Article(id=1201177212004298790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0490, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1682524800000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-27, revisedDate=1691942400000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764312564135, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1704988800000, pubDateStr=2024-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764312564135, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764312564135, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312564135, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201177206518145841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764312562826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312760268, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=253, endPage=264, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201177212444700737, articleId=1201177212004298790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Identification and expression analysis of cellulose synthase family genes in Aquilaria sinensis, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cellulose synthase (CesA), one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of cellulose in plants, plays an important role in plant growth and plant resistance. In this study, a total of 21 AsCesA genes from Aquilaria sinensis were systematically identified and the physico-chemical characteristics were analyzed based on genome database and bioinformatical methods. The phylogenetic tree was constructed and the gene location on chromosome, cis-acting elements in the 2 000 basepairs upstream regulatory regions and conservative motifs were analyzed. The AsCesA proteins were mainly located on the plasma membrane. The number of amino acids of the proteins ranged from 390 to 1 261. The isoelectric point distributed from 5.67 to 8.86. All of the 21 AsCesA proteins possessed the transmembrane domains, the number of which was from 6 to 8. The genes were classified into 3 groups according to the phylogenetic relationship. Obvious differences were observed in motif composition in genes from different groups. However, motif2, motif6, motif7 and motif10 were observed in all of AsCesA proteins. Analysis of cis-acting elements indicated that AsCesA genes family has cis-acting elements related to plant hormones, abiotic stresses, and biological processes. Seven AsCesA genes with differential expression were selected according to the calli transcriptome data induced by NaCl at different times and their expression levels under different abiotic stresses were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The results indicated that salt, low temperature, drought, and heavy metal stresses could affect the expression level of AsCesA genes, and the abundance of AsCesA1, AsCesA3 and AsCesA20 showed a significant change, implying their potential important roles to the abiotic stresses. The accumulation pattern of cellulose content under different abiotic stresses was similar to the expression trend of AsCesA genes. Our results provide valuable insights into the role of cellulose synthase in A.sinensis in plant defense.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-hui WANG, She-po SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin-yu MI, Hai-ling QIU, Fan-yuan GUAN, Yu-yan ZHENG, Xiao-hui WANG, She-po SHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201177215082918185, articleId=1201177212004298790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=白木香纤维素合酶家族基因的鉴定及表达分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

