Article(id=1201177209135391596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0560, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1683129600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-04, revisedDate=1689696000000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764312563451, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1704988800000, pubDateStr=2024-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764312563451, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764312563451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312563451, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201177206518145841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764312562826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312760268, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=119, endPage=134, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201177209642902401, articleId=1201177209135391596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The improving effect and mechanisms of Anshen Dingzhi Prescription on Alzheimer's disease-like behavior induced by D-galactose combined with AβO in mice, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The purpose of this study was to explore the improving effect of Anshen Dingzhi Prescription (ADP) on Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like behavior in mice and its mechanisms. The main chemical components of ADP were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The AD-like mouse model was induced by D-galactose (D-gal) combined with Aβ1-42 oligomer (AβO). The effect of ADP on AD-like behavior in mice was assessed using various behavioral experiments; pathomorphological changes in mouse hippocampal tissue were observed by Nissl staining and transmission electron microscopy; ELISA was used in the assessment of oxidative stress factors and inflammation-related factor levels; Western blot was performed to detect the expression of Aβ, Tau and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) proteins. The active components of ADP were screened according to TCMSP and HERB database, and the action targets of active components were predicted by Swiss Target Prediction platform. In addition, the targets of AD were predicted through DisGeNET database. Further, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of common targets was carried out by Metascape database. Combined with the results of GO and KEGG analysis, in vivo experiments were carried out to explore the potential mechanism of ADP improving AD-like behavior in mice from the PI3K/Akt, calcium signal pathway and synaptic function. Finally, the core components of ADP were molecularly docked to the validated targets using Autodock Vina. Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine (approval number: AHUCM-mouse-2021080). The results showed that the five chemical components, including ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, tenuifolin, poricoic acid B and α-asarone were found in the ADP. ADP significantly improved the anxiety-like behavior and memory impairment, protected hippocampal neurons, decreased the levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, and inhibited the expression of Aβ and p-Tau induced by D-galactose combined with AβO in mice. The results of network pharmacology suggested that PI3K/Akt, calcium signal pathway and cell components related to postsynaptic membrane might be the key factors for ADP to improve AD. Animal experiments revealed that ADP up-regulated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A (GluN2A), postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), calpain-1, phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and inhibited p-GluN2B and calpain-2 expression in the hippocampus of AD-like mice. The molecular docking results demonstrated that the core components of ADP, such as panaxacol, dehydroeburicoic acid, deoxyharringtonine, etc. had a high binding ability with the validated targets GRIN2A, GRIN2B, PSD95, etc. In summary, our results indicate ADP improves AD-like pathological and behavioral changes induced by D-galactose combined with AβO in mice, and the mechanism might be related to the NMDAR/calpain axis and Akt/CREB/BDNF pathway.

, correspAuthors=Guo-qi ZHU, Xun-cui WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan QU, Huan WU, Guo-qi ZHU, Xun-cui WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201177212637634606, articleId=1201177209135391596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=安神定志方对D-半乳糖协同AβO诱导的小鼠阿尔茨海默病样行为的改善作用及机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探讨安神定志方(ADP) 对小鼠阿尔茨海默病(AD) 样行为的改善作用及机制。采用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱技术标定ADP的主要成分。以D-半乳糖(D-gal) 协同Aβ1-42寡聚体(AβO) 诱导小鼠AD样行为, 运用多种行为学方法评估ADP对小鼠AD样行为的影响; Nissl染色与透射电镜观察海马组织的病理形态改变; ELISA检测氧化应激和炎症相关因子水平; Western blot检测Aβ、Tau和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP) 表达。根据TCMSP和HERB数据库筛选ADP的活性成分, 利用Swiss Target Prediction平台预测活性成分的作用靶点; 通过TTD、OMIM、GeneCards和DisGeNET数据库预测AD的疾病靶点; 运用Metascape数据库对共有靶点进行GO、KEGG富集分析。结合GO和KEGG分析结果进行体内实验验证, 从PI3K/Akt、钙信号通路以及突触功能角度探究ADP改善小鼠AD样行为的潜在机制。最后使用Autodock Vina对ADP的核心成分与已验证靶点进行分子对接。动物实验经安徽中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: AHUCM-mouse-2021080)。结果表明, ADP中含有ginsenoside Rg1、ginsenoside Rb1、tenuifolin、poricoic acid B、α-asarone等主要化学成分。ADP显著改善D-gal协同AβO诱导的AD小鼠焦虑样行为和记忆损伤, 保护海马神经元, 降低氧化应激和炎症水平, 抑制Aβ、磷酸化Tau表达。网络药理学结果提示PI3K/Akt、钙信号通路以及与突触后膜相关的细胞组分可能是ADP改善AD的关键因素。动物实验进一步确证ADP作用可以上调小鼠海马N-甲基-D-天氡氨酸离子型谷氨酸受体2A (GluN2A)、突触后致密蛋白95 (PSD95)、钙蛋白酶1 (calpain-1)、磷酸化蛋白激酶B (p-Akt)、磷酸化环腺苷酸应答元件结合蛋白(p-CREB)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF) 的表达, 抑制p-GluN2B和calpain-2表达。分子对接结果表明, ADP的核心成分panaxacol、dehydroeburicoic acid、deoxyharringtonine等与已验证靶点GRIN2A、GRIN2B、PSD95等均具有较强结合力。综上表明, ADP能够改善D-gal协同AβO诱导的小鼠AD样病理变化和行为改变, 其调控机制可能和NMDAR/calpain、Akt/CREB/BDNF通路有一定的关联性。

, correspAuthors=朱国旗, 王训翠, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*朱国旗, Tel: 86-551-68129028, E-mail: ;
王训翠, Tel: 86-551-65169793, E-mail:
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A: Illustration of the experimental design; B: Representative traces of OFT, EPM and MWM tests; C: Total distance of the OFT; D: Central area counts of the OFT; E: Percentage of open-arm time of the EPM; F: Immobility time of the TST; G: Immobility time of the FST; H: Escape latency on the first four days of the MWM; I: Escape latency on day 5 of the MWM; J: Duration in the target quadrant on day 5 of the MWM; K: Freezing time of contextual fear memory; L: Freezing time of cued fear memory. <i>n</i> = 10, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> sham group; <sup>△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> D-gal+A<i>β</i>O group. D-gal: D-galactose (600 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>); A<i>β</i>O: A<i>β</i> oligomer (5 μg·μL<sup>-1</sup>); Don: Donepezil (2 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>); OFT: Open field test; EPM: Elevated plus maze; TST: Tail suspension test; FST: Forced swim test; MWM: Morris water maze , figureFileSmall=0COwirVkGWgOeY+SfTo5ig==, figureFileBig=Nb7i3oHy/tZqlli+hYHBnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177216739664296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=A5hUh7oFvteEHpszI6ekEg==, figureFileBig=mLjmSSV2x5lIKuGvYJ/WhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177216819356080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= ADP prevented pathological changes in the hippocampus of AD-like mice induced by D-gal combined with A<i>β</i>O. A: Representative images of Nissl staining in the hippocampus (200×). Scale bar: 20 μm; B: Statistical analysis of Nissl-positive neurons; C: The expression of p-Tau and A<i>β</i> in the hippocampus measured by Western blot; D: Relative quantitative data of p-Tau and A<i>β</i> expression; E: The ultrastructure of neurons in the hippocampus observed by TEM (4 000×). Scale bar: 0.2 μm; F: SOD, MDA and GSH/GSSG levels in hippocampal tissue of mice; G: IL-6 and TNF-<i>α</i> level in the hippocampus measured by ELISA; H: GFAP expression measured by Western blot. <i>n</i> = 3 or 4, mean ± SEM. