药学学报

Compd.	Chemical name	Reference
1	6β-Hydroxymethyldihydronitidine	[5]
2	Nitidumtone B	[6]
3	8-(2'-Cyclohexanone)-7, 8-dihydrochelerythrine	[7]
4	8-(1'-Hydroxyethyl)-7, 8-dihydrochelerythrine	[7]
5	8-Acetonyldihydronitidine	[8]
6	Oxyavicine	[9]
7	Dihydrochelerythrine	[9]
8	7-Demethyl-6-methoxy-5, 6-dihydrochelerythrine	[10]
9	Oxychelerythrine	[4]
10	Oxynitidine	[11]
11	8-Hydroxydihydrochelerythrine	[12]
12	8-Acetyldihydrochelerythrine	[12]
13	6-Ethoxychelerythrine	[4]
14	Oxyterihanine	[13]
15	Nitidine chloride	[3]
16	Ethoxychelerythrine	[3]
17	8-Methoxysanguinarine	[14]
18	8-Acetonylchelerythrine	[8]
19	Isofararidine	[15]
20	Chelerythrine	[4]
21	Bocconine	[8]
22	Avicine	[16]
23	8-Methoxyisodecarine	[14]
24	8-Methoxynorchelerythrine	[17]
25	N-Desmethylnitidine	[8]
26	8-Methoxyisodecarine	[14]
27	N-Desmethylchelerythrine	[4]
28	Zanthoxyline	[5]
29	Rhoifoline B	[5]
30	Rhoifoline A	[17]
31	Decarine	[17]
32	Arnottianamide	[17]
33	Integriamide	[17]
34	Isoarnottianamide	[17]
35	Nitidumtone A	[6]
36	Epi-zanthocadinanine A	[18]
37	Zanthomuurolanine	[19]
38	Epi-zanthomuurolanine	[19]
39	Zanthocadinanine A	[19]
40	Zanthocadinanine B	[19]
41	Epi-zanthocadinanine B	[19]
42	8-Acetonyldihydroavicine	[8]
43	6S-10-O-Demethylbocconoline	[20]

Compd.	Chemical name	Reference
1	6β-Hydroxymethyldihydronitidine	[5]
2	Nitidumtone B	[6]
3	8-(2'-Cyclohexanone)-7, 8-dihydrochelerythrine	[7]
4	8-(1'-Hydroxyethyl)-7, 8-dihydrochelerythrine	[7]
5	8-Acetonyldihydronitidine	[8]
6	Oxyavicine	[9]
7	Dihydrochelerythrine	[9]
8	7-Demethyl-6-methoxy-5, 6-dihydrochelerythrine	[10]
9	Oxychelerythrine	[4]
10	Oxynitidine	[11]
11	8-Hydroxydihydrochelerythrine	[12]
12	8-Acetyldihydrochelerythrine	[12]
13	6-Ethoxychelerythrine	[4]
14	Oxyterihanine	[13]
15	Nitidine chloride	[3]
16	Ethoxychelerythrine	[3]
17	8-Methoxysanguinarine	[14]
18	8-Acetonylchelerythrine	[8]
19	Isofararidine	[15]
20	Chelerythrine	[4]
21	Bocconine	[8]
22	Avicine	[16]
23	8-Methoxyisodecarine	[14]
24	8-Methoxynorchelerythrine	[17]
25	N-Desmethylnitidine	[8]
26	8-Methoxyisodecarine	[14]
27	N-Desmethylchelerythrine	[4]
28	Zanthoxyline	[5]
29	Rhoifoline B	[5]
30	Rhoifoline A	[17]
31	Decarine	[17]
32	Arnottianamide	[17]
33	Integriamide	[17]
34	Isoarnottianamide	[17]
35	Nitidumtone A	[6]
36	Epi-zanthocadinanine A	[18]
37	Zanthomuurolanine	[19]
38	Epi-zanthomuurolanine	[19]
39	Zanthocadinanine A	[19]
40	Zanthocadinanine B	[19]
41	Epi-zanthocadinanine B	[19]
42	8-Acetonyldihydroavicine	[8]
43	6S-10-O-Demethylbocconoline	[20]


1	CH₃	CH₂OH	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
2	CH₃	CH₂COCH₃	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
3	CH₃	OC₆H₉	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
4	H	CH(OH)CH₃	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
5	CH₃	CH₂COCH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
6	CH₃	CO	H	OCH₂O	OCH₂O
7	CH₃	2H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
8	CH₃	OCH₃	OH	OCH₃	H
9	CH₃	O	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
10	CH₃	O	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
11	H	OH	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
12	CH₃	COCH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
13	CH₃	OCH₂CH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
14	CH₃	O	H	OH	OCH₃


1	CH₃	CH₂OH	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
2	CH₃	CH₂COCH₃	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
3	CH₃	OC₆H₉	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
4	H	CH(OH)CH₃	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
5	CH₃	CH₂COCH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
6	CH₃	CO	H	OCH₂O	OCH₂O
7	CH₃	2H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
8	CH₃	OCH₃	OH	OCH₃	H
9	CH₃	O	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
10	CH₃	O	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
11	H	OH	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
12	CH₃	COCH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
13	CH₃	OCH₂CH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
14	CH₃	O	H	OH	OCH₃


15	CH₃	H	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H
16	CH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H	COCH₂CH₃
17	CH₃	COCH₃	OCH₂O	OCH₂O	H	H	H
18	CH₃	CH₂COCH₃	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H	H
19	CH₃	H	OH	OCH₃	H	H	H
20	CH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H	H
21	CH₃	H	OCH₂O	OCH₂O	H	OCH₃	H


15	CH₃	H	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H
16	CH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H	COCH₂CH₃
17	CH₃	COCH₃	OCH₂O	OCH₂O	H	H	H
18	CH₃	CH₂COCH₃	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H	H
19	CH₃	H	OH	OCH₃	H	H	H
20	CH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H	H
21	CH₃	H	OCH₂O	OCH₂O	H	OCH₃	H


22	H	H	OCH₂O	OCH₂O	H
23	OCH₃	OH	OCH₃	H	H
24	OCH₃	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H
25	H	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
26	OCH₃	OH	OCH₃	H	H
27	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H
28	H	H	H	OH	OCH₃
29	H	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
30	OCH₃	H	OCH₂O	OCH₂O	H
31	H	OCH₃	OH	H	H


22	H	H	OCH₂O	OCH₂O	H
23	OCH₃	OH	OCH₃	H	H
24	OCH₃	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H
25	H	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
26	OCH₃	OH	OCH₃	H	H
27	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H
28	H	H	H	OH	OCH₃
29	H	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
30	OCH₃	H	OCH₂O	OCH₂O	H
31	H	OCH₃	OH	H	H

