Article(id=1210148022521041324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0117, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1643126400000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-26, revisedDate=1645545600000, revisedDateStr=2022-02-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766451372032, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1660233600000, pubDateStr=2022-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766451372032, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766451372032, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766451372032, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210148010437243088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='8', pageStart='2245', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766451369151, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766451533022, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210148697808179705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210148697808179706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2512, endPage=2519, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210148023032746443, articleId=1210148022521041324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Development and research of compound caffeine waterless swallowed granules based on reverse engineering, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, the reverse engineering technology was used to analyze the prescription and process of Doppelherz® Energy DIRECT, based on the composition of the prescription on the official website of the product, the detection method of composition is established according to the pharmacopoeia and literature information, combined with gravimetric analysis to complete prescription analysis. The prescription composition of the reference listed drug was determined to be composed of caffeine, taurine, vitamin B, anhydrous glucose, citric acid, sorbitol, sucralose, magnesium salts of fatty acids, in which the glucose content was 71.4%, the citric acid content was 7.0% and the magnesium salts of fatty acids content was < 5.8%. According to patent inquiry, Raman imaging and other technologies, the preparation process of the marketed preparation has been basically obtained, and the development of the self-made preparation has been completed on this basis. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences. Combined with the results of the taste evaluation experiment and the caffeine dissolution test of the preparation in 1 min, the hot-melt extrusion technology was screened out as the taste-masking technology of the self-made preparation, the parameters of the hot-melt extrusion process were screened by differential scanning calorimetry analysis, and finally a product with good taste and qualified quality was obtained, which provided a reference method for the research and development of related preparations.

, correspAuthors=Ai-ping ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kun FAN, Pei DING, Xiao-lu HAN, Zeng-ming WANG, Meng LI, Yan-zhou YU, Ai-ping ZHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210148025931010703, articleId=1210148022521041324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于逆向工程的复方咖啡因无水吞服颗粒的开发及研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究采用逆向工程技术对Doppelherz® Energy DIRECT产品进行处方及工艺剖析, 为自研复方咖啡因无水吞服颗粒的开发提供指导。处方剖析部分以产品官网原辅料信息为基础, 根据药典及文献方法建立各辅料的检测方法, 结合重量分析法确定处方中各原辅料用量, 最终确定上市制剂的原辅料组成为: 咖啡因、牛磺酸、B族维生素、无水葡萄糖(71.4%)、柠檬酸(7.0%)、山梨醇、三氯蔗糖、硬脂酸镁(< 5.8%)。根据专利查询及拉曼成像等技术, 基本确定了上市制剂的制备工艺, 并在其基础上完成了自研制剂的开发。研究获得了军事医学研究院审查委员会的伦理批准, 结合口感评价实验及制剂在1 min内咖啡因溶出量实验的结果, 筛选出了热熔挤出技术作为自研制剂的掩味技术, 通过差示扫描量热分析对热熔挤出工艺参数完成了筛选, 最终制得口感好且质量合格的产品, 为相关制剂的研发提供了可参考的方法。

, correspAuthors=郑爱萍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郑爱萍, Tel: 86-10-66931694, E-mail:
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Tianjin: Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 2018., articleTitle=Coating Mechanism of Hot Melt Fluidized Bed Based on Population Balance Model (基于PBM的热熔融流化床包衣机理的研究), refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1210148034470613158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148022521041324, awardId=2018ZX09721003-007, language=CN, fundingSource=国家“重大新药创制”科技重大专项资助项目(2018ZX09721003-007), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1210148026224612018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148022521041324, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1210148026228806323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148022521041324, companyId=1210148026224612018, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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A: Marketed preparation; B: Transparent needle-like particles; C: White irregular particles; D: Transparent crystal particles; E: Red particles; F: Scanning electron microscopy of marketed preparation; G: Scanning electron microscopy of taurine. 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A: Marketed preparation; B: Caffeine; C: Magnesium stearate; D: White granules in marketed preparation; E: Citric acid; F: Anhydrous glucose; G: Sorbitol; H: Taurine; I: Pantothenic acid. 