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> sham group; <sup>△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>△△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> D-gal+A<i>β</i>O group. SOD: Superoxide dismutase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; GSH: Glutathione; GSSG: Oxidized glutathione; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-<i>α</i>: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein , figureFileSmall=A5hUh7oFvteEHpszI6ekEg==, figureFileBig=mLjmSSV2x5lIKuGvYJ/WhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177216903242168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sE/osrSqyAaBe7gNd5dTVA==, figureFileBig=0/MU5tIuITC+JQBfuGdJ5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217020682690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Network diagram of "TCM-active ingredient-common target" in the treatment of AD with ADP. The circle represents ADP, the diamond represents the active ingredients, the octagon represents the common ingredients, and the inverted triangle represents the common targets. TCM: Traditional Chinese medicine , figureFileSmall=sE/osrSqyAaBe7gNd5dTVA==, figureFileBig=0/MU5tIuITC+JQBfuGdJ5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217138123218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EpvFwykjksdlmSOfk3iixw==, figureFileBig=dWXyo4HD8FJejfhS1/ffzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217360421350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= GO and KEGG pathway analysis at intersection targets. A: GO enrichment analysis; B: KEGG pathway enrichment analysis , figureFileSmall=EpvFwykjksdlmSOfk3iixw==, figureFileBig=dWXyo4HD8FJejfhS1/ffzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217494639086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ntBeFD5mQaTaT7Way/HIsA==, figureFileBig=7VfgpRAf9KivewMRJeIOFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217637245436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Effect of ADP on Akt/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway in the hippocampus of mice induced by D-gal combined with A<i>β</i>O. A: The expression of synaptic proteins measured by Western blot; B: Relative quantitative data of GluN2A, p-GluN2B and GluN2A/GluN2B expression; C: Relative quantitative data of PSD95 expression; D: Relative quantitative data of calpain-1 and calpain-2 expression; E: The number of synapses in the hippocampus; F: The ultrastructure of synapses in the hippocampus observed by TEM (8 000×). Scale bar: 0.1 μm. Yellow arrows point to synapses; G: The expression of Akt/CREB/BDNF pathway-associated proteins measured by Western blot; H: Relative quantitative data of p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-CREB expression; I: Relative quantitative data of BDNF expression. <i>n</i> = 3 or 4, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> sham group; <sup>△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>△△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> D-gal+A<i>β</i>O group. Akt: Protein kinase B; CREB: cAMP response element binding protein; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GluN2A: <i>N</i>-Methyl-<i>D</i>-aspartate receptor 2A; p-GluN2B: Phosphorylated <i>N</i>-methyl-<i>D</i>-aspartate receptor 2B; PSD95: Postsynaptic density protein 95; p-mTOR: Phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin , figureFileSmall=ntBeFD5mQaTaT7Way/HIsA==, figureFileBig=7VfgpRAf9KivewMRJeIOFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217800823301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VjEhMlXe6iC+RRQM/MSYYQ==, figureFileBig=PkHFk78pjtLm0KfJEqFiww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177217922458132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= The diagram of molecular docking. A: Docking of ginsenoside Rh4 and mTOR; B: Docking of dehydroeburicoic acid and mTOR , figureFileSmall=VjEhMlXe6iC+RRQM/MSYYQ==, figureFileBig=PkHFk78pjtLm0KfJEqFiww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218018927132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FjI4jN61KHdPNVF0Wv57XQ==, figureFileBig=nkRNuAVMlp+6jLDnayZCcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218119590440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Schematic illustration of the potential mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of ADP against AD-like behaviors. The molecular mechanisms of ADP on AD appeared to be mediated by NMDAR/calpain axis, Akt/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway and improve synaptic deficits , figureFileSmall=FjI4jN61KHdPNVF0Wv57XQ==, figureFileBig=nkRNuAVMlp+6jLDnayZCcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177218203476528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.tR/minFormulaAdductObserved (m/z)Calculated (m/z)Mass error/10-6Ion (m/z)IdentificationRef.
1 28.064 C42H72O14 [M+Na]+ 823.482 0 823.480 3 2.06 621.440 1, 603.428 8, 459.386 4, 441.374 8, 423.365 5, 405.352 1 Ginsenoside Rg1 [16]
2 42.162 C36H56O12 [M-H]- 679.371 2 679.369 4 2.65 455.315 0, 425.305 9 Tenuifolin [17]
3 42.746 C54H92O23 [M+H]+ 1 109.616 6 1 109.610 8 5.23 767.497 3, 749.487 0, 649.222 4, 605.441 0, 587.431 6, 487.165 0, 443.388 9, 425.380 3, 407.369 1, 325.113 4, 289.091 5, 217.195 8, 163.061 1, 145.049 6, 127.040 4 Ginsenoside Rb1 [16]
4 50.468 C12H16O3 [M+H]+ 209.118 1 209.117 8 1.43 194.094 3, 179.071 5, 151.077 2, 121.065 2 α-Asarone [18]
5 59.206 C30H44O5 [M+H]+ 485.328 6 485.326 7 3.91 467.318 9, 325.213 0 Poricoic acid B [19]
), ArticleFig(id=1201177218320917048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Ionization information of five chemical components of ADP in positive and negative ion mode

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.tR/minFormulaAdductObserved (m/z)Calculated (m/z)Mass error/10-6Ion (m/z)IdentificationRef.
1 28.064 C42H72O14 [M+Na]+ 823.482 0 823.480 3 2.06 621.440 1, 603.428 8, 459.386 4, 441.374 8, 423.365 5, 405.352 1 Ginsenoside Rg1 [16]
2 42.162 C36H56O12 [M-H]- 679.371 2 679.369 4 2.65 455.315 0, 425.305 9 Tenuifolin [17]
3 42.746 C54H92O23 [M+H]+ 1 109.616 6 1 109.610 8 5.23 767.497 3, 749.487 0, 649.222 4, 605.441 0, 587.431 6, 487.165 0, 443.388 9, 425.380 3, 407.369 1, 325.113 4, 289.091 5, 217.195 8, 163.061 1, 145.049 6, 127.040 4 Ginsenoside Rb1 [16]
4 50.468 C12H16O3 [M+H]+ 209.118 1 209.117 8 1.43 194.094 3, 179.071 5, 151.077 2, 121.065 2 α-Asarone [18]
5 59.206 C30H44O5 [M+H]+ 485.328 6 485.326 7 3.91 467.318 9, 325.213 0 Poricoic acid B [19]
), ArticleFig(id=1201177218455134786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IngredientDocking score/kcal·mol-1
GRIN2A
-5H8Q
GRIN2B
-7UJR
PSD95
-3ZRT
AKT1
-4GV1