纤维素合酶(cellulose synthase, CesA) 是纤维素生物合成途径中的一类关键酶, 在植物生长发育和植物防御反应中有着重要的作用。本研究利用白木香基因组数据库, 通过生物信息学手段, 对白木香纤维素合酶家族成员及其编码蛋白的理化特性、蛋白保守基序、染色体定位、启动子区域等进行预测分析。系统分析鉴定了21个白木香AsCesA基因, 并发现AsCesA蛋白主要分布于质膜, 氨基酸数目为390~1 261个, 分子质量为43.35~142.58 kD, 等电点分布在5.67~8.86, 均含跨膜结构域, 数目为6~8; 系统进化分析表明21个AsCesA分为3个亚组; 保守基序分析表明, 不同AsCesA蛋白的motif组成有一定差异, 但均含有motif2、motif6、motif7和motif10。顺式作用元件分析表明, AsCesA基因家族具有响应植物激素作用、非生物胁迫和生物进程相关的顺式作用元件。分析NaCl诱导不同时刻的白木香愈伤组织的转录组数据, 选择了7个具有差异表达的AsCesA并分析其在非生物胁迫下的表达量变化。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明, 盐、低温、干旱和重金属胁迫均能不同程度影响白木香中7个AsCesA基因的表达水平。其中AsCesA1AsCesA3AsCesA20均能响应低温、盐胁迫、干旱胁迫和重金属胁迫, 推测这3个基因可能在白木香响应非生物胁迫中发挥重要作用。对不同非生物胁迫下的纤维素含量进行测定, 白木香愈伤组织中纤维素含量变化与纤维素合酶的表达量趋势基本一致。本研究为进一步揭示纤维素合酶在白木香中防御反应中作用奠定基础。

, correspAuthors=王晓晖, 史社坡, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王晓晖, E-mail: ;
史社坡, E-mail:
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Chin Tradit Herb Drugs (中草药), 2022, 53: 5625-5635., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1201177220875252373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177212004298790, awardId=32170374, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(32170374), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201177215347159355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177212004298790, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201177215359742271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177212004298790, companyId=1201177215347159355, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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GenePrimer sequence (5′-3′)
ForwardReverse
AsRPLCGAACCCAATGAGGGAAATTGCTCCAAGACCTTAGCG
AsCesA1CCTACATTTGTTAGAGAACGGCCGCACATTATTTCCTGGC
AsCesA2GGTGACAGTGTTGGACTAACGCCATCTTTCCGCTCATACTC
AsCesA3CAACCAATCACCCAACATTCCAGCACCTCTCTCAGAAGTAGC
AsCesA7GCAATAGCGGTTGGGTTTAGGCAATGAGACCTGACCACAC
AsCesA17CACAAGAGATGGTCGGAAGGTGGAAACAAGGAAATGCC
AsCesA20GCTCTTGATGGACTACAGGGCTTCTTTGTTGCCTTGCG
AsCesA21GCTGGGACAGATAACAATGACAGAGCACAATCCACACACTG
), ArticleFig(id=1201177220535513736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177212004298790, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used for qRT-PCR

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GenePrimer sequence (5′-3′)
ForwardReverse
AsRPLCGAACCCAATGAGGGAAATTGCTCCAAGACCTTAGCG
AsCesA1CCTACATTTGTTAGAGAACGGCCGCACATTATTTCCTGGC
AsCesA2GGTGACAGTGTTGGACTAACGCCATCTTTCCGCTCATACTC
AsCesA3CAACCAATCACCCAACATTCCAGCACCTCTCTCAGAAGTAGC
AsCesA7GCAATAGCGGTTGGGTTTAGGCAATGAGACCTGACCACAC
AsCesA17CACAAGAGATGGTCGGAAGGTGGAAACAAGGAAATGCC
AsCesA20GCTCTTGATGGACTACAGGGCTTCTTTGTTGCCTTGCG
AsCesA21GCTGGGACAGATAACAATGACAGAGCACAATCCACACACTG
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Protein IDMolecular weight/kDProtein isoelectricNumber of amino acidAliphatic indexGRAVYTransmembrane domain numberSubcellular localization
AsCesA1123.196.591 09485.33-0.2248Plas
