Article(id=1210148023288591050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0228, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1645372800000, receivedDateStr=2022-02-21, revisedDate=1648396800000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766451372215, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1660233600000, pubDateStr=2022-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766451372215, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766451372215, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766451372215, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210148010437243088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='8', pageStart='2245', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766451369151, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766451533022, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210148697808179705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210148697808179706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2334, endPage=2341, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210148023758353116, articleId=1210148023288591050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Cinobufagin disrupts mitosis and microtubule polymerization via targeting KATNB1 in cancer cells, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Huachansu is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used in the clinic for cancer therapy, while the underlying mechanism is not fully clarified. This study was to investigate the targets and mechanisms of cinobufagin (CBG), an active component of Huachansu, in terms of blocking mitosis of cancer cells. Propidium iodide (PI) DNA staining was used to analyze the effect of CBG on cell cycle. The effect of CBG on mitosis of cancer cells was examined by α-tubulin and pericentrin staining after synchronization by a double thymidine block. Tubulin turbidity, tubulin polymerization and α‍-tubulin immunofluorescence assays were used to evaluate the effect of CBG on microtubule polymerization. CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology was used to knockout microtubule-severing protein Katanin regulatory subunit B1 (KATNB1) in HCT116 cells, and the inhibitory effect of CBG on wild-type cells and knockout cells was measured by CCK-8. The engagement of CBG with KATNB1 was measured by CETSA and DARTS assays. The effect of CBG on KATNB1 protein and mRNA level was examined by Western blot and real-time PCR, respectively. Our data showed that CBG arrested HCT116 cell cycle at the G2/M phase, disrupted mitosis and induced centriole overduplication. CBG significantly inhibited tubulin polymerization in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxicity of CBG inhibition on HCT116 was significantly attenuated upon KATNB1 depletion. Moreover, CBG bound to KATNB1 and decreased its protein level, while mutated KATNB1 weakened this effect. In conclusion, CBG inhibited microtubule polymerization via targeting KATNB1, thereby disrupting mitosis in cancer cells.

, correspAuthors=Xue ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qi ZHANG, Tian-tian WANG, Lei WANG, Xi-song KE, Yi QU, Xue ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210148026186855214, articleId=1210148023288591050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=华蟾毒精靶向KATNB1抑制肿瘤细胞微管形成和有丝分裂, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

华蟾素是临床广泛应用的抗肿瘤中药, 但其抗肿瘤分子机制尚未完全清楚。本研究旨在阐明华蟾素活性成分华蟾毒精(cinobufagin, CBG) 抑制肿瘤细胞有丝分裂的靶标及分子机制。应用碘化丙啶(PI) DNA染色法分析CBG对肿瘤细胞周期的作用; 通过胸苷同步化细胞至有丝分裂时期, 微管及中心粒染色法表征CBG对肿瘤细胞有丝分裂的影响; 采用体外微管聚合实验、微管单体/聚体分离实验及微管α-tubulin荧光标记法从分子和细胞水平评价CBG对微管聚合的作用; 通过基因编辑技术CRISPR/Cas9建立微管切割蛋白Katanin调节亚基B1 (KATNB1) 敲除的肿瘤细胞, CCK-8法考察CBG对野生型和敲除细胞抑制作用的差异; 利用化学生物学的技术方法研究CBG和KATNB1的结合; 采用Western blot及实时定量PCR检测CBG对KATNB1蛋白和mRNA的调控。结果发现, CBG阻滞结肠癌HCT116细胞周期于G2/M期; 诱导中心粒异常增生, 抑制肿瘤细胞的有丝分裂; 体内外的微管形成实验表明CBG显著抑制微管蛋白聚合; KATNB1敲除后缓解了CBG对HCT116细胞的抑制作用, 表明KATNB1是CBG抗肿瘤的重要靶标; 进一步发现CBG与KATNB1结合并减少其蛋白水平, KATNB1突变能阻断两者结合及CBG的这种作用。以上结果表明, CBG靶向微管切割蛋白KATNB1抑制微管聚合从而抑制肿瘤细胞有丝分裂。

, correspAuthors=张雪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张雪, Tel: 86-21-51322419, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2022, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=dqFwzXhq7TQnjcegCOTReQ==, magXml=EEUGa+3TYqbymvtg3RmjTg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4eI6YUPIbU+yOMaqyDH0zw==, pdfFileSize=2511655, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=/Fs/gAd89Gy+9U8++cxDUw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=AY50ZT+ja8lIPrdC5NN2UA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#共同第一作者.