mTOR
-4DRI
CAPN1
-1ZCM
CAPN2
-1KFU
CREBBP
-5I86
BDNF
-1B8M
RS23-6.2-5.6-5.6-6.5-7.2-4.9-6-6.2-5.2
A1-7.5-8.1-7.4-7.3-10.4-6.5-8.6-6.6-7.1
RS8-7.6-7.2-6.2-8.3-9.1-6.8-7.6-5.9-6.7
YZ1-7.5-6.3-6.5-6.7-7.6-6.9-5.2-6.5-5.9
RS6-7.9-7.8-7.4-9.3-9.4-7.6-8.8-7.4-7
RS7-5.3-5.5-5.6-6.2-6.7-4.9-5.9-5.5-4.8
RS15-8.9-8.9-7.2-9.3-11.3-7.8-9-8-7.9
RS17-7.1-6.8-6.5-7.3-8.5-5.8-7.5-6.1-5.4
SCP8-7.1-6.5-6.2-7.9-9.1-6.7-7.4-6-6.1
RS2-6.9-7.8-6.8-7.2-9.5-6.5-7.6-6.6-6.8
), ArticleFig(id=1201177218564186699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177209135391596, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of molecular docking between core components of ADP and predicted targets. RS23: Panaxacol; A1: Dehydroeburicoic acid; RS8: Deoxyharringtonine; YZ1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 7-Pentamethoxyxanthone; RS6: Celabenzine; RS7: Chloropanaxydiol; RS15: Ginsenoside Rh4; RS17: Schisandrin B; SCP8: 1-Hydroxyacoronene; RS2: Aposcopolamine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IngredientDocking score/kcal·mol-1
GRIN2A
-5H8Q
GRIN2B
-7UJR
PSD95
-3ZRT
AKT1
-4GV1
mTOR
-4DRI
CAPN1
-1ZCM
CAPN2
-1KFU
CREBBP
-5I86
BDNF
-1B8M
RS23-6.2-5.6-5.6-6.5-7.2-4.9-6-6.2-5.2
A1-7.5-8.1-7.4-7.3-10.4-6.5-8.6-6.6-7.1
RS8-7.6-7.2-6.2-8.3-9.1-6.8-7.6-5.9-6.7
YZ1-7.5-6.3-6.5-6.7-7.6-6.9-5.2-6.5-5.9
RS6-7.9-7.8-7.4-9.3-9.4-7.6-8.8-7.4-7
RS7-5.3-5.5-5.6-6.2-6.7-4.9-5.9-5.5-4.8
RS15-8.9-8.9-7.2-9.3-11.3-7.8-9-8-7.9
RS17-7.1-6.8-6.5-7.3-8.5-5.8-7.5-6.1-5.4
SCP8-7.1-6.5-6.2-7.9-9.1-6.7-7.4-6-6.1
RS2-6.9-7.8-6.8-7.2-9.5-6.5-7.6-6.6-6.8
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安神定志方对D-半乳糖协同AβO诱导的小鼠阿尔茨海默病样行为的改善作用及机制研究
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瞿艳 1, 2 , 吴欢 1, 2, 3 , 朱国旗 1, 4, * , 王训翠 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(1): 119-134
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(1): 119-134
安神定志方对D-半乳糖协同AβO诱导的小鼠阿尔茨海默病样行为的改善作用及机制研究
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瞿艳1, 2, 吴欢1, 2, 3, 朱国旗1, 4, * , 王训翠1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.新安医学教育部重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230038
  • 2.安徽中医药大学科研技术中心, 安徽 合肥 230038
  • 3.中药研究与开发安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012
  • 4.安徽中医药大学分子生物学(脑病)重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012

通讯作者:

*朱国旗, Tel: 86-551-68129028, E-mail: ;
王训翠, Tel: 86-551-65169793, E-mail:
The improving effect and mechanisms of Anshen Dingzhi Prescription on Alzheimer's disease-like behavior induced by D-galactose combined with AβO in mice
Yan QU1, 2, Huan WU1, 2, 3, Guo-qi ZHU1, 4, * , Xun-cui WANG1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Hefei 230038, China
  • 2. Scientific Research and Technology Center of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
  • 3. Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
  • 4. Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain Disease), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
出版时间: 2024-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0560
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本研究旨在探讨安神定志方(ADP) 对小鼠阿尔茨海默病(AD) 样行为的改善作用及机制。采用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱技术标定ADP的主要成分。以D-半乳糖(D-gal) 协同Aβ1-42寡聚体(AβO) 诱导小鼠AD样行为, 运用多种行为学方法评估ADP对小鼠AD样行为的影响; Nissl染色与透射电镜观察海马组织的病理形态改变; ELISA检测氧化应激和炎症相关因子水平; Western blot检测Aβ、Tau和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP) 表达。根据TCMSP和HERB数据库筛选ADP的活性成分, 利用Swiss Target Prediction平台预测活性成分的作用靶点; 通过TTD、OMIM、GeneCards和DisGeNET数据库预测AD的疾病靶点; 运用Metascape数据库对共有靶点进行GO、KEGG富集分析。结合GO和KEGG分析结果进行体内实验验证, 从PI3K/Akt、钙信号通路以及突触功能角度探究ADP改善小鼠AD样行为的潜在机制。最后使用Autodock Vina对ADP的核心成分与已验证靶点进行分子对接。动物实验经安徽中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: AHUCM-mouse-2021080)。结果表明, ADP中含有ginsenoside Rg1、ginsenoside Rb1、tenuifolin、poricoic acid B、α-asarone等主要化学成分。ADP显著改善D-gal协同AβO诱导的AD小鼠焦虑样行为和记忆损伤, 保护海马神经元, 降低氧化应激和炎症水平, 抑制Aβ、磷酸化Tau表达。网络药理学结果提示PI3K/Akt、钙信号通路以及与突触后膜相关的细胞组分可能是ADP改善AD的关键因素。动物实验进一步确证ADP作用可以上调小鼠海马N-甲基-D-天氡氨酸离子型谷氨酸受体2A (GluN2A)、突触后致密蛋白95 (PSD95)、钙蛋白酶1 (calpain-1)、磷酸化蛋白激酶B (p-Akt)、磷酸化环腺苷酸应答元件结合蛋白(p-CREB)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF) 的表达, 抑制p-GluN2B和calpain-2表达。分子对接结果表明, ADP的核心成分panaxacol、dehydroeburicoic acid、deoxyharringtonine等与已验证靶点GRIN2A、GRIN2B、PSD95等均具有较强结合力。综上表明, ADP能够改善D-gal协同AβO诱导的小鼠AD样病理变化和行为改变, 其调控机制可能和NMDAR/calpain、Akt/CREB/BDNF通路有一定的关联性。

安神定志方  /  阿尔茨海默病  /  氧化应激  /  炎症反应  /  突触缺失

The purpose of this study was to explore the improving effect of Anshen Dingzhi Prescription (ADP) on Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like behavior in mice and its mechanisms. The main chemical components of ADP were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The AD-like mouse model was induced by D-galactose (D-gal) combined with Aβ1-42 oligomer (AβO). The effect of ADP on AD-like behavior in mice was assessed using various behavioral experiments; pathomorphological changes in mouse hippocampal tissue were observed by Nissl staining and transmission electron microscopy; ELISA was used in the assessment of oxidative stress factors and inflammation-related factor levels; Western blot was performed to detect the expression of Aβ, Tau and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) proteins. The active components of ADP were screened according to TCMSP and HERB database, and the action targets of active components were predicted by Swiss Target Prediction platform. In addition, the targets of AD were predicted through DisGeNET database. Further, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of common targets was carried out by Metascape database. Combined with the results of GO and KEGG analysis, in vivo experiments were carried out to explore the potential mechanism of ADP improving AD-like behavior in mice from the PI3K/Akt, calcium signal pathway and synaptic function. Finally, the core components of ADP were molecularly docked to the validated targets using Autodock Vina. Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine (approval number: AHUCM-mouse-2021080). The results showed that the five chemical components, including ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, tenuifolin, poricoic acid B and α-asarone were found in the ADP. ADP significantly improved the anxiety-like behavior and memory impairment, protected hippocampal neurons, decreased the levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, and inhibited the expression of Aβ and p-Tau induced by D-galactose combined with AβO in mice. The results of network pharmacology suggested that PI3K/Akt, calcium signal pathway and cell components related to postsynaptic membrane might be the key factors for ADP to improve AD. Animal experiments revealed that ADP up-regulated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A (GluN2A), postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), calpain-1, phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and inhibited p-GluN2B and calpain-2 expression in the hippocampus of AD-like mice. The molecular docking results demonstrated that the core components of ADP, such as panaxacol, dehydroeburicoic acid, deoxyharringtonine, etc. had a high binding ability with the validated targets GRIN2A, GRIN2B, PSD95, etc. In summary, our results indicate ADP improves AD-like pathological and behavioral changes induced by D-galactose combined with AβO in mice, and the mechanism might be related to the NMDAR/calpain axis and Akt/CREB/BDNF pathway.