Compd.	Chemical name	Reference
44	Coptisine	[17]
45	Protoberrubine	[17]
46	Zanthoxylumamide A	[24]
47	Zanthoxylumamide B	[24]
48	Zanthoxylumamide C	[24]
49	Zanthoxylumamide D	[24]
50	Tridecane amine	[25]
51	Tetradecane amine	[25]
52	Heptadecanoic amide	[25]
53	Nonadecane amine	[25]
54	Neoherculin	[12]
55	CH₃(CH₂)₃₃NH₂	[17]
56	Methyl-7-(β-D-mannopyranosyloxy)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate	[26]
57	Methyl-7-[(3-O-acetyl-β-D-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-1H-indole-2-carboxylate	[26]
58	2-Methyl-1H-indol-7-yl β-D-mannopyranoside	[26]
59	4, 5-Dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-2(trichloromethyl)-3H-indolium chloride	[27]
60	4-Hydroxy-N-methylproline	[16]
61	Liriodenine	[3]
62	N-Acetyldehydroanonaine	[18]
63	N-Acetylanonaine	[18]
64	Zanthobungeanine	[25]
65	Zanthodioline	[25]
66	Skimmianine	[28]
67	Dictamnine	[23]
68	γ-Fagarine	[23]
69	Edulitine	[23]
70	Haplopine	[23]
71	4-Methoxy-1-methyl-2-quinolone	[5]
72	Robustine	[5]
73	5-Methoxydictamine	[12]
74	Flindersine	[18]
75	Magnolone	[23]
76	3, 6-Diisopropyl-2, 5-piperazinedione	[8]
77	2, 4-Dihydroxypyrimidine	[22]
78	α-Allcryptopine	[29]
79	Zanthonitidine B	[20]

Compd.	Chemical name	Reference
44	Coptisine	[17]
45	Protoberrubine	[17]
46	Zanthoxylumamide A	[24]
47	Zanthoxylumamide B	[24]
48	Zanthoxylumamide C	[24]
49	Zanthoxylumamide D	[24]
50	Tridecane amine	[25]
51	Tetradecane amine	[25]
52	Heptadecanoic amide	[25]
53	Nonadecane amine	[25]
54	Neoherculin	[12]
55	CH₃(CH₂)₃₃NH₂	[17]
56	Methyl-7-(β-D-mannopyranosyloxy)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate	[26]
57	Methyl-7-[(3-O-acetyl-β-D-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-1H-indole-2-carboxylate	[26]
58	2-Methyl-1H-indol-7-yl β-D-mannopyranoside	[26]
59	4, 5-Dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-2(trichloromethyl)-3H-indolium chloride	[27]
60	4-Hydroxy-N-methylproline	[16]
61	Liriodenine	[3]
62	N-Acetyldehydroanonaine	[18]
63	N-Acetylanonaine	[18]
64	Zanthobungeanine	[25]
65	Zanthodioline	[25]
66	Skimmianine	[28]
67	Dictamnine	[23]
68	γ-Fagarine	[23]
69	Edulitine	[23]
70	Haplopine	[23]
71	4-Methoxy-1-methyl-2-quinolone	[5]
72	Robustine	[5]
73	5-Methoxydictamine	[12]
74	Flindersine	[18]
75	Magnolone	[23]
76	3, 6-Diisopropyl-2, 5-piperazinedione	[8]
77	2, 4-Dihydroxypyrimidine	[22]
78	α-Allcryptopine	[29]
79	Zanthonitidine B	[20]

Compd.	Chemical name	References
80	Toddalolactone	[23]
81	5, 6, 7-Trimethoxycoumarin	[23]
82	5-Methoxymarmesin	[12]
83	Capillarin	[12]
84	5, 7, 8-Trimethoxycoumarin	[12]
85	5, 7-Dimethoxy-8-(3-methyl-2-butenoxy)coumarin	[12]
86	5-Geranoxy-7-methoxycoumarin	[12]
87	Isopimpinellin	[12]
88	Phellopterin	[12]

Compd.	Chemical name	References
80	Toddalolactone	[23]
81	5, 6, 7-Trimethoxycoumarin	[23]
82	5-Methoxymarmesin	[12]
83	Capillarin	[12]
84	5, 7, 8-Trimethoxycoumarin	[12]
85	5, 7-Dimethoxy-8-(3-methyl-2-butenoxy)coumarin	[12]
86	5-Geranoxy-7-methoxycoumarin	[12]
87	Isopimpinellin	[12]
88	Phellopterin	[12]

Compd.	Chemical name	References
89	d-Episesamin	[17]
90	Horsfieldin	[17]
91	l-Sesamin	[17]
92	Furan lignans (-)-dihydrosesamin	[32]
93	Epi-Syringaresinol	[20]

Compd.	Chemical name	References
89	d-Episesamin	[17]
90	Horsfieldin	[17]
91	l-Sesamin	[17]
92	Furan lignans (-)-dihydrosesamin	[32]
93	Epi-Syringaresinol	[20]

Compd.	Chemical name	Reference
94	Syringic acid	[22]
95	4-Hydroxybenzoic acid	[22]
96	(Z)-3-(2, 3, 4-Trimethoxyphenyl) acrylic acid	[22]
97	Palmitic acid	[33]

Compd.	Chemical name	Reference
94	Syringic acid	[22]
95	4-Hydroxybenzoic acid	[22]
96	(Z)-3-(2, 3, 4-Trimethoxyphenyl) acrylic acid	[22]
97	Palmitic acid	[33]

Compd.	Chemical name	Reference
98	(E)-Methyl-3-(4-((E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)phenyl)acrylate	[34]
99	(Z)-Methyl-3-(4-((E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)phenyl)acrylate	[34]
100	(E)-4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)benzaldehyde	[34]
101	Ethylparaben	[17]
102	Isobutyl benzoate	[16]
103	10-Eilosanol	[17]
104	the limonoid compd 1	[35]
105	the limonoid compd 2	[35]
106	β-Amyrin	[25]
107	Stigmast-9(11)-en-3-ol	[22]
108	Daucosterol	[22]
109	β-Sitosterol	[18]
110	β-Sitostenone	[18]
111	2, 6-Dimethoxy-1, 4-benzoquinone	[22]
112	Diosmin	[12]
113	Vitexin	[12]
114	Hesperidine	[12]
115	Spathulenol	[12, 17]
116	Isospathulenol	[12]
117	α-Cyperone	[12]
118	β-Elemene	[12]
119	Germacrene D	[12]
120	α-Cadinol	[18]
121	anti-Copalol	[18]
122	Savinin	[18]
123	2, 3-Bis(3, 4-methylenedioxybenzyl)but-2-en-4-olide	[17]
124	Cyclo-(Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Ile)	[20]
125	Arturmerone	[33]