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Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API): Caffeine; Batch1: Blend; Batch2: Wet granulation process; Batch3: Fluidized bed granulation process; Batch4: Hot-melt extrusion; Batch5: Marketed preparation. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 10. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. ns: Not significant , figureFileSmall=jzHLo9ySatUj95w7jmkKCg==, figureFileBig=GPRPwHKagedj/iY6zBHlBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148032860000380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148022521041324, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1ONxjPQLf/vQc+ylFO0aLA==, figureFileBig=iBHi66NUA1a0qH/UmdDTPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148032935497861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148022521041324, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Dissolution curve and particle size of preparation , figureFileSmall=1ONxjPQLf/vQc+ylFO0aLA==, figureFileBig=iBHi66NUA1a0qH/UmdDTPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210148033052938384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148022521041324, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Investigation itemMarketed preparationSelf-made preparation
2021111120211119-120211119-2
Moisture/%0.20.890.900.87
Fluidity
Angle of repose/°36.8937.7338.0136.24
Bulk density/g·mL-10.760.750.730.75
Tap density/g·mL-10.890.890.860.86
Carr index14.515.814.313.4
API content/%
Caffeine101.30101.53101.54100.28
Taurine100.11103.0097.6899.18
Related substancesNANANANA
), ArticleFig(id=1210148034302840986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1210148022521041324, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of the quality of three batches of self-made preparation with marketed preparation. NA: Not detected

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Investigation itemMarketed preparationSelf-made preparation
2021111120211119-120211119-2
Moisture/%0.20.890.900.87
Fluidity
Angle of repose/°36.8937.7338.0136.24
Bulk density/g·mL-10.760.750.730.75
Tap density/g·mL-10.890.890.860.86
Carr index14.515.814.313.4
API content/%
Caffeine101.30101.53101.54100.28
Taurine100.11103.0097.6899.18
Related substancesNANANANA
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基于逆向工程的复方咖啡因无水吞服颗粒的开发及研究
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范坤 1 , 丁珮 2 , 韩晓璐 1 , 王增明 1 , 李蒙 1 , 于彦周 2 , 郑爱萍 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2022,57(8): 2512-2519
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2022, 57(8): 2512-2519
基于逆向工程的复方咖啡因无水吞服颗粒的开发及研究
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范坤1, 丁珮2, 韩晓璐1, 王增明1, 李蒙1, 于彦周2, 郑爱萍1, *
作者信息
  • 1.军事医学研究院毒物药物研究所, 北京 100850
  • 2.军事体育训练中心运动医学室, 北京 100851

通讯作者:

*郑爱萍, Tel: 86-10-66931694, E-mail:
Development and research of compound caffeine waterless swallowed granules based on reverse engineering
Kun FAN1, Pei DING2, Xiao-lu HAN1, Zeng-ming WANG1, Meng LI1, Yan-zhou YU2, Ai-ping ZHENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
  • 2. Sports Medical Department of Military Sports Training Center, Beijing 100851, China
出版时间: 2022-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0117
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本研究采用逆向工程技术对Doppelherz® Energy DIRECT产品进行处方及工艺剖析, 为自研复方咖啡因无水吞服颗粒的开发提供指导。处方剖析部分以产品官网原辅料信息为基础, 根据药典及文献方法建立各辅料的检测方法, 结合重量分析法确定处方中各原辅料用量, 最终确定上市制剂的原辅料组成为: 咖啡因、牛磺酸、B族维生素、无水葡萄糖(71.4%)、柠檬酸(7.0%)、山梨醇、三氯蔗糖、硬脂酸镁(< 5.8%)。根据专利查询及拉曼成像等技术, 基本确定了上市制剂的制备工艺, 并在其基础上完成了自研制剂的开发。研究获得了军事医学研究院审查委员会的伦理批准, 结合口感评价实验及制剂在1 min内咖啡因溶出量实验的结果, 筛选出了热熔挤出技术作为自研制剂的掩味技术, 通过差示扫描量热分析对热熔挤出工艺参数完成了筛选, 最终制得口感好且质量合格的产品, 为相关制剂的研发提供了可参考的方法。

逆向工程  /  咖啡因  /  疲劳  /  掩味技术  /  热熔挤出

In this study, the reverse engineering technology was used to analyze the prescription and process of Doppelherz® Energy DIRECT, based on the composition of the prescription on the official website of the product, the detection method of composition is established according to the pharmacopoeia and literature information, combined with gravimetric analysis to complete prescription analysis. The prescription composition of the reference listed drug was determined to be composed of caffeine, taurine, vitamin B, anhydrous glucose, citric acid, sorbitol, sucralose, magnesium salts of fatty acids, in which the glucose content was 71.4%, the citric acid content was 7.0% and the magnesium salts of fatty acids content was < 5.8%. According to patent inquiry, Raman imaging and other technologies, the preparation process of the marketed preparation has been basically obtained, and the development of the self-made preparation has been completed on this basis. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences. Combined with the results of the taste evaluation experiment and the caffeine dissolution test of the preparation in 1 min, the hot-melt extrusion technology was screened out as the taste-masking technology of the self-made preparation, the parameters of the hot-melt extrusion process were screened by differential scanning calorimetry analysis, and finally a product with good taste and qualified quality was obtained, which provided a reference method for the research and development of related preparations.

