Article(id=1208402456795529366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402455038112170, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1201, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1595088000000, receivedDateStr=2020-07-19, revisedDate=1600704000000, revisedDateStr=2020-09-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766035196731, onlineDateStr=2025-12-18, pubDate=1610380800000, pubDateStr=2021-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766035196731, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766035196731, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766035196731, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208402455038112170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2021', volume='56', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='370', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766035196313, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137278516, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208830618876637998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402455038112170, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208830618876637999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1208402455038112170, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=306, endPage=313, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208402457168822429, articleId=1208402456795529366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Preparation and quality evaluation of fluorocarbon microemulsion-based gel loaded with both 5-aminolevulinic acid and carbon dioxide, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid(5-ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy(PDT), a fluorocarbon microemulsion-based gel(FMBG) loaded with both 5-ALA and carbon dioxide(CO2) was prepared in this study. Its physical and chemical properties such as particle size, zeta potential, morphology, pH value and viscosity were characterized. Acid-base titration experiment was used to determine the CO2 loading, a fluorescence derivatization method was established to determine the content of 5-ALA, and the confocal laser scanning microscope and Franz diffusion cell method were carried out to investigate its transdermal ability. Through the laser speckle contrast imaging, the CO2-affected blood flow perfusion of skin was measured. Finally, the skin irritation test was tested by hematoxylin-eosin staining(H & E) method. These results showed that the prepared FMBG was a milky white gel, with an average particle size of 202.4 nm, a zeta potential of-25.3 mV, a pH of 6.0, and a viscosity of 1 062.0 mPa·s. It can be stored stably for seven days at room temperature. The 5-ALA content of FMBG was measured to be approximately equal to 20%(w/w). At room temperature and normal pressure, the CO2 loading content of FMBG was 5.016 mg·L-1, which was 1.5 times as much as that of water. The transdermal absorption experiment and blood perfusion results showed that the FMBG can effectively enable the transdermal delivery of 5-ALA and CO2, and significantly increased the blood perfusion of skin. H & E staining results indicated that FMBG had negligible skin irritation(all animal tests were approved by the Ethics Committee of 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team). In this study, a safe and stable FMBG loaded with both 5-ALA and CO2 was successfully prepared. It was suitable for transdermal application, having the potential of enhancing the efficacy of 5-ALAmediated PDT.

, correspAuthors=Xin ZHOU, Jia-liang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2021 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiao LIN, Lu-yao LIN, Zheng WU, Xue-han YANG, Xin ZHOU, Jia-liang ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208402458838155502, articleId=1208402456795529366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=共载5-氨基酮戊酸及二氧化碳的氟碳微乳凝胶的制备及质量评价, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高5-氨基酮戊酸(5-aminolevulinic acid, 5-ALA)介导的光动力治疗(photodynamic therapy, PDT)的疗效, 本研究制备了共载5-ALA及二氧化碳(CO2)的氟碳微乳凝胶(fluorocarbon microemulsion-based gel, FMBG)。通过表征其平均粒径、zeta电位、形貌和pH值等考察其理化性质; 利用酸碱中和滴定的方法测定CO2的装载量; 建立荧光衍生化法测定5-ALA含量; 通过激光共聚焦显微镜及Franz扩散池测定装载5-ALA的FMBG的体内外扩散情况; 通过激光散斑血流成像仪测定CO2增加血流灌注的情况; 最后通过苏木精-伊红染色法(hematoxylin-eosin staining, H & E)检测载药FMBG的皮肤刺激性。结果表明, 所制备的FMBG呈乳白色凝胶状, 平均粒径为202.4 nm, zeta电位为-25.3 mV, pH值为6.0, 黏度为1 062.0 mPa·s, 且室温下可以稳定保存7天; 测得5-ALA含量约为20%(w/w); 在室温、常压下, CO2的装载量为5.016 mg·L-1, 是相同量水溶液对CO2装载量的1.5倍; 透皮吸收实验及血流灌注实验结果表明, FMBG可有效实现5-ALA和CO2的经皮递送, 并显著增加皮肤的血流灌注; H & E染色证明, 载药FMBG的皮肤刺激性较小(动物实验已获联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院伦理委员会批准)。综上, 本研究成功制备了共载5-ALA及CO2的FMBG, 安全稳定, 适合开发成经皮给药制剂, 有望显著增强PDT疗效。

