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Article(id=1208402661402063774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402647258870040, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1833, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1606406400000, receivedDateStr=2020-11-27, revisedDate=1611590400000, revisedDateStr=2021-01-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766035245513, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1618156800000, pubDateStr=2021-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766035245513, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766035245513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766035245513, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208402647258870040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2021', volume='56', issue='4', pageStart='895', pageEnd='1200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766035242142, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137207216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208830319826964817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402647258870040, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208830319826964818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402647258870040, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=966, endPage=971, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208402661913768908, articleId=1208402661402063774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The anti-atherosclerotic effect and mechanism of puerarin, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, with the improvement in living standards, the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases has increased markedly. Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and there are many risk factors for atherosclerosis. The pharmacological effects of puerarin are broad, and considerable clinical data confirms that puerarin has a definite effect on cardiovascular diseases resulting from atherosclerosis. The use of puerarin for atherosclerosis has increased in recent years. This article reviews the effect and mechanism of puerarin on atherosclerosis.

, correspAuthors=Yu-hong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2021 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuang JIANG, Yan-xing HAN, Jian-dong JIANG, Yu-hong WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208402662551302148, articleId=1208402661402063774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=葛根素抗动脉粥样硬化作用及其机制的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来，随着人们生活水平的提高和工作节奏的加快，心脑血管病的发病率和病死率都呈明显的上升趋势。动脉粥样硬化（atherosclerosis，AS）是心脑血管病的主要病理基础，引起动脉粥样硬化的危险因素很多。葛根素的药理作用研究较多，大量临床资料证实，葛根素对动脉粥样硬化所致心血管疾病有确切疗效。近年来，对葛根素研究的热点主要集中于抗动脉粥样硬化相关的作用及其机制方面，本文就此方面的研究进展作一综述。

, correspAuthors=王玉红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王玉红, Tel: 86-10-63017906, E-mail:
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葛根素抗动脉粥样硬化作用及其机制的研究进展
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江爽 , 韩燕星 , 蒋建东 , 王玉红 *
药学学报 | 综述 2021,56(4): 966-971
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药学学报 | 综述 2021, 56(4): 966-971
葛根素抗动脉粥样硬化作用及其机制的研究进展
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江爽, 韩燕星, 蒋建东, 王玉红*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*王玉红, Tel: 86-10-63017906, E-mail:
The anti-atherosclerotic effect and mechanism of puerarin
Shuang JIANG, Yan-xing HAN, Jian-dong JIANG, Yu-hong WANG*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2021-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1833
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摘要
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近年来，随着人们生活水平的提高和工作节奏的加快，心脑血管病的发病率和病死率都呈明显的上升趋势。动脉粥样硬化（atherosclerosis，AS）是心脑血管病的主要病理基础，引起动脉粥样硬化的危险因素很多。葛根素的药理作用研究较多，大量临床资料证实，葛根素对动脉粥样硬化所致心血管疾病有确切疗效。近年来，对葛根素研究的热点主要集中于抗动脉粥样硬化相关的作用及其机制方面，本文就此方面的研究进展作一综述。

葛根素  /  心血管疾病  /  动脉粥样硬化  /  作用机制

In recent years, with the improvement in living standards, the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases has increased markedly. Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and there are many risk factors for atherosclerosis. The pharmacological effects of puerarin are broad, and considerable clinical data confirms that puerarin has a definite effect on cardiovascular diseases resulting from atherosclerosis. The use of puerarin for atherosclerosis has increased in recent years. This article reviews the effect and mechanism of puerarin on atherosclerosis.