AsCesA2119.116.381 05885.32-0.2276Plas
AsCesA3142.586.821 26182.41-0.2978Plas
AsCesA4118.196.361 04682.75-0.1918Plas
AsCesA5109.576.2397487.77-0.0976Plas
AsCesA643.356.0039097.79-0.2616Plas
AsCesA7127.716.761 14083.49-0.2046Plas
AsCesA8100.355.9388887.96-0.1218Plas
AsCesA9124.045.671 10882.29-0.2018Plas
AsCesA1083.746.7474289.910.0347Plas
AsCesA1183.658.8374292.670.0708Plas
AsCesA1282.807.8774088.320.1187Plas
AsCesA13108.707.4495489.17-0.1388Plas
AsCesA14116.658.031 02681.88-0.2528Plas
AsCesA15113.048.261 00279.79-0.2666Plas
AsCesA1684.568.8674294.640.0938Plas
AsCesA1783.746.4673785.47-0.0348Plas
AsCesA1884.516.8073985.64-0.0978Plas
AsCesA19124.146.331 10782.57-0.1878Plas
AsCesA20129.918.641 16483.04-0.1886Plas
AsCesA2180.438.6272489.240.0407Plas
), ArticleFig(id=1201177220736840339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177212004298790, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of the physico-chemical properties of AsCesA family gene in Aquilaria sinensis. GRAVY: Grand average of hydropathicity

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Protein IDMolecular weight/kDProtein isoelectricNumber of amino acidAliphatic indexGRAVYTransmembrane domain numberSubcellular localization
AsCesA1123.196.591 09485.33-0.2248Plas
AsCesA2119.116.381 05885.32-0.2276Plas
AsCesA3142.586.821 26182.41-0.2978Plas
AsCesA4118.196.361 04682.75-0.1918Plas
AsCesA5109.576.2397487.77-0.0976Plas
AsCesA643.356.0039097.79-0.2616Plas
AsCesA7127.716.761 14083.49-0.2046Plas
AsCesA8100.355.9388887.96-0.1218Plas
AsCesA9124.045.671 10882.29-0.2018Plas
AsCesA1083.746.7474289.910.0347Plas
AsCesA1183.658.8374292.670.0708Plas
AsCesA1282.807.8774088.320.1187Plas
AsCesA13108.707.4495489.17-0.1388Plas
AsCesA14116.658.031 02681.88-0.2528Plas
AsCesA15113.048.261 00279.79-0.2666Plas
AsCesA1684.568.8674294.640.0938Plas
AsCesA1783.746.4673785.47-0.0348Plas
AsCesA1884.516.8073985.64-0.0978Plas
AsCesA19124.146.331 10782.57-0.1878Plas
AsCesA20129.918.641 16483.04-0.1886Plas
AsCesA2180.438.6272489.240.0407Plas
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白木香纤维素合酶家族基因的鉴定及表达分析
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米芯雨 1, 2 , 邱海玲 1, 2 , 关范圆 2 , 郑语嫣 2 , 王晓晖 1, * , 史社坡 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(1): 253-264
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(1): 253-264
白木香纤维素合酶家族基因的鉴定及表达分析
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米芯雨1, 2, 邱海玲1, 2, 关范圆2, 郑语嫣2, 王晓晖1, * , 史社坡1, *
作者信息
  • 1.北京中医药大学, 北京中医药研究院, 中药现代研究中心, 北京 102488
  • 2.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488

通讯作者:

*王晓晖, E-mail: ;
史社坡, E-mail:
Identification and expression analysis of cellulose synthase family genes in Aquilaria sinensis
Xin-yu MI1, 2, Hai-ling QIU1, 2, Fan-yuan GUAN2, Yu-yan ZHENG2, Xiao-hui WANG1, * , She-po SHI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
  • 2. School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2024-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0490