Compd.	Chemical name	Reference
98	(E)-Methyl-3-(4-((E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)phenyl)acrylate	[34]
99	(Z)-Methyl-3-(4-((E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)phenyl)acrylate	[34]
100	(E)-4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)benzaldehyde	[34]
101	Ethylparaben	[17]
102	Isobutyl benzoate	[16]
103	10-Eilosanol	[17]
104	the limonoid compd 1	[35]
105	the limonoid compd 2	[35]
106	β-Amyrin	[25]
107	Stigmast-9(11)-en-3-ol	[22]
108	Daucosterol	[22]
109	β-Sitosterol	[18]
110	β-Sitostenone	[18]
111	2, 6-Dimethoxy-1, 4-benzoquinone	[22]
112	Diosmin	[12]
113	Vitexin	[12]
114	Hesperidine	[12]
115	Spathulenol	[12, 17]
116	Isospathulenol	[12]
117	α-Cyperone	[12]
118	β-Elemene	[12]
119	Germacrene D	[12]
120	α-Cadinol	[18]
121	anti-Copalol	[18]
122	Savinin	[18]
123	2, 3-Bis(3, 4-methylenedioxybenzyl)but-2-en-4-olide	[17]
124	Cyclo-(Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Ile)	[20]
125	Arturmerone	[33]

两面针化学成分及药理活性研究进展

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扶佳俐 , 杨璐铭 , 范欣悦 , 郭乔如 , 周雯敏 , 张建业 ^*

药学学报 | 综述 2021,56(8): 2169-2181

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药学学报 | 综述 2021, 56(8): 2169-2181

两面针化学成分及药理活性研究进展

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扶佳俐, 杨璐铭, 范欣悦, 郭乔如, 周雯敏, 张建业^*

作者信息

广州医科大学药学院, 广东省分子靶标与临床药理学重点实验室, 呼吸疾病国家重点实验室, 广东广州 511436

通讯作者:

*张建业, Tel: 86-20-37103631, E-mail: jianyez@163.com

Research advances on the chemical components and pharmacological activities of Zanthoxyli Radix

Jia-li FU, Lu-ming YANG, Xin-yue FAN, Qiao-ru GUO, Wen-min ZHOU, Jian-ye ZHANG^*

Affiliations

Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China

出版时间: 2021-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1718

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摘要

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两面针是我国传统中药，可用于风寒湿痹、筋骨疼痛、跌打骨折、疝痛、咽喉肿痛、牙痛等病症的治疗。由于其具有优良及温和的药理活性，迄今为止，国内外学者对两面针开展了较为深入的研究，目前已从两面针中分离得到100多个化合物。氯化两面针碱是两面针中最重要的生物碱成分之一，具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗菌等活性。本文将对两面针的化学成分、氯化两面针碱药理活性以及作用机制进行综述，希望为两面针的研究和开发提供依据。

关键词

两面针 / 氯化两面针碱 / 化学成分 / 药理活性 / 机制

Abstract

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Zanthoxyli Radix is a traditional Chinese medicine. It can be used for the treatment of wind-colddampness arthralgia, muscle and bone pain, fall fracture, hernia, sore throat, toothache and other diseases. Due to possessing many excellent and mild pharmacological properties, there are lots of reports about Zanthoxyli Radix worldwide. At present, more than 100 bioactive components have been extracted and purified from Zanthoxyli Radix. Nitidine chloride (NC), one of the most important alkaloids in Zanthoxyli Radix, has the activities of antitumor, anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, etc. In this review, we summarize the chemical components of Zanthoxyli Radix, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action of NC to provide references for further research and utilization of Zanthoxyli Radix.

Key words

Zanthoxyli Radix / nitidine chloride / component / pharmacological activity / mechanism

引用本文

扶佳俐, 杨璐铭, 范欣悦, 郭乔如, 周雯敏, 张建业. 两面针化学成分及药理活性研究进展. 药学学报, 2021 , 56 (8) : 2169 -2181 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1718

Jia-li FU, Lu-ming YANG, Xin-yue FAN, Qiao-ru GUO, Wen-min ZHOU, Jian-ye ZHANG. Research advances on the chemical components and pharmacological activities of Zanthoxyli Radix[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2021 , 56 (8) : 2169 -2181 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1718

正文

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中药两面针是芸香科植物两面针Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC.的干燥根, 最早收载于《神农本草经》, 别名蔓椒、两背针、入地金牛等^[1]。两面针味苦辛, 性平, 微毒, 具有顺气止痛、活血去瘀、祛风活络等作用, 在古代中医理论中应用颇多。近年来医药学界对两面针开展了较为深入的研究, 并得到了实际应用, 如两面针牙膏^[2]。氯化两面针碱(nitidine chloride, NC) 是其重要成分之一。相较于两面针的其他化学成分, NC的研究更为深入, 且其抗癌、抗炎、抗氧化等作用也多有报道, 但多数有关两面针的文献并未全面总结出其所有化学成分。相关文献对NC的抗癌、抗虫药理作用以及药效机制也总结不全。本文就近35年来国内外关于两面针的研究进行进一步总结, 并以氯化两面针碱为例, 详细综述其抗癌、抗菌、抗寄生虫等药理活性和作用机制, 以及其肝肾毒性, 为两面针的进一步研究与开发提供参考。

1 药理活性成分研究

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两面针含有多种化学成分, 主要有苯并菲啶类生物碱、喹啉类生物碱、香豆素类、木脂素、有机酸及其他等。NC是从两面针中提取出来的生物碱, 属于苯并菲啶类生物碱, 是两面针的化学成分中研究得较为深入的活性成分之一。这一部分将分别介绍两面针中的这几类化学成分。

1.1 苯并菲啶类生物碱

苯并菲啶类生物碱是一类自然界中广泛存在的异喹啉生物碱, 在罂粟科和芸香科植物中较为常见。苯并菲啶类生物碱大多具有抗癌、抑菌等药理活性, 如氯化两面针碱等, 能抑制肿瘤细胞生长^[3]。Wang^[4]最早从两面针根部得到白屈菜红碱, 鉴定结构式后进一步明确了其具有抑菌活性。迄今为止从两面针分离得到此类化合物有40多种(表 1^[3-20]), 结构见表 2~4、图 1。

1.2 喹啉类生物碱

两面针中喹啉类生物碱包括有小檗碱、茵芋碱等, 都具有抗菌、镇痛^[21]等多种药理活性。Hu等^[22]较先从两面针中分离出小檗碱, 并确定结构式。Yang等^[23]从两面针中分离得到了茵芋碱、去甲茵芋碱。此外有研究表明Yang等^[23]分离出来的白鲜碱、崖椒碱, Jia等^[12]分离出来的5-甲氧基白鲜碱都具有明显的抗有丝分裂和抗真菌活性。目前, 已从两面针中得到30多种喹啉类生物碱, 见表 5^{[3, 5, 8, 12, 16-18, 20, 22-29]}, 结构见图 2。

1.3 香豆素类化合物

香豆素类化合物药理作用广泛, 主要的药理作用有抗凝血^[30]、抗氧化^[23]、抗感染^[31]。Jia等^[12]从两面针中分离出了5, 7, 8-三甲氧基香豆素等; Yang等^[23]鉴定5, 6, 7-三甲氧基香豆素为两面针的活性成分之一, 且具有抗氧化功能。此外, 有研究评估了4种从两面针中提取的香豆素, 分别是5-香叶基氧基-7-甲氧基香豆素、5, 7-二甲氧基-8-异戊基香豆素、异茴芹素和异戊烯氧基呋喃香豆素的体外抗菌活性, 证实以上4种香豆素与耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA) 的抗菌剂联用有协同作用^[31]。另一种香豆素成分托达洛内酯可抑制纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1 (PAI-1) 以起到活血化瘀功效^[30]。两面针中含有的香豆素类化合物见表 6^{[12, 23]}, 结构见图 3。