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Pharmacol Ther, 2017, 173: 67-82., articleTitle=Anti-mitotic agents: are they emerging molecules for cancer treatment?, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210148032348287136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148023288591050, awardId=81703757, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81703757), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1210148032457339046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148023288591050, awardId=81874210, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81874210), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210148026451096387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148023288591050, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210148026463679300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148023288591050, companyId=1210148026451096387, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210148026606285646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148023288591050, companyId=1210148026593702733, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.上海市中药化学生物学前沿基地, 上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1210148031433928805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148023288591050, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Y0BY+ai0Y96vmrbDVbQC9Q==, figureFileBig=/Fs/gAd89Gy+9U8++cxDUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148031522009194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148023288591050, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Cinobufagin (CBG) arrested cell cycle and inhibited mitosis. A: HCT116 cells were treated with DMSO, CBG (0.1, 0.3, 1 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 h, DNA was then stained with propidium iodide (PI) and analyzed by flow cytometry; B: HeLa cells were synchronized by the double-thymidine-block and released. Synchronized cells were treated with DMSO, taxol (0.3 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>), vincristine (VCR, 0.3 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>), and CBG (1 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 h, then cells were analyzed by immunofluorescence with the indicated antibodies. Percentages of mitotic cells with abnormalities were calculated. The results performed statistical analysis on the distribution of the observed mitotic cells, the total abnormal rate, and the proportion of different types of abnormalities. After VCR treatment, cells in G<sub>2</sub>/M phase could not be observed and counted. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span>± <i>s.</i> <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=Y0BY+ai0Y96vmrbDVbQC9Q==, figureFileBig=/Fs/gAd89Gy+9U8++cxDUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148031790444668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148023288591050, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dbQVEe2Ejwjoi0tNfoBX2g==, figureFileBig=ukFEqErxeOAIAGtLHVr2Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148031891107968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148023288591050, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= CBG inhibited microtubule polymerization. A: <i>In vitro</i> tubulin polymerization assay was used to test the effect of CBG, taxol, VCR on tubulin assembly; B: Western blot assay to detect the soluble (S) and polymerized (P) tubulin fractions with anti-<i>α</i>-tubulin antibody. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span>± <i>s.</i> <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001; C: After being treated with taxol (0.3 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>), VCR (0.3 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>), and CBG (0.5, 1 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>), HeLa cells were processed for anti-<i>α</i>-tubulin immunofluorescence , figureFileSmall=dbQVEe2Ejwjoi0tNfoBX2g==, figureFileBig=ukFEqErxeOAIAGtLHVr2Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148032000159881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148023288591050, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tR2Ga1MRwzjrE9OJ4rFEHw==, figureFileBig=jDTyoePtOU5WTyMfh6qhzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148032088240270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148023288591050, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Katanin regulatory subunit B1 (KATNB1) was an anti-tumor target of CBG. A: RNA-seq analysis of gene mutations in HCT116 cells after CBG resistance; B: Schematic of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology based KATNB1 genomic DNA deletion, two sgRNAs (sgRNA1 and sgRNA2) were designed to target exon3 and exon20. Two primer pairs (red and blue arrows) are designed for PCR-based verification; C, D: KATNB1 knockout clones KO2 and KO5 were verified by PCR along with