reverse engineering  /  caffeine  /  fatigue  /  taste masking technology  /  hot-melt extrusion
范坤, 丁珮, 韩晓璐, 王增明, 李蒙, 于彦周, 郑爱萍. 基于逆向工程的复方咖啡因无水吞服颗粒的开发及研究. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (8) : 2512 -2519 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0117
Kun FAN, Pei DING, Xiao-lu HAN, Zeng-ming WANG, Meng LI, Yan-zhou YU, Ai-ping ZHENG. Development and research of compound caffeine waterless swallowed granules based on reverse engineering[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (8) : 2512 -2519 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0117
疲劳是一种普遍但未受到高度重视的疾病状态。现代社会中疲劳人群的比例不断扩大, 各行各业的从业者都需要抗疲劳产品来提高工作效率, 所以抗疲劳产品的市场需求较大。咖啡因在日常生活及运动[1-3]、军事作业[4, 5]等特殊场合中被作为一种中枢神经系统兴奋剂大量消费。咖啡因化学结构包括甲基黄嘌呤类活性成分, 它能与大脑不同区域的神经传递相互作用, 从而振奋精神、提高警惕性及注意力、增强识别能力等[6, 7]。Doppelherz® Energy DIRECT[8] (简称为“Energy DIRECT”) 是德国已上市的无水吞服颗粒, 该产品采用咖啡因、牛磺酸和B族维生素复配的方式, 具有双重功效, 在精神上减少反应时间、提高警觉性, 在体能上减轻机体疲劳。
无水吞服颗粒是一种无需用水即可服用的新制剂类型, 主要通过制粒、包衣等技术制备得到颗粒, 有携带使用方便等优势, 尤其适用于不方便用水的特殊环境及吞咽困难人群。国内仅有盐酸昂丹司琼无水吞服颗粒、盐酸氨溴索无水吞服颗粒和阿奇霉素无水吞服颗粒3个品种被受理[9]。咖啡因口服易吸收, 代谢快, 安全性高[10], 同时也是一种典型的苦味物质[11]。掩盖苦味是抗疲劳产品无水吞服颗粒设计的关键难点。常用的掩味方法有制粒、包衣、制备脂质微球、调控pH、树脂复合物[12]等方法。热熔挤出(hot-melt extrusion, HME) 技术是一种新兴的制药技术, 用于改善水溶性差药物的溶解度, 提高难溶性药物的生物利用度、掩盖药物苦味等[13-15]
逆向工程技术是一种对产品进行反向分析, 从而确定其处方组成和制备工艺, 以生产出和目标产品质量等效的产品的方法[16, 17]。本研究选取德国已上市的Energy DIRECT无水吞服颗粒进行逆向工程剖析, 借鉴其产品设计思路, 并从处方组成及掩味工艺等方面进行优化, 制备自研复方咖啡因无水吞服颗粒。对制得颗粒的质量、口感及工艺可行性等进行系统评价, 与Energy DIRECT进行比较, 最终得到口味佳、质量好且制备工艺可行性较高的产品。