1.4 木脂素类

木脂素类是在自然界中广泛存在的一类具有抗氧化活性的化合物。1983年, Hong等^[32]首先从两面针中分离出一新的木脂素类化合物结晶-8, 并鉴定出其结构为呋喃脂素(-) 二氢芝麻素。此外, Hu等^[17]从两面针中分离出d-表芝麻脂素等成分并且确定了化学结构。两面针的木脂素类化合物见表 7^{[17, 20, 32]}, 结构见图 4。

1.5 有机酸

两面针中亦存在有机酸, 但能被分离出来的有机酸较少。Hu等^[17]从两面针根部中分离并鉴定出紫丁香酸等几种化合物的结构。两面针中有机酸类化合物见表 8^{[22, 33]}, 结构见图 5。

1.6 其他化合物

两面针中还含有甾体类、黄酮类、酯类等成分。1994年, Tang^[29]率先从两面针中分离出了黄酮类化合物香叶木甙, 进一步鉴定出化学结构。Yang等^[18]分离得到β-谷甾醇、β-谷甾酮。其他类化合物见表 9^{[12, 16-18, 20, 22, 25, 33-35]}。

综上所述, 中药两面针的化学成分较多, 但对于其所有成分是否具有生物活性尚未完全研究清楚。研究进展与仪器分析方法、技术等紧密联系, 利用超高效液相色谱对口服两面针生物碱后的大鼠进行仿制药和药代动力学研究^[36], 可进一步明确对有效生物活性成分的质量控制和鉴定未知化合物。有研究人员使用LC-MS的代谢组学方法^[37]和生物化学统计学工具, 或者联用超滤高效液相色谱-紫外和质谱筛选^[38], 从两面针中大规模分离乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制物, 并且进一步确定潜在的抗胆碱酯酶生物碱物质。由此看来, 利用新兴科技手段可有助于挖掘两面针生物活性成分在临床中的应用潜力。

2 氯化两面针碱的药理作用

收起

NC是两面针生物碱中研究得最为深入的生物碱之一, 最初被发现具有抗真菌、抗炎、抗疟疾、抗病毒和止痛等活性。进一步研究表明, NC能调控细胞内多种信号通路, 从而抑制癌细胞增殖、诱导癌细胞凋亡。

2.1 抗肿瘤作用

NC可通过调控多种信号通路抑制包括卵巢癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、肝癌、胶质母细胞瘤、骨肉瘤等多种癌细胞的增殖, 还可诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡, 抑制肿瘤细胞迁移侵袭, 从而起到抗肿瘤作用^[39-43] (图 6)。

2.1.1 抑制肿瘤细胞增殖

NC能抑制细胞周期相关蛋白^[39]、拓扑异构酶(topoisomerase, TOP)^[44], 以及磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/丝氨酸特异性蛋白激酶/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin, PI3K/Akt/mTOR) 通路的活性^{[41, 42]}, 从而抑制卵巢癌、肝癌、胶质母细胞瘤、骨肉瘤等恶性肿瘤细胞增殖。

S期激酶相关蛋白2 (S-phase kinase associated protein 2, Skp2) 参与调控细胞增殖、凋亡、信号转导等生理活动^{[45, 46]}。研究表明, Skp2的表达与上皮性卵巢癌^[47]和晚期卵巢癌的恶性程度显著相关^[48]。Mou等^[39]实验表明NC能显著抑制卵巢癌细胞Skp2的表达, 阻滞卵巢癌细胞细胞周期的G₂/M期, 从而抑制卵巢癌细胞增殖。TOP能催化DNA双链断裂进而有利于DNA进行复制, 因此TOP现已被认为是多种抗肿瘤药物的有效靶点^[49]。Liu等^[40]的研究显示, 在肝癌细胞中, NC与拓扑异构酶1 (topoisomerase Ⅰ, TOP 1) 或拓扑异构酶2A (topoisomerase, TOP ⅡA) 直接结合后可抑制DNA转录表达, 进而诱导肝癌细胞生长周期阻滞。Prado等^[44]在实验中观察到小剂量NC可完全抑制TOP1的催化活性, 而大剂量的NC能在一定程度上抑制拓扑异构酶2 (topoisomerase Ⅱ, TOP 2) 的催化活性。此外, 现已有合成的NC类似物, 能有效地阻止肝癌细胞增殖^[50]。

之前的研究表明激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路后能够刺激生长因子, 以促进细胞增殖、转录^[51], 此外有研究证明该信号通路可维持胶质母细胞瘤干细胞的自我更新^[52], 因此抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路, 对肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移活动等都有阻断作用^[52-54]。在研究NC对骨肉瘤细胞的作用时发现, NC可抑制Akt对Sin1的磷酸化, 降低Sin1的表达, 从而降低(mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2, mTORC2) 的活性, 最终遏制骨肉瘤细胞增殖^[41]。此外, Liu等^[42]表明NC通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的蛋白表达, 也可降低胶质母细胞瘤细胞的活力, 从而使该种细胞的增殖停滞。随着对PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的不断深入研究, 现已开发mTOR抑制剂作为抗癌药物, 且已被应用于治疗肾癌和套细胞淋巴瘤^[54]。

此外, Deshpande等^[55]发现NC可促进DNA修复酶(poly ADP-ribose polymerase, PARP) 的裂解并增加裂解的半胱氨酸蛋白酶3 (caspase-3) 蛋白的表达, 抑制神经胶质瘤细胞中的蛋白激酶2 (protein kinases 2, PK2) 的活性, 使细胞周期阻滞在G2/M期从而中断细胞增殖。

2.1.2 诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡

NC诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡主要包括死亡受体途径如: 在人凋亡相关因子/人凋亡相关因子配体(factor associated suicide, Fas/factor associated suicide ligand, FasL) 通路中, 提高Fas的表达, 诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡^[56]。还有线粒体凋亡途径如: 抑制B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl-2) 家族蛋白表达或促进Bcl相关蛋白X (Bcl-2-associated X, Bax) 以及一系列促凋亡蛋白基因、抑癌基因的表达, 从而诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡^{[57, 58]}。此外, NC还能通过抑制Akt信号通路^[59]和酪氨酸激酶/信号传导与活化转录因子3 (Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, JAK/STAT3) 信号通路途径^[60], 来调节线粒体凋亡途径中下游蛋白的活性, 从而诱导细胞凋亡。