puerarin  /  cardiovascular disease  /  atherosclerosis  /  mechanism
江爽, 韩燕星, 蒋建东, 王玉红. 葛根素抗动脉粥样硬化作用及其机制的研究进展. 药学学报, 2021 , 56 (4) : 966 -971 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1833
Shuang JIANG, Yan-xing HAN, Jian-dong JIANG, Yu-hong WANG. The anti-atherosclerotic effect and mechanism of puerarin[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2021 , 56 (4) : 966 -971 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1833
正文
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动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis, AS) 是心脑血管疾病的主要原因和病理基础, 表现为大动脉及中动脉的血管内壁出现脂质沉积, 形成分散或成片的粥样斑块, 造成动脉管腔狭窄, 随后斑块破裂出血, 可在狭窄的动脉内形成血栓, 导致缺血性脑卒中和心肌梗死发生[1]。近年来研究发现, 动脉粥样硬化发病趋势愈加年轻化[2], 严重危害人类健康。葛根素(puerarin, Pue) 是从中药葛根中分离出来的一种异黄酮类衍生物, 具有扩张冠状动脉、保护缺血心肌和抗心肌缺血再灌注损伤、减少急性心肌梗塞面积等多种作用, 已被广泛用于治疗心血管疾病, 包括冠心病、心绞痛和心肌梗塞等[3]。研究也发现, 葛根素可以通过降血脂、改善斑块和降低炎性因子水平等来发挥抗动脉粥样硬化的作用。除此之外, 葛根素也能减轻由于炎症反应、氧化应激和凋亡等所带来的血管内皮损伤程度, 从而发挥抗动脉粥样硬化的作用[4-6]。本文对葛根素的抗动脉粥样硬化作用及其机制进行总结, 为葛根素治疗动脉粥样硬化的基础研究和临床研究提供一定的理论依据。
1 葛根素的临床抗动脉粥样硬化作用
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动脉粥样硬化是发生脑梗死和冠心病等心脑血管疾病的重要危险因素, 引起动脉粥样硬化的危险因素很多, 其中脂质代谢紊乱最为重要。临床常用他汀类降脂药物如阿托伐他汀有效调节血脂水平, 延缓动脉粥样硬化, 但药物起效慢, 单一应用难以达到理想的效果[7]。研究发现, 葛根素注射液和阿托伐他汀联合治疗能下调颈动脉粥样硬化斑块患者的血脂水平, 减轻炎症反应, 减少血栓形成, 且安全性较高[8]。二者联合治疗颈动脉粥样硬化斑块患者3个疗程后, 治疗组总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein, LDL)、内皮素-1 (endothelin 1, ET-1)、血栓素B2 (thromboxane B2, TXB2) 和超敏C反应蛋白(hypersensitive C-reactive protein, hs-CRP) 均得到了有效的降低, 一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO) 水平明显升高, 临床总效率高于对照组, 提示治疗组患者的血脂水平降低, 血管扩张, 血管内皮炎症得到了抑制, 血小板聚集减少, 血管功能得以改善。彩超结果提示, 治疗后两组患者斑块面积缩小, 积分值发生了明显改善, 且治疗组疗效更为优越, 提示葛根素联合阿托伐他汀能更有效稳定粥样斑块, 减少斑块形成[9]。应用葛根素联合辛伐他汀治疗冠心病后, 患者的NO含量大幅上升, 血清ET-1含量明显下降, 心肌耗氧指数及心肌缺血总负荷大幅下降, 并且其变化幅度均大于对照组, 提示葛根素与辛伐他汀联合治疗冠状动脉硬化性心脏病, 可使患者血管的内皮细胞功能得到明显改善, 保护患者的心肌不受损伤, 具有很好的治疗效果[10]。葛根素联合α-硫辛酸治疗糖尿病合并颈动脉粥样硬化, 疗效显著, 可有效改善患者血脂及氧化应激指标水平, 安全性较好, 临床应用价值较高[11]。以上临床研究均表明, 葛根素注射液联合临床常用药治疗动脉粥样硬化斑块具有更明显的临床疗效。
2 葛根素抗动脉粥样硬化作用的机制
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2.1 降低血脂
血脂异常是心血管疾病发生和发展的主要危险因素。研究发现, 葛根素(300 mg·kg-1·d-1) 治疗可以显著降低SD大鼠膳食胆固醇的致动脉粥样硬化特性。与高胆固醇饮食的大鼠相比, 葛根素治疗后血脂水平接近正常, 血清高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein, HDL) 与低密度脂蛋白比值(HDL/LDL) 明显升高, 血清总胆固醇明显降低。肝脏总胆固醇水平观察到相似的结果。葛根素显著减轻了高胆固醇饮食在血清和肝脏中引起的总胆固醇升高, 导致动脉粥样硬化指数显著降低, 这体现了葛根素的抗动脉粥样硬化潜力, 其降胆固醇功能可能与促进肝脏胆固醇和胆汁酸排泄有关[12]。另外, 在高脂饮食诱导的家兔动脉粥样硬化模型中, 灌胃不同浓度的葛根素(0.1、0.2和0.4 g·kg-1·d-1)后, 血清TC、TG、LDL-C和动脉粥样硬化指数(atherogenic index, AI) 的水平显著降低[6]。葛根素降低血脂的机制目前仍不是很清楚, 需进一步探究。