sequencing (C) and Western blot (D); E: HCT116 wild-type cells (WT) and KO2/KO5 were treated with CBG at a concentration gradient for 72 h, and the cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay , figureFileSmall=tR2Ga1MRwzjrE9OJ4rFEHw==, figureFileBig=jDTyoePtOU5WTyMfh6qhzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148032172126355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148023288591050, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cCQIsz6D6pCElu8zrbBKBA==, figureFileBig=lTdGoPHee0xS4RjA1OAA6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148032243429529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148023288591050, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= CBG directly bound to KATNB1 and promoted protein degradation. A, B: Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) to examine the binding of CBG to KATNB1 in HCT116 cells. Data was analyzed between CBG and DMSO at each of the Tm/pronase, respectively. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> DMSO; C: Quantitative analysis of colony formation: CBG resistance was validated of C11 cells by colony formation (data not shown); D: Sequencing the KATNB1 gene of C11 cells identified a G-to-A point mutation at nucleotide position 895; E: CETSA to examine the engagement of CBG to KATNB1 in C11 cells; F: HCT116 WT cells and C11 cells were treated with CBG at a concentration gradient, the protein level of KATNB1 was detected by Western blot and the mRNA level of KATNB1 was detected by RT-PCR assay. 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华蟾毒精靶向KATNB1抑制肿瘤细胞微管形成和有丝分裂
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张琦 1, 2, # , 王甜甜 1, 2, # , 汪磊 1, 2 , 柯细松 1, 2 , 屈祎 1, 2 , 张雪 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(8): 2334-2341
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(8): 2334-2341
华蟾毒精靶向KATNB1抑制肿瘤细胞微管形成和有丝分裂
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张琦1, 2, #, 王甜甜1, 2, #, 汪磊1, 2, 柯细松1, 2, 屈祎1, 2, 张雪1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.上海中医药大学交叉科学研究院, 上海 201203
  • 2.上海市中药化学生物学前沿基地, 上海 201203

通讯作者:

*张雪, Tel: 86-21-51322419, E-mail:
Cinobufagin disrupts mitosis and microtubule polymerization via targeting KATNB1 in cancer cells
Qi ZHANG1, 2, Tian-tian WANG1, 2, Lei WANG1, 2, Xi-song KE1, 2, Yi QU1, 2, Xue ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2. Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2022-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0228
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华蟾素是临床广泛应用的抗肿瘤中药, 但其抗肿瘤分子机制尚未完全清楚。本研究旨在阐明华蟾素活性成分华蟾毒精(cinobufagin, CBG) 抑制肿瘤细胞有丝分裂的靶标及分子机制。应用碘化丙啶(PI) DNA染色法分析CBG对肿瘤细胞周期的作用; 通过胸苷同步化细胞至有丝分裂时期, 微管及中心粒染色法表征CBG对肿瘤细胞有丝分裂的影响; 采用体外微管聚合实验、微管单体/聚体分离实验及微管α-tubulin荧光标记法从分子和细胞水平评价CBG对微管聚合的作用; 通过基因编辑技术CRISPR/Cas9建立微管切割蛋白Katanin调节亚基B1 (KATNB1) 敲除的肿瘤细胞, CCK-8法考察CBG对野生型和敲除细胞抑制作用的差异; 利用化学生物学的技术方法研究CBG和KATNB1的结合; 采用Western blot及实时定量PCR检测CBG对KATNB1蛋白和mRNA的调控。结果发现, CBG阻滞结肠癌HCT116细胞周期于G2/M期; 诱导中心粒异常增生, 抑制肿瘤细胞的有丝分裂; 体内外的微管形成实验表明CBG显著抑制微管蛋白聚合; KATNB1敲除后缓解了CBG对HCT116细胞的抑制作用, 表明KATNB1是CBG抗肿瘤的重要靶标; 进一步发现CBG与KATNB1结合并减少其蛋白水平, KATNB1突变能阻断两者结合及CBG的这种作用。以上结果表明, CBG靶向微管切割蛋白KATNB1抑制微管聚合从而抑制肿瘤细胞有丝分裂。

华蟾毒精  /  细胞周期  /  有丝分裂  /  微管  /  微管切割蛋白Katanin调节亚基B1

Huachansu is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used in the clinic for cancer therapy, while the underlying mechanism is not fully clarified. This study was to investigate the targets and mechanisms of cinobufagin (CBG), an active component of Huachansu, in terms of blocking mitosis of cancer cells. Propidium iodide (PI) DNA staining was used to analyze the effect of CBG on cell cycle. The effect of CBG on mitosis of cancer cells was examined by α-tubulin and pericentrin staining after synchronization by a double thymidine block. Tubulin turbidity, tubulin polymerization and α‍-tubulin immunofluorescence assays were used to evaluate the effect of CBG on microtubule polymerization. CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology was used to knockout microtubule-severing protein Katanin regulatory subunit B1 (KATNB1) in HCT116 cells, and the inhibitory effect of CBG on wild-type cells and knockout cells was measured by CCK-8. The engagement of CBG with KATNB1 was measured by CETSA and DARTS assays. The effect of CBG on KATNB1 protein and mRNA level was examined by Western blot and real-time PCR, respectively. Our data showed that CBG arrested HCT116 cell cycle at the G2/M phase, disrupted mitosis and induced centriole overduplication. CBG significantly inhibited tubulin polymerization in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxicity of CBG inhibition on HCT116 was significantly attenuated upon KATNB1 depletion. Moreover, CBG bound to KATNB1 and decreased its protein level, while mutated KATNB1 weakened this effect. In conclusion, CBG inhibited microtubule polymerization via targeting KATNB1, thereby disrupting mitosis in cancer cells.