NC通过死亡受体途径诱导癌细胞凋亡。Fas/FasL系统在维持淋巴细胞稳态和自身免疫起关键作用^[61], 它是死亡受体凋亡通路之一^[62], Fas相关因子1 (Fas-associated factor 1, FAF1) 可以增强凋亡效应^[63]。有研究指出, 与正常卵巢细胞比较, 卵巢癌细胞中Fas表达减少而FasL表达增多^[64]。此外还有卵巢癌细胞中FAF1的表达低于正常卵巢细胞^[65]。深入研究后表明, 卵巢癌细胞经NC处理后, 细胞中Fas的表达被提高, 可促进Fas与FasL结合并激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶8 (caspase-8) 和caspase-3发挥凋亡作用, 以此使癌变细胞凋亡, 起到有效治疗卵巢癌的作用^[56]。

NC通过线粒体途径诱导癌细胞凋亡。Bcl-2蛋白可通过多种途径抑制靶细胞凋亡进而表现出抗凋亡效果^[66], 而Bax蛋白则能与Bcl-2蛋白结合, 以对抗Bcl-2蛋白的抗凋亡作用, 从而促进细胞凋亡^[67]。p53是一种抑癌基因, 被证实具有潜在抑癌作用^[68]。Min等^[69]表明NC可激活p53基因介导的凋亡信号通路, 抑制鼻咽癌细胞的增殖并诱导其凋亡。此外, Li等^[57]实验发现NC可以抑制急性髓细胞性白血病细胞增殖, 具体机制是通过下调细胞周期蛋白B1、CDK1、Bcl-2, 裂解PARP, 上调p27、Bax和激活caspase-3从而使细胞凋亡。除此之外, Sun等^[70]研究表明, NC还可通过提高表达凋亡蛋白、增加裂解PARP来抑制细胞增殖并诱导乳腺癌细胞周期停滞进而促进凋亡; 实验进一步还发现NC可与阿霉素协同诱导乳腺癌周期停滞和表现出细胞毒性, 进而促进细胞凋亡^[70]。基因myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) 属于Bcl-2基因家族, 对细胞的生长发展起重要作用^[71]。通过蛋白印迹和免疫组化等实验表明, NC可通过溶酶体依赖性降解并下调Mcl-1蛋白水平^[58], 从而导致癌变的口腔鳞状细胞凋亡。

NC通过Akt或JAK/STAT3通路途径诱导癌细胞凋亡。NC除了能显著下调Bcl-2家族蛋白表达水平, 上调Bax等凋亡蛋白的表达外, 还能抑制Akt磷酸化, 并通过其他的Akt信号通路诱导细胞凋亡^[59]。Fang等^[72]发现在肾癌细胞中, NC可抑制肾癌细胞中Akt的磷酸化, 下调Bcl-2蛋白以触发肾癌细胞的凋亡。

NC还可通过作用于JAK1/STAT3信号通路中的细胞因子或下游蛋白等使细胞凋亡。Chen等^[43]实验表明NC能显著降低胃癌细胞中STAT3、CD31和血管内皮生长因子的表达, 阻断体内肿瘤血管生成, 导致胃肿瘤细胞凋亡。Liao等^[73]实验表明在肝癌中, NC通过抑制肝细胞癌中JAK1/STAT3信号通路, 提高Bax等凋亡蛋白的表达来影响细胞增殖, 促进细胞的凋亡^[74]。此外, Kim等^[75]发现在带有口腔鳞状细胞癌中, NC通过抑制STAT3信号传导从而抑制了肿瘤生长并诱导了癌细胞凋亡, 并且无肝或肾毒性。

除此之外, NC还可以通过其他途径诱导癌细胞凋亡。Xu等^[76]实验证实NC阻止了骨肉瘤细胞的生长, 并观察到caspase-3、caspase-9被激活和Bcl-2的表达减少, 具体机制可能是caspase依赖性途径诱导细胞凋亡, 但具体的凋亡通路还有待探索。NC还能通过损伤肿瘤细胞的DNA导致遗传信息损害, 中断增殖最后使细胞凋亡, 组蛋白Ser139磷酸化是DNA损伤的典型标志^[77]。Kwon等^[78]用NC处理人类宫颈癌细胞后, 发现组蛋白Ser139的磷酸化增加, 即说明NC能直接损伤肿瘤细胞DNA进而导致人类宫颈癌细胞凋亡。

2.1.3 抑制肿瘤转移

在适宜条件下, 肿瘤细胞迁移扩散至身体其他重要器官可导致患者死亡。NC可通过抑制细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases, ERK) 信号通路下游蛋白的活性, 如基质金属蛋白酶-2 (matrixmetallo proteinase-2, MMP-2) 和基质金属蛋白酶-9 (matrixmetallo proteinase-9, MMP-9) 的活性, 从而影响细胞增殖与分化与细胞迁移、凋亡等活动^[79]; 还可以抑制非受体酪氨酸激酶/类固醇受体共激活因子(steroid receptor coactivator/focal adhesionkinase, c-Src/FAK) 信号通路, 阻止癌细胞大范围扩散, 从而尽可能地减少肿瘤细胞扩散后的不良后果。

ERK参与的众多信号通路能够调控细胞增殖与分化与细胞迁移、凋亡等活动^[79], 因此在肿瘤细胞内, 可通过抑制ERK活性来削弱细胞内的信号转导继而改变肿瘤细胞发展状态。Sun等^[80]实验表明在卵巢癌细胞中, NC通过抑制ERK信号传导途径, 抑制MMP-2和MMP-9酶活性, 可减少蛋白质水解, 来阻断卵巢癌细胞的迁移并降低侵袭活性。在肾癌细胞、乳腺癌细胞中, NC可分别抑制Akt信号通路^[81]、c-Src/FAK相关的信号通路^[82], 并且伴随上调p53、Bax, 裂解caspase-3和裂解PARP, 下调Bcl-2、caspase-3和PARP从而抑制细胞的侵袭和转移。此外, 在结肠直肠癌细胞中NC也能抑制ERK信号传导途径, 增加Bax等蛋白表达以诱导其凋亡^[83]。

2.1.4 抑制上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT) 和血管生成

EMT是一种至关重要的生物调控方式^[84]。肿瘤转移过程中常伴随EMT^[85], 在此过程中, 肿瘤细胞迁移能力会大大增强并获得间质表型特征^[86]。Vijay等^[87]发现在乳腺癌细胞中加入EMT抑制剂后, 肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cell, CSC) 特性减弱, 说明EMT与CSC表型特性激活有关。CSC激活的具体表现为肿瘤转移, 耐药性和肿瘤复发^[88]。Hedgehog (Hh) 信号通路参与控制细胞增殖, 该信号通路被异常活化时, 会引起肿瘤细胞增殖^[89]。Sun等^[90]发现NC通过抑制乳腺癌细胞Hh途径中的Nanog基因、巢蛋白(Nestin)、转录因子Oct-4和CD44蛋白的表达而抑制EMT和CSC样表型, 从而使肿瘤细胞迁移和侵袭能力下降。此外有研究指出, 糖原合成酶激酶-3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β, GSK-3β), 能在多条信号通路中调节细胞的增殖分化进程^[91]。Cheng等^[92]通过实验发现NC可降低骨肉瘤细胞的侵袭能力, 并且伴随GSK-3β活化能力降低、snail蛋白表达下降使EMT调控减弱, 说明NC通过抑制Akt/GSK-3β/snail信号通路抑制了EMT, 阻止肿瘤细胞迁移进程。

