Article(id=1210148012794441940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0533, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1651507200000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-03, revisedDate=1654617600000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766451369712, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1660233600000, pubDateStr=2022-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766451369712, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766451369712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766451369712, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210148010437243088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2022', volume='57', issue='8', pageStart='2245', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766451369151, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766451533022, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210148697808179705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210148697808179706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1210148010437243088, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2253, endPage=2261, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210148013167734999, articleId=1210148012794441940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The role of STAT3 in inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer and research progress of the related drugs, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 is a critical transcription factor for cell proliferation and survival. It is activated within cells by many cytokines to mediate immune and inflammatory responses to injury. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), represented by Crohn′s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestinal tract. STAT3 has been shown to be abnormally activated in IBD colon tissues by many pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier and excessive innate immune and Th17 responses. The persistent chronic inflammation eventually leads to intestinal fibrosis and stenosis. In addition to immune responses, STAT3 is also involved in intestinal fibrosis in IBD by promoting the transcription of fibrosis-related genes. Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) is a particularly aggressive subtype of colorectal cancer and is associated with chronic inflammation-induced IBD. STAT3 has also been associated with CAC initiation and development. STAT3 is overactivated in tumors, which leads to suppression of the anti-tumor activity of immune cells and promotion of cancer cell proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. In the present article, we summarize the role of STAT3 in IBD and CAC and the research progress of the related drugs developed for UC and CAC treatment.