, correspAuthors=周欣, 张佳良, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*周欣, Tel: 86-591-22859606, E-mail:
张佳良, Tel: 86-591-22859169, E-mail:
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共载5-氨基酮戊酸及二氧化碳的氟碳微乳凝胶的制备及质量评价
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林娇 1, 2 , 林璐瑶 2 , 吴征 2 , 杨雪晗 1 , 周欣 *, 1 , 张佳良 *, 1
药学学报 | 研究论文 2021,56(1): 306-313
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2021, 56(1): 306-313
共载5-氨基酮戊酸及二氧化碳的氟碳微乳凝胶的制备及质量评价
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林娇1, 2, 林璐瑶2, 吴征2, 杨雪晗1, 周欣*, 1 , 张佳良*, 1
作者信息
  • 1.福建医科大学福总临床医学院(联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院)药剂科, 福建 福州 350025
  • 2.福建医科大学药学院, 福建 福州 350108

通讯作者:

*周欣, Tel: 86-591-22859606, E-mail:
张佳良, Tel: 86-591-22859169, E-mail:
Preparation and quality evaluation of fluorocarbon microemulsion-based gel loaded with both 5-aminolevulinic acid and carbon dioxide
Jiao LIN1, 2, Lu-yao LIN2, Zheng WU2, Xue-han YANG1, Xin ZHOU*, 1 , Jia-liang ZHANG*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Pharmacy, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou 350025, China
  • 2. School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
出版时间: 2021-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1201
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为提高5-氨基酮戊酸(5-aminolevulinic acid, 5-ALA)介导的光动力治疗(photodynamic therapy, PDT)的疗效, 本研究制备了共载5-ALA及二氧化碳(CO2)的氟碳微乳凝胶(fluorocarbon microemulsion-based gel, FMBG)。通过表征其平均粒径、zeta电位、形貌和pH值等考察其理化性质; 利用酸碱中和滴定的方法测定CO2的装载量; 建立荧光衍生化法测定5-ALA含量; 通过激光共聚焦显微镜及Franz扩散池测定装载5-ALA的FMBG的体内外扩散情况; 通过激光散斑血流成像仪测定CO2增加血流灌注的情况; 最后通过苏木精-伊红染色法(hematoxylin-eosin staining, H & E)检测载药FMBG的皮肤刺激性。结果表明, 所制备的FMBG呈乳白色凝胶状, 平均粒径为202.4 nm, zeta电位为-25.3 mV, pH值为6.0, 黏度为1 062.0 mPa·s, 且室温下可以稳定保存7天; 测得5-ALA含量约为20%(w/w); 在室温、常压下, CO2的装载量为5.016 mg·L-1, 是相同量水溶液对CO2装载量的1.5倍; 透皮吸收实验及血流灌注实验结果表明, FMBG可有效实现5-ALA和CO2的经皮递送, 并显著增加皮肤的血流灌注; H & E染色证明, 载药FMBG的皮肤刺激性较小(动物实验已获联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院伦理委员会批准)。综上, 本研究成功制备了共载5-ALA及CO2的FMBG, 安全稳定, 适合开发成经皮给药制剂, 有望显著增强PDT疗效。

5-氨基酮戊酸  /  二氧化碳  /  氟碳微乳凝胶  /  经皮药物给药  /  光动力治疗

To improve the efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid(5-ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy(PDT), a fluorocarbon microemulsion-based gel(FMBG) loaded with both 5-ALA and carbon dioxide(CO2) was prepared in this study. Its physical and chemical properties such as particle size, zeta potential, morphology, pH value and viscosity were characterized. Acid-base titration experiment was used to determine the CO2 loading, a fluorescence derivatization method was established to determine the content of 5-ALA, and the confocal laser scanning microscope and Franz diffusion cell method were carried out to investigate its transdermal ability. Through the laser speckle contrast imaging, the CO2-affected blood flow perfusion of skin was measured. Finally, the skin irritation test was tested by hematoxylin-eosin staining(H & E) method. These results showed that the prepared FMBG was a milky white gel, with an average particle size of 202.4 nm, a zeta potential of-25.3 mV, a pH of 6.0, and a viscosity of 1 062.0 mPa·s. It can be stored stably for seven days at room temperature. The 5-ALA content of FMBG was measured to be approximately equal to 20%(w/w). At room temperature and normal pressure, the CO2 loading content of FMBG was 5.016 mg·L-1, which was 1.5 times as much as that of water. The transdermal absorption experiment and blood perfusion results showed that the FMBG can effectively enable the transdermal delivery of 5-ALA and CO2, and significantly increased the blood perfusion of skin. H & E staining results indicated that FMBG had negligible skin irritation(all animal tests were approved by the Ethics Committee of 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team). In this study, a safe and stable FMBG loaded with both 5-ALA and CO2 was successfully prepared. It was suitable for transdermal application, having the potential of enhancing the efficacy of 5-ALAmediated PDT.