血管生成包括整合不稳定的血管, 内皮细胞增殖、迁移和肾小管生成^[93]。有研究报道STAT3基因在胃癌中过度表达, 并且促使肿瘤的血管生成^[94], 因此降低STAT3活性可使其诱导的血管生成减少以阻滞细胞迁移。Cook等^{[95, 96]}发现在肝癌细胞中, NC可抑制STAT3、ERK和Sonic hedgehog (SHH) 途径的激活, 破坏肿瘤的血管生成, 从而极大抑制其增殖和迁移能力, 可较好地阻滞肿瘤细胞迁移^[97]。

2.2 抗炎作用

NC在抗炎方面的活性已有诸多报道^{[98, 99]}。银屑病属于一种常见的由炎症引起的皮肤病, 该病会导致持续的炎症以及角质形成细胞增殖和功能障碍^[100]。有研究指出, NC能够通过减低细胞周期蛋白A (cyclin A) 和细胞周期蛋白D1 (cyclin D1) 水平以及增加p53蛋白表达, 抑制人类永生化表皮细胞增殖并诱导S期细胞周期停滞^[101], 从而缓解银屑病患者的皮肤炎症。IL-10家族细胞因子对人体免疫功能起重要作用, 能够激活固有免疫, 同时促进组织修复, 使机体抵御炎症^[102]。Yang等^[103]实验证实NC和TOP1抑制剂能够通过增强Akt介导的信号通路, 促进产生IL-10而发挥抗炎作用, 有助于炎症的治疗。

2.3 抗菌作用

此前已有研究表明NC具有一定的抗菌活性^{[104, 105]}。幽门螺杆菌导致人体感染有赖于脲酶存在^[106], 表现为慢性活动性胃炎及一系列胃肠道炎症反应^[107]。Schmalstig等^[108]实验表明NC可抑制脲酶活性, 使得胃大部分仍保持强酸性并且增强胃的抗氧化作用, 使幽门螺旋杆菌生长受限而抑制其生长^[109], 从而有效治疗由幽门螺杆菌引起的消化性溃疡。此外, 最近Cesari等^[110]报道NC还具有孢子原芽孢杆菌和化脓性链球菌的抑制活性。

2.4 抗寄生虫作用

据报道, NC对疟原虫等寄生虫有抑制甚至灭活作用^{[111, 112]}, 其具体机制是NC以与氯喹相同的效价强度^[113]抑制结晶状疟色素的形成^[114], 血红素游离出来, 对细胞产生巨大的毒性作用从而杀灭疟原虫, 达到抗疟疾的效果。Lempereur等^[115]研究表明巴贝虫属和泰勒虫属寄生虫能够感染人类, 此后有进一步研究认为NC能够有效地抑制巴贝虫属和泰勒虫属寄生虫的生长^[116], 从而可能治疗此类寄生虫病。

2.5 其他药理作用

小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中具有免疫作用的一类细胞。当脑部神经元受到创伤并感染炎症时, 为维持中枢神经系统稳态, 小胶质细胞会加剧神经元自噬^[117], 但这也会导致一系列不良反应, 因此常把抑制小胶质细胞活性作为治疗创伤性枢神经系统的方法。Yuan等^[118]实验表明NC通过调节ERK和蛋白质复合物NF-κB信号通路促使中枢神经系统恢复并且抑制抑制小胶质细胞增生, 从而保护创伤性中枢神经。此外, Yang等^[119]报道NC显示出对乙型肝炎病毒的体外抗病毒作用, 具体是对逆转录酶抑制从而产生抗病毒的效果^[120]。此外, NC还能通过抑制RANKL诱导的NF-κB和NFATc1信号通路抑制破骨细胞生成并预防卵巢切除诱导的骨丢失^[121]。Addae-Mensah等^[122]在研究抗高血压的化学成分时, 发现NC能够降低新西兰白兔的血压, 因而NC可能具备一定的对哺乳动物的降压能力, 但具体降血压机制还有待研究。

3 氯化两面针碱的肝肾毒性

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肝脏和肾脏是人体非常重要的器官, 肝脏和肾脏受到了损害之后可能会诱导一些疾病和并发症的发生, 甚至可能会威胁生命以及引发死亡。据Wei等^{[123, 124]}的实验, NC在体外对肿瘤细胞具有较强的增殖抑制作用, 但同时对人正常肝细胞和肾细胞有一定的增殖抑制作用。Li等^[125]通过实验进一步表明NC引起肾毒性是因为: 有机阳离子转运蛋白2 (organic cation transporter 2, OCT2) 在肾脏对NC的摄取作用, 以及多药物和有毒化合物排出家族蛋白1 (multidrug and toxic compound extrusion family, MATE1) 对NC的排出减弱。此外, 实验证实通过有机阳离子转运蛋白1 (organic cation transporter 1, OCT1) 和有机阳离子转运蛋白3 (organic cation transporter 3, OCT3) 介导途径, 还会导致NC聚集于心脏从而产生蓄积的心肌细胞毒作用。由于存在以上所述的细胞毒性, NC的应用可能会受到限制, 因此考虑NC药理活性的同时, 它对正常细胞的毒性作用也应该受到重视。

4 小结与展望

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两面针是一种重要的中药资源, 其分布较广, 且含有多种药理活性成分。目前仍在研究两面针的活性成分, 就已分离鉴定出的100多种化学成分而言, 只有少部分生物成分被证实具有药理活性。因此两面针的真正药用潜力并未完全开发。虽然现在已明确NC发挥抗癌、抗炎、抗虫等作用的部分机制, 但还有其他活性成分的药理机制尚未充分阐明, 还应进一步深入研究。此外, 关于NC发挥药理活性的具体结构仍只有少许研究涉及。

NC的毒性研究也尚未深入, 由信号传导异常而导致的肿瘤细胞生长抑制, 也会影响机体正常细胞的生命活动^[126], 产生毒性反应。明确药物的治疗剂量与中毒剂量才能为中药应用提出合理用药指导, 因此毒性反应应引起重视。有研究提出将NC制成超分子制剂可有效降低肝毒性^[127], 这将有望解决NC的毒性问题, 其他更有效降低毒性的方法还有待探索。

两面针作为一种实用性强的药材, 此前关于它的应用主要是两面针牙膏, 因此应继续挖掘出两面针在其他方面, 如医药、生物、化学等领域的应用潜力, 更好地造福于人类健康事业。

作者贡献: 扶佳俐负责文章初稿撰写; 杨璐铭负责化合物结构式的绘制; 范欣悦负责文献的调研; 郭乔如和周雯敏负责文章初稿的修改; 张建业负责综述的框架设计和修改。