2.2 改善血管内皮功能
血管内皮不但是人体最大的内分泌和旁分泌器官, 能分泌几十种血管活性物质, 而且还是许多活性物质的靶器官, 在调节血管舒张状态、维持凝血和纤溶系统的平衡、抑制血小板聚集、抑制炎性细胞与血管内皮细胞间的黏附以及调控血管平滑肌生长等方面有重要的生理功能[13]。血管内皮功能失调是动脉粥样硬化的始动环节, 动脉粥样硬化又可加重内皮功能失调。研究表明, 葛根素可以对抗缺血缺氧和氧化损伤诱导的血管内皮细胞的凋亡, 有利于维持血管内皮细胞的屏障作用和分泌功能[14, 15]。葛根素可以通过NO依赖性途径激活雌激素受体介导的磷酸肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B (phosphatidylinostide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, PI3K/Akt) 和钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ/磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ/adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, CaMKII/AMPK) 通路, 并以浓度和时间依赖性方式迅速刺激人脐静脉细胞融合细胞(EA.hy926) 中内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS) 上的Ser1177磷酸化和NO的产生, 随后NO参与抑制活化核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)、细胞间黏附分子-1 (intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1) 表达和单核细胞对内皮细胞的黏附, 改善内皮细胞功能, 预防动脉粥样硬化发生[16]。在颈动脉损伤大鼠模型中, 经葛根素(50和100 mg·kg-1·d-1)处理的SD大鼠同对照组相比, 颈动脉内膜/中膜(I/M) 比值显著降低, 再内皮化区域显著增加。同时, 葛根素增强了体外中晚期内皮祖细胞(endothelial progenitor cell, EPC) 的黏附、增殖及迁移, 促进体外血管形成以及剂量依赖性增加NO和前列环素I2 (prostaglin I2, PGI2) 的产生。这些结果表明, 葛根素可通过提高血管活性物质浓度, 调节血管内皮细胞功能, 促进血管的再内皮化, 减少新生内膜的形成, 并减弱动脉损伤部位的血管重塑, 进一步预防动脉粥样硬化的发展[17]。
2.3 抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖
血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells, VSMCs) 的迁移和聚集是动脉粥样硬化形成及支架后再狭窄的基础, 预防这一过程可以有效减少心血管不良事件的发生[18]。研究发现, 家兔髂动脉球囊损伤术后第5周, 葛根素治疗组(50和100 mg·kg-1·d-1)血管直径显著高于空白对照组, 内膜面积显著低于空白对照组。葛根素可抑制家兔髂动脉球囊损伤部位平滑肌细胞的增殖, 减少术后再狭窄的程度, 为临床预防再狭窄提供借鉴[19]。葛根素(25和50 μmol·L-1) 可以逆转PM2.5 (200 mg·L-1) 诱导的VSMCs损伤, 下调p-p38磷酸化丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK) 和增殖性细胞核抗原(proliferative cell nuclear antigen, PCNA) 的蛋白表达, 降低ET-1、血管细胞黏附分子-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, VCAM-1)、白介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 和丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA) 水平, 增加NO和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD) 水平。此外, 葛根素与p38 MAPK抑制剂(SB203580) 共同孵育可显著增强葛根素的抗增殖作用。这表明葛根素可能通过抑制p38 MAPK信号通路来抑制PM2.5诱导的VSMCs增殖, 为其在动脉粥样硬化中的治疗提供了新的见解[20]。在高脂饮食诱导的家兔动脉粥样硬化模型中, 葛根素除降低血脂外, 主动脉中PCNA和血小板源性生长因子A (platelet derived growth factor-A, PDGF-A) 蛋白表达水平也显著降低。形态学检查还发现, 葛根素显著降低动脉粥样硬化斑块面积, 抑制家兔主动脉内膜增厚, 减少内膜损伤以及中性血管平滑肌细胞的增殖。这项研究表明, 葛根素在动脉粥样硬化的病理过程中抑制了PCNA和PDGF的表达, 减少了平滑肌细胞的增殖, 进而发挥抗动脉粥样硬化的作用[6]。PDGF作为一种重要的促分裂原, 可以刺激各种细胞与其相应的膜PDGF受体结合, 促进细胞分裂和增殖, 这是诱导平滑肌细胞从动脉介质向内膜增殖和迁移的重要因素。因此, 通过抑制PDGF的表达来抑制VSMCs的迁移和增殖也可能是葛根素治疗动脉粥样硬化的新作用位点。