cinobufagin  /  cell cycle  /  mitosis  /  microtubule  /  KATNB1
张琦, 王甜甜, 汪磊, 柯细松, 屈祎, 张雪. 华蟾毒精靶向KATNB1抑制肿瘤细胞微管形成和有丝分裂. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (8) : 2334 -2341 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0228
Qi ZHANG, Tian-tian WANG, Lei WANG, Xi-song KE, Yi QU, Xue ZHANG. Cinobufagin disrupts mitosis and microtubule polymerization via targeting KATNB1 in cancer cells[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (8) : 2334 -2341 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0228
传统中药蟾酥在我国有着悠久的用药历史, 早在《神农本草经》就有记载, 其性温、味辛, 有毒, 具有解毒、消肿、止痛、开窍醒神之功效[1]。现代医药以古籍记载为理论依据, 将中华大蟾蜍Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor或黑框蟾蜍Bufo melanostictus Schneider的干燥皮提取精制, 研制出的抗肿瘤中药制剂华蟾素在我国临床上已有30余年的应用历史, 主要应用于原发性肝癌、胰腺癌、消化道中晚期癌症及肺癌等肿瘤治疗[2]。华蟾素单药治疗或与化放疗联用能显著延长肿瘤患者生存期和提高生活质量, 是疗效确切的抗肿瘤传统中药[3, 4]
华蟾毒精(cinobufagin, CBG) 是蟾酥和华蟾素抗肿瘤的主要活性成分之一, 研究表明华蟾毒精具有显著且广泛的抗肿瘤活性, 对结肠癌、肝癌、骨肉瘤等都具有明显的治疗作用[5-13]。目前的研究发现, 华蟾毒精通过阻滞细胞周期、增强免疫应答[5]、抗肿瘤血管生成[9]和诱导细胞凋亡[12-14]等发挥抗肿瘤作用, 然而其抗肿瘤靶标尚不完全清楚, 有待进一步阐明。
本课题组前期优化了基于“突变-失活”的药物靶标鉴定新策略(DrugTargetSeq)[15], 建立了华蟾毒精耐药的结肠癌单克隆细胞株, 通过大规模高通量基因组测序发现多个特异性点突变关键蛋白, 包括RNA拓扑异构酶TOP3β、转运驱动蛋白结合蛋白2 (trafficking kinesin protein 2, TRAK2) 和微管切割蛋白Katanin调节亚基B1 (Katanin regulatory subunit B1, KATNB1), 表明CBG的抗肿瘤作用与多个潜在靶标有关[16]。其中KATNB1直接参与调节微管的动态平衡, 其功能异常能引起微管异常聚合或解聚, 抑制细胞有丝分裂而引起细胞死亡[17]。值得注意的是, 抑制细胞分裂也是CBG的重要抗肿瘤表型[12-14], 提示KATNB1是CBG抗肿瘤功能靶标。
材料    人结肠癌细胞HCT116和人宫颈癌细胞HeLa均购自中国科学院细胞库, 人结肠癌HCT116华蟾毒精耐药细胞C11保存于本实验室; 华蟾毒精(北京中科质检生物技术有限公司); 二甲基亚砜DMSO、链霉蛋白酶pronase (Sigma公司); RPMI 1640培养基、MEM培养基及胎牛血清(Gibco公司); 双抗penicillin-streptomycin (PS) (Invitrogen公司); Cell Counting Kit-8细胞增殖-毒性检测试剂盒(DOJINDO公司); Tubulin聚合分析试剂盒(Cytoskeleton公司); DAPI、4%多聚甲醛溶液、Triton X-100、BSA及Thymidine/胸苷(碧云天公司); 碘化丙啶(PI)/RNase staining buffer (BD Biosciences公司); α-tubulin、Pericentrin、KATNB1、GAPDH及β-actin抗体(Proteintech公司); Mouse-488荧光二抗及Rabbit-568荧光二抗(Cell Signaling Technology公司); HER-山羊抗鼠二抗及HER-山羊抗兔二抗(Jackson Immuno Research公司)。