5-aminolevulinic acid  /  carbon dioxide  /  fluorocarbon microemulsion-based gel  /  transdermal drug delivery  /  photodynamic therapy
林娇, 林璐瑶, 吴征, 杨雪晗, 周欣, 张佳良. 共载5-氨基酮戊酸及二氧化碳的氟碳微乳凝胶的制备及质量评价. 药学学报, 2021 , 56 (1) : 306 -313 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1201
Jiao LIN, Lu-yao LIN, Zheng WU, Xue-han YANG, Xin ZHOU, Jia-liang ZHANG. Preparation and quality evaluation of fluorocarbon microemulsion-based gel loaded with both 5-aminolevulinic acid and carbon dioxide[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2021 , 56 (1) : 306 -313 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1201
非黑色素瘤皮肤癌(non-melanoma skin cancers, NMSC)是常见的恶性肿瘤, 据统计, 2017年全球范围内195个国家/地区、29组癌症的发病率中, NMSC居于首位, 占所有癌症的1/3左右, 对个人和社会造成了巨大的经济负担[1]。基底细胞癌(basal cell carcinoma, BCC)和鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma, SCC)是最常见的NMSC类型[2], 分别占NMSC的70%和25%[3], 其中BCC恶性程度低, 转移能力较为有限; 而SCC的可变转移率在0.1%~9.9%, 占NMSC总死亡数的75%[4]。目前治疗方法有手术治疗、光动力治疗(photodynamic therapy, PDT)、冷冻治疗、放射治疗和药物治疗等[5, 6]
与其他常规疗法相比, PDT被认为是对NMSC有效且安全的疗法, 具有非侵入性和低毒性等特点[7-9], 其基本原理为光敏剂经光照激发后诱导产生活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species, ROS), 可氧化杀伤肿瘤细胞[10]。由于5-氨基酮戊酸(5-aminolevulinic acid, 5-ALA)易于透皮, NMSC局部PDT常用此药物。5-ALA是内源性光敏剂原卟啉IX (protoporphyrin IX, Pp IX)的前体, 经皮后在肿瘤部位转变为Pp IX, 被激光激发产生ROS, 从而对病灶部位造成杀伤。然而, 由于肿瘤缺氧的微环境[11], 严重影响了5-ALA介导NMSC的PDT疗效。
目前增加肿瘤部位O2含量主要是通过直接递送O2至肿瘤部位实现的, 如利用人造红细胞[12]、单核细胞[13]和氟碳类化合物纳米粒[14]将O2递送至肿瘤。虽然上述方法可在一定程度上缓解肿瘤的缺氧问题, 但其存在许多缺点: ①氧气助燃易爆, 增加了药物生产的安全隐患; ②氧敏感辅料(如抗氧化剂等)的使用也会受到限制。研究表明, 二氧化碳(CO2)能够通过波尔效应降低血红蛋白对于O2的结合力, 提高游离的O2浓度[15]; 也可通过血管生成和血流增加, 增加O2供给[16], 这些特性均可提高组织或细胞内的O2含量。已有文献[17]报道CO2可解决缺氧问题, 如利用CO2解决组织细胞纤维瘤缺氧, 提高O2浓度依赖的X射线放射治疗疗效, 经皮施用CO2可增加经皮部位的O2含量[18]等。因此, 相比于递送O2, 递送CO2至病灶组织解决缺氧问题, 是一种提高PDT疗效更加切实可行的选择。