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纤维素合酶(cellulose synthase, CesA) 是纤维素生物合成途径中的一类关键酶, 在植物生长发育和植物防御反应中有着重要的作用。本研究利用白木香基因组数据库, 通过生物信息学手段, 对白木香纤维素合酶家族成员及其编码蛋白的理化特性、蛋白保守基序、染色体定位、启动子区域等进行预测分析。系统分析鉴定了21个白木香AsCesA基因, 并发现AsCesA蛋白主要分布于质膜, 氨基酸数目为390~1 261个, 分子质量为43.35~142.58 kD, 等电点分布在5.67~8.86, 均含跨膜结构域, 数目为6~8; 系统进化分析表明21个AsCesA分为3个亚组; 保守基序分析表明, 不同AsCesA蛋白的motif组成有一定差异, 但均含有motif2、motif6、motif7和motif10。顺式作用元件分析表明, AsCesA基因家族具有响应植物激素作用、非生物胁迫和生物进程相关的顺式作用元件。分析NaCl诱导不同时刻的白木香愈伤组织的转录组数据, 选择了7个具有差异表达的AsCesA并分析其在非生物胁迫下的表达量变化。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明, 盐、低温、干旱和重金属胁迫均能不同程度影响白木香中7个AsCesA基因的表达水平。其中AsCesA1AsCesA3AsCesA20均能响应低温、盐胁迫、干旱胁迫和重金属胁迫, 推测这3个基因可能在白木香响应非生物胁迫中发挥重要作用。对不同非生物胁迫下的纤维素含量进行测定, 白木香愈伤组织中纤维素含量变化与纤维素合酶的表达量趋势基本一致。本研究为进一步揭示纤维素合酶在白木香中防御反应中作用奠定基础。

白木香  /  纤维素合酶  /  生物信息学  /  非生物胁迫  /  表达分析

Cellulose synthase (CesA), one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of cellulose in plants, plays an important role in plant growth and plant resistance. In this study, a total of 21 AsCesA genes from Aquilaria sinensis were systematically identified and the physico-chemical characteristics were analyzed based on genome database and bioinformatical methods. The phylogenetic tree was constructed and the gene location on chromosome, cis-acting elements in the 2 000 basepairs upstream regulatory regions and conservative motifs were analyzed. The AsCesA proteins were mainly located on the plasma membrane. The number of amino acids of the proteins ranged from 390 to 1 261. The isoelectric point distributed from 5.67 to 8.86. All of the 21 AsCesA proteins possessed the transmembrane domains, the number of which was from 6 to 8. The genes were classified into 3 groups according to the phylogenetic relationship. Obvious differences were observed in motif composition in genes from different groups. However, motif2, motif6, motif7 and motif10 were observed in all of AsCesA proteins. Analysis of cis-acting elements indicated that AsCesA genes family has cis-acting elements related to plant hormones, abiotic stresses, and biological processes. Seven AsCesA genes with differential expression were selected according to the calli transcriptome data induced by NaCl at different times and their expression levels under different abiotic stresses were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The results indicated that salt, low temperature, drought, and heavy metal stresses could affect the expression level of AsCesA genes, and the abundance of AsCesA1, AsCesA3 and AsCesA20 showed a significant change, implying their potential important roles to the abiotic stresses. The accumulation pattern of cellulose content under different abiotic stresses was similar to the expression trend of AsCesA genes. Our results provide valuable insights into the role of cellulose synthase in A.sinensis in plant defense.

Aquilaria sinensis  /  cellulose synthase  /  bioinformatics  /  abiotic stress  /  expression analysis
米芯雨, 邱海玲, 关范圆, 郑语嫣, 王晓晖, 史社坡. 白木香纤维素合酶家族基因的鉴定及表达分析. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (1) : 253 -264 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0490
Xin-yu MI, Hai-ling QIU, Fan-yuan GUAN, Yu-yan ZHENG, Xiao-hui WANG, She-po SHI. Identification and expression analysis of cellulose synthase family genes in Aquilaria sinensis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (1) : 253 -264 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0490