细胞培养    HCT116细胞和人结肠癌HCT116华蟾毒精耐药细胞C11用含10%胎牛血清和1%双抗PS的RPMI 1640培养基, HeLa细胞用含10%胎牛血清和1%双抗PS的MEM培养基, 均在37 ˚C、5% CO2细胞培养箱中培养。
PI染色-流式细胞术    将HCT116细胞以2.5×105个/孔密度接种到6孔板上, 贴壁后给药处理24 h, 然后用0.25%胰蛋白酶对细胞进行消化, 收集细胞并用预冷的70%乙醇进行固定, -20 ℃过夜处理。次日, 细胞离心后, 用预冷的PBS洗涤固定的细胞, 然后将细胞离心, 并用500 μL PI/RNase staining buffer重悬细胞, 进行避光孵育15 min。使用流式细胞仪分析DNA含量。
细胞同步化将HeLa细胞以6 000个/孔的密度种于48孔板中, 贴壁后加入含2 mmol·L-1胸苷(Thy) 的培养基, 作用16 h。弃掉Thy培养基, 用PBS洗3次, 再换上新鲜培养基继续培养8 h, 重新加入Thy培养基(浓度同上) 进行第2次阻断, 作用18 h。再弃掉Thy培养基, PBS洗3次后换上普通培养基孵育来释放细胞。释放7 h后即得处于G2/M期细胞, 加药处理24 h进行免疫荧光实验。
免疫荧光实验    将HeLa细胞以1×104个/450 μL的密度接种到共聚焦皿中, 细胞贴壁后给药。细胞用4%多聚甲醛固定, 0.1% Triton X-100通透, 5% BSA溶液封闭。再用一抗和二抗依次孵育, 用DAPI染液染细胞核。使用高内涵成像系统进行拍照。
体外微管蛋白的聚合实验    纯化的tubulin蛋白(纯度 > 99%) 于4 ℃悬浮在含有80 mmol·L-1 PIPES、2 mmol·L-1 MgCl2、0.5 mmol·L-1 EGTA、1 mmol·L-1 GTP (pH 6.9) 和15%甘油的G-PEM缓冲液中, 并且同时进行药物处理。将混悬液转移到预热的96孔板中, 37 ˚C下在340 nm处测量吸光度(A) 值, 持续30 min。
微管单体/聚体分离实验    HCT116细胞用药物处理1 h后, 用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化并离心收集细胞。用100 μL低渗缓冲液(1 mmol·L-1 MgCl2、2 mmol·L-1 EGTA、0.5% NP-40、2 mmol·L-1 PMSF、200 U·mL-1 aprotinin、100 μg·mL-1 soy bean trypsin inhibitor、5.0 mmol·L-1 ε-amino caproic acid、1 mmol·L-1 benzamidine和20 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl, pH 6.8) 裂解细胞。1.6×104 ×g离心15 min分离细胞膜和细胞骨架部分。上清液含有细胞膜微管蛋白(游离性), 沉淀含有细胞骨架微管蛋白(聚合型), 然后将其重新悬浮在0.1 mL低渗缓冲液中。通过免疫印迹实验检测游离型和结合型微管蛋白水平。
Western blot实验    用含有蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液裂解细胞, 置于冰上裂解30 min, 然后进行离心、定量、变性制备样品。每个样品以20 μg蛋白量用10% SDS凝胶进行电泳, 并转移到PVDF膜上, 然后用5%脱脂奶粉进行封闭, 再用一抗和二抗依次孵育, 化学发光法检测条带。用Image J软件对条带进行灰度值分析。
CRISPR/Cas9基因敲除技术    本研究通过CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术对HCT116细胞中的KATNB1基因exon3和exon20之间的序列进行敲除, 建立HCT116细胞KATNB1敲除细胞系。设计sgRNA1 (TGTAGCCAGCAGCCGCCCGGAGG) 靶向exon3和sgRNA2 (GCTCGCGGAAGGTACTGCCATGG) 靶向exon20, 并构建到pL-CRISPR.EFS.GFP载体(57818, Addgene) 上, 用Lipofectamine 3000将sgRNA1、sgRNA2以1∶1转染到HCT116细胞中, 培养48 h后, 用分选型流式细胞仪(MoFlo XDP, Beckman Coulter) 对转染细胞进行分选, 得到的细胞以单细胞密度种于96孔板并进行扩大培养。然后对扩大的单克隆细胞进行PCR和Western blot在分子水平和蛋白水平上的验证, 以筛选出KATNB1敲除细胞系。
