Article(id=1208402526634885638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402525334646788, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1592496000000, receivedDateStr=2020-06-19, revisedDate=1597680000000, revisedDateStr=2020-08-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766035213382, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1613059200000, pubDateStr=2021-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766035213382, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766035213382, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766035213382, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208402525334646788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2021', volume='56', issue='2', pageStart='341', pageEnd='642', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766035213072, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137254779, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208830519349998380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402525334646788, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208830519349998381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402525334646788, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=352, endPage=359, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208402527012372999, articleId=1208402526634885638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Updated research progress of selective PPAR
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Thiazolidinediones(TZDs) are currently the only recognized insulin sensitizers available for the clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes. Although their advantages are recognized, the profiles of numerous adverse effects hinder the continued use of these drugs. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPARγ) is known as a receptor for TZDs, and its underlying mechanisms of pharmacological actions and adverse effects have been deeply explored. To maximally preserve the PPARγ-mediated insulin sensitizing effects and reduce the occurrence of related adverse effects, the concept of "selective PPARγ modulators(SPPARMs)" has been proposed and developed, guiding the development of new drugs. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress in the definition of SPPARMs, the candidate classification and the molecular underpinnings, as well as present the discovery of the YR series compounds as an example, and discuss the potential application prospects of SPPARMs.
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γ调节剂的研究新进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
噻唑烷二酮类(thiazolidinediones, TZDs)药物是目前临床使用的唯一的胰岛素增敏剂, 用于2型糖尿病的治疗, 其疗效确切, 但众多的不良反应报道阻碍了该类药物的继续使用。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, PPARγ)作为TZDs的已知受体, 其药效作用和不良反应的相关机制得到深入的研究。为最大程度地保留PPARγ介导的胰岛素增敏药效作用, 并尽量减少相关不良反应的发生, “选择性PPARγ调节剂(selective PPARγmodulators, SPPARMs)”的概念被提出和发展, 并指导新药研发实践。本文就SPPARMs的定义、化合物分类及作用机制等方面对近年来取得的研究新进展作一综述, 并以YR系列化合物的发现为例, 展望SPPARMs的潜在应用前景。
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The dose response relationship of treat effect and side effect of selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARMs)[14].Compared to full agonist, the linear regression of treat effect and side effect of SPPARMs were separated , figureFileSmall=23lDDRW+eWMThrCgcPqf8A==, figureFileBig=vXgPfFLHZV4AR8ceRScKEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208431513595659041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402526634885638, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=q0RkuUMG1g4SlEX4C2Soww==, figureFileBig=aT2qPeMbtN9z570IJIvf/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208431513822151470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402526634885638, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=
PPARγ activation and targeted gene transcription regulation in adipose tissue[48].FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α , figureFileSmall=q0RkuUMG1g4SlEX4C2Soww==, figureFileBig=aT2qPeMbtN9z570IJIvf/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208431514128335675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402526634885638, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XxQfeag2JeFzI2aM7uui/w==, figureFileBig=8Ims+waUzYwoaynaLEixzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208431514308690765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402526634885638, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Post-translational modification of PPARγ and related effects on activity[48].AF1:N-terminal transactivation domain; DBD: DNA binding domain; LBD: Ligand binding domain; NH2: N-terminal; COOH: C-terminal; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; CDK5:Cell cycle dependent kinase 5;SUMO: Small ubiq‐uitin-like modification; AC: Acetylation; P: Phosphorylation , figureFileSmall=XxQfeag2JeFzI2aM7uui/w==, figureFileBig=8Ims+waUzYwoaynaLEixzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208431514463880029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402526634885638, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0gTaDq8nALkyl0NVNsYtGw==, figureFileBig=3mOwj0hKFO+V9G7KIKhTDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208431514581320554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402526634885638, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption=
YR4-42 is a novel SPPARM[55].A: According to quantitative structure activity relationship of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, YR4-42 was designed and synthesized by linking the aromatic carboxylic acid structure (head) and tetrahydroisoquinoline core structure(tail); B: Determined by PPARγ transactivation assay, the concentration activity curve of YR4-42 significantly shifts right and separates from the rosiglitazone's; C: The treat effect is expressed by the level of glucose uptake in adipocytes while the side effect is expressed by the degree of lipid accumulation in adipocytes.The efficacy of side effect induced by YR4-42 is much less than the efficacy of the treat effect , figureFileSmall=0gTaDq8nALkyl0NVNsYtGw==, figureFileBig=3mOwj0hKFO+V9G7KIKhTDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208431514673595249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402526634885638, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Class | Compound | Structure | Phase of research & development | Description |
| Partial agonists | INT131 and analogues |  | Phase Ⅱ | Insulin sensitizer (phase Ⅱ), reported few side effects; multiple sclerosis (phase Ⅱ) |
| GW1929 |  | Preclinical | Insulin sensitizer, reported few side effects; hyperlipoproteinaemia |
MBX-102 (arhalofenate) |  | Phase Ⅱ/Ⅲ | Diabetes; gout (phase Ⅱ) |
PPARγ phosphorylation inhibitors | SR1664 (ML-24) |  | Preclinical | PPARγ non-agonists/antagonists, without weight-gain and osteoporosis; Alzheimer's disease |
| GQ-16 |  | Preclinical | Without weight-gain, with hypolipidemic activities |
| MRL-24 |  | Candidates | Weak agonist, inhibits PPARγ phosphorylation |
| Amorfrutin 1 |  | Candidates | Amorpha extract, with antidiabetic, anti-inflammation and anticancer properties |
| TZDs derivatives | MSDC-0160 |  | Phase Ⅱ/preclinical | TZD analogue, targeted on mitochondria; Alzheimer's disease (phase 2);movement disorders; polycystic kidney (preclinical) |
MSDC-0602, MSDC-0602K |  | Phase Ⅱ | Targeted on mitochondria; T2DM (phase 2);NAFLD (phase 2) |
), ArticleFig(id=1208431514803618685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1208402526634885638, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
Classification of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPARγ) modulators. TZD: Thiazolidinediones; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Class | Compound | Structure | Phase of research & development | Description |
| Partial agonists | INT131 and analogues |  | Phase Ⅱ | Insulin sensitizer (phase Ⅱ), reported few side effects; multiple sclerosis (phase Ⅱ) |
| GW1929 |  | Preclinical | Insulin sensitizer, reported few side effects; hyperlipoproteinaemia |
MBX-102 (arhalofenate) |  | Phase Ⅱ/Ⅲ | Diabetes; gout (phase Ⅱ) |
PPARγ phosphorylation inhibitors | SR1664 (ML-24) |  | Preclinical | PPARγ non-agonists/antagonists, without weight-gain and osteoporosis; Alzheimer's disease |
| GQ-16 |  | Preclinical | Without weight-gain, with hypolipidemic activities |
| MRL-24 |  | Candidates | Weak agonist, inhibits PPARγ phosphorylation |
| Amorfrutin 1 |  | Candidates | Amorpha extract, with antidiabetic, anti-inflammation and anticancer properties |
| TZDs derivatives | MSDC-0160 |  | Phase Ⅱ/preclinical | TZD analogue, targeted on mitochondria; Alzheimer's disease (phase 2);movement disorders; polycystic kidney (preclinical) |
MSDC-0602, MSDC-0602K |  | Phase Ⅱ | Targeted on mitochondria; T2DM (phase 2);NAFLD (phase 2) |
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