Anshen Dingzhi Prescription  /  Alzheimer's disease  /  oxidative stress  /  inflammatory response  /  synaptic deficits
瞿艳, 吴欢, 朱国旗, 王训翠. 安神定志方对D-半乳糖协同AβO诱导的小鼠阿尔茨海默病样行为的改善作用及机制研究. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (1) : 119 -134 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0560
Yan QU, Huan WU, Guo-qi ZHU, Xun-cui WANG. The improving effect and mechanisms of Anshen Dingzhi Prescription on Alzheimer's disease-like behavior induced by D-galactose combined with AβO in mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (1) : 119 -134 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0560
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD) 以认知功能障碍为典型特征, 并伴有焦虑、抑郁、冷漠等症状[1]。AD好发于老年人群, 起病隐匿, 近年来疾病发展呈年轻化趋势。截至2019年, AD已成为中国城乡居民死亡的第五大原因, 给个人、家庭护理和社会增加了巨大负担, 甚至成为全球的健康危机[2]。FDA批准用于治疗AD的药物包括N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate, NMDA) 受体阻滞剂和乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂(acetylcholineesterase inhibitors, AChEI) 等。然而, 这些药物只能缓解其症状, 均无法阻止进程。近年来, 随着单靶点治疗药物的研究屡遭失败, 这表明仅针对单靶点入手未必有很好的治疗结果, 迫切需要一些具有多方位治疗功能的策略。中医药凭借多成分、多靶点、协同干预的优势有可能成为AD药物研发中的重要突破口。
开心散(起源于《备急千金要方》), 主治善忘, 也是治疗多种神志疾病的基本方[3]。后世医家以此为基础, 通过加减药味或配伍比例, 提出了多种治疗神志疾病的经典方剂。安神定志方(Anshen Dingzhi Prescription, ADP) 记载于清代中医名著《医学心悟》。该方在开心散成分人参(Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., RS)、茯苓[Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, FL]、远志(Polygala tenuifolia Willd., YZ)、石菖蒲(Acorus tatarinowii Schott, SCP) 的基础上添加了茯神(Poria cum Radix Pini, FS)、龙齿(Dens Draconis, LC) 两味中药, 具有补气益气、定志益智、镇心安神的功效。近年来, ADP在失眠[4]、焦虑[5]、创伤后应激障碍[6]和阿尔茨海默病[7, 8]等疾病的研究方面受到了广泛关注, 促进了其更好的临床转化应用。然而, ADP在改善以上疾病的药效物质基础及机制还没有被完全揭示。有研究表明, ADP可以通过抑制AD细胞模型和大鼠模型miR-103a-3p mRNA的表达, 阻止脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF)、酪氨酸激酶受体B (tyrosine kinase receptor B, TrkB) 的下降, 抵御Tau蛋白的过度磷酸化, 从而发挥保护作用[7-9]。然而, 目前关于ADP是如何改善AD样行为以及具体机制尚未阐释清楚, 需要进一步研究。
本研究拟以D-半乳糖(D-galactose, D-gal) 协同Aβ1-42寡聚体(Aβ oligomer, AβO) 诱导的小鼠AD样行为为研究对象, 深入探究ADP对AD样行为的改善作用及机制, 寻找中药(复方) 临床防治AD的新思路和新靶点。首先, 利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术对ADP中的主要化学成分进行标定; 在此基础上, 通过皮下注射D-gal协同海马区定位注射AβO诱导小鼠AD样模型, 利用行为学方法评估ADP对AD样小鼠焦虑、抑郁和学习记忆障碍的作用; 进一步利用网络药理学手段探析ADP对AD潜在靶点的影响, 根据GO和KEGG分析结果从NMDA/calpain轴介导的Akt/CREB/BDNF通路探究ADP改善小鼠AD样行为的效应机制, 最后利用分子对接的方法评价ADP核心成分与已验证靶点的相互作用。本研究为安神定志方治疗AD的应用提供重要基础。
试药与仪器  RS、FL、FS、YZ、SCP和LC购自安徽中医药大学第一附属医院, 由安徽中医药大学刘先华高级实验师鉴定, 并存放于安徽中医药大学新安医学教育部重点实验室; 人参皂苷Rg1 (Z18S9L70220)、人参皂苷Rb1 (G01O11Y126429)、细叶远志皂苷(R23N8F49013) 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司, 茯苓新酸B (DSTDF004701)、α-细辛醚(DST201025-044) 购自成都乐美天医药公司; 甲醇和乙腈分别购自美国TEDIA公司和Fisher公司, 甲酸购自阿拉丁公司。D-gal (D8310) 购自北京Solarbio公司; Aβ1-42 (A-42-T-1) 购自上海GenicBio公司; 多奈哌齐片(2102080) 购自卫材(中国) 药业; 试剂盒超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD, A001-3)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA, A003-1)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH, A061-1) 购自南京建成生物公司; 试剂盒白介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6, JL20268)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α, JL10484) 购自上海江莱生物公司; BCA蛋白定量试剂盒(062321211115) 购自上海碧云天公司; N-甲基-D-天氡氨酸离子型谷氨酸受体2A (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A, GluN2A, #4205)、N-甲基-D-天氡氨酸离子型谷氨酸受体2B (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B, GluN2B, #4207)、突触后致密蛋白95 (postsynaptic density protein 95, PSD95, #3450)、蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, Akt, #9272)、磷酸化蛋白激酶B (phosphorylated protein kinase B, p-Akt, #4060)、磷酸化哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin, p-mTOR, #5536) 抗体购自美国Cell Signalling Technology公司; p-GluN2B (160673)、Tau (R25863)、p-Tau (381213)、BDNF (381133) 抗体购自成都正能生物公司; Aβ (WL01427)、mTOR (WL02477) 抗体为万类生物公司赠与; 胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP, bs-0199R) 抗体购自北京博奥森公司; 磷酸化环腺苷酸应答元件结合蛋白(phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein, p-CREB, #9198) 抗体购自美国Santa Cruz公司; 钙蛋白酶1 (calpain-1, 10538-1-AP)、钙蛋白酶2 (calpain-2, 11472-1-AP) 抗体购自美国Proteintech公司。