葛根素还具有促进VSMCs凋亡的作用。家兔主动脉血管平滑肌细胞经不同浓度葛根素处理后, 葛根素组出现典型凋亡形态特征。葛根素促进增殖的血管平滑肌细胞凋亡, 增加葡萄糖调节蛋白94基因(glucose-regulated protein 94, GRP-94) 表达, 并且该基因片段在动脉斑块细胞质中表达增高, 这可能是葛根素的作用靶点之一[21]。在同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine, Hcy) 诱导的兔VSMCs增殖模型中, 经葛根素处理后凋亡细胞数目明显增多, 且凋亡指数随葛根素剂量的增加而增加。与Hcy模型组对比, 差别有统计学意义。以上结果提示, 葛根素能抑制Hcy诱导的VSMCs增殖, 促进其凋亡。这可能是葛根素抗动脉粥样硬化的机制之一, 对葛根素的开发利用及动脉粥样硬化治疗的临床实践有一定的指导意义[22]。
2.4 抗炎症反应
炎症是早期动脉粥样硬化发生发展过程中生理和病理变化的共同基础, 减少血管炎症发生有助于改善心血管疾病的发展。炎性介质和细胞因子诱导单核细胞/巨噬细胞黏附于动脉内皮下, 在动脉粥样硬化的形成中起核心作用。在高脂饮食诱导的兔动脉粥样硬化模型中, 葛根素灌胃后, 血浆黏度、血清氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low density lipoprotein, ox-LDL) 和hs-CRP明显降低, 与模型组比有显著性差异, 提示葛根素对动脉粥样硬化有一定的治疗作用[23]。体外黏附实验发现, 葛根素可剂量和时间依赖性地降低ox-LDL诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs) 中人髓系白血病单核细胞(human myeloid leukemia mononuclear cells, THP-1) 黏附, 同时还降低HUVEC中黏附相关基因如VCAM-1、ICAM-1、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1) 和白介素-8 (interleukin-8, IL-8) 的表达。体内实验发现, 葛根素(100 mg·kg-1·d-1) 的治疗使高脂饮食的apoE-/-小鼠主动脉根部和整个主动脉的动脉粥样硬化病变明显减少, 黏附于动脉壁内皮下的单核细胞减少, 动脉壁的趋化分子和黏附分子的表达也减少。该研究在体内和体外实验均观察到, 葛根素引起细胞外信号调节激酶5 (extracellular signal regulated kinase 5, ERK5) 磷酸化, 上调下游KLF样转录因子-2 (krüppel-like transcription factor-2, KLF2) 及其靶基因eNOS和血栓调节蛋白(thrombomodulin, TM) 的表达; ERK5/KLF2信号通路抑制剂XDM8-92、BIX02189或KLF2 siRNA逆转了葛根素对动脉粥样硬化的治疗作用。结果表明, 葛根素在体内和体外均可抑制炎性因子的表达, 减少单核细胞黏附于内皮细胞, 进而减少动脉粥样硬化病变的形成; 这一保护作用可能通过激活ERK5/KLF2信号通路来介导, 为葛根素作为治疗动脉粥样硬化等炎症性疾病的潜在分子的药理作用提供了新的视角[24]。另一体外实验研究表明, 葛根素下调ox-LDL诱导的人单核细胞系来源的THP-1巨噬细胞Toll样受体4 (Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4)-NF-κB信号转导通路, 进而抑制炎性因子表达, 这可能是葛根素抗动脉粥样硬化的作用机制之一。葛根素靶向作用于抗炎通路TLR4-NF-κB, 直接抑制炎性因子的产生, 其抗动脉粥样硬化作用针对慢性炎症本身更直接有效[25]。
2.5 抑制泡沫细胞的形成
ox-LDL是一种重要的致动脉粥样硬化脂蛋白, 能促进单核细胞向血管内皮下聚集, 抑制巨噬细胞胆固醇外流, 抑制与ox-LDL代谢有关酶的活性, 最终导致泡沫细胞形成, 在动脉粥样硬化发展早期具有重要作用[26]。在人THP-1巨噬细胞中, 葛根素(10~100 μg·mL-1) 能剂量依赖性地抑制ox-LDL诱导的巨噬细胞活化及泡沫细胞的形成, 并抑制ox-LDL诱导的一跨膜糖蛋白CD36的表达及促炎细胞因子TNF-α和白介素-1 (interleukin-1, IL-1) mRNA表达的增加。这些数据表明, 葛根素通过调节先天免疫细胞发挥重要的抗炎抗动脉粥样硬化作用[27]。研究还发现, 葛根素浓度依赖性地降低THP-1衍生的泡沫细胞中的脂质水平, 增加胆固醇外排的能力, 增加ATP结合盒转运体A1 (ATP binding cassette transporter A1, ABCA1) 的mRNA和蛋白水平。作为重要的胆固醇转运蛋白, ABCA1的上调显著降低了胆固醇的积累和泡沫细胞的形成, 提示ABCA1可能是预防动脉粥样硬化的重要靶标。进一步研究发现, 葛根素通过miR-7、STK11 (serine/threonine kinase 11) 和AMPK-过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, PPARγ)-肝X受体α (liver X receptor alpha, LXR-α)-ABCA1级联的途径, 促进ABCA1介导的胆固醇外流并降低细胞内胆固醇水平, 减少泡沫细胞的形成, 从而发挥抗动脉粥样硬化的作用[28]。