细胞热转变分析实验(CETSA)    将HCT116细胞均等地接种在两个10 cm培养皿中, 并使其达到80%汇合后进行药物处理1 h。用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化后将细胞重悬于450 μL含有蛋白酶抑制剂的PBS中, 并平均分配在7个PCR管中。将每个管中的细胞在指定温度下加热3 min, 并在室温下保持3 min。然后通过在液氮中冷冻1 min并在室温水中解冻1 min的3个循环来裂解加热的细胞。将细胞裂解液在4 ℃以2×104 ×g离心20 min。收集上清液用于蛋白质印迹分析。
药物亲和力反应靶标稳定性实验(DARTS)     HCT116细胞用含有蛋白酶抑制剂的M-PER裂解液进行裂解。离心, 定量后用PBS将蛋白浓度定量在4~6 mg·mL-1。将蛋白液分装到EP管中, 在室温下与药物共同孵育1 h后, 再用浓度梯度pronase进行蛋白水解30 min, 最后加入蛋白酶抑制剂终止消化。样品变性后用于Western blot实验。
CCK-8实验    将HCT116及C11细胞以5 000个/孔的密度接种于96孔板中, 待细胞贴壁后进行给药处理。给药72 h后, 每孔按培养基∶CCK-8 = 10∶1的比例加入CCK-8溶液, 37 ˚C孵育约1 h, 用酶标仪在波长450 nm下测定A值, 抑制率= A小分子/ADMSO值。
实时荧光定量PCR实验    使用TRIzol从细胞中提取总RNA, 通过琼脂糖凝胶检查提取的RNA的质量。使用PrimeScript RT Master Mix将总RNA反向转录成cDNA。使用PowerUpTM SYBRTM Green Master Mix进行定量PCR, 作3个复孔, 检测KATNB1 mRNA水平, 以β-actin mRNA做为内参。KATNB1的正向引物序列: 5'-GAGCGGTGCTTTGATGTGG-3', 反向引物序列: 5'-GTAGTCCTCGGCGTTCTGG-3'β-Actin的正向引物序列: 5'-CATGTACGTTGCTATCCAGGC-3', 反向引物序列: 5'-CTCCTTAATGTCACGCACGAT-3'
统计学分析    应用Image J软件对Western blot条带进行灰度版定量分析; 应用GraphPad Prism 8软件对数据进行统计分析, 所有实验均重复3次, 数值表示为$ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s, 通过student's t-test检验分析两样本间差异情况, P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
为检测华蟾毒精对肿瘤细胞周期的作用, 本研究通过PI染色后进行流式细胞术分析, 结果显示, HCT116细胞经华蟾毒精处理后, 细胞周期阻滞在G2/M期(图 1A)。本课题组进一步研究华蟾毒精对肿瘤细胞有丝分裂期的作用, 采用Thy双阻断法使HeLa细胞的细胞周期停留在有丝分裂期后, 加药处理24 h后, 使用免疫荧光检测微管蛋白α-tubulin和中心粒周蛋白pericentrin。紫杉醇(taxol) 和长春新碱(vincristine, VCR) 对有丝分裂具有确切的抑制作用, 作为阳性对照。根据免疫荧光实验结果, 对观察到的有丝分裂细胞的分布情况、总异常率及不同类型异常细胞占比进行统计分析。其中, 长春新碱作用后, 难以检测到有丝分裂期细胞, 无法统计。统计结果显示: 紫杉醇和华蟾毒精处理后, 均明显提高有丝分裂前中期细胞占比率, 显著增加有丝分裂细胞异常率; 紫杉醇主要促进多极纺锤体的形成, 而华蟾毒精主要促进中心粒的异常扩增(图 1B)。