本研究拟构建一种新颖的共载5-ALA和CO2的氟碳微乳凝胶(fluorocarbon microemulsion-based gel, FMBG), 并进一步对该FMBG的理化性质、载药量、透皮特性及增加皮肤血流灌注的情况进行了表征。拟通过FMBG实现5-ALA和CO2的经皮递送, 以期通过CO2提高NMSC的O2浓度, 以显著增强5-ALA介导NMSC的PDT疗效。
试剂  5-ALA·HCl、乙酰丙酮[梯希爱(上海)化成工业发展有限公司]; 泊洛沙姆188、泊洛沙姆407(德国BASF公司); 卜氟胺(天津希恩思生化科技有限公司); 生理盐水(福州海王福药制药有限公司); 黄原胶(淄博中轩生化有限公司); 外用盐酸氨酮戊酸散(aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride for topical powder, 艾拉, 上海复旦张江生物医药股份有限公司)。乙腈为色谱纯, 其余试剂均为分析纯。
仪器  Nicomp380型纳米激光粒度及电位仪(美国PSS公司); NDJ-8S数字式黏度计(上海精密仪器仪表有限公司); JEM-1230透射电子显微镜(日本JEOL公司); HC-268 Franz扩散渗透装置(中国天津正通有限公司); Tecan Infinite M 200 Pro多功能酶标仪[美谷分子仪器(上海)有限公司]; FV3000激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(日本奥林巴斯公司); SIM BFI-HR激光散斑血流成像仪(武汉迅微光电技术有限公司)。
动物  完整猪皮(购自银翔集团); 雄性昆明小鼠(18~22 g)、雄性新西兰白兔(2~3 kg)、雄性裸鼠(18~22 g), 由上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司提供, 生产许可证号: SCXK (沪) 2017-0005。动物实验已获联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院伦理委员会批准, 证号为2020-041。
氟碳微乳凝胶的制备
氟碳微乳的制备  参考文献[19]制备氟碳微乳(fluorocarbon microemulsion, FM), 其处方如下: 将泊洛沙姆188 (3.125 g)及泊洛沙姆407 (3.125 g)溶于生理盐水中(62.50 mL), 50℃搅拌30 min后, 缓慢滴加卜氟胺(31.25 g), 继续于50℃搅拌30 min。在冰浴条件下进行探头超声(功率600 W, 全程90 min, 工作15 s, 间隔15 s), 即可制得空白FM。
氟碳微乳凝胶的制备  精密称量5-ALA·HCl1.00 g溶于2 g空白FM中, 搅拌溶解后, 加入在生理盐水溶胀好的黄原胶溶液(1.70%)至5 g, 继续搅拌4 h, 至载药FM与黄原胶溶液形成均一的乳白色凝胶, 接着充入CO2气体30 min, 即可制得共载5-ALA及CO2的FMBG。
氟碳微乳凝胶的理化性质表征  在25℃下测定载药FMBG的粒径和zeta电位; 通过透射电子显微镜观察其形态和粒径; 测定其pH值; 采用黏度计测定其黏度, 选用3号转子, 转速为60 r·min-1, 温度为(20±1)℃; 将载药FMBG于室温下放置7天, 分别在0、1、3、5和7天取样50μL, 溶解于6 mL生理盐水中, 通过测定粒径大小, 探究常温下载药FMBG的稳定性。
氟碳微乳凝胶中CO2装载量的测定及体外释放情况考察
CO2定量方法  取一定量载药FMBG (CO2溶于水形成H2CO3), 加入过量定量的Na OH水溶液生成Na2CO3, Na2CO3可与Ba Cl2反应生成Ba CO3沉淀, 离心除去沉淀, 溶液中剩余的Na OH溶液用已知浓度的HCl溶液滴定至中性, 通过消耗的HCl量可推算出CO2的含量[20]
CO2装载的最佳时长  取装载CO2时长分别为5、15、30、45和60 min的FMBG各2 mL, 加入安瓿瓶中, 再加入Na OH溶液(0.2 mol·L-1) 2.28 mL, Ba Cl2溶液(0.1 mol·L-1) 2.28 mL, 然后密封安瓿瓶, 在32℃摇床中反应过夜, 5 000 r·min-1离心10 min后取上清液, 用浓度为0.1 mol·L-1的HCl滴定至中性(pH=7.4)。