作为植物细胞的重要组成部分, 植物细胞壁不仅具有传统意义上的机械支持和防御保护功能, 还与植物细胞的物质运输、信号传导、生化代谢等生理功能有关[1]。纤维素是植物细胞壁的主要组成成分, 并赋予细胞壁独特的抗张强度。植物中的纤维素主要以小微纤丝的形式存在, 小微纤丝是以纤维素为基本单位组成的, 而纤维素分子是线性β-1, 4糖苷键连接的葡聚糖[2]。纤维素在植物体内的生物合成主要与纤维素合酶息息相关。早在1990年代, 研究者[3]在木醋杆菌(Acetobacter xylinum) 中首次发现了纤维素合酶基因。而后又在经济作物棉花中发现了第一个植物纤维素合酶基因[4], 通过氨基酸序列的比对, 发现纤维素合酶具有β-糖基转移的保守序列, 如典型的DDDQXXRW序列[5] (天冬氨酸-天冬氨酸-天冬氨酸-谷氨酰胺-X-X-精氨酸-色氨酸)。拟南芥作为模式植物, 纤维素合酶的功能研究得比较透彻, 目前发现拟南芥中有10个纤维素合酶(AtCesA) 基因, 能够在质膜上以UDP-葡萄糖为底物, 催化β-1, 4糖苷键的形成[6], 进而合成纤维素。拟南芥中CesA蛋白家族中不同成员作用的研究已取得较大进展, AtCesA4AtCesA7AtCesA8对于次生细胞壁中的纤维素生物合成是不可或缺的; 而初生细胞壁的纤维素主要由AtCesA1AtCesA3AtCesA6介导合成[7]; 此外, AtCesA6AtCesA2AtCesA5AtCesA9存在部分功能上的冗余现象。
一般纤维素合酶基因的大小为3.5~5.5 kb, 有9~13个内含子, 氨基酸序列相似性为53%~98%[2]。通过对已知植物的CesA氨基酸序列相似性比较, 发现植物纤维素合酶具有以下结构特点: ①植物CesA与细菌CesA蛋白序列的保守区一致, 含有3个紧密相连的Asp残基, 3个Asp残基与保守序列QXXRW连接形成D-D-D-QXXRW结构域[5], 在质膜区构成底物结合的活性位点; ②通常含有8个跨膜结构域, 分别处于CesA蛋白序列的两端, N末端有2个, C末端有6个, 跨膜区是β-1, 4-葡萄糖苷链穿过质膜进入细胞壁的重要通道[8]; ③植物CesA蛋白的N末端具有锌指结构或LIM结构域, 此结构域中具有非常保守的重复序列CXXC (半胱氨酸-X-X-半胱氨酸)[9]。此序列可以与DNA结合, 与CesA蛋白各亚基之间的相互作用有关, 并且对于维持纤维素合酶复合体的稳定性具有重要作用; ④植物纤维素合酶包含有2个高突变区, 植物体内数量繁多的CesA基因很可能与这2个突变区相关。
此外, 近年来的研究表明, CesA在植物的非生物胁迫响应过程中起着重要的作用。例如, Kang等[10]发现黄瓜纤维素合酶基因家族成员CsCesA5CsCesA20CsCesA28在200 mmol·L-1 NaCl水培处理下表达上调, 表明它们可能响应相同的盐胁迫调节途径。Chai等[11]研究表明中间锦鸡儿CiCesA8的转基因拟南芥在种子萌发时对脱落酸更敏感并且对干旱胁迫的耐受性降低, 相应的脱落酸和胁迫相关基因表达下调。Wang等[12]研究表明, 镉胁迫通过转录因子调控番茄纤维素合酶的表达以促进细胞壁纤维素的生物合成, 尤其是根中细胞壁镉的固定过程, 以缓解镉对植株的毒害作用。Chen等[13]发现破坏纤维素合成酶基因AtCesA8/IRX1可增强拟南芥对干旱和渗透胁迫耐受性。Zhang等[14]研究表明, 盐胁迫可能会影响CesA的活性, 敲除拟南芥AtCesA6AtCesA1都导致其对盐胁迫敏感性增加。Li等[15]通过基因沉默BoiCesA增加了西蓝花对盐胁迫的耐受性。低温会对不同物种的CesA基因表达产生不同的影响。如冷处理减少CesA在杨树和棉花中的表达, 但增加了CesA在耐寒水稻中的表达[16]。因此, 参与初生细胞壁生物合成(如AtCesA1/6等) 和参与次生细胞壁生物合成(AtCesA8等) 的纤维素合酶在植物非生物胁迫反应过程中起到重要作用。
白木香(Aquilaria sinensis) 是瑞香科沉香属植物, 具有重要的药用、经济、观赏、生态价值[17]。白木香是我国名贵药材沉香的唯一正品植物来源, 但由于其自然繁殖率低, 加上掠夺式砍伐, 生态环境遭受严重破坏, 白木香的野生资源濒于枯竭, 目前已被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES) 附录II[18]和国家濒危二级保护植物。CesAs作为植物生长发育和非生物胁迫响应过程中的一个重要的基因家族, 在白木香中还未曾有报道。随着白木香基因组序列(NCBI: txid210372) 的公布和完善[19], 对纤维素合成酶家族基因进行全基因组挖掘和全面、系统的分析十分必要。本研究利用白木香基因组数据库, 通过生物信息学手段, 鉴定白木香纤维素合酶家族成员, 并进行蛋白理化特性分析; 利用MEGA7.0、TBtools等软件构建系统进化树, 并进行了蛋白保守基序、染色体定位、启动子区域分析。根据之前的转录组数据选择了7个AsCesA基因, 分析其在不同非生物胁迫下的表达水平, 为更好地了解CesA基因家族成员及其在白木香非生物胁迫响应中的生物学功能提供依据, 为进一步探索该家族在白木香防御反应中的作用奠定基础。
材料    选用实验室恒温箱长势相同的白木香愈伤组织, 用盐胁迫(150 mmol·L-1 NaCl)、低温胁迫(4 ℃)、重金属胁迫(500 μmol·L-1 CdCl2)、干旱胁迫(200 mmol·L-1 PEG6000) 4种非生物胁迫分别处理0、12、24、36、48 h提取RNA, 检测AsCesAs基因在各种胁迫下的表达差异。每组3个样品, 实验重复3次。温箱环境为温度25 ℃, 湿度40%, 无光照。琼脂糖(Biowest agrose, 西班牙), 核酸Marker和核酸染料购自北京拜尔迪生物科技有限公司, 纤维素含量检测试剂盒(Cat BC4280, 北京索莱宝科技有限公司), 引物由北京六合华大基因科技有限公司合成。白木香愈伤组织中RNA的提取和cDNA的合成按照植物RNA提取试剂盒(Cat 17200, 加拿大Norgen公司) 实验操作步骤进行植物总RNA提取, 利用NanoDrop one检测RNA浓度, 同时利用1.2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA的完整性和质量。利用GoScript Reverse Transcription System反转录试剂盒(Cat A5000, 美国Promega公司) 将白木香总RNA反转录为第一链(cDNA), 反转录条件按照说明书进行。
仪器    台式高速冷冻离心机(TY2019006127) 和普通PCR仪(TY2019006123) 购自(德国Eppendorf公司), 涡旋器(G002035-0001, 生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司), 电子天平(PL602E, 梅特勒托利多科技(中国) 有限公司), 凝胶成像仪(WD-9413B, 北京六一生物科技有限公司), 电泳仪(JY300E) 和实时荧光定量PCR仪(CFX96) 购自(美国Bio-Rad公司), 超微量分光光度计NanoDrop 2000 (ND2000, 基因有限公司)。