, correspAuthors=De-li DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2022 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-fan CHENG, Hu-tai-long ZHU, Ling LIU, Jing LUO, Zhi-jie SUN, De-li DONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210148013822046449, articleId=1210148012794441940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=STAT3信号在炎症性肠病及结肠炎相关结直肠癌发生发展中的作用和相关药物研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

信号转导和转录激活因子3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3) 是维持细胞增殖和存活的重要因子, 可被多种细胞因子激活进而介导免疫和炎症反应以应对损伤。炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) 是一种慢性肠道炎症性疾病, 主要包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC) 和克罗恩病(Crohn's disease, CD) 两种形式。在IBD肠组织中STAT3被多种促炎细胞因子异常激活, 破坏肠道屏障完整性、过度激活肠道中固有免疫和Th17细胞介导的免疫应答, 导致IBD肠道长期处于炎症状态, 最终引起肠道纤维化、肠腔狭窄等并发症。除对免疫反应的调节外, STAT3也通过促进纤维化相关基因转录参与IBD肠道纤维化。结肠炎相关结肠癌(colitis-associated cancer, CAC) 是结直肠癌中特别具有侵袭性的亚型, 与长期慢性炎症引起的IBD相关。STAT3与CAC的发生发展也密切相关, STAT3在肿瘤中过度激活, 抑制肿瘤中免疫细胞的肿瘤杀伤活性, 并促进癌细胞增殖、血管生成及肿瘤的侵袭和迁移。本文综述STAT3信号在炎症性肠病及结肠炎相关结直肠癌发生发展中的作用及以STAT3信号为靶点的药物研发最新进展。

, correspAuthors=董德利, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*董德利 Tel: 86-25-86185328, E-mail:
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STAT3信号在炎症性肠病及结肠炎相关结直肠癌发生发展中的作用和相关药物研究进展
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程晓范 , 朱胡太龙 , 刘灵 , 罗靖 , 孙志洁 , 董德利 *
药学学报 | 综述 2022,57(8): 2253-2261
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药学学报 | 综述 2022, 57(8): 2253-2261
STAT3信号在炎症性肠病及结肠炎相关结直肠癌发生发展中的作用和相关药物研究进展
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程晓范, 朱胡太龙, 刘灵, 罗靖, 孙志洁, 董德利*
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  • 中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 211198

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*董德利 Tel: 86-25-86185328, E-mail:
The role of STAT3 in inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer and research progress of the related drugs
Xiao-fan CHENG, Hu-tai-long ZHU, Ling LIU, Jing LUO, Zhi-jie SUN, De-li DONG*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
出版时间: 2022-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0533