模拟体表温度下CO2的释放情况  实验组: 装载CO2的FMBG; 对照组: 装载CO2的水溶液。各取2 mL上述样品置于表面皿中, 在32℃烘箱中分别放置0、15、30、60和120 min后, 采用“CO2装载的最佳时长”部分相同方法, 根据HCl的消耗量推算出装载CO2的FMBG在皮肤上涂布不同时间后剩余的CO2含量。
荧光衍生化法测定氟碳微乳凝胶中5-ALA的含量
5-ALA的衍生化  在乙酰丙酮15 mL中加入无水乙醇10 mL和去离子水75 mL, 混匀, 即得乙酰丙酮衍生试剂。取待衍生的样品20μL, 加入衍生试剂2.8 mL, 然后再加入10%甲醛0.18 mL。溶液混匀后, 加热至95℃, 10 min后冷却至室温。
样品的检测  样品衍生后取100μL, 加入96孔板中, 通过多功能酶标仪(激发波长: 370 nm, 发射波长: 460 nm)绘制标准曲线, 测定5-ALA的药物浓度。
标准曲线的制备  精密称定5-ALA·HCl对照品40 mg, 用甲醇与磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS, 50 mmol·L-1, pH=7.4)等体积混合溶液定容至100 mL, 得400μg·mL-1的5-ALA·HCl储备液。精密量取该储备液, 用甲醇/PBS稀释制成0.2、0.5、1、2和5μg·mL-1的系列浓度溶液。以样品浓度(C, μg·mL-1)为横坐标, 吸光度(A)为纵坐标, 进行线性回归, 得回归方程: A=21 557 C-87.009, r=1, 说明5-ALA在0.2~5μg·mL-1内线性关系良好。
5-ALA含量测定  精密称量共载5-ALA及CO2的FMBG 1 mg, 加入100 mL甲醇/PBS稀释, 用上述条件对5-ALA含量进行测定。
体外透皮实验[21]  将保存在-20℃的完整猪皮解冻, 用电动剃须刀将皮肤上的毛干剃掉。小心地去除皮下脂肪组织, 用生理盐水冲洗干净后, 再用生理盐水浸泡30 min, 取出, 滤纸吸干, 然后用打孔器制备直径36 mm的圆形猪皮。使用前检查猪皮完整性, 不得有破损。采用Franz扩散池, 接收池体积为12 mL, 扩散池面积为1.77 cm2。将处理好的猪皮置于水平扩散池结合处, 角质层面朝上, 用夹子固定好, 保持干燥。在接收池中加入PBS (50 mmol·L-1, pH=7.4), 使皮肤表面恰好与液面相接触, 32℃恒温水浴。将200μL受试物涂布于皮肤表面, 在0.5、1、2、3、4、6、8和24 h取样200μL, 并立即补充等体积接收液。从样品中取20μL衍生化后进行定量分析。
激光共聚焦扫描显微镜可视化药物渗透研究  取健康的昆明小鼠12只, 随机分为4组, 每组3只, 分别给予药物: ①共载20%5-ALA及CO2的FMBG; ②艾拉(适应症为尖锐湿疣, 临床也用于NMSC的治疗[22]); ③共载20%5-ALA和CO2的FM; ④ 20%5-ALA水溶液。给药前24 h将其背部去毛, 去毛区面积为6 cm×10 cm。取供试品0.5 g涂抹于受试小鼠背部直径为1 cm的正圆内, 分别于给药后10和60 min将小鼠处死, 取用药部位皮肤(1 cm2), 移除残留药物, 用含生理盐水的脱脂棉擦拭3次, 滤纸吸干, 制备大鼠皮肤冰冻切片。将皮肤切片置于激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscope, CLSM)下(光源为Ar/He∕Ne, 荧光探针DAPI和Pp IX的激发波长分别是360和405 nm)采集图像, 将其作为皮肤中药物渗透、滞留及分布情况的评价指标。
血液灌注检测  激光散斑血流成像技术作为一种非侵入的、无需扫描的二维血流成像技术, 已广泛应用于各种临床治疗评估和基础生物研究中, 如皮肤疾病治疗评估、视网膜血流监测等[23]。本实验取健康的裸鼠15只, 随机分为5组, 每组3只, 分别给予药物: ①共载20%5-ALA和CO2的FMBG; ②仅装载20%5-ALA的FMBG; ③艾拉; ④生理盐水; ⑤共载20%5-ALA和CO2的FM。将受试裸鼠麻醉后, 在其背部直径为1 cm的正圆内均匀涂布供试品0.5 g, 于2 h后除去, 用含生理盐水的脱脂棉擦拭干净。连续给药14天后用激光散斑仪观察各组血液灌注情况。