白木香AsCesA家族的鉴定  从拟南芥数据库TAIR (https://www.arabidopsis.org/) 下载拟南芥纤维素合酶蛋白氨基酸序列, 从GigaDB数据库(http://gigadb.org/) 下载白木香基因组数据, 与拟南芥纤维素合酶进行BLAST比对, 阈值设定值为E < 1e-5, 初步获得白木香CesA基因。从Pfam官网(http://pfam.xfam.org/) 下载纤维素合酶家族的隐马尔可夫模型文件(PF03552), 利用HMM model在白木香基因组文件中搜寻候选基因家族成员。将上述两种方法筛选得到的白木香纤维素合酶基因取交集, 并将蛋白序列上传到NCBI-Batch CDD-Search网站上(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/bwrpsb/bwrpsb.cgi), 再次鉴定验证, 删去冗余序列。利用Expasy网站(https://web.expasy.org/protparam/)、WoLF PSORT (https://wolfpsort.hgc.jp/) 及TMHMM 2.0 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?TMHMM-2.0) 分析白木香AsCesA蛋白的分子质量、等电点、亚细胞定位、跨膜结构域数量等。
构建进化树    根据ClustalW程序对拟南芥以及白木香AsCesA蛋白序列进行多序列比对, 最终结果利用MEGA 7.0软件采用邻接法(Neighbor Joining, NJ) 构建进化树, 循环次数1 000次, 再用Evolview在线网站(http://www.evolgenius.info/evolview/) 对进化树进行美化处理, 从而分析白木香和模式植物拟南芥纤维素合酶基因的进化关系, 以推测可能的生物功能。
白木香CesA蛋白保守基序分析、染色体定位分析及启动子区域分析    通过MEME网站分析白木香CesA蛋白保守基序, 基序的数目设置为10个。从白木香基因组注释信息中获取AsCesA基因在白木香染色体上的起始位置信息。提取AsCesA基因上游2 000 bp片段的碱基序列, 提交至PlantCARE网站(http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/) 进行启动子序列分析。通过TBtools软件对上述分析进行可视化处理。
白木香  AsCesA基因在不同胁迫处理下的表达分析 分析课题组前期用NaCl诱导不同时刻的白木香愈伤组织的转录组数据[20], 利用实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR) 的方法检测白木香7个AsCesA基因在干旱胁迫、盐胁迫、低温、重金属胁迫处理下的表达情况, 每组3个样品, 重复3次。分析使用SYBR Green I荧光染料法, 在qRT-PCR仪上进行。选取白木香AsRPL基因[21]作为目标基因定量表达的内参基因, 引物序列见表 1。反应体系中含有5 µL 2×PerfectStart Green qPCR SuperMix酶、上下游引物(10 µmol·L-1) 各0.2 µL、模板0.5 µL、dd H2O 4.1 µL, 总体系为10 µL。反应程序是: 95 ℃预变性3 min, 95 ℃变性10 s, 60 ℃退火/延伸40 s (每次循环后采集荧光), 40个循环后, 55~95 ℃做熔解曲线分析, 每个温度以每步0.5 ℃上升, 每个温度停留10 s。根据熔解曲线判断RT-PCR产物的特异性, 相对定量分析采用2-ΔΔCt方法进行分析。实验数据以均数±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示, 采用GraphPad Prism 8进行统计学分析, 两组间比较采用t检验, P < 0.05时认为差异有统计学意义。
白木香愈伤组织中纤维素含量的测定    按照试剂盒方法(BC4280) 测量纤维素含量, 在相应时间点取样经不同非生物胁迫下处理后的愈伤组织, 在室温下阴干, 称取约0.3 g样本, 加入1 mL 80%甲醇, 室温快速匀浆, 90 ℃水浴20 min, 冷却至室温, 6 000 ×g, 离心10 min, 弃上清。沉淀先后用1.5 mL 80%乙醇和丙酮各洗两遍, 再加入提取液二浸泡15 h, 离心10 min, 弃上清, 将沉淀用蒸馏水清洗两遍, 之后干燥沉淀, 得到细胞壁物质。称取烘干的细胞壁物质5 mg, 加入0.5 mL蒸馏水充分匀浆, 用蒸馏水定容至0.5 mL。将定容后的匀浆液置于冰水混合物中, 缓慢加入0.75 mL浓硫酸, 缓慢混匀, 冰水浴中静置30 min。8 000 ×g, 4 ℃离心10 min, 取上清液, 用蒸馏水稀释20倍后待测。每300 μL样品加入70 μL工作液及630 μL浓硫酸, 混匀, 95 ℃水浴10 min, 取出后冷却至室温, 测定A620[22], 并根据标准曲线计算样品中纤维素含量。
通过本地BlastP与HMM Search筛选, 将比对出来的AsCesA基因进行NCBI-CDD保守域的结构验证, 最终确定了白木香中基因组中有21个AsCesA基因。白木香AsCesA基因编码蛋白质的理化性质分析, 结果(表 2) 显示, 白木香CesA蛋白的分子质量在43.35 kD (AsCesA6)~142.58 kD (AsCesA3)之间; 最长的AsCesA3含有1 261个氨基酸残基, 最短的AsCesA6含有390个氨基酸残基; 理论等电点(pI) 介于5.67 (AsCesA9)~8.86 (AsCesA16) 之间, 同时发现pI < 7的CesA蛋白达到了61.9% (13个)。白木香AsCesA均含有6~8个跨膜结构域, 构成了β-1, 4-葡萄糖苷链穿过质膜进入细胞壁的重要通道[8]
为了研究白木香AsCesA基因家族成员的分组以及生物功能, 将拟南芥AtCesA1~AtCesA10和21个白木香CesA蛋白序列进行多序列比对并构建进化树(图 1)。根据进化树的亲缘关系, 可以将白木香CesA分成3个亚组, 其亚组1包括AsCesA3、AsCesA4、AsCesA5和AsCesA14; 亚组2包括AsCesA1、AsCesA2、AsCesA6、AsCesA10、AsCesA11、AsCesA12、AsCesA13、AsCesA16、AsCesA17、AsCesA18和AsCesA21; 亚组3包括AsCesA7、AsCesA8、AsCesA9、AsCesA15、AsCesA19、AsCesA20。由于拟南芥中AtCesA4、AtCesA7和AtCesA8能调控次生细胞壁中的纤维素生物合成, 而AtCesA1、AtCesA3和AtCesA6介导合成初生细胞壁的纤维素生物合成, 进化树表明白木香中AsCesA5、AsCesA14、AsCesA3、AsCesA4与拟南芥AtCesA4、AtCesA7和AtCesA8归为同一支, 根据相似的蛋白结构可能具有类似的功能[8], 推测白木香AsCesA亚组1可能参与初生细胞壁的生成, 而亚组2可能负责次生细胞壁的合成。
利用MEME在线工具对白木香AsCesA蛋白序列进行了保守基序分析, 预测出10个motif (图 2)。21个AsCesA至少均还有保守基序motif2、motif6、motif7和motif10 (图 3)。AsCesA1、AsCesA3、AsCesA4、AsCesA5、AsCesA7、AsCesA8、AsCesA9、AsCesA13、AsCesA14、AsCesA15、AsCesA18、AsCesA19和AsCesA20蛋白均含有motif1-10。AsCesA11和AsCesA16所含保守基序相同, 均含有motif1-6、motif7和motif10。根据白木香AsCesA蛋白序列结构, 在NCBI-CDD Search网站提取相关保守结构域信息, 并制作保守结构域图(图 2)。结果显示, 每个AsCesA基因都含有一个相同的保守结构域cellulose-synt, 并且大部分都存在于C-端。
