642
    2.首都医科大学附属北京中医医院, 北京 100010

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*郭世宁, Tel: 86-20-85280236, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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