BP211D型电子天平(德国SARTORIUS公司); 超高效液相色谱串联四极杆飞行时间质谱仪、ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) (美国Waters公司); 超纯水净化系统(美国Millipore公司); 脑立体定位仪(深圳瑞沃德公司); 动物行为分析系统(上海欣软信息技术公司); 条件恐惧系统(意大利Ugo Basile公司); VideoMot2型动物轨迹分析系统(德国TSE公司); 全波长酶标仪(美国Thermo公司); DP70型光学显微镜(日本Olympus公司); UC-7型超薄切片机(德国LEICA公司); HT7700型透射电子显微镜(日本HITACHI公司); FluorChem FC3型成像分析系统(美国Alpha Innotech公司); EPS600型电泳仪(上海天能科技有限公司)。
实验动物  体重(23 ± 2) g的SPF级雄性C57BL/6小鼠(8周龄) 购自杭州子源实验动物科技有限公司, 动物许可证号: SCXK (浙) 2019-0002。动物在湿度(55 ± 10)%, 温度(22 ± 2) ℃, 12 h/12 h昼夜交替的环境中适应性饲养1周, 每天可以获得充足的食物和纯净水。所有实验程序均由安徽中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准并监督(批准号: AHUCM-mouse-2021080)。
ADP主要化学成分的鉴定
ADP溶液的制备  称取处方量的茯苓、茯神、人参、远志各30 g, 石菖蒲、龙齿各15 g。加入10倍体积的水浸泡30 min后煎煮1 h, 过滤; 药渣加入8倍量的水继续煮40 min, 过滤, 合并2次滤液, 旋转蒸发浓缩至一定程度, -40 ℃冷冻干燥即得(1 g冻干粉相当于原药材17.44 g)。冻干粉储存于-20 ℃备用。称量0.5 g ADP冻干粉, 用5 mL 75%甲醇溶解, 涡旋混匀, 超声10 min后静置12 h, 4 ℃, 12 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 上清液用0.22 μm有机滤膜过滤, 取滤液经UPLC-Q-TOF-MS进样分析。
混合对照品溶液的配制  分别取对照品人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1、细叶远志皂苷、茯苓新酸B和α-细辛醚适量, 精密称定, 甲醇溶解并定容, 配制成1 mg·mL-1储备液, 于4 ℃储存备用。移取各储备液适量, 用甲醇稀释至所需质量浓度为0.050、0.075、0.075、0.075和0.050 mg·mL-1混合对照品溶液, 0.22 μm有机滤膜过滤。
仪器条件 色谱条件: 柱温为35 ℃, 进样体积为1 μL, 流速为0.2 mL·min-1, 流动相由0.1% (v/v) 的甲酸水(A) 和乙腈(B) 组成。梯度洗脱程序如下: 0~6.0 min为5%~11% B, 6.0~14.0 min为11%~15% B, 14.0~16.0 min为15%~17% B, 16.0~22.0 min为17%~19% B, 22.0~24.0 min为19%~21% B, 24.0~44.0 min为21%~33% B, 44.0~50.0 min为33%~39% B, 50.0~55.0 min为39%~44% B, 55.0~60.0 min为44%~95% B, 60.0~62.0 min为95%~5% B, 62.0~65.0 min为5% B。针头在标准清洗模式下, 采用自动进样器进行进样。
质谱条件: 离子源使用电喷雾离子源(ESI), 以正、负离子模式采集数据; 毛细管电压正离子模式为3.0 kV、负离子模式为2.5 kV; 源温度和脱溶剂气体温度分别为120和350 ℃; 锥孔气体和脱溶剂气体流速分别为50和400 L·h-1; 质量范围为50~1 200 Da; MSE: 低碰撞能量为6 V, 高碰撞能量为20~40 V。数据采集过程中使用浓度为200 pg·mL-1亮氨酸脑啡肽溶液进行实时校正。数据采用MasslynxV4.1软件进行分析。通过保留时间、精确准分子离子、碎片离子信息、结合文献及对照品的质谱信息等鉴定5个主要化合物。
Aβ1-42寡聚体的制备  根据之前报道的方法[10]制备AβO。将Aβ1-42溶于六氟异丙醇中, 密封, 室温静置1 h, 通风橱内挥干至形成肽膜。二甲基亚砜溶解肽膜, 缓慢加入预冷的PBS溶液, 稀释至所需浓度(5 μg·μL-1), 涡旋混匀, 4 ℃孵育1周即得。
AD样小鼠模型的制备及给药  40只小鼠适应性喂养1周后随机分为假手术组(sham)、模型组(D-gal+AβO)、安神定志方组(D-gal+AβO+ADP) 和多奈哌齐组(D-gal+AβO+Don), 每组10只。除sham组外, 其余组皮下注射D-gal (600 mg·kg-1·d-1), 持续8周; 从第21天开始, 给药组和阳性药组分别灌胃给药ADP (0.78 g生药·kg-1·d-1) 或Don (2 mg·kg-1·d-1), sham组和D-gal+AβO组给予等体积的溶剂; 第28天时, 用2%异氟烷麻醉, 脑立体定位仪固定小鼠头部, 暴露前、后囟位置后调整高度使其差值不超过0.02 mm。根据《小鼠脑立体定位图谱》所示的位置[11], 选取前囟为零点, 向后2.3 mm, 左右各旁开1.75 mm, 进行钻孔。双侧海马均以200 nL·min-1的速度缓慢注射AβO 1 μL, 深度为2 mm。留针5 min, 减少AβO外漏, 以0.2 nm·min-1的速度退针, 缝合头皮, 肌注青霉素预防感染, 将小鼠放回鼠笼中常规饲养。Sham组用生理盐水(每侧1 μL) 代替AβO进行注射。继续给药至第56天后进行行为学检测。ADP的给药剂量根据文献[6]进行优化。称取ADP冻干粉适量, 溶于生理盐水中, 分装, -20 ℃保存。Don的给药剂量参照文献[12], 报道用0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠配制成混悬液, 分装, 4 ℃保存。
行为学实验
旷场实验(open field test, OFT)  旷场实验在安静的环境中进行。将其放置在仪器中央, 同时采用SuperMaze软件记录小鼠5 min的自由活动轨迹。
高架十字迷宫实验(elevated plus maze, EPM)  将小鼠面向开臂, 轻放在双臂交点的中心, 让其自由探索5 min, 使用SuperMaze软件记录并分析数据。
悬尾实验(tail suspension test, TST)  固定小鼠的尾部(距离尾尖2 cm处) 于支架上, 保持头部距离桌面约10 cm, 采用软件记录小鼠6 min的活动情况, 计算后4 min的不动时间。
强迫游泳实验(forced swim test, FST)  将小鼠置于直径为15 cm、水深为20 cm的玻璃圆筒中(水温为25 ℃), 并使其自由游泳6 min, 计算后4 min的不动时间。
Morris水迷宫实验(Morris water maze, MWM)  如前所述[13]进行4天的定位巡航训练(学习) 和1天的空间探索实验(记忆)。使用VideoMot2视频跟踪系统记录小鼠的逃离潜伏期和进入目标象限的次数。
条件恐惧记忆实验(fear memory test, FMT)  根据文献[14]报道的方法采用Any-maze条件恐惧系统测试小鼠的背景恐惧和暗示恐惧记忆, 并计算凝滞时间。
样本收集  行为学测试结束后, 2%异氟烷麻醉小鼠, 断头, 迅速取出脑组织, 置于预冷的人工脑脊液中修复一定时间, 然后用预冷的4%多聚甲醛(PFA) 固定或在冰上剥离海马, 液氮速冻后转入-80 ℃冰箱保存。
Nissl染色实验  取出已固定完全的脑组织, 手术刀修整包含海马脑区的部位后, 放入对应标签的石蜡包埋盒中, 通过常规梯度脱水、包埋、切片, 厚度为5 μm; 脑片经二甲苯脱蜡, 尼氏染液染色后, 采用光学显微镜观察sham组、D-gal+AβO组、D-gal+AβO+ADP组小鼠海马CA1区尼氏小体的变化, 每只小鼠随机选取3个不同视野进行拍摄, 并使用Image J软件统计结构完整、无细胞核皱缩且染色均匀的细胞数量。