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信号转导和转录激活因子3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3) 是维持细胞增殖和存活的重要因子, 可被多种细胞因子激活进而介导免疫和炎症反应以应对损伤。炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) 是一种慢性肠道炎症性疾病, 主要包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC) 和克罗恩病(Crohn's disease, CD) 两种形式。在IBD肠组织中STAT3被多种促炎细胞因子异常激活, 破坏肠道屏障完整性、过度激活肠道中固有免疫和Th17细胞介导的免疫应答, 导致IBD肠道长期处于炎症状态, 最终引起肠道纤维化、肠腔狭窄等并发症。除对免疫反应的调节外, STAT3也通过促进纤维化相关基因转录参与IBD肠道纤维化。结肠炎相关结肠癌(colitis-associated cancer, CAC) 是结直肠癌中特别具有侵袭性的亚型, 与长期慢性炎症引起的IBD相关。STAT3与CAC的发生发展也密切相关, STAT3在肿瘤中过度激活, 抑制肿瘤中免疫细胞的肿瘤杀伤活性, 并促进癌细胞增殖、血管生成及肿瘤的侵袭和迁移。本文综述STAT3信号在炎症性肠病及结肠炎相关结直肠癌发生发展中的作用及以STAT3信号为靶点的药物研发最新进展。

信号转导和转录激活因子3  /  溃疡性结肠炎  /  克罗恩病  /  炎症性肠病  /  结肠癌  /  肠道屏障  /  免疫  /  炎症

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 is a critical transcription factor for cell proliferation and survival. It is activated within cells by many cytokines to mediate immune and inflammatory responses to injury. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), represented by Crohn′s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestinal tract. STAT3 has been shown to be abnormally activated in IBD colon tissues by many pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier and excessive innate immune and Th17 responses. The persistent chronic inflammation eventually leads to intestinal fibrosis and stenosis. In addition to immune responses, STAT3 is also involved in intestinal fibrosis in IBD by promoting the transcription of fibrosis-related genes. Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) is a particularly aggressive subtype of colorectal cancer and is associated with chronic inflammation-induced IBD. STAT3 has also been associated with CAC initiation and development. STAT3 is overactivated in tumors, which leads to suppression of the anti-tumor activity of immune cells and promotion of cancer cell proliferation, tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. In the present article, we summarize the role of STAT3 in IBD and CAC and the research progress of the related drugs developed for UC and CAC treatment.

signal transducer and activator of transcription 3  /  ulcerative colitis  /  Crohn′s disease  /  inflammatory bowel disease  /  colitis-associated cancer  /  intestinal barrier  /  immunity  /  inflammation
程晓范, 朱胡太龙, 刘灵, 罗靖, 孙志洁, 董德利. STAT3信号在炎症性肠病及结肠炎相关结直肠癌发生发展中的作用和相关药物研究进展. 药学学报, 2022 , 57 (8) : 2253 -2261 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0533
Xiao-fan CHENG, Hu-tai-long ZHU, Ling LIU, Jing LUO, Zhi-jie SUN, De-li DONG. The role of STAT3 in inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer and research progress of the related drugs[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2022 , 57 (8) : 2253 -2261 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0533
炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) 主要包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC) 和克罗恩病(Crohn′s disease, CD) 两种形式, 在世界范围内, IBD发病率目前呈上升趋势, 且长期患有IBD的患者可能更易发生结直肠癌。IBD的发病机制尚未完全清楚, 但与遗传、环境、肠黏膜屏障破坏及免疫失调等因素密切相关[1]。信号转导和转录激活因子(signal transducer and activator of transcription, STATs) 家族包括STAT1、STAT2、STAT3、STAT4、STAT5a和STAT5b及STAT6, 调控细胞信号转导和基因转录[2]。近年来研究表明, STATs家族中的STAT3与IBD及结直肠癌的发生发展密切相关, 肠组织和细胞中STAT3可被多种细胞因子和生长因子激活, 参与免疫应答、调控细胞的增殖和凋亡、诱导肠道损伤甚至癌变。本文综述STAT3信号在炎症性肠病及结肠炎相关结直肠癌发生发展中的作用及以STAT3信号为靶点的药物研发最新进展。
STAT3是免疫反应的重要调控因子, 可被Janus激酶(Janus kinase, JAK) 磷酸化Y705位点或MAPK/ERK、JNK、p38、CK2、PKC、mTOR、CDK5磷酸化S727位点激活。除磷酸化外, STAT3还可经过甲基化、乙酰化、棕榈酰化、泛素化、类泛素化修饰等多种翻译后修饰。STAT3的活性在正常细胞中受到负调节蛋白的严格调控, 细胞因子信号转导抑制因子(suppressor of cytokine signaling, SOCS) 3是IL-6/JAK/STAT3通路的重要抑制剂[3, 4]
IBD是一种慢性、非特异性肠道炎症性疾病。遗传和环境因素是IBD发生的重要因素, 肠道屏障完整性破坏和免疫系统的过度激活引起的黏膜炎症会导致肠道功能损害, 这些因素共同驱动IBD的疾病进程[5]。在IBD初期肠道黏液层变薄, 肠上皮细胞(intestinal epithelial cell, IEC) 凋亡、焦亡、坏死[6], 肠腔中的抗原和微生物刺激固有层免疫细胞产生大量炎性细胞因子调节紧密连接蛋白的表达, 破坏紧密连接, 增加细胞旁通透性, 进一步破坏肠道上皮屏障[7]。Paneth细胞(Paneth cell, PC) 位于小肠隐窝基底部, 可分泌抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides, AMPs) 维持肠道稳态, PC功能缺陷导致肠道微生物渗透到固有层是导致回肠CD的重要因素[8]。肠腔中的抗原和微生物进入固有层后, 中性粒细胞首先浸润到肠道固有层, 随后通过趋化因子和促炎细胞因子招募、活化巨噬细胞, 单核吞噬细胞(MNP) 和IEC通过模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor, PRR) 识别病原体相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs), 产生急性炎症反应。IBD肠黏膜中持续激活的固有免疫导致一些炎症因子的过量产生, 驱动T细胞反应异常。募集更多的免疫细胞到炎症区域, 最终导致IBD的发生[5]。持续性的黏膜炎症是影响IBD发病和疾病进展的重要因素, 阻断炎性细胞的信号传导及促进炎症消退从而改变持续激活免疫反应的黏膜环境, 是治疗IBD的有效治疗策略。
IBD患者血清和肠组织中含有大量激活STAT3的细胞因子, 包括IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、IL-12、IL-15、IL-21、IL-23、IL-17、IL-18、IFN-α/β/γ、MMP9、TNF-α、IL-10、IL-11和IL-22等[9]。结肠炎症组织中固有层T细胞、巨噬细胞、肠上皮细胞和浸润的中性粒细胞中pY705-STAT3水平显著升高[10, 11]。STAT3的功能在上皮细胞、固有免疫细胞和T细胞之间存在显著差异。STAT3在IEC中激活促进其增殖和存活, 因此IEC特异性STAT3缺失会加重葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulphate sodium, DSS) 诱导的结肠上皮损伤[12]。巨噬细胞不仅具有吞噬病原体的功能, 还通过诱导适应性免疫、组织修复等方面参与IBD的发生和发展。有研究表明巨噬细胞STAT3过度激活后优先向M1型极化, 抑制STAT3后肠道M1型/M2型巨噬细胞比例恢复[13]。然而, 抑制巨噬细胞STAT3也会阻断其介导的IL-10的抗炎作用, 巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞中STAT3缺失会增加小鼠肠炎的易感性[14]。因此, 特异性抑制T细胞的STAT3是治疗IBD的重要途径(图 1)。
辅助性T (T helper, Th) 细胞17和调节性T细胞(regulation T cell, Treg cell) 的平衡与肠道炎症严重程度密切相关, IBD患者脾脏和结肠组织中Th17细胞比例显著提升, CD4+ T细胞向Th17细胞的异常分化是IBD重要致病因素[15]。Th17细胞能够产生多种炎性细胞因子, 包括IL-17A、IL-17F、IL-22、IL-6和TNF-α等, IL-17A是Th17细胞的主要效应因子, 与受体结合后可进一步刺激炎症介质和趋化因子的产生, 导致肠道固有层炎症的放大[16]