药品与试剂  Doppelherz® Energy DIRECT (批号L001050, 德国Queisser Pharma Schleswiger公司); 咖啡因原料药(纯度99.8%, 批号TC2013176, 天津中安药业有限公司); 牛磺酸原料药(纯度100.1%, 批号C002-M2004517, 湖北远大生命科学与技术有限责任公司); 维生素B1 (纯度99.4%, 批号NNKJ20200609)、泛酸钙(批号20200409) (湖北诺纳科技有限公司); 维生素B12 (纯度99.7%, 批号C200201C, 华北制药威可达有限公司); 无水葡萄糖(批号202104172, 西王药业有限公司); 山梨醇(批号2010702, 广西南宁化学制药有限责任公司); 柠檬酸(批号20190301, 成都华邑药用辅料制造有限责任公司); 柠檬香精(批号0003595008, 爱尔兰凯瑞集团); 三氯蔗糖(批号20200301, 江西阿尔法高科药业有限公司); 硬脂酸镁(批号190902, 曲阜市天利药用辅料有限公司); 乙腈为色谱级, 其余试剂均为分析纯级别, 使用前不需要纯化。
仪器  Thermo Ultimate 3000高效液相色谱仪、Process 11-Hygienic TSE双螺杆挤出机(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); E2695高效液相色谱仪、2414示差折光检测器(美国Waters公司); XS105电子天平、FE28 pH计(德国梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司); TB-403电子天平(德国赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司); RC806D溶出试验仪(天津天大天发科技有限公司); HLSH2-6A湿法制粒混合机(中航工业北京航空制造工程研究所); WBF-1G流化床(重庆英格造粒包衣技术有限公司); HSD-15实验室料斗混合机(浙江迦南科技股份有限公司); BT-1001智能粉体特性测试仪(丹东市百特仪器有限公司); Analysette3振动筛分机(德国Fritsch公司); JSM-7900F扫描电镜(日本电子有限公司); RA802拉曼分析仪(英国雷尼绍公司); Q2000差示扫描量热仪(美国TA仪器公司)。
Energy DIRECT处方用量剖析
不溶性辅料  使用重量法测定其含量, 取制剂1包于烧杯中, 加水搅拌至剩余部分不能溶解。取一张重量已知的滤纸, 置于抽滤瓶上, 将上述混悬液抽滤, 取适量水冲洗烧杯并将冲洗后的水抽滤, 至烧杯中的白色不溶物洗净。将滤纸取出干燥, 干燥后计算不溶物质量, 平均测定3份, 求平均值。
咖啡因  对比国内外药典及各项相关技术指导原则中咖啡因原料药及制剂的含量测定方法, 选择美国药典咖啡因原料药含量检测方法进行优化, 作为颗粒的含量和溶出的测定方法。色谱条件为: 色谱柱: CAPCELL PAK AQ C18 (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm); 流动相: 0.01 mol·L-1乙酸钠溶液-乙腈-四氢呋喃(955∶25∶20, V/V/V), 用冰醋酸调节pH 4.5; 流速: 1.0 mL·min-1; 检测波长: 275 nm; 柱温: 25 ℃; 进样体积: 10 μL。供试品溶液配制方法: 取5袋制剂称取总重, 置于研钵中研细, 称取细粉适量(相当于含咖啡因7.5 mg) 于25 mL量瓶中, 加水适量超声溶解, 冷却至室温, 定容至刻度, 即得供试品溶液, 过滤后取供试品进样检测, 按外标法以峰面积计算。
牛磺酸  牛磺酸属于无紫外吸收的化合物, 使用示差折光检测器检测含量, 根据样品及仪器条件对文献方法进行优化[18], 使用CAPCELL PAK NH2 UG80色谱柱(4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm); 流动相为乙腈∶5 mmol·L-1磷酸二氢钾水溶液= 60∶40 (V/V); 流速: 0.8 mL·min-1; 柱温: 30 ℃; 检测温度: 30 ℃; 进样体积: 10 μL。供试品溶液配制方法: 取制剂细粉适量(相当于含牛磺酸10 mg) 于10 mL量瓶中, 加水适量超声溶解, 冷却至室温, 定容至刻度, 即得供试品溶液, 过滤后取供试品进样检测, 按外标法以峰面积计算。