微管是细胞骨架的主要成分之一, 在细胞分裂中起着重要作用, 是抑制细胞分裂类抗肿瘤药物的有效靶标[18]。正常条件下, 微管动力学高度可控, 游离型和结合型微管蛋白二聚体之间保持着动态平衡[19]。经典抗肿瘤药物紫杉醇和长春新碱均属于微管蛋白结合剂(tubulin-binding agents, TBAs), 紫杉醇促进微管蛋白的聚合, 使微管稳定并抑制肿瘤细胞的有丝分裂[20]; 长春新碱直接结合微管蛋白抑制微管形成, 使肿瘤细胞的有丝分裂阻滞在中期[21] (图 2)。
本研究通过体外实验测定华蟾毒精对微管蛋白聚合的作用, 同时, 利用Western blot实验测定华蟾毒精对肿瘤细胞HCT116游离型和结合型微管的作用。结果显示, 华蟾毒精在体内外均能够显著抑制微管的聚合(图 2AB)。此外, α‍-tubulin免疫荧光实验结果显示, 华蟾毒精处理后, α‍-tubulin荧光显著减弱(图 2C)。综上所述, 华蟾毒精可显著抑制微管的聚合, 促进微管的解聚, 扰乱肿瘤细胞微管的动态平衡。
本课题组前期通过建立华蟾毒精耐药细胞系并进行转录组RNA-Seq测序, 对测序数据进行基因突变分析, 发现了在多个耐药细胞中特异性突变的候选靶标(图 3A)。其中KATNB1作为微管剪切蛋白Katanin的亚基之一, 对微管的动态变化具有重要作用[17]。而上述研究结果显示华蟾毒精具有显著的抑制微管聚合的作用, 这提示KATNB1可能是华蟾毒精抑制微管聚合的功能靶标。
因此, 本研究通过CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术构建KATNB1敲除细胞系(图 3B), 研究华蟾毒精的抗肿瘤活性是否依赖于KATNB1。KO2和KO5是KATNB1敲除成功的HCT116细胞系(图 3CD)。CCK-8的结果显示, KATNB1敲除后缓解了华蟾毒精对HCT116细胞的抑制作用, 表明KATNB1是华蟾毒精抗肿瘤的重要靶标(图 3E)。
本研究通过细胞热转变分析实验(CETSA) 和药物亲和力反应靶标稳定性实验(DARTS) 从活细胞及裂解液两方面考察CBG和KATNB1的结合, 结果显示华蟾毒精能显著改变活细胞中KATNB1的热稳定性(图 4A), 及裂解液中KATNB1对pronase酶解的耐受性(图 4B), 提示华蟾毒精可能与KATNB1结合。C11是对华蟾毒精耐药的HCT116细胞系(图 4C), 其KATNB1基因895位点碱基G突变成A (图 4D), 从而导致了KATNB1蛋白第299个氨基酸由缬氨酸突变为蛋氨酸(V299M)。通过CETSA实验, 检测了华蟾毒精与突变的KATNB1间的结合作用, 结果显示, 突变的KATNB1 (V299M) 与华蟾毒精不具有结合作用(图 4E)。
此外, 通过Western blot实验考察了华蟾毒精对KATNB1蛋白水平的调控作用, 发现华蟾毒精能够降低KATNB1蛋白水平, 并且呈现出明显的浓度依赖性(图 4F)。而在华蟾毒精耐药细胞系C11中, 华蟾毒精对突变的KATNB1 (V299M) 蛋白无明显作用(图 4F)。同时, 本研究也检测了华蟾毒精对KATNB1 mRNA的作用, 与蛋白趋势一致的是CBG显著降低野生型HCT116细胞中KATNB1的mRNA水平, 但对突变的C11中KATNB1 mRNA影响较小(图 4F); 但值得注意的是, 野生型细胞中, 0.05 μmol·L-1 CBG不影响KATNB1 mRNA但降低其蛋白水平(图 4F), 且0.1~0.2 μmol·L-1 CBG对KATNB1蛋白的降低作用也超过对其mRNA的作用(图 4F)。以上结果提示, CBG降低KATNB1蛋白水平在低浓度下可能与促进其降解相关, 而随着浓度的升高CBG会影响KATNB1转录及蛋白降解等多条途径。
蟾酥及华蟾素具有良好的抗肿瘤活性, 在我国被广泛应用于临床肿瘤治疗[3, 4]。国内外研究发现, 华蟾毒精是蟾酥和华蟾素抗肿瘤活性的主要成分之一, 在肿瘤治疗上具有重要的应用前景[5]。尽管华蟾毒精抗肿瘤药理作用被广泛报道, 但其分子靶标还需进一步研究。本课题组前期发现3个华蟾毒精的候选靶标TOP3β、KATNB1、TRAK2 (图 3A)。其中, 已经证实RNA拓扑异构酶TOP3β是华蟾毒精抗肿瘤分子靶标之一, 华蟾毒精靶向TOP3β诱导应激颗粒、R-Loop及DNA损伤, 从而起到抗肿瘤作用[16]