STAT3信号通路在Th17细胞分化中起重要作用, TGF-β和IL-6是诱导Th17细胞分化的关键因子[17]。维甲酸受体相关孤儿受体(retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor, ROR)-γt和叉头框录因子3 (forkhead box protein P3, FOXP3) 是Th17细胞和Treg细胞的谱系特异性转录因子, 在初始CD4+ T细胞中共同表达, 正常生理条件下FOXP3占主导地位, IL-6通过激活CD4+ T细胞STAT3, 与Rorc启动子及CNS6和CNS9区直接结合, 激活ROR-γt转录迅速诱导初始CD4+ T细胞分化为Th17细胞[18]。IL-6还可通过诱导CD4+ T细胞IL-23R的表达, IL-23可由活化的抗原提呈细胞(antigen-presenting cell, APC) 和组织浸润的中性粒细胞产生, 是参与Th17细胞介导的结肠炎症的重要细胞因子。IL-23与Th17细胞上的IL-23R结合后可进一步激活Th17细胞中STAT3, 调节IL-17基因的转录[10, 19]。STAT3还可以通过缺氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factor, HIF)-1α促进Th17细胞的分化。IBD患者肠道炎症组织通常会处于缺氧环境, HIF-1α可直接激活ROR-γt转录并募集p300到IL-17启动子区域, 也可与FOXP3蛋白结合促进其泛素化降解抑制Treg细胞分化, 从而破坏Th17细胞和Treg细胞的平衡, 因此HIF-1α也逐渐成为UC和其他炎症性疾病的治疗靶点[20]。STAT3可以直接与HIF-1α启动子结合增强HIF-1α表达, 也可阻止von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3泛素连接酶与HIF-1α结合降低HIF-1α降解, 增强HIF-1α活性[21]
IBD患者的肠黏膜和血清中IL-6和IL-23水平异常升高, 与结肠炎严重程度相关, 抑制IL-6/STAT3信号通路可抑制Th17细胞分化并促进Treg细胞分化, 减轻DSS和2, 4, 6-三硝基苯磺酸(2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, TNBS) 诱导的结肠炎[15, 22]。此外, IBD固有层T细胞中STAT3的下游抗凋亡基因Bcl-2、Bcl-xL表达上调, 特异性阻断IL-6反式信号后固有层CD4+ T细胞凋亡增加, 可减轻IL-10-/-和TNBS诱导的结肠炎小鼠的结肠炎症[23]
固有免疫系统启动宿主对微生物病原体的急性反应, 在适应性免疫的启动和效应中也发挥重要作用。持续激活的固有免疫反应可能导致IBD等自身免疫性疾病的发生, 因此在清除有害刺激后促进肠道炎症消退可能也是治疗IBD的方案。中性粒细胞通过吞噬、脱颗粒和中性粒细胞外陷阱(neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs) 在固有免疫中发挥关键作用。UC患者结肠黏膜中NETs相关蛋白表达上调, NETs组蛋白与T细胞表面的Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor, TLR) 2结合激活T细胞中STAT3和ROR-γt, 促进IL-17A的分泌, IL-17A进一步募集中性粒细胞浸润到炎症区域, 可能导致NETs释放失调, 持续激活固有免疫反应[24]。也有研究表明CD患者固有免疫应答存在缺陷, 中性粒细胞浸润到肠道细菌感染部位及清除病原体的能力受损, 导致肠道出现肉芽肿性炎症[25]。NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体可被入侵病原体的PAMP及受损机体自身产生的损伤相关分子模式(damage-associated molecular pattern, DAMP) 激活, STAT3在NLRP3炎症小体的激活中具有重要作用。Furuya等[26]发现抑制STAT3激活可减弱中性粒细胞ASC的磷酸化和NLRP3的表达, 并减少caspase-1的活化及随后的IL-1β释放。IL-1β可促进T细胞和中性粒细胞迁移, 也可通过刺激IL-6的产生进一步激活CD4+ T细胞中STAT3[27, 28]。NLRP3炎症小体与中性粒细胞的脱颗粒作用相关, STAT3也可能通过增强中性粒细胞的脱颗粒作用促进固有免疫应答[29]。一些早期研究表明线粒体功能障碍是NLRP3激活的重要因素, Balic等[30]近期研究也显示巨噬细胞TLR4检测到微生物后通过TBK-1和TRAF6诱导线粒体STAT3 Ser磷酸化, pS727-STAT3转运到线粒体, 影响线粒体的新陈代谢和mtROS产生, 诱导巨噬细胞释放IL-1β。抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides, AMPs) 是小肠黏膜固有免疫的重要组成部分, 在抗感染和维持肠道菌群稳定中发挥重要作用[5]。Chiang等[31]最近研究表明IL-22和IL-18可通过激活PC和IEC中STAT3, 促进溶菌素等AMPs的分泌, 在黏附侵袭性大肠杆菌感染期间增强宿主回肠隐窝的抗菌活性。
CD患者肠系膜白色脂肪组织(white adipose tissue, WAT) 下方存在黏膜上皮损伤, DSS和TNBS诱导的结肠炎小鼠肠系膜WAT中TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA水平显著升高, 表明肠系膜脂肪细胞可能会诱发IEC炎症[32]。Takahashi等[33]利用单层IEC与脂肪细胞共培养发现, 在没有免疫细胞存在的情况下, 脂肪细胞也可以通过分泌促炎细胞因子(TNF-α和IL-6) 促进IEC炎症, IEC也可诱导脂肪细胞产生促炎细胞因子。这种相互的炎症信号传导是由IEC和脂肪细胞中激活的NF-κB和STAT3介导的, 使用STAT3抑制剂galiellalactone处理可下调IEC和脂肪细胞炎症标志物基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases, MMP) 9表达。