柠檬酸  色谱柱CAPCELL PAK AQ C18 (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm); 流动相A为100 mmol·L-1磷酸氢二铵溶液(pH 2.4), B为乙腈, 使用梯度洗脱程序, 0~8 min, A 100%, 10~20 min, A 90%, 22~30 min, A 100%; 流速1.0 mL·min-1; 柱温: 30 ℃, 检测波长为215 nm。供试品溶液配制方法与牛磺酸一致。
Energy DIRECT制备工艺剖析  使用扫描电镜、拉曼光谱成像[19]等方法对已上市制剂中原辅料药的分布及生产工艺参数等进行解析。
扫描电镜  使用扫描电镜观察颗粒微观结构, 颗粒剂经过真空条件下的金属铂喷涂, 在3.0 kV电压下放大75倍进行扫描。
拉曼光谱成像  用785 nm激光器对已上市制剂、原料药(active pharmaceutical ingredient, API) 和辅料进行拉曼光谱分析。
不同制备工艺考察
混合制粒法  将处方量API、无水葡萄糖、山梨醇、柠檬酸、三氯蔗糖、柠檬香精和硬脂酸镁置于湿法混合制粒机中, 混合5 min直到形成均匀混合物, 即得。
湿法制粒法  按照处方组成, 称取处方量咖啡因、柠檬酸、山梨醇和无水葡萄糖置于湿法混合制粒机中, 混合形成均匀混合物。加入适量纯化水制软材, 软材过18目筛网制粒, 将制得颗粒置于流化床干燥至颗粒水分小于3%, 将干燥颗粒过筛整粒, 计算收率并按比例加入牛磺酸、B族维生素、三氯蔗糖和硬脂酸镁, 混合均匀, 即得成品颗粒。
流化床造粒法  按照处方组成, 称取适量的咖啡因、柠檬酸和山梨醇加入流化床锅中, 调节进风量至物料流化状态良好, 加入适量30%葡萄糖水溶液顶喷制粒, 至颗粒达到合适的状态, 停止加入黏合剂, 开始加热, 干燥至颗粒水分小于3%, 取出颗粒过18目筛网整粒, 计算收率并按比例加入剩余量的牛磺酸、B族维生素、无水葡萄糖、香精、三氯蔗糖和硬脂酸镁, 混合均匀, 即得成品颗粒。
热熔挤出法  称取处方量咖啡因和硬脂酸镁, 使用湿法混合制粒机混合成均匀混合物, 设置双螺杆挤出机各模块至合适的温度, 预热待仪器温度达到后, 设置螺杆转速100 r·min-1, 将混合物加入, 得到均匀、光滑的条状挤出物。将挤出物粉碎, 与柠檬酸、三氯蔗糖混合均匀后, 加入适量水制粒, 干燥至颗粒水分小于3%, 将干燥颗粒过筛网去除大颗粒, 按收率加入牛磺酸、B族维生素、无水葡萄糖、香精及硬脂酸镁, 混合均匀, 即得成品颗粒。
差示扫描量热分析(differential scanning calorimeter, DSC)  使用差示扫描量热仪对热熔挤出样品进行考察, 样品测样量为3~5 mg, 置于铝制坩埚中并封闭进行检测, 升温范围25~300 ℃, 升温速度10 ℃·min-1, 氮气通入速度50 mL·min-1
颗粒口味评分  这项研究根据由《赫尔辛基宣言》提出的伦理原则进行, 获得了军事医学研究院审查委员会的伦理批准。10位受试者(男性2人, 女性8人; 平均年龄±标准差= 25.3 ± 1.6岁) 被告知实验的细节并签署书面知情同意书后, 采用随机交叉、双盲试验, 受试者分别品尝对比咖啡因API, 混合制粒、湿法制粒、流化床造粒、热熔挤出等方法制备的颗粒及已上市制剂, 分别对苦味进行评分(1~5分), 其中1分为苦味最重, 5分为不苦, 品尝每种颗粒前需要漱口, 防止评分干扰, 对评分结果进行统计学分析。
颗粒休止角及卡尔指数测定  使用智能粉体特性测试仪检测颗粒的休止角; 使用25 mL的量筒测量颗粒的堆密度, 将量筒置于测试仪上, 设置振幅3 mm, 振实频率250 Hz, 振实次数300次, 测量振实密度, 每个参数测试3次, 并计算卡尔指数。