对21条白木香AsCesA氨基酸序列进行多序列比对[23], 发现了纤维素合酶家族中特征且极为保守的功能结构域D、DXD (图 3A) 和QXXRW (图 3B), 而白木香中大部分AsCesA蛋白均存在这些功能域, 如在motif6中均含有D…QXXRW结构域, 这与报道的拟南芥AtCesA蛋白相同[24]
根据白木香基因组注释的染色体定位信息, 将21个AsCesA基因进行染色体信息可视化分析, 结果(图 4A) 显示, 鉴定到的白木香AsCesA基因全部都不均等地分布在1~8号染色体上。其中2号染色体上含有的基因数最多, 共5个AsCesA基因, 3号和5号染色体上含有的基因数最少, 仅1个AsCesA。启动子区域的顺式作用元件能很大程度上影响基因的表达模式。通过提取21条AsCesA基因上游2 000 bp的碱基序列, 对其顺式作用元件进行了预测。21条AsCesA基因共预测出26种顺式作用元件。其中, 除一般元件外, 与植物生长发育相关的顺式作用元件包括光响应元件、厌氧诱导相关的顺式作用元件、细胞周期相关的顺式作用元件、昼夜节律相关的顺式作用元件和锌代谢调控相关元件等, 与植物生物与非生物胁迫的包括低温反应元件、干旱诱导的MYB结合位点、参与植物防御和胁迫的元件、伤口反应元件等。此外, 还预测出与脱落酸、茉莉酸甲酯、生长素、水杨酸和赤霉素等植物激素相关的顺式作用元件。
为验证白木香AsCesA基因在植物防御反应中的作用, 对NaCl诱导不同时刻的白木香愈伤组织进行转录组分析, 选择了7个表达量较高或具有差异表达的AsCesA (图 5) 并分析其在非生物胁迫下的表达量变化。对正常培养的白木香愈伤组织分别进行盐、干旱、低温及重金属处理, 以0 h处理的白木香愈伤组织样品为对照, 不同时间点取样提取RNA后进行实时荧光定量PCR分析, 检测AsCesA1AsCesA2AsCesA3AsCesA7AsCesA17AsCesA20AsCesA21的表达水平。从图 6中可知盐胁迫、低温胁迫、干旱胁迫和重金属胁迫均能够不同程度影响AsCesA基因的表达。盐胁迫对AsCesA基因的表达影响较为一致, 与对照组相比均呈不同程度下降的趋势, 与转录组数据基本吻合。具体而言, NaCl处理48 h后AsCesA1AsCesA2AsCesA3的表达水平达到了最低, 分别是对照组的21.66%、30.73%和27.91%。而AsCesA7AsCesA20分别在NaCl处理24和36 h时表达量最低, 仅为各自对照组的44.44%和30.76%。AsCesA17仅在盐胁迫初期表达量显著升高, 而在24~48 h内变化与对照组相比没有显著差异。AsCesA21对盐胁迫不敏感, 在NaCl处理48 h内均没有明显变化。AsCesA1AsCesA2AsCesA3AsCesA20对重金属胁迫响应较强烈, 且趋势较为一致, 在处理48 h后表达水平显著升高。此外, PEG6000模拟的干旱胁迫对7个AsCesA表达量也均有不同程度的影响, AsCesA1AsCesA2AsCesA3AsCesA17在处理48 h内与对照组相比, 表达量均显著下降, 而AsCesA20在PEG6000胁迫48 h内表达量呈现出先降低又升高再下降的趋势。AsCesA7AsCesA21对PEG6000的胁迫在初期不甚敏感, 仅在处理后24 h后开始变化, 前者是先在36 h有所升高而后在48 h时逐渐降低, 而后者则随着时间变化表达量逐渐升高, 并在处理36 h达到了峰值。低温对AsCesA基因的表达量影响趋势不同。AsCesA1AsCesA7AsCesA17AsCesA21在低温诱导24 h内表达量显著下调, 而在36~48 h内呈现出先上升后下降的表达水平, 并均在36 h时表达量最高, 为对照组的1.82、3.09、3.30和7.74倍。而AsCesA2AsCesA3AsCesA20在低温诱导48 h内表达量均显著低于对照组, 且表达量随着时间变化不明显。综上结果表明, 盐、低温、干旱和重金属胁迫均能在不同程度上影响白木香愈伤组织中AsCesA1AsCesA2AsCesA3AsCesA7AsCesA17AsCesA20AsCesA21基因的表达水平。
为检测白木香在植物防御反应中的纤维素含量变化, 对正常培养的白木香愈伤组织分别进行盐、干旱、低温及重金属处理。以0 h处理的白木香愈伤组织样品为对照, 不同时间点取样提取愈伤组织中的纤维素。重金属、盐胁迫和低温胁迫下, 白木香愈伤组织中纤维素含量在24 h内逐渐降低, 分别是对照组含量的56.56%、50.11%和50.11%, 在之后的12 h内又逐渐上升, 处理36 h重金属胁迫时纤维素含量甚至略高于对照组, 而盐胁迫和低温胁迫仍远低于对照组含量(图 7)。其中, 重金属和盐胁迫下, 白木香愈伤组织的纤维素含量下降较为急剧, 推测是这两种非生物胁迫对于其纤维素合酶表达量影响较大, 而低温胁迫下纤维素含量在0~12 h内变化浮动较小, 在12~48 h时含量变化明显。干旱胁迫处理48 h内对白木香愈伤组织纤维素含量影响与上述三者稍有不同。在干旱胁迫12 h内, 纤维素含量急剧下降, 并达到了最低, 为对照组的63.72%。而在12~24 h内急剧增加, 在24~48 h又出现一定程度的波动, 其中在干旱胁迫24和48 h时纤维素含量略高于对照组。
由纤维素合酶基因在不同非生物胁迫下的表达差异和纤维素含量变化的相关性分析可知, 盐胁迫48 h内, 7个纤维素合酶表达量均显著下调, 共同导致纤维素含量显著下调, 且AsCesA1AsCesA7AsCesA20对于盐胁迫下纤维素含量变化影响程度较大(图 67)。在低温诱导24 h内, AsCesA1AsCesA2AsCesA3AsCesA17AsCesA20表达量显著下调, 而在36~48 h内呈现出先上升后下降的表达水平, 并均在36 h时表达量最高, 共同导致白木香愈伤组织中纤维素含量先下降后上升, 且AsCesA3AsCesA20对于低温胁迫下的纤维素含量变化贡献较大(图 67)。干旱胁迫48 h内, AsCesA1AsCesA2AsCesA3AsCesA17表达量均显著下降且低于对照组, 而AsCesA20AsCesA21在处理36 h后表达显著上升, 推测白木香愈伤组织在干旱胁迫初期主要是受AsCesA1AsCesA2AsCesA3AsCesA17的影响, 而在后期主要受AsCesA20AsCesA21的影响, 因此纤维素含量才出现先下降后上升的变化(图 67)。AsCesA1AsCesA2AsCesA3AsCesA20对重金属胁迫响应较强烈, 前期诱导24 h表达下调, 而处理36或48 h后表达水平显著升高且远高于对照组, 因此导致纤维素含量在重金属诱导呈现出先下降后上升的变化趋势(图 67)。
纤维素合酶是纤维素生物合成中的一类关键酶, 其在植物生长发育、形态结构调控及植物防御反应中起到重要的作用[25]。作为植物生长发育和非生物胁迫响应过程中的一个重要的基因家族, 纤维素合酶截至目前已经在拟南芥[7]、棉花[26]、烟草[8]、豹皮樟[27]、番茄[28]、黄秋葵[29]等经济作物中得以广泛鉴定, 而在药用植物白木香中还未曾有报道。本研究利用白木香基因组数据库, 通过生物信息学手段, 系统分析鉴定了白木香中21个CesA基因, 进行蛋白理化特性分析, 进化树分析, 蛋白保守基序、染色体定位、启动子区域分析, 非生物胁迫下表达量分析, 为后续研究纤维素合酶在白木香防御反应过程中的作用奠定基础。