黏液屏障、肠上皮细胞及其紧密连接构成的上皮屏障和免疫细胞构成肠道屏障, 阻止微生物侵入, STAT3相关信号在调节肠道黏液屏障和上皮屏障中的作用仍存在一定争议。结肠黏液层主要成分为杯状细胞分泌的黏蛋白2 (mucoprotein 2, MUC2), IBD患者活动期肠上皮受到抗原和微生物产物刺激增加, 过度刺激隐窝杯状细胞分泌黏液, 哨兵杯状细胞耗竭, 导致黏液释放减少[34]。肠道损伤修复涉及肠上皮细胞的迁移、增殖和分化, 上皮细胞向伤口迁移后需要杯状细胞分泌黏液蛋白以具有完整的屏障功能。DSS诱导小鼠结肠炎初期结肠杯状细胞及黏液分泌增加, 随着疾病发展, 隐窝受损、杯状细胞大量耗尽, 黏液层变薄[35]。Tawiah等[35]表明杯状细胞MUC2合成增加后降低FGF2/STAT3信号通路活性, 从而减少MMP-1和MMP-3表达, 阻碍杯状细胞迁移和增殖, 导致肠道损伤愈合受损。也有研究发现IL-10和IL-22可以通过激活STAT3减少杯状细胞内质网应激及MUC2的错误折叠, 促进肠道黏液的产生从而保护黏液屏障[36]
紧密连接由几种跨膜蛋白组成, 控制肠上皮细胞间的细胞旁通道, 肠腔中的病原体等进入固有层后启动免疫反应, 影响紧密连接蛋白(ZO-1、occludin、claudin、angulin-1) 表达, 进一步增加肠道通透性。已有研究报道STAT3对IEC紧密连接的有益作用, IBD患者STAT3的负调控蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶非受体2型(protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2, PTPN2) 表达降低, PTPN2突变与IBD易感性相关, JAK抑制剂tofacitinib治疗可降低STAT3磷酸化水平, 从而恢复claudin-2、claudin-4和occludin等紧密连接蛋白的表达和ZO-1的定位, 预防DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎发展[13]。CD患者回肠炎症肠段肠系膜脂肪组织分泌的瘦素可通过其Tyr985与JAK2结合或通过Tyr1135直接抑制STAT3激活, 降低angulin-1 mRNA和蛋白水平, 增加肠道通透性。STAT3抑制剂Stattic和WP1066可恢复瘦素诱导的augulin-1表达下调, 可能是治疗CD的潜在途径[37]
IBD患者肠道长期处于炎症状态导致纤维化的发生, 超过1/3的CD患者会出现纤维化导致的肠腔狭窄。肠道组织受损时, 免疫细胞释放TGF-β等细胞因子激活成纤维细胞, 释放细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM) 促进创伤愈合[38]。CD患者肠道长期处于炎症和损伤状态, 成纤维细胞过度活化、增殖, 产生大量促纤维化细胞因子和ECM[39], STAT3在促进纤维化中的作用目前已有许多研究。核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域蛋白2 (nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2, NOD2) 功能丧失突变是CD发生肠道纤维化的重要遗传因素, Nayar等[40]通过对CD回肠炎症组织和斑马鱼的研究发现NOD2缺失驱动CD14+外周血单核细胞异常分化为促纤维化巨噬细胞, 通过激活成纤维细胞与促炎巨噬细胞中STAT3上调促纤维化因子及促炎因子的转录。此外, CD回肠特有的爬行脂肪中存在大量M2型巨噬细胞浸润, 可释放TGF-β促进成纤维细胞释放胶原[41, 42]。有研究表明, TGF-β可通过诱导成纤维细胞中DNA甲基转移酶3A (DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha, DNMT3A) 和DNMT1抑制SOCS3表达, 增强STAT3活性, 促进体内和体外成纤维细胞的活化、胶原释放及纤维化[43]
结肠炎相关结肠癌(colitis-associated cancer, CAC) 是结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC) 的一个特别具有侵袭性的亚型, 与长期慢性炎症引起的IBD相关。IBD患者结肠组织癌症相关通路相关基因表达上调, UC患者患CRC的发生率比普通人群患CRC的发生率高1.7倍, 死亡率更高且预后更差[44]。在UC向CAC发展的进程中, IEC中IL-6水平显著升高, IEC和T细胞中SOCS3表达显著降低, 导致STAT3持续激活[45]。IBD患者的慢性炎症活动与结肠癌变的发生和发展具有密切联系。IBD患者肠道慢性炎症导致上皮细胞损伤, 局部产生的细胞因子引起炎症, 刺激隐窝细胞增殖, 以弥补上皮细胞的损失, 上皮的这种慢性刺激状态可能最终导致CAC的发生[46]。肠上皮STAT3激活与CAC模型中结肠肿瘤发生率和肿瘤生长之间存在量效关系, STAT3激活可能促进β-catenin的稳定和核定位, STAT3在上皮细胞特异性缺失抑制了Wnt/β-catenin信号启动的肿瘤发生[12]。此外, 髓系细胞中STAT3过度激活会抑制STAT1二聚体形成, STAT1可抑制IL-17诱导的多核型髓系抑制性细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cell, MDSCs) 及中性粒细胞的聚集, 在CAC早期阶段增强抗肿瘤免疫反应, 并且调控细胞凋亡和增殖, 抑制CAC的发生和发展。STAT3对STAT1介导的抗炎和抗肿瘤效应的抑制作用可能导致结肠环境进一步向促进炎症及肿瘤发生的方向发展[47, 48]