溶出曲线考察方法  取已上市制剂及自研制剂, 待介质温度到达37 ± 0.5 ℃时, 按照溶出度与释放度测定法(《中国药典》2020年版四部通则0931第二法), 分别以0.1 mol·L-1 HCl、pH 4.5醋酸缓冲液、pH 6.8磷酸缓冲液和水为溶出介质, 溶出介质体积900 mL, 转速75 r·min-1, 在5、10、15、30、45、60、90、120 min时, 取溶液10 mL, 滤过, 取续滤液作为供试品溶液, 取供试品溶液10 μL, 注入液相色谱仪, 按照咖啡因含量检测方法检测, 记录色谱图测定咖啡因的溶出量。
统计学分析  数据以$ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s表示, 两组间数据比较采用Student's t检验, 当P < 0.05时表示差异具有统计学意义。
从产品信息网站获取Energy DIRECT每包1.4 g, 含75 mg咖啡因、100 mg牛磺酸、1.1 mg维生素B1、6 mg泛酸钙和5 µg维生素B12, 辅料使用了山梨醇、葡萄糖、柠檬酸、香精、三氯蔗糖、硬脂酸镁。
以上辅料中, 葡萄糖、山梨醇常规主要作为稀释剂, 其中葡萄糖在处方中用量较大, 每包含有1 g葡萄糖, 占整个处方的71.4%, 所以除了作为填充剂, 对颗粒的口味调整也有一定作用。另外葡萄糖有无水葡萄糖和一水葡萄糖, 两种葡萄糖在环境中吸收水分的情况有差异, 可能会对原料药的溶出速度产生一定影响[20]。柠檬酸、三氯蔗糖和香精主要用于矫味, 由于咖啡因是一种典型的苦味物质, 掩盖苦味提高使用者体验感是很有必要的, 产品的公开信息未提供这3种辅料的用量, 在处方研究过程中应对用量进行考察及优化。硬脂酸镁在制剂处方中一般作为润滑剂, 常规用量为处方的0.25%~5%[21]
使用建立的检测方法对已上市制剂中各原料药用量进行确认, 结果与公开信息相符。辅料用量只有葡萄糖是已知的, 所以需要建立其余各辅料的检测方法, 确定处方用量。
由张悦杨等[22]的研究结果可知, 使用高效液相色谱法检测柠檬酸处理步骤少, 出峰时间快, 查询药典及文献方法, 并对方法进行优化, 建立检测柠檬酸含量检测方法, 配制颗粒样品溶液按照方法检测, 得柠檬酸用量为7.0%。接着根据文献[23]方法建立了山梨醇和葡萄糖的含量检测方法, 使用示差折光检测器检测, 按外标法以峰面积计算, 得葡萄糖用量与已知数据一致, 未检测到山梨醇。对比已上市制剂中获取到的图谱及无水葡萄糖的拉曼检测结果, 确定了已上市制剂所使用的葡萄糖型号为无水葡萄糖。所用辅料中, 只有硬脂酸镁为不溶性辅料, 所以使用重量法测定其含量, 得不溶性成分的量为5.8%, 故硬脂酸镁的用量不大于测定值。
已上市制剂“Energy DIRECT” (图 1A) 由细粉和几种形态颜色可区分的颗粒组成, 大致可将其分为透明针状颗粒(图 1B)、白色不规则颗粒(图 1C)、透明晶体颗粒(图 1D) 及红色颗粒(图 1E)。将4种状态颗粒分离, 分别进行分析, 对比透明针状颗粒(图 1F) 和牛磺酸原料药的扫描电镜图(图 1G), 初步确定了针状结晶为牛磺酸原料药。将制剂中透明针状结晶配制成溶液, 使用高效液相色谱-示差折光检测器检测, 其色谱图出峰位置及峰面积与牛磺酸对照品一致, 进一步确定了透明针状结晶为牛磺酸。原辅料中只有维生素B12为红色晶体物质, 将分离出的红色颗粒进行高效液相色谱分析, 其紫外最大吸收峰在361 nm处, 与维生素B12对照品一致, 确定其为维生素B12, 图 2为已上市制剂与牛磺酸及维生素B12对照品的谱图对比。
图 3所示, 对已上市制剂及白色不规则颗粒进行拉曼光谱分析, 从整个制剂的拉曼光谱分析结果可见(图 3A), 咖啡因(图 3B) 与硬脂酸镁(图 3C) 的分布位置完全重合; 由结果可知(图 3D), 白色不规则颗粒中存在咖啡因、硬脂酸镁和柠檬酸(图 3E), 推测在已上市制剂中咖啡因与硬脂酸镁可能进行了预混或其他工艺, 再加入柠檬酸制粒; 而透明晶体颗粒即无水葡萄糖(图 3F)、山梨醇(图 3G)、牛磺酸(图 3H)、泛酸钙(图 3I) 为总混时加入。