皮肤刺激性试验将12只新西兰白兔随机分为4组, 每组3只, 分别给予药物: ①共载5-ALA和CO2的FMBG; ②共载5-ALA和CO2的FM; ③二甲苯阳性对照; ④艾拉。实验前24 h对其左、右耳部进行脱毛处理, 去毛范围为3 cm×3 cm。给药前检查去毛皮肤是否受损, 有损伤的皮肤不宜进行试验。取供试品0.5 g直接涂布于一侧已去毛的皮肤上, 然后用两层纱布(2.5 cm×2.5 cm)和一层玻璃纸或类似物覆盖, 再用无刺激性胶布和绷带加以固定, 贴敷4 h后除去供试品, 并用温水或无刺激性溶剂清洁给药部位。生理盐水作为阴性对照涂于同一只新西兰白兔的另一侧耳朵。连续在同一部位给药7天。
所制备的FM为乳白色均一溶液, 流动性较好; FMBG为乳白色凝胶状溶液, 见图 1
测得FMBG的zeta电位为-25.3±1.15 m V, 平均粒径为202.4±3.22 nm, 多分散指数(PDI)为0.199±0.041。
透射电镜扫描图可看出, FMBG呈均一球形, 分布较均匀, 见图 2。平均粒径约为200 nm, 与通过Nicomp 380型激光粒径仪测得的粒径大小一致。
在测试时间段内, FMBG的粒径分别为202、201、206、205和212 nm, 维持在200 nm左右(图 3), 说明室温放置7天, 对粒径影响不明显, FMBG较稳定。
所制备的FMBG的pH值为6.0~6.2, 处在正常皮肤表面pH值范围(5.0~7.0)内, 适合皮肤给药。
测得FMBG的黏度为(1 062.0±28.0) m Pa·s。
CO2装载时长对FMBG中CO2装载量的影响见图 4A。从结果可以看出, 随着时间的增加, CO2装载量越来越大, 当装载时长为30 min时, 达到饱和装载量, 此时凝胶中CO2的含量为5.016 mg·L-1。因此, 后续实验中CO2的装载时长设置为30 min。模拟体表温度下CO2的释放结果如图 4B, CO2在FMBG中的初始装载量约为其在水中装载量的1.5倍; 随着时间的增长, 二者所装载的CO2逐渐释放, 在120 min时, FMBG所装载的CO2释放量(30%)少于水溶液(70%), 说明CO2在FMBG中装载性能较好。
测得载药FMBG中5-ALA含量为(19.68±1.57)%, 与理论投药量20%接近。
在各测试组中, 5-ALA的单位面积累积渗透量随着时间的延长逐渐增加; 在相同的透皮时间下, 共载5-ALA及CO2的FMBG组、仅装载5-ALA的FMBG组同艾拉溶液组的单位面积渗透速率相当, 但均小于共载5-ALA及CO2的FM组和5-ALA水溶液组(图 5), 可能的原因是FMBG凝胶制剂的黏度较大, 延缓了药物的透皮渗透。
各组小鼠给药10和60 min后皮肤中药物渗透的荧光染色情况见图 6。CLSM可视化药物渗透图是垂直于皮肤表面的切片, 从上到下为皮肤表皮层至真皮层。结果表明, 各组药物给药10 min时, 红色荧光较少且弱, 药物渗透深度较浅, 说明多数仅停留于表皮层; 给药60 min时, 明显可以看出红色荧光增多且强, 说明药物进一步渗透至较深部位。对比受试物可知, 5-ALA水溶液组和共载20%5-ALA及CO2的FM组透皮深度较深, 艾拉组及共载20%5-ALA及CO2的FMBG组透皮深度浅, 可能是由于FMBG中凝胶基质的黏度较大, 延缓了5-ALA的深处渗透。
对裸鼠连续给药14天后, 其血液灌注结果如图 7, 红色为血液流速较快区域。结果显示, 给药前各组血流灌注情况相似, 连续给药14天后艾拉组、生理盐水组及仅装载20%5-ALA的FMBG组血流灌注无明显变化, 而共载20%5-ALA及CO2的FMBG组和共载20%5-ALA及CO2的FM组的血液灌注较给药前有显著提高, 表明装载的CO2经皮吸收后发挥作用, 从而使血液灌注增强。
观察期结束, 对给药局部进行组织病理学检查, 结果如图 8。与二甲苯组对比, 艾拉组、共载5-ALA及CO2的FMBG组和FM组处理后的皮肤角质层比较完整、无增厚、无红斑及红肿现象, 说明该药物对皮肤无明显刺激性, 适用于局部应用。
氟碳类化合物是一种安全的、生物惰性的材料, 其极化度很低, 可通过范德华力结合多种气体分子, 从而实现气体分子的递送。研究表明, 氟碳类化合物对于CO2的递送能力约为O2的3~5倍, 并且不会干扰血红蛋白对CO2的递送[24]。因此本课题最终选用氟碳类化合物递送CO2至病灶组织, 解决缺氧问题。