STAT3在肿瘤中过度激活, 与肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移、肿瘤微环境中的炎症及免疫逃逸紧密相关, 在包括结直肠癌的多种癌症发展中起着重要作用(图 2)。
STAT3调控肿瘤细胞中多种细胞因子和趋化因子的表达, 促进肿瘤相关炎症, 这些因子释放到肿瘤微环境中进一步激活免疫细胞和肿瘤相关成纤维细胞中的STAT3, 维持肿瘤的炎症环境。STAT3也可与NF-κB相互作用促进肿瘤炎症反应。肿瘤细胞和肿瘤相关造血细胞中STAT3可通过乙酰基转移酶p300介导p65乙酰化, 延长NF-κB入核时间, 独立于IKK途径维持NF-κB的持续激活[49]
肿瘤血管生成为肿瘤提供血液营养和氧气, 是肿瘤发生、发展以及转移的重要条件, 血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 是目前已知调控血管生成过程最重要的通路。肿瘤细胞在缺氧环境下生成ROS激活IL-6/STAT3通路, 诱导HIF-1α激活下游VEGF, VEGF与受体结合后可通过JAK2磷酸化激活内皮细胞中的STAT3, 促进肿瘤血管生成[50]。内皮细胞中STAT3与HIF-1α、SP1可能形成复合物共同增加VEGF的表达, 进一步介导内皮细胞生长、存活、迁移[51]。STAT3还可通过诱导肿瘤细胞和内皮细胞分泌MMPs降低基质膜和内皮细胞连接的细胞外基质, 促进肿瘤血管生成和转移[52]
STAT3被IL-6等细胞因子激活后可上调细胞周期调节因子cyclin D1、cyclin D2和cyclin B、原癌基因MYC及抗凋亡基因Bcl-2和Bcl-xL的表达, 增加肿瘤细胞增殖[53]。此外, STAT3经乙酰化修饰和磷酸化激活后直接结合FOS相关抗原-1 (FOS-related antigen-1, Fra-1) 的启动子激活转录, 促进结直肠癌向淋巴结和肝转移[54]。Hamilton等[55]在之前的研究中发现TNF-α通过NF-κB诱导内源性IL-6产生, 进而激活STAT3与TNFR2启动子结合上调TNFR2表达, 抑制STAT3可有效抑制结肠癌细胞SW480和COLO205细胞增殖和锚定非依赖性生长。STAT3对维持结肠癌细胞的自我更新也具有重要作用, DOT1L以及H3K79me2、SOX2的高表达是导致结直肠癌患者不良预后的重要因素。IL-22激活DLD-1细胞STAT3可直接通过上调H3K79甲基转移酶DOT1L诱导DLD-1细胞NANOG、SOX2、Pou5f1等干性相关基因表达, 也可招募p300与这些干性相关基因启动子结合, 从而增强肿瘤细胞增殖和侵袭[56]
STAT3在肿瘤细胞和肿瘤浸润的免疫细胞中异常激活, 许多研究表明STAT3的过度激活与肿瘤诱导的免疫抑制相关。在肿瘤细胞中激活的STAT3降低免疫刺激细胞因子和趋化因子的表达, 增加IL-10等免疫抑制细胞因子的表达, 这些细胞因子释放到肿瘤微环境中又进一步增强肿瘤浸润的免疫细胞中的STAT3信号[57]。自然杀伤(natural killer, NK) 细胞和细胞毒性T细胞(cytotoxic T cell, CTL) 可释放穿孔素和颗粒酶等细胞毒性分子溶解肿瘤细胞, 抑制肿瘤生长, IFN-γ和IL-12等Th1型细胞因子是这些免疫细胞抗肿瘤免疫必需的, STAT3在造血细胞中过度激活, 拮抗NF-κB和STAT1诱导的IFN-γ和IL-12的表达, 降低NK细胞等先天免疫细胞及CD8+ T等效应T细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞的能力[58]。另一方面, STAT3能够响应Flt3L的刺激促进TCF4表达, 从而促进浆细胞样树突状细胞(plasmacytoid dendritic cell, pDC) 的发育, 募集Treg细胞造成肿瘤免疫耐受[59]。STAT3也能够通过抑制激活DC的趋化因子和细胞因子的产生以及促进IL-10和VEGF等产生抑制髓系DC的成熟和抗原呈递功能[60]。MDSCs在CAC中大量浸润至炎症组织和肿瘤微环境中, 通过释放Arg-1、ROS和NO等抑制CTL的活性, STAT3可通过上调S100A8和S100A9表达促进MDSCs的聚集从而抑制CTL的抗肿瘤效应[61]。此外, STAT3增强免疫检查点蛋白PD-1、PD-L1和CTLA4的表达, 介导肿瘤免疫逃逸。STAT3过度激活也有利于巨噬细胞向M2型极化及PD-L1的表达[57]。造血细胞特异性敲除STAT3的小鼠DC、NK细胞、T细胞和中性粒细胞的功能显著增强, Treg细胞浸润减少, 肿瘤生长被显著抑制。STAT3小分子抑制剂CPA-7治疗可显著抑制MB49肿瘤的生长, 抑制肿瘤转移并延长荷瘤小鼠的生存时间[58]
鉴于STAT3在IBD和CAC发展中的关键作用, 靶向STAT3的药物开发也成为主要研究热点之一。针对STAT3抑制剂的开发可分为直接抑制STAT3活性和影响通过上游酪氨酸激酶或负调节因子间接抑制STAT3活性两种方式。
JAK抑制剂可抑制JAK/STAT信号通路, 已被证明对IBD和其他免疫介导的炎症性疾病的治疗有效。Tofacitinib是一种泛JAK抑制剂, 2018年被FDA和EMA批准用于治疗中度至重度UC患者。口服JAK1选择性抑制剂upadacitinib (Rinvoq) 和filgotinib (Jyseleca) 及JAK3抑制剂peficitinib在治疗IBD的临床试验中也显示出较好疗效[62]。尽管JAK抑制剂在治疗IBD患者的临床研究中已经取得了一些成果, 但还存在感染、高脂血症、肺栓塞、心血管事件和恶性肿瘤风险等不良反应[63]。高选择性的JAK抑制剂能够在一定程度上改善其安全性, 筛选更优的剂量方案可能是使JAK抑制剂在治疗IBD中发挥更好作用的途径。另一方面, 不同JAK亚型在IBD中的作用尚未完全明确, 因此JAK抑制剂的临床有效性还需长期证据。