透射电镜实验  小鼠海马组织(1 mm3) 采用预冷的2.5%戊二醛溶液快速固定, 经1%锇酸再次固定后依次进行梯度脱水, 环氧丙烷到环氧树脂过渡, 包埋, 切片(厚度为70 nm), 醋酸铀、柠檬酸铅液染色。在透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 下观察海马突触结构和神经细胞的变化, 并从每只小鼠中随机拍摄至少10张显微照片进行分析。
氧化应激水平的测定  收集小鼠海马组织, 以测定其SOD、MDA和GSH水平。称重, 分别加入SOD、MDA和GSH试剂盒中的提取液, 在冰上充分研磨, 离心, 取上清。根据检测试剂盒中的说明配制并加入反应体系。然后在相应波长下测量各样品的吸光度值, 并根据标准曲线计算出SOD、MDA和GSH的含量。
炎症因子的测定  收集小鼠海马组织以测定炎症因子水平。采用ELISA法, 按照IL-1β和TNF-α试剂盒提供的说明进行检测。在波长λ = 450 nm处测量各样品的吸光度值, 根据标准曲线计算IL-1β和TNF-α的含量。
蛋白免疫印迹  将海马组织与RIPA裂解液、PMSF和磷酸酶抑制剂(100∶1∶1) 混合, 冰上充分研磨裂解。采用BCA法对提取的蛋白进行定量。根据目标蛋白分子量的不同, 分别制备浓度为8%或12%的分离胶。分离胶在115 V、80 min条件下分离蛋白质样品, 将其转移到硝酸纤维素膜上, 在快速转膜液的环境下以400 mA转膜40 min。用5%脱脂奶粉在室温下封闭2 h, 随后与Tau、mTOR、Aβ (一抗浓度均为1∶800), p-Tau、GFAP、GluN2A、p-GluN2B、GluN2B、PSD95、calpain-1、calpain-2、p-mTOR、p-AKT、p-CREB、CREB、BDNF和β-actin (浓度均为1∶1 000) 进行4 ℃孵育过夜。次日用TBST洗涤3次(3×10 min) 后, 用辣根过氧化物酶标记的山羊抗兔IgG或山羊抗鼠IgG (1∶10 000) 室温孵育2 h。然后用超敏化学发光液显影, Image J软件分析条带的光密度值。
ADP活性成分及其作用靶点的筛选  本研究依托中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP, https://old.tcmsp-e.com/tcmsp.php) 和本草组鉴(HERB, http://herb.ac.cn/) 数据库收集ADP各单味药的已知化学成分。以口服生物利用度(OB ≥ 30%)、血脑屏障(BBB > -0.3) 和类药性(DL ≥ 0.18) 为条件筛选TCMSP中ADP的活性成分; 对HERB数据库中与TCMSP无重合的成分利用Swiss ADME平台(http://www.swissadme.chl)的“GI absorption: high、BBB: yes和drug-likeness至少满足两个yes”的条件进行筛选。随后利用Swiss Target Prediction数据库预测有效成分的作用靶点, 保留probability > 0的人源靶点, 并导入Uniprot数据库(http//www.uniprot.org/uniprot/), 对靶点基因名进行勘正。
AD相关靶点的获取  以“Alzheimer's disease”作为检索词, 分别利用TTD (http://db.idrblab.net/ttd/)、OMIM (https://www.omim.org/)、GeneCards (https://www.genecards.org/) 和DisGeNET数据库(https://www.disgenet.org/) 收集AD相关靶点。对于GeneCards和DisGeNET数据库中获得的靶点, 分别以“relevance score > 10”和“score > 0.1”为条件进行筛选, 与TTD和OMIM数据库所获得的靶点合并去重。将ADP的靶点与AD靶点筛选出交集靶点, 作为ADP治疗AD的潜在靶点。利用交集靶点反向查找ADP中对应的活性成分, 作为ADP防治AD的有效成分。
“中药-有效成分-疾病靶点”网络的构建  分别建立Network和Type文件, 导入Cytoscape 3.7.1软件中构建“药物-有效成分-疾病靶点”网络。自由度(degree) 是量化网络中与该节点直接作用的节点数目的指标[15], 值越大, 说明节点在网络中的重要性越高, 被视为Network Analyzer网络拓扑分析功能中的重要参数。因此, 本研究利用degree值筛选出前10个成分作为ADP的关键活性成分。
KEGG富集分析  将上述交集靶点上传至Metascape数据库, 对ADP治疗AD的潜在靶点进行富集分析, 包括Gene Ontology (GO) 基因功能分析与Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) 通路分析。富集结果根据logP值对GO分析中的生物过程(biological process, BP)、分子功能(molecular function, MF) 和细胞成分(cellular component, CC) 进行升序处理。此外, 对KEGG的结果进行筛选, 保留与神经系统疾病相关的通路后根据logР值进行排序。分别将排名前10条的BP、MF、CC结果以及前20条通路结果导入微生信在线网站(https://www.bioinformatics.com.cn/) 进行可视化分析。
分子对接  将安神定志方的核心成分与实验已验证的靶点GRIN2A、GRIN2B、PSD95、CAPN1、CAPN2、AKT1、mTOR、CREBBP、BDNF进行对接。从PubChem数据库(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) 中下载ADP核心成分的sdf文件(3D结构)。在PDB数据库(https:/www.rcsb.org/) 中获取以上靶点的人源pdb文件(3D结构), 采用Open Babel GUI替换配体(核心成分) 的sdf格式至mol2格式, 用PyMOL对受体(蛋白质) 的pdb文件进行预处理以去除水分子和其他原子, 并将预处理后的两个文件通过AutoDockTools (版本1.5.7) 软件进行加氢、加电荷、补充缺失的残基等操作, 保存为pdbqt格式的文件。之后用Autodock Vina (版本1.1.2) 工作站进行对接。
统计学分析  实验数据采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件统计分析和作图, 并以均值±标准误(standard error of mean, SEM) 表示; Morris水迷宫实验各组前4天的逃避潜伏期比较采用重复测量方差分析, 其余实验数据组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), 多重比较采用Tukey-Kramer法。所有数据符合正态分布则采用参数检验, 不符合则采用非参数检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
在实验条件下, 采集了空白溶剂、安神定志方样品溶液及混合对照品溶液正、负离子模式下的总离子流色谱图(total ion chromatogram, TIC), 如图 1所示。使用Masslynx软件对数据进行分析。结果表明, ADP的化学成分在负离子条件下响应度均较强(α-细辛醚除外), 容易失去氢原子或结合甲酸根离子而形成[M-H]-和/或[M+HCOO]-的准分子离子, 在正离子条件下主要结合氢原子或钠离子形成[M+H]+和/或[M+Na]+的准分子离子。细叶远志皂苷在正离子条件下未检测到。而α-细辛醚只有在正离子条件下有响应度。所有成分的质量误差均小于6×10-6, 具体裂解信息见表 1[16-19]。本研究采用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术鉴定了ADP的化学成分, 为后续实验提供保障。
为了探究ADP对小鼠AD样行为的改善作用, 采用D-gal协同AβO诱导AD样小鼠模型(图 2A), 通过OFT、EPM、TST、FST、MWM、FMT等多种行为学方法进行测试。与sham组相比, D-gal+AβO组小鼠在OFT中的总运动距离(P < 0.05) 和中心区域进入次数(P < 0.01) 均显著降低; 与D-gal+AβO组相比, ADP给药后增加了小鼠在OFT中的总距离(P < 0.05), 而Don组在OFT中的总距离和中心区域进入次数无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。此外, 与sham组相比, D-gal+AβO组小鼠在EPM开放臂中的停留时间显著减少(P < 0.05), ADP和Don给药后增加了小鼠在开臂中的停留时间(P < 0.05), 上述结果表明, ADP能够改善AD小鼠的焦虑样行为(图 2B~E)。