通过专利检索[24], 发现国外采用热熔融包衣的工艺掩盖咖啡因苦味, 即在流化床系统中, 在咖啡因原料药表面包裹一层三氯蔗糖进行矫味, 再使用硬脂酸等辅料包裹在表面形成疏水层, 从而使咖啡因不会在口腔中溶出, 达到掩盖苦味的效果。结合拉曼光谱分析结果, 推测已上市制剂采用了相似工艺。由文献资料可知, 热熔融包衣工艺在实现掩味的同时会控制药物的释放[25], 而国内相关仪器不够完善, 工业化操作缺乏安全可靠的理论指导[26]。本研究的目标是使用切实可行的技术, 制备出口感较好且在服用后快速释放咖啡因, 从而达到快速抗疲劳效果的产品, 所以未尝试使用该技术, 并对制备工艺进行调整及优化。
直接混合、湿法制粒法和流化床造粒法是常用的颗粒制备方法, 根据已上市制剂中使用到的辅料的性质及常用量设计处方工艺, 制备颗粒; 热熔挤出工艺根据“1.3工艺剖析”项中的结果, 首先将咖啡因与硬脂酸镁进行混合后热熔挤出, 再将热熔挤出物与柠檬酸和三氯蔗糖制粒, 进行二次掩味, 与其他原辅料混合得到成品。
热熔挤出步骤将硬脂酸镁作为载体, 在双螺杆的作用下将熔融的硬脂酸镁包裹在咖啡因表面, 从而达到掩盖苦味的效果。首先是确定药物与载体的比例, 由上述对已上市制剂的剖析结果可知, 处方中硬脂酸镁的用量不大于5.8%, 所以暂定咖啡因与硬脂酸镁的比例为1∶1。根据硬脂酸镁的熔距为117~150 ℃[21], 分别设置模口温度为120、140和150 ℃, 由图 4可知, 模口温度为120 ℃时, 挤出物为白色, 条状物粗细不均匀且部分为波浪状; 模口温度为150 ℃时, 挤出物明显变黄; 模口温度为140 ℃时挤出物状态较好。将挤出物粉碎过40目筛, 进行DSC分析, 可知使用这3个温度参数进行热熔挤出, 均不会改变咖啡因原料药的晶型, 原料药均以晶体的形式包裹在硬脂酸镁中, 根据上述分析结果, 最终选择使用模口温度为140 ℃的热熔挤出温度参数。
按照颗粒口味评分方法进行实验, 分别对使用混合制粒、湿法制粒、流化床造粒、热熔挤出等工艺制备的自制颗粒及已上市制剂的颗粒苦味进行评价, 统计结果见图 5, 自制品中使用热熔挤出掩味后制粒得到的颗粒口味评分高于其余工艺制备得到的颗粒, 与评分最高的流化床制备颗粒的苦味有显著性差异; 使用热熔挤出技术制备的颗粒与已上市制剂的苦味评分无显著性差异。检测已上市制剂及热熔挤出技术制备颗粒在水介质及pH 6.8模拟唾液介质中1 min之内的溶出曲线(图 6), 可知这两种制剂在1 min时仅有5%左右的咖啡因溶出, 所以服用后咖啡因短时间在口腔内不会产生明显的苦味, 与口味评价实验结果相符。
根据苦味评价结果确定了自研制剂的掩味工艺为热熔挤出法, 采用该工艺制备了3批样品(批量为1 000袋), 对其含量、有关物质、流动性及溶出曲线进行考察, 并与已上市制剂进行比较。
3批颗粒及已上市制剂的质量检测结果见表 1。自研制剂咖啡因和牛磺酸两种原料药的含量均在95%~105%内, 未检出有关物质。卡尔指数均在11%~15%内, 颗粒流动性较好, 对已上市制剂及自研制剂的颗粒粒度分布进行了检测(图 6), 可得出3批自研制剂颗粒粒度分布相近, 工艺重现性较好。分析图 6已上市制剂及自研无水吞服颗粒在4种介质中的溶出曲线, 可知在4种介质中, 已上市制剂的溶出速度均较慢, 2 h溶出度均为30%左右, 而自制颗粒15 min的溶出度均 > 85%, 咖啡因为BCS Ⅰ类药物, 高溶高渗, 口服生物利用度高, 自研制剂服用后可快速产生抗疲劳作用。