KATNB1是微管切割酶Katanin亚基之一, 在细胞分裂中起着重要作用[22]。值得注意的是, KATNB1虽然最早被鉴定为微管切割蛋白, 具有破坏微管细胞骨架作用, 但近期有研究报道, KATNB1对微管具有双重作用, 动态调节微管的聚合和解聚, 严格调控微管的动态平衡[23]。此外, KATNB1定位于中心体和纺锤体, 研究发现KATNB1缺失会引起纺锤体结构异常及中心粒异常增多[24]。因此本研究聚焦在华蟾毒精对肿瘤细胞有丝分裂的作用, 并进一步探索华蟾毒精与KATNB1之间的关系。
本研究结果表明, 华蟾毒精促使有丝分裂期中心粒异常扩增, 抑制肿瘤细胞有丝分裂, 将细胞周期阻滞在G2/M期(图 1)。华蟾毒精对肿瘤细胞有丝分裂的作用与KATNB1功能缺失的表型一致, 提示华蟾毒精可能通过KATNB1抑制肿瘤细胞的有丝分裂。此外, 本研究发现华蟾毒精对微管聚合具有显著的抑制作用(图 2), 研究报道, 微管切断酶Katanin活性的丧失导致微管质量减少[25], 这进一步提示华蟾毒精可能通过KATNB1作用抑制微管形成。
进一步, 通过建立KATNB1敲除的肿瘤细胞系, 本研究发现KATNB1缺失后显著缓解华蟾毒精对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用(图 3E), 提示KATNB1是华蟾毒精抗肿瘤活性的功能靶标。在华蟾毒精调控KATNB1机制研究方面, 华蟾毒精能与KATNB1结合, 并降低KATNB1的蛋白水平(图 4ABF), KATNB1 V299M突变阻断二者的结合及华蟾毒精减少KATNB1蛋白的作用(图 4EF), 这些结果提示, 华蟾毒精可能是通过减少KATNB1蛋白而抑制微管聚合, 且提示了KATNB1 299位缬氨酸可能是华蟾毒精的潜在重要位点。不过更直接确切的华蟾毒精与KATNB1结合及299位缬氨酸的重要性还有待进一步研究。
综上所述, 本研究结果表明华蟾毒精通过靶向微管切割蛋白KATNB1, 下调其蛋白水平, 从而抑制微管聚合、诱导中心粒异常增生, 起到抑制肿瘤细胞有丝分裂的作用。本研究在课题前期研究基础上, 进一步阐明华蟾毒精抗肿瘤的分子机制和靶标, 证实华蟾毒精通过多靶点发挥抗肿瘤作用, 对提高华蟾毒精临床用药的准确性及新型抗肿瘤药物的开发均具有积极意义。此外, 本研究还发现华蟾毒精对有丝分裂的作用主要为促进中心粒的异常生成, 这与TBAs紫杉醇及长春新碱的作用均不一样(图 1B), 提示华蟾毒精是一种新的有丝分裂抑制剂。微管蛋白是抗肿瘤药物研究的重要靶点之一, 但近年来越来越多研究发现TBAs在临床上的应用容易出现多药耐药的问题[26], 从而促使研究人员将目光转向其他有丝分裂关键因子[27], 本研究结果提示微管剪切蛋白KATNB1可能是一个新的肿瘤治疗靶标。
作者贡献: 张雪负责课题总体设计; 张雪、张琦和汪磊负责完成实验的具体实施; 张雪、王甜甜负责实验数据分析、文章撰写; 柯细松和屈祎对课题进行及论文撰写进行指导。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81703757)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81874210)
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2022年第57卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0228
  • 接收时间:2022-02-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-02-21
  • 修回日期:2022-03-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81703757)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81874210)
作者信息
    1.上海中医药大学交叉科学研究院, 上海 201203
    2.上海市中药化学生物学前沿基地, 上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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