进一步将小鼠暴露于不可逃避的TST和FST环境。结果表明, D-gal+AβO组在TST和FST中的不动时间较sham组均有所升高, 但未达到显著性意义(P > 0.05, 图 2FG), 这表明D-gal协同AβO注射不能引起AD小鼠的抑郁样行为。MWM结果显示, D-gal+AβO组小鼠前4天(P < 0.05) 和第5天(P < 0.01) 的逃离潜伏期显著高于sham组, 在目标象限的停留时间显著缩短(P < 0.01); 与D-gal+AβO组相比, ADP能显著缩短小鼠找到平台的潜伏期, 增加目标象限的停留时间, 这表明ADP能够改善AD小鼠的空间记忆损伤(图 2B2H~J)。FMT结果表明, 与sham组比, D-gal+AβO组小鼠在背景恐惧记忆和暗示恐惧记忆中的凝滞时间明显缩短(P < 0.05); 与D-gal+AβO组相比, ADP组小鼠在背景恐惧记忆中的凝滞时间显著增加(P < 0.01), 在暗示恐惧记忆中的凝滞时间无显著变化(P > 0.05), Don组在FMT中的凝滞时间与D-gal+AβO组相比无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。这表明D-gal协同AβO注射导致小鼠恐惧记忆受损, ADP能够改善AD小鼠的背景恐惧记忆(图 2KL)。上述结果提示, ADP对D-gal协同AβO诱导的AD小鼠焦虑样行为和学习记忆功能障碍具有改善作用。
Nissl染色结果显示, 与sham组相比, D-gal+AβO组小鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞脱失, 形态不规则且排列稀疏, 胞质内Nissl小体明显解体; 与D-gal+AβO组相比, ADP给药后, 改善了神经元损伤和Nissl阳性神经元的减少(P < 0.001, 图 3AB)。Western blot结果表明, D-gal协同AβO诱导的小鼠p-Tau和Aβ蛋白表达显著高于sham组(P < 0.01, 图 3CD), ADP能显著抑制D-gal协同AβO诱导的小鼠海马p-Tau和Aβ蛋白表达的增加。TEM观察各组小鼠海马神经元的超微结构。结果显示, 与sham组相比, D-gal+AβO组小鼠的海马神经元出现坏死, 细胞器大量丢失, 残余变性的细胞器, 核染色质聚集; ADP给药后逆转这些改变(图 3E)。
此外, 还评估了海马组织SOD、MDA和GSH等氧化应激相关因子的表达水平。结果显示, 与sham组相比, D-gal+AβO组小鼠SOD活性和GSH/GSSG比值显著降低(P < 0.001), MDA水平显著升高(P < 0.001); ADP给药后显著降低了D-gal协同AβO诱导的小鼠MDA含量(P < 0.001), 增加SOD活性(P < 0.01) 和GSH/GSSG比值(P < 0.001) (图 3F)。
采用ELISA法检测了海马组织炎症因子IL-6和TNF-α水平。D-gal+AβO组IL-6 (P < 0.001) 和TNF-α (P < 0.01) 含量均显著高于sham组, 而ADP可以抑制D-gal协同AβO诱导的IL-6和TNF-α水平增加(图 3G)。Western blot结果表明, D-gal协同AβO诱导的小鼠GFAP蛋白表达显著高于sham组, 而ADP给药后GFAP蛋白出现下降, 与D-gal+AβO组比较, 差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05, 图 3H)。上述结果提示, ADP通过阻止氧化应激和神经炎症减轻D-gal协同AβO诱导的AD样小鼠病理改变。
以TCMSP和Swiss ADME数据库进行筛选, 共获得64个满足条件的ADP活性成分。之后利用Swiss Target Prediction平台对ADP的活性成分进行靶点预测, 得到茯苓靶点268个, 茯神靶点112个, 人参靶点633个, 远志靶点501个, 石菖蒲靶点225个及龙齿靶点100个, 对以上靶点进行基因名勘正、合并、去重后共获得844个ADP的作用靶点。各数据库以“Alzheimer's disease”为关键词进行检索, 得到如下结果: TTD筛选到163个靶点, OMIM筛选到564个靶点, DisGeNET筛选到673个靶点, GeneCards筛选到1 536个靶点, 对所有靶点合并去重, 最终整理得到2 438个与AD相关的靶点。随后将ADP和AD二者的靶点取交集, 得到共有靶点为339个。
将成分、共有靶点导入Cytoscape软件(版本3.7.1) 进一步构建ADP与AD的“中药-活性成分-共有靶点”网络图(图 4)。该网络具有564个节点, 4 970条边。Degree值在节点拓扑特征分析中至关重要, 其数值越大, 说明该节点参与生物学功能的可能性越强。根据degree值对该网络进行拓扑学分析, 发现panaxacol、dehydroeburicoic acid、deoxyharringtonine、1, 2, 3, 6, 7-pentamethoxyxanthone、celabenzine、chloropanaxydiol、ginsenoside Rh4、schisandrin B、1-hydroxyacoronene、aposcopolamine等degree值较大, 推测这些可能是ADP发挥AD防治作用的关键成分。
利用Metascape在线分析平台对交集靶点进行富集分析。GO分析结果表明, ADP治疗AD主要参与的细胞组分包括树突、树突树、膜筏、膜微区、神经元细胞体、胞体、受体复合体、突触后膜、轴突、突触膜等, 分子功能包括蛋白激酶活性、磷酸转移酶活性、激酶活性、蛋白酪氨酸激酶活性、神经递质受体活性等(图 5A)。KEGG结果显示PI3K-Akt信号通路、钙信号通路、神经活性配体-受体相互作用、HIF-1信号通路、cAMP信号通路、细胞凋亡、MAPK信号通路等可能参与ADP改善AD的过程(图 5B)。图中纵轴为条目名称, 横轴为富集基因的“-lgP”值, 颜色代表显著性(值越大, 颜色越红), 圆点面积代表富集的基因个数(个数越多, 圆点面积越大)。
根据网络药理学的预测结果, ADP改善AD样行为可能与调控突触功能、PI3K/Akt和钙信号通路有关。结合AD发病机制相关研究报道[20, 21], ADP可能参与调控细胞存活、维持信号传递稳态。Western blot结果显示, D-gal+AβO组小鼠GluN2A、PSD95蛋白表达水平及GluN2A/GluN2B的比值显著低于sham组(P < 0.01), 而p-GluN2B表达显著高于sham组(P < 0.05); ADP给药可逆转这些蛋白的表达(图 6A~C)。此外, 研究还发现D-gal协同AβO诱导的小鼠海马calpain-1表达显著下降, calpain-2表达显著升高(P < 0.05), 而ADP也逆转这一结果(图 6AD)。研究进一步通过TEM来观察小鼠海马区突触的超微结构。与sham组相比, D-gal+AβO组小鼠海马区突触数量显著减少, 与D-gal+AβO组相比, ADP组小鼠的突触数量显著增加(P < 0.001, 图 6EF)。
为了进一步探究ADP对D-gal协同AβO诱导的AD样行为的潜在神经保护机制, 本研究检测了Akt/CREB/BDNF信号通路相关蛋白的表达。结果表明, 与sham组相比, D-gal协同AβO诱导的小鼠海马p-Akt (P < 0.01)、p-mTOR (P < 0.001)、p-CREB (P < 0.05) 和BDNF (P < 0.05) 蛋白表达显著减少, 而ADP给药后促进了这些蛋白的表达(图 6G~I)。上述结果提示, ADP可能通过调控NMDA受体依赖的calpain表达, 激活Akt/CREB/BDNF通路, 减少突触丢失, 从而改善D-gal协同AβO诱导的小鼠AD样行为。
为了评价ADP核心成分与已验证蛋白靶点相互作用的可靠性, 将其与GluN2A、GRIN2B、PSD95、AKT1、mTOR、calpain-1、calpain-2、CREBBP、BDNF进行对接。通常结合能的分数被作为配体和受体对接结果的评判依据[22]。当结合能 < -4.25 kcal·mol-1时, 表明两者有结合活性, 当结合能 < -5.0 kcal·mol-1时, 表明两者结合活性较好, 当结合能 < -9.0 kcal·mol-1, 表明两者有强烈结合活性。ADP的核心成分与有关靶点的对接结果表明, 除panaxacol (RS23) 与CAPN1、chloropanaxydiol (RS7) 与CAPN1、BDNF外, 其余均具有较好的结合活性(表 2)。