靶向STAT3治疗也已成为癌症治疗的一种有效方案, 目前针对STAT3抑制剂的开发主要集中在Sarcoma (Src) 同源2 (Src homology 2, SH2) 结构域和DNA结合结构域(DNA-binding domain, DBD), 由于缺乏选择性及生物利用度不佳, 尽管在临床前研究表现出较好活性的化合物, 大部分未能转化至临床。Napabucasin (BBI608) 通过直接靶向结合STAT3的SH2结构域抑制STAT3活性, napabucasin单用及与化疗药物联合治疗结直肠癌的临床试验数据也表明napabucasin 500 mg bid具有良好的抗肿瘤效果, 延长了结直肠癌患者的总生存期和无进展生存期[64]。此外, 靶向SH2结构域的TTI-101和STAT3反义寡核苷酸AZD9150也正处于治疗结直肠癌的临床试验研究中[65]。Niclosamide (NIC) 是一种FDA批准的口服抗虫药, 已被证实能够独立于激酶途径选择性抑制STAT3 Tyr705的磷酸化、核易位和DNA结合活性, 从而显示出抑制STAT3转录功能的作用[66]。Wu等[67]使用NIC处理CRC细胞系显示NIC可抑制STAT3的表达和激活, 下调STAT3下游靶基因转录, 诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。化疗药物SN38与STAT3抑制剂NIC或TT1-101联用时, 细胞毒性和DNA损伤显著提高, 表明NIC可能作为STAT3抑制剂在治疗IBD和结直肠癌中发挥新的作用。近年来研究发现silibinin可抑制STAT3信号转导, 直接靶向结合SH2和DBD结构域, 抑制STAT3 Tyr705的磷酸化和STAT3的DNA结合活性。临床前研究显示, silibinin可抑制IL-6/STAT3信号通路减轻DSS诱导的结肠损伤、恢复肠道屏障功能并降低氧化偶氮甲烷(azoxymethane, AOM)/DSS诱导的小鼠肿瘤数量和大小[68]。近年来也出现了利用PROTACs技术靶向降解STAT3的策略, PROTACs可通过结合STAT3和E3连接酶导致STAT3泛素化降解, 发挥抗肿瘤活性, 然而PROTACs-STAT3的开发可能也更具技术难点[69]
肠道稳态依赖于完整的黏膜屏障、肠上皮细胞与免疫细胞以及肠道微生物之间的协调作用。STAT3已被证明在IBD中过度激活, STAT3的激活方式及作用靶细胞的不同可能会产生不同的效应, 以往研究表明敲除髓系细胞及上皮细胞中的STAT3会促进DSS诱导的结肠炎的发展, 因此抑制特定细胞中的STAT3活性对预防和治疗IBD及CAC具有必要性。
STAT3从肠道屏障、免疫应答和纤维化等多方面参与IBD的发展。肠黏膜屏障在IBD初期就已经受损, STAT3在IBD肠道屏障损伤修复中的作用存在一定争议。抑制STAT3活性可恢复IEC紧密连接蛋白水平从而恢复肠道通透性, 但STAT3在黏膜感染期间上皮细胞的再生及黏膜屏障的修复中也具有重要作用, 抑制STAT3激活可能对肠道损伤愈合产生不利影响, STAT3抑制剂与抗凋亡药物联用可能会减少其在损伤恢复期间的负面作用。IBD患者肠道的慢性炎症与异常的适应性免疫应答相关, 近些年研究发现Th17细胞的异常分化是IBD发病的重要因素, STAT3是促进CD4+ T细胞向Th17细胞分化的重要调控因子, 抑制STAT3可恢复Th17细胞与Treg细胞平衡, 改善黏膜炎症环境。IBD患者肠道长期处于炎症刺激状态可能会引发纤维化和癌变, 已有许多研究表明STAT3参与IBD肠道纤维化和CAC的进展。
目前, 已有多个STAT3抑制剂用于治疗IBD和CAC的临床前及临床研究, 抑制STAT3激活不仅可以阻断多种促炎细胞因子的细胞信号传导、恢复肠上皮紧密连接, 而且影响肿瘤多种信号途径, 降低肿瘤细胞的增殖、抑制肿瘤侵袭和迁移, 并增强肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的抗肿瘤活性。因此, 靶向STAT3可能成为炎症性肠病和结肠炎相关结直肠癌的有效策略。
作者贡献: 程晓范收集文献、撰写文章、绘图和修改; 朱胡太龙完善文章思路、收集文献和修改; 刘灵、罗靖负责修改; 孙志洁、董德利指导和审校。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明本文不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(82170472)
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2022年第57卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0533
  • 接收时间:2022-05-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2022-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-03
  • 修回日期:2022-06-08
基金
国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(82170472)
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    中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 211198

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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