利益冲突: 本文无任何利益冲突。

基金

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国家自然科学基金资助项目(U1903126)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81773888)
2020年广东省科技创新战略专项资金“攀登计划”专项资金项目(pdjh2020b0483)
广州医科大学2019-2020年度大学生科技创新项目(2019A086)
2020年国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202010570032)

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2021年第56卷第8期

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1718

接收时间：2020-11-09
首发时间：2025-12-18
出版时间：2021-08-12

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收稿日期：2020-11-09
修回日期：2020-12-02

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国家自然科学基金资助项目(U1903126)

国家自然科学基金资助项目(81773888)

2020年广东省科技创新战略专项资金“攀登计划”专项资金项目(pdjh2020b0483)

广州医科大学2019-2020年度大学生科技创新项目(2019A086)

2020年国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(202010570032)

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广州医科大学药学院, 广东省分子靶标与临床药理学重点实验室, 呼吸疾病国家重点实验室, 广东广州 511436

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*张建业, Tel: 86-20-37103631, E-mail: jianyez@163.com

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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TxT

Compd.	Chemical name	Reference
1	6β-Hydroxymethyldihydronitidine	[5]
2	Nitidumtone B	[6]
3	8-(2'-Cyclohexanone)-7, 8-dihydrochelerythrine	[7]
4	8-(1'-Hydroxyethyl)-7, 8-dihydrochelerythrine	[7]
5	8-Acetonyldihydronitidine	[8]
6	Oxyavicine	[9]
7	Dihydrochelerythrine	[9]
8	7-Demethyl-6-methoxy-5, 6-dihydrochelerythrine	[10]
9	Oxychelerythrine	[4]
10	Oxynitidine	[11]
11	8-Hydroxydihydrochelerythrine	[12]
12	8-Acetyldihydrochelerythrine	[12]
13	6-Ethoxychelerythrine	[4]
14	Oxyterihanine	[13]
15	Nitidine chloride	[3]
16	Ethoxychelerythrine	[3]
17	8-Methoxysanguinarine	[14]
18	8-Acetonylchelerythrine	[8]
19	Isofararidine	[15]
20	Chelerythrine	[4]
21	Bocconine	[8]
22	Avicine	[16]
23	8-Methoxyisodecarine	[14]
24	8-Methoxynorchelerythrine	[17]
25	N-Desmethylnitidine	[8]
26	8-Methoxyisodecarine	[14]
27	N-Desmethylchelerythrine	[4]
28	Zanthoxyline	[5]
29	Rhoifoline B	[5]
30	Rhoifoline A	[17]
31	Decarine	[17]
32	Arnottianamide	[17]
33	Integriamide	[17]
34	Isoarnottianamide	[17]
35	Nitidumtone A	[6]
36	Epi-zanthocadinanine A	[18]
37	Zanthomuurolanine	[19]
38	Epi-zanthomuurolanine	[19]
39	Zanthocadinanine A	[19]
40	Zanthocadinanine B	[19]
41	Epi-zanthocadinanine B	[19]
42	8-Acetonyldihydroavicine	[8]
43	6S-10-O-Demethylbocconoline	[20]

Compd.

Chemical name

Reference

6β-Hydroxymethyldihydronitidine

[5]

Nitidumtone B

[6]

8-(2'-Cyclohexanone)-7, 8-dihydrochelerythrine

[7]

8-(1'-Hydroxyethyl)-7, 8-dihydrochelerythrine

[7]

8-Acetonyldihydronitidine

[8]

Oxyavicine

[9]

Dihydrochelerythrine

[9]

7-Demethyl-6-methoxy-5, 6-dihydrochelerythrine

[10]

Oxychelerythrine

[4]

Oxynitidine

[11]

8-Hydroxydihydrochelerythrine

[12]

8-Acetyldihydrochelerythrine

[12]

6-Ethoxychelerythrine

[4]

Oxyterihanine

[13]

Nitidine chloride

[3]

Ethoxychelerythrine

[3]

8-Methoxysanguinarine

[14]

8-Acetonylchelerythrine

[8]

Isofararidine

[15]

Chelerythrine

[4]

Bocconine

[8]

Avicine

[16]

8-Methoxyisodecarine

[14]

8-Methoxynorchelerythrine

[17]

N-Desmethylnitidine

[8]

8-Methoxyisodecarine

[14]

N-Desmethylchelerythrine

[4]

Zanthoxyline

[5]

Rhoifoline B

[5]

Rhoifoline A

[17]

Decarine

[17]

Arnottianamide

[17]

Integriamide

[17]

Isoarnottianamide

[17]

Nitidumtone A

[6]

Epi-zanthocadinanine A

[18]

Zanthomuurolanine

[19]

Epi-zanthomuurolanine

[19]

Zanthocadinanine A

[19]

Zanthocadinanine B

[19]

Epi-zanthocadinanine B

[19]

8-Acetonyldihydroavicine

[8]

6S-10-O-Demethylbocconoline

[20]


1	CH₃	CH₂OH	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
2	CH₃	CH₂COCH₃	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
3	CH₃	OC₆H₉	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
4	H	CH(OH)CH₃	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
5	CH₃	CH₂COCH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
6	CH₃	CO	H	OCH₂O	OCH₂O
7	CH₃	2H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
8	CH₃	OCH₃	OH	OCH₃	H
9	CH₃	O	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
10	CH₃	O	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
11	H	OH	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
12	CH₃	COCH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
13	CH₃	OCH₂CH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃
14	CH₃	O	H	OH	OCH₃

Compd.

R₁

R₂

R₃

R₄

R₅

CH₃

CH₂OH

OCH₃

CH₃

CH₂COCH₃

OCH₃

CH₃

OC₆H₉

OCH₃

CH(OH)CH₃

OCH₃

CH₃

CH₂COCH₃

OCH₃

CH₃

OCH₂O

CH₃

OCH₃

CH₃

OCH₃

CH₃

OCH₃

CH₃

OCH₃

CH₃

COCH₃

OCH₃

CH₃

OCH₂CH₃

OCH₃

CH₃

OCH₃


15	CH₃	H	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H
16	CH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H	COCH₂CH₃
17	CH₃	COCH₃	OCH₂O	OCH₂O	H	H	H
18	CH₃	CH₂COCH₃	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H	H
19	CH₃	H	OH	OCH₃	H	H	H
20	CH₃	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H	H
21	CH₃	H	OCH₂O	OCH₂O	H	OCH₃	H

Compd.

R₁

R₂

R₃

R₄

R₅

R₆

R₇

CH₃

OCH₃

CH₃

OCH₃

COCH₂CH₃

CH₃

COCH₃

OCH₂O

CH₃

CH₂COCH₃

OCH₃

CH₃

OCH₃

CH₃

OCH₃

CH₃

OCH₂O

OCH₃


22	H	H	OCH₂O	OCH₂O	H
23	OCH₃	OH	OCH₃	H	H
24	OCH₃	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H
25	H	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
26	OCH₃	OH	OCH₃	H	H
27	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H	H
28	H	H	H	OH	OCH₃
29	H	H	OCH₃	OCH₃	H
30	OCH₃	H	OCH₂O	OCH₂O	H
31	H	OCH₃	OH	H	H

Compd.