无水吞服颗粒是一种易携带、易吞服的新制剂类型, 服用过程无需用水, 可有效改善患者的用药依从性, 扩大适用人群, 特别是利于儿童及老人等吞咽困难人群的给药, 且该类制剂口服后药物可通过口腔黏膜吸收, 迅速产生治疗效果。由于咖啡因的苦味较重, 掩盖咖啡因苦味是制备无水吞服颗粒需重点解决的问题, 由上述实验结果可知, 使用甜味剂、芳香剂等矫味制剂与原料药通过普通的混合制粒工艺不能达到掩盖咖啡因苦味的效果; 咖啡因不是pH依赖性药物, 所以不能通过调节口腔pH环境, 使其口腔中呈低溶解状态而掩味; 我国国家药品监督管理局目前受理的3个品种均使用流化床包衣方法, 实现对原料药的掩味, 该方法生产周期较长, 工艺放大需考虑的因素较多, 且由于一般情况下选用的包衣材料的水溶性较差, 导致服用后药物的颗粒感较重, 口感稍差, 所以本研究并未考虑使用流化床包衣工艺实现掩味。
逆向工程是仿制药研发的常用方法, 合理的逆向工程常常可缩短产品研发周期, 降低研发成本。本研究从逆向工程的思路出发, 首先通过网站信息查询到了“Energy DIRECT”的处方组成, 通过药典及文献信息查询辅料性质并建立各辅料的检测方法, 通过检测, 确定了葡萄糖、柠檬酸、硬脂酸镁等辅料的用量; 通过扫描电镜技术确定了牛磺酸在已上市制剂中是单独存在的, 使用拉曼光谱成像确定了采用的葡萄糖为无水葡萄糖, 接着确定了制剂中咖啡因与硬脂酸镁的分布位置完全一致, 结合专利查询结果, 初步确定其使用了热熔融包衣的掩味工艺, 但该工艺对仪器的要求高, 工业化操作缺乏可靠的理论指导, 且掩味的同时会减慢药物释放, 所以对工艺进行了优化。
在已上市制剂工艺思路的基础上, 对各工艺制备的颗粒的口味进行对比, 最终选择使用热熔挤出工艺实现对咖啡因的掩味。从工艺比较, 热熔挤出较热熔融包衣更简单易行, 规模易放大, 且与湿法制粒、流化床造粒等常用制粒方法比较, 可更好地掩盖咖啡因苦味。将硬脂酸镁用于热熔挤出工艺, 利用其疏水性掩盖咖啡因苦味, 需考虑其与原料药的比例, 使制得挤出物在尽量掩盖咖啡因苦味的同时, 不会较大程度上影响药物溶出。对比自研制剂及已上市制剂的溶出曲线结果可看出, 自研制剂溶出速度明显更快, 咖啡因是BCS Ⅰ类药物, 且安全性较高, 对于一个健康的成年人, 每天摄入400 mg的咖啡因不会带来健康风险, 服用制剂后咖啡因快速溶出, 吸收后实现抗疲劳的作用。
热熔挤出技术起源于塑料工业, 已成功应用于多种药物输送系统的研发, 是药物制剂技术中比较热门的新技术。该技术可实现连续化生产, 改变传统的批次生产模式, 生产效率高, 自动化程度高, 对药物的损失少且对环境友好。本研究运用该技术实现对咖啡因苦味的掩盖, 制备无水吞服颗粒, 为相关制剂的研发提供了新思路。
作者贡献: 范坤是本研究的实验设计者和实验研究的执行人, 完成数据分析、论文初稿的撰写; 韩晓璐、王增明、李蒙指导并参与实验设计和结果分析; 丁珮、于彦周、郑爱萍是项目构思者及负责人, 提供了实验平台, 指导实验设计、数据分析、论文写作与修改。全体作者都阅读并同意最终的文本。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家“重大新药创制”科技重大专项资助项目(2018ZX09721003-007)
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2022年第57卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0117
  • 接收时间:2022-01-26
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-26
  • 修回日期:2022-02-23
基金
国家“重大新药创制”科技重大专项资助项目(2018ZX09721003-007)
作者信息
    1.军事医学研究院毒物药物研究所, 北京 100850
    2.军事体育训练中心运动医学室, 北京 100851

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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