蛋白的亚细胞定位是其发挥功能的主要场所, 根据亚细胞定位预测, 白木香中21个AsCesA均定位于质膜上。一般情况下植物纤维素合酶共有8个跨膜结构域, N端有2个, C端有6个, β-1, 4葡萄糖苷链会通过在细胞质膜的跨膜结构域穿过细胞壁进而合成纤维素[30]。而本文中鉴定的21个白木香AsCesA大部分均具有8个跨膜结构域, 而AsCesA2、5、6、7、15含有6个跨膜结构域, AsCesA7、12、21含有7个跨膜结构域, 这与烟草中报道的纤维素合酶一致[8], Xu等[8]还通过比较含有不同跨膜结构域的烟草纤维素合酶在不同发育阶段的烟草组织中的表达量, 发现含有6个跨膜结构域的NtCesA16主要在成熟期烟草的茎和叶脉中表达, 而含有8个跨膜结构域的NtCesA19主要在幼苗期烟草的叶和叶脉中表达, 因而推测跨膜结构域的数量可能通过影响纤维素合成进而决定细胞壁的类型。因此, 本文中鉴定的白木香中纤维素合酶具有不同的跨膜结构域, 其在不同组织中的表达量和在纤维素生物合成中的功能有待进一步研究。与拟南芥10个AtCesA共同构建进化树, 系统发育分析将白木香AsCesA蛋白分成3个进化分支。拟南芥中AtCesA4、AtCesA7、AtCesA8主要负责次生细胞壁中的纤维素的生物合成, 而AtCesA1、AtCesA3和AtCesA6介导合成初生细胞壁的纤维素。进化树分析表明, 白木香AsCesA亚组1与AtCesA4、AtCesA7、AtCesA8聚为一支, 可能参与初生细胞壁中纤维素的生物合成; 亚组2与AtCesA1、AtCesA3和AtCesA6亲缘关系比较近, 可能参与次生细胞壁中纤维素的生物合成。
蛋白保守结构域决定了蛋白独有的功能。保守基序分析表明, 不同AsCesA的motif组成有一定差异, 但均含有motif2、motif6、motif7和motif10, 推测这4个基序是白木香纤维素合酶发挥功能的必需的。保守结构域预测结果表明, 白木香21个AsCesA蛋白中大多数均含有保守的DDD-QXXRW氨基酸残基序列, 其可以在蛋白质折叠形成三级结构时在空间上相互接近, 形成一个葡萄糖链的分泌通道[8]
纤维素合酶家族在植物防御反应过程中起到重要的作用。如拟南芥中AtCesA6AtCesA1和西兰花中的BoiCesA基因参与响应盐胁迫[14, 15]; 低温能够减少在杨树和棉花中CesA基因的表达[16]; 中间锦鸡儿CiCesA8能够响应干旱胁迫[11]等。顺式作用元件分析的结果表明, AsCesA基因家族具有参与植物激素响应、非生物胁迫反应和生长发育相关的顺式作用元件。白木香在面对诸如昆虫咬食、雷电等自然灾害或物理化学刺激的胁迫时会在木质部形成沉香[31], 说明白木香形成沉香过程中, 植物的防御反应可能起到重要的作用, 因此研究植物的防御反应有利于全面揭示沉香结香机制。细胞壁作为细胞与环境相互作用的中介, 在非生物胁迫下细胞壁的形态、种类甚至结构的变化对于植物的发育及环境胁迫的适应尤为重要。因此, 本文进一步对白木香中纤维素合酶基因响应非生物胁迫进行了研究。对NaCl诱导不同时刻的白木香愈伤组织的转录组测序结果进行分析, 选择了7个具有差异表达的AsCesA并分析其在非生物胁迫下的表达量变化, 实时荧光定量PCR结果表明, 盐、低温、干旱和重金属胁迫均能不同程度影响白木香中AsCesA基因的表达水平。盐胁迫对AsCesA基因的表达影响较为一致, 诱导48 h内基因表达均呈不同程度下调。具体而言, NaCl处理48 h后AsCesA1AsCesA2AsCesA3的表达水平达到了最低, 而AsCesA7AsCesA20分别在NaCl处理24和36 h表达量最低。AsCesA17仅在盐胁迫初期表达量显著升高。AsCesA21对盐胁迫不敏感, 在NaCl处理48 h内均没有明显变化。AsCesA1AsCesA2AsCesA3AsCesA21对重金属胁迫响应较强烈, 在处理48 h后表达水平显著升高。此外, 对于PEG6000模拟的干旱胁迫, AsCesA1AsCesA2AsCesA3AsCesA17在处理48 h内表达量均显著下降, 而AsCesA20表达量出现显著波动。AsCesA7AsCesA21对干旱胁迫在初期不甚敏感, 仅在处理后24 h后开始小幅变化。低温对AsCesA基因的表达量影响趋势不同。AsCesA1AsCesA7AsCesA17AsCesA21在低温诱导24 h内表达量显著下调, 而后出现波动, 并均在36 h时表达量最高。而AsCesA2AsCesA3AsCesA20在低温诱导48 h内表达量显著降低, 但随着时间变化不明显。其中AsCesA1AsCesA3AsCesA20均能响应低温、盐胁迫、干旱胁迫和重金属胁迫, 推测这3个基因可能在白木香响应非生物胁迫中发挥重要作用。为进一步验证白木香中纤维素合酶的表达变化对纤维素含量的影响, 本研究检测了不同外源非生物胁迫下白木香愈伤组织中纤维素含量的变化。结果表明, 白木香愈伤组织中纤维素含量变化与纤维素合酶的表达量趋势基本一致。综上, 盐、干旱、低温胁迫及重金属胁迫均能不同程度上影响AsCesA基因的表达丰度, 进而影响纤维素含量水平。结合顺式作用元件分析, 白木香纤维素合酶可能通过不同的机制响应外源非生物胁迫, 进而影响纤维素的生物合成以影响植物细胞壁的种类、密度及弹性等理化性质, 从而以更加适应外界环境。
综上所述, 本研究基于白木香基因组数据库, 分析鉴定了白木香中21个CesA基因, 预测出AsCesA蛋白均定位于质膜上; 系统发育分析表明AsCesA共分为3个亚组; AsCesA的motif组成有一定差异, 均含有motif2、motif6、motif7、motif10。通过盐胁迫下愈伤组织转录组数据筛选了7个可能参与植物防御反应的CesA基因, 发现盐、干旱、低温及重金属胁迫能够不同程度诱导这些基因的表达, 进而影响纤维素的含量。这些研究结果为进一步探索AsCesA基因家族在白木香响应非生物胁迫调节中的作用奠定基础。
作者贡献: 米芯雨负责白木香纤维素合酶AsCesA基因的挖掘、表达分析及论文初稿撰写; 邱海玲负责白木香AsCesA基因的实时荧光定量PCR数据分析; 关范圆和郑语嫣负责AsCesA基因生物信息学分析; 史社坡、王晓晖负责论文思路设计、指导实验、论文撰写与修改。所有作者参与论文修改。
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  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(32170374)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0490
  • 接收时间:2023-04-27
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-27
  • 修回日期:2023-08-14
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(32170374)
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    1.北京中医药大学, 北京中医药研究院, 中药现代研究中心, 北京 102488
    2.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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