2.6 抗凝和抗血栓作用
血栓栓塞是动脉粥样硬化进展及并发症发生的重要因素。易损伤的动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂后, 局部释放组织因子(tissue factor, TF) 等促进血小板黏附和聚集的因子, 在斑块表面聚集、激活, 进而发展为血栓, 使动脉闭塞而发生心脑血管事件。因此, 抑制血小板聚集和抗血栓作用有利于防止动脉硬化形成或稳定和缩小动脉粥样硬化斑块, 进而降低动脉粥样硬化事件的发生风险。临床研究表明, 体外葛根素注射液有与低分子肝素钠注射液相近似的抗凝和抗血小板作用。在同等激活全血凝固时间(activated clotting time of whole blood, ACT) 值下, 葛根素注射液的血小板因子(platelet factor, PF) 值与低分子肝素钠注射液的PF值较为接近, 提示其对血小板功能的影响效果可能近似。同时, 葛根素注射液的凝血速率(clot rate, CR) 值远大于低分子肝素钠注射液的CR值, 表明在同样使血液标本保持液态的时间下, 葛根素注射液给药组纤维蛋白形成的速率较快, 提示其可能有较低分子肝素钠注射液低的出血风险[29]。不同剂量的葛根素(15、30和60 mg·kg-1·d-1)药液灌胃正常小鼠时, 可显著延长出、凝血时间, 并且对二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate, ADP) 诱导的血小板聚集也有较强的抑制作用且呈剂量依赖关系。在血液流变学方面, 葛根素能降低高、中、低切变率时的全血黏度, 可使红细胞压积、红细胞变形指数及红细胞电泳时间均明显降低, 提示葛根素有较强的抗凝血作用, 其抗凝作用与其抑制血小板聚集作用和改善血流变有关[30]。TF触发的凝血反馈在血栓形成中起关键作用。葛根素可显著减弱ox-LDL诱导的HUVECs中TF的表达。葛根素(100 μmol·L-1)的这种有益作用可以被PI3K抑制剂(10 μmol·L-1) 或eNOS抑制剂(100 μmol·L-1) 消除。结果表明, 葛根素通过激活PI3K/Akt/eNOS信号传导途径并抑制ERK1/2和NF-κB的激活来抑制HUVEC中TF的表达。葛根素具有一定的抗凝作用, 可能是一种潜在的新型冠状动脉疾病中血栓形成的治疗药物[31]。
3 总结
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综上所述, 葛根素具有调节血脂、改善内皮功能、抑制平滑肌细胞增殖、抗炎、抑制泡沫细胞的形成和抑制血小板聚集等广泛的药理作用(图 1), 对动脉粥样硬化疾病具有显著的治疗效果。动脉粥样硬化发病机制复杂, 是多种因素相互影响、相互作用的过程, 严重危害人类健康。通过网络药理学方法发现, 葛根素可通过多靶点、多通路共同发挥抗动脉粥样硬化的作用[32]。总之, 葛根素资源丰富, 价格低廉, 且毒性小, 是极具研究价值和开发前景的药用化合物, 加强对葛根素药理机制的研究, 有助于葛根素药物的开发及临床应用。
作者贡献: 江爽负责文献检索、文章撰写和绘制插图; 蒋建东、韩燕星和王玉红进行文章的构思、布局和文章修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81703583)
  • 十三五重大新药创制子课题(2018ZX09711001-004)
文献
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2021年第56卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1833
  • 接收时间：2020-11-27
  • 首发时间：2025-12-18
  • 出版时间：2021-04-12
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  • 收稿日期：2020-11-27
  • 修回日期：2021-01-26
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81703583)
十三五重大新药创制子课题(2018ZX09711001-004)
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050

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*王玉红, Tel: 86-10-63017906, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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