根据荧光衍生化法测得本研究所制备的共载5-ALA及CO2的FMBG中5-ALA的含量为(19.68±1.57)%, 与理论投药量20%接近, 说明FMBG载药性能良好, 且FMBG稳定性较好, 黏度较适宜, pH值与皮肤表面接近, 其包裹的FM粒径约为200 nm, 并无明显皮肤刺激性, 各项表征都符合要求, 因此适合用于药物经皮递送载体。虽然本研究制备的载药FMBG组中5-ALA透皮速率和透皮量均小于共载5-ALA及CO2的FM组和5-ALA水溶液组, 但是与市售产品艾拉相当。FMBG组中5-ALA透皮速率和透皮量较小的可能原因是凝胶基质的使用增加了药物黏度, 从而延缓了药物的渗透, 影响了渗透速率与渗透量。
在体外渗透实验中选择猪皮的原因在于: 人体皮肤虽是最佳选择, 但往往难以得到, 而猪皮与人皮肤结构、组织及渗透性较为接近, 且其角质层的蛋白质也和人较为相似, 故选择猪皮作为体外透皮扩散的材料, 使用32℃恒温水浴模拟人体表温度, 使结果更有可信度。
在单次给药皮肤刺激性试验中, 去除药物30~60 min后肉眼观察涂敷部位红斑及水肿情况不明显, 故采用多次给药皮肤刺激性试验。血液灌注结果表明CO2成功经皮吸收, 且增加了血流量, 而文献[25]报道局部应用CO2可导致血管舒张和氧利用度增加(波尔效应), 从而发挥疗效, 如治疗周围血管疾病等[26, 27]。因此本实验所制备的载药FMBG存在通过血液灌注和波尔效应提高氧含量, 从而增强PDT疗效的巨大潜能。
综上, 本研究将FM分散至凝胶基质制成FMBG, 增加了微乳的黏度, 延长了药物在皮肤的滞留时间, 在很大程度上提高了患者顺应性。该载药FMBG透皮效果与市售艾拉相当, 且无明显皮肤刺激性; 装载的CO2被证实成功经皮吸收, 且有改善血液灌注的效果。本研究成功制备出安全稳定的共载5-ALA及CO2的FMBG, 该凝胶的各项表征符合要求, 为后期的临床前研究奠定处方基础, 有望显著增强5-ALA介导的NMSC经皮PDT的疗效。
作者贡献: 张佳良、周欣参与选题、实验设计及文章修改; 林娇负责实验的开展、分析数据及撰写文章; 林璐瑶、吴征和杨雪晗辅助实验的进行及处理数据。
利益冲突: 全体作者声明: ①未从任何可能存在利益冲突的组织获得财务或其他方面的支持; ②无任何其他关系或活动可能会影响所提交的科研成果。
  • 福建省自然科学基金项目(2018J01343)
  • 福建医科大学启航基金项目(2017XQ1201)
  • 福建医科大学大学生创新创业训练计划项目(C19025)
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2021年第56卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-1201
  • 接收时间:2020-07-19
  • 首发时间:2025-12-18
  • 出版时间:2021-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2020-07-19
  • 修回日期:2020-09-22
基金
福建省自然科学基金项目(2018J01343)
福建医科大学启航基金项目(2017XQ1201)
福建医科大学大学生创新创业训练计划项目(C19025)
作者信息
    1.福建医科大学福总临床医学院(联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院)药剂科, 福建 福州 350025
    2.福建医科大学药学院, 福建 福州 350108

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*周欣, Tel: 86-591-22859606, E-mail:
张佳良, Tel: 86-591-22859169, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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