在所有对接结果中选取结合能 < -10 kcal·mol-1为代表, 采用PyMOL软件进行可视化, 明确其结合位点与键长。结果表明, mTOR的丝氨酸SER-118、苏氨酸THR-2098残基能与ginsenoside Rh4形成稳定的氢键作用力(图 7A)。mTOR的精氨酸ARG-73、天冬氨酸ASP-68和络氨酸-57残基能与dehydroeburicoic acid形成稳定的氢键作用力(图 7B)。上述结果进一步验证了ADP可能靶向NMDA受体/calpain轴介导的Akt/CREB/BDNF信号通路发挥神经保护作用。
中药饮片市场鱼龙混杂, 有时难以区分其真伪, 相继出现了很多关于饮片抽检质量不符合规定的报道[23]。UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术作为一种新兴的检测技术, 凭借优越的灵敏度、极高的分辨率、超强的定性能力等特点, 极大地推动了中药研究领域的发展。《中华人民共和国药典》 (2020年版) 指出ginsenoside Rg1、ginsenoside Rb1可用于人参化学成分的鉴定, tenuifolin可用于远志化学成分的鉴定, 然而没有提出对茯苓可行的质量控制, 且未收录茯神药材。研究表明, HPLC、LC-MS技术可以用于茯苓poricoic acid B的质量控制[24]。据报道, α-asarone是石菖蒲挥发油的主要成分之一, 体内吸收后迅速转入大脑产生神经保护作用[25]。因此, 采用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术对上述ADP中5个化学成分进行鉴定。实验结果表明, ADP中上述5种组分均可被检测到, 这为探究ADP改善AD样行为及机制研究奠定了基础。
临床前的AD神经心理学研究主要集中于记忆障碍, 包括空间学习和记忆功能减退[26]。然而, AD患者还表现出焦虑、抑郁样等症状, 这些症状在轻度认知障碍(MCI) 阶段或者之前就已出现[27, 28]。D-gal诱导的衰老和AβO毒性的联合AD模型可以模拟AD的多因素致病特征, 已成为当前AD模型研究的热点[29, 30]。本课题通过D-gal皮下注射及海马脑区定位注射AβO建立AD模型。结果表明, D-gal协同AβO处理可以诱导出小鼠的焦虑样行为及空间学习记忆和情景记忆损伤, 但没有表现出显著的抑郁样症状, 这可能是因为抑郁行为的发生多由恶性刺激、压力过大及神经内分泌功能改变等多种因素导致的, 且往往需要更长的时间才能表现出典型症状。但ADP可以改善D-gal协同AβO诱导的小鼠焦虑样行为, 增强空间记忆和情景记忆。在研究中, 本课题组发现使用其他AD模型研究报道[12]中有效剂量的多奈哌齐(2 mg·kg-1) 在本模型中仅仅显示了改善的趋势, 这可能与本研究中设定的动物样本量有关, 就此本课题组今后将进一步深入开展相关的研究; 另一方面, 在相同样本量的ADP组中, 学习记忆得到显著改善, 该结果也进一步表明中药ADP的有效性。
海马脑区参与学习记忆调控的同时, 也参与动物的情绪调控[31]。本研究通过Nissl染色与透射电镜检测海马组织的病理形态变化。结果发现, D-gal协同AβO处理可以诱导小鼠海马神经元损伤和缺失, 同时还发现D-gal协同AβO诱导的小鼠海马中, tau蛋白的磷酸化水平和Aβ表达均显著增加, 这些结果符合AD样病理形态的改变。而ADP能明显改善D-gal协同AβO对海马神经元的病理损害, 并抑制了tau蛋白的磷酸化水平和Aβ表达。本研究结果提示, ADP对D-gal协同AβO诱导的海马区病理学损伤具有保护作用。这一结果与上述行为学测试结果相一致, 提示D-gal协同AβO诱导的小鼠海马结构病理改变可能是行为学改变的基础。
氧化应激和神经炎症可以加速AD的发病进程早已被证实。神经胶质细胞作为大脑中数量最多的细胞, 包括星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞, 对维持脑稳态和学习记忆功能至关重要[32]。在AD中, 由Aβ刺激引起的氧化应激导致有害氧化物的积累, 可进一步激活胶质细胞并释放促炎因子(如IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α), 促进神经炎症的发生[33, 34]。此外, 神经炎症反过来又可以增加ROS的产生, 促进Aβ生成和Tau的磷酸化或引起神经变性, 形成恶性循环[35, 36]。当处于稳态的星形胶质细胞被激活时会向反应性星形胶质细胞转化并异常增多, 其特征为细胞肥大、GFAP表达增加[37]。与以上报道相一致, 本研究结果发现D-gal协同AβO可以诱导小鼠脑内氧化应激和神经炎症的发生, 而ADP对小鼠AD样行为的改善作用可能与其阻止氧化应激和星形胶质细胞活化、保护海马神经元有关。此外, 小胶质细胞也是引起神经炎症的主要胶质细胞, ADP是否影响小胶质细胞的活化阻止AD仍有待于进一步探究。
网络药理学以整合大数据为基础, 借助生物系统和计算机网络探索药物的活性成分与疾病之间的潜在作用机制, 与中药防治疾病的总体思想契合, 可从另一个角度评价药物的干预机制, 为AD的治疗提供解决策略[38]。本研究运用该方法发现panaxacol、dehydroeburicoic acid、deoxyharringtonine、1, 2, 3, 6, 7-pentamethoxyxanthone、celabenzine、chloropanaxydiol、ginsenoside Rh4、schisandrin B、1-hydroxyacoronene、aposcopolamine等可能是ADP的核心成分。此外, 筛选得到ADP治疗AD包含339个共有靶点。这些靶点与神经元丢失、钙信号失调、突触损伤、炎症及细胞凋亡相关, 提示这些在AD的发病机制中可能扮演着重要作用。
激活突触上的GluN2A受体(由GRIN2A编码) 可以优先促进保护神经元存活, 然而激活突触外的GluN2B受体(由GRIN2B编码) 会优先引起毒性作用甚至细胞死亡[39]。值得注意的是, 富含GluN2A的受体与增强的PSD95表达有关[40]。Calpain处于NMDA受体下游, 是一种受Ca2+浓度影响的蛋白酶, 主要包括calpain-1 (由CAPN1编码) 和calpain-2 (由CAPN2编码) 两种亚型。微摩尔浓度的Ca2+可以激活calpain-1, 毫摩尔浓度的Ca2+可以激活calpain-2。过度激活calpain会引起海马组织的结构和功能发生改变, 导致神经退行改变和抑郁样行为[41, 42]。有趣的是, 越来越多的研究表明这两种亚型也有相同的双重作用。刺激突触GluN2A受体会激活下游的calpain-1表达, 诱导长时程增强作用(long-term potentiation, LTP), 对记忆和突触可塑性有正调节作用, 而刺激突触外GluN2B会引起calpain-2活化, 促进神经退行性病变[43, 44]。本课题组前期研究已证实ADP中主要活性成分—细叶远志皂苷能抑制D-gal协同Aβ1-42诱导的HT-22细胞内钙超载、calpain系统异常和突触损伤, 而calpain抑制剂不能阻断D-gal协同Aβ1-42诱导的HT-22细胞铁死亡但能阻止细胞凋亡[45]。与这些报道相一致, 本研究结果证实D-gal协同AβO处理会抑制突触后膜上NMDA受体亚基表达并激活突触外NMDA受体亚基, 结合生信分析, ADP可能通过调控NMDA受体亚基依赖的calpain系统发挥保护功能。
BDNF在维持神经元的营养、参与突触可塑性和记忆的调节中处于核心地位。有研究表明, Aβ诱导的calpain-2过度激活会损害BDNF及其受体的功能[46], 导致神经元退化萎缩。此外, 据研究报道, 经GluN2A激活的calpain-1可以通过降解其特异性底物, 促进Akt、ERK和CREB的表达[47]。众所周知, 丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(Akt, 由AKT1基因编码) 是PI3K/Akt通路的核心靶点, 与细胞存活、自噬、神经发生等存在很强的相关性[48]。Akt的激活可以促使CREB (由CREBBP基因编码) 易位至细胞核中, 然后通过与BDNF的启动子结合并促进其转录。BDNF是突触传递和LTP的重要媒介, 也是calpain的下游。