R₁

R₂

R₃

R₄

R₅

OCH₂O

OCH₃

OCH₂O

OCH₃

Compd.	Chemical name	Reference
44	Coptisine	[17]
45	Protoberrubine	[17]
46	Zanthoxylumamide A	[24]
47	Zanthoxylumamide B	[24]
48	Zanthoxylumamide C	[24]
49	Zanthoxylumamide D	[24]
50	Tridecane amine	[25]
51	Tetradecane amine	[25]
52	Heptadecanoic amide	[25]
53	Nonadecane amine	[25]
54	Neoherculin	[12]
55	CH₃(CH₂)₃₃NH₂	[17]
56	Methyl-7-(β-D-mannopyranosyloxy)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate	[26]
57	Methyl-7-[(3-O-acetyl-β-D-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-1H-indole-2-carboxylate	[26]
58	2-Methyl-1H-indol-7-yl β-D-mannopyranoside	[26]
59	4, 5-Dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-2(trichloromethyl)-3H-indolium chloride	[27]
60	4-Hydroxy-N-methylproline	[16]
61	Liriodenine	[3]
62	N-Acetyldehydroanonaine	[18]
63	N-Acetylanonaine	[18]
64	Zanthobungeanine	[25]
65	Zanthodioline	[25]
66	Skimmianine	[28]
67	Dictamnine	[23]
68	γ-Fagarine	[23]
69	Edulitine	[23]
70	Haplopine	[23]
71	4-Methoxy-1-methyl-2-quinolone	[5]
72	Robustine	[5]
73	5-Methoxydictamine	[12]
74	Flindersine	[18]
75	Magnolone	[23]
76	3, 6-Diisopropyl-2, 5-piperazinedione	[8]
77	2, 4-Dihydroxypyrimidine	[22]
78	α-Allcryptopine	[29]
79	Zanthonitidine B	[20]

Compd.

Chemical name

Reference

Coptisine

[17]

Protoberrubine

[17]

Zanthoxylumamide A

[24]

Zanthoxylumamide B

[24]

Zanthoxylumamide C

[24]

Zanthoxylumamide D

[24]

Tridecane amine

[25]

Tetradecane amine

[25]

Heptadecanoic amide

[25]

Nonadecane amine

[25]

Neoherculin

[12]

CH₃(CH₂)₃₃NH₂

[17]

Methyl-7-(β-D-mannopyranosyloxy)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate

[26]

Methyl-7-[(3-O-acetyl-β-D-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-1H-indole-2-carboxylate

[26]

2-Methyl-1H-indol-7-yl β-D-mannopyranoside

[26]

4, 5-Dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-2(trichloromethyl)-3H-indolium chloride

[27]

4-Hydroxy-N-methylproline

[16]

Liriodenine

[3]

N-Acetyldehydroanonaine

[18]

N-Acetylanonaine

[18]

Zanthobungeanine

[25]

Zanthodioline

[25]

Skimmianine

[28]

Dictamnine

[23]

γ-Fagarine

[23]

Edulitine

[23]

Haplopine

[23]

4-Methoxy-1-methyl-2-quinolone

[5]

Robustine

[5]

5-Methoxydictamine

[12]

Flindersine

[18]

Magnolone

[23]

3, 6-Diisopropyl-2, 5-piperazinedione

[8]

2, 4-Dihydroxypyrimidine

[22]

α-Allcryptopine

[29]

Zanthonitidine B

[20]

Compd.	Chemical name	References
80	Toddalolactone	[23]
81	5, 6, 7-Trimethoxycoumarin	[23]
82	5-Methoxymarmesin	[12]
83	Capillarin	[12]
84	5, 7, 8-Trimethoxycoumarin	[12]
85	5, 7-Dimethoxy-8-(3-methyl-2-butenoxy)coumarin	[12]
86	5-Geranoxy-7-methoxycoumarin	[12]
87	Isopimpinellin	[12]
88	Phellopterin	[12]

Compd.

Chemical name

References

Toddalolactone

[23]

5, 6, 7-Trimethoxycoumarin

[23]

5-Methoxymarmesin

[12]

Capillarin

[12]

5, 7, 8-Trimethoxycoumarin

[12]

5, 7-Dimethoxy-8-(3-methyl-2-butenoxy)coumarin

[12]

5-Geranoxy-7-methoxycoumarin

[12]

Isopimpinellin

[12]

Phellopterin

[12]

Compd.	Chemical name	References
89	d-Episesamin	[17]
90	Horsfieldin	[17]
91	l-Sesamin	[17]
92	Furan lignans (-)-dihydrosesamin	[32]
93	Epi-Syringaresinol	[20]

Compd.

Chemical name

References

d-Episesamin

[17]

Horsfieldin

[17]

l-Sesamin

[17]

Furan lignans (-)-dihydrosesamin

[32]

Epi-Syringaresinol

[20]

Compd.	Chemical name	Reference
94	Syringic acid	[22]
95	4-Hydroxybenzoic acid	[22]
96	(Z)-3-(2, 3, 4-Trimethoxyphenyl) acrylic acid	[22]
97	Palmitic acid	[33]

Compd.

Chemical name

Reference

Syringic acid

[22]

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid

[22]

(Z)-3-(2, 3, 4-Trimethoxyphenyl) acrylic acid

[22]

Palmitic acid

[33]

Compd.	Chemical name	Reference
98	(E)-Methyl-3-(4-((E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)phenyl)acrylate	[34]
99	(Z)-Methyl-3-(4-((E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)phenyl)acrylate	[34]
100	(E)-4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)benzaldehyde	[34]
101	Ethylparaben	[17]
102	Isobutyl benzoate	[16]
103	10-Eilosanol	[17]
104	the limonoid compd 1	[35]
105	the limonoid compd 2	[35]
106	β-Amyrin	[25]
107	Stigmast-9(11)-en-3-ol	[22]
108	Daucosterol	[22]
109	β-Sitosterol	[18]
110	β-Sitostenone	[18]
111	2, 6-Dimethoxy-1, 4-benzoquinone	[22]
112	Diosmin	[12]
113	Vitexin	[12]
114	Hesperidine	[12]
115	Spathulenol	[12, 17]
116	Isospathulenol	[12]
117	α-Cyperone	[12]
118	β-Elemene	[12]
119	Germacrene D	[12]
120	α-Cadinol	[18]
121	anti-Copalol	[18]
122	Savinin	[18]
123	2, 3-Bis(3, 4-methylenedioxybenzyl)but-2-en-4-olide	[17]
124	Cyclo-(Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Ile)	[20]
125	Arturmerone	[33]

Compd.

Chemical name

Reference

(E)-Methyl-3-(4-((E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)phenyl)acrylate

[34]

(Z)-Methyl-3-(4-((E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)phenyl)acrylate

[34]

100

(E)-4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)benzaldehyde

[34]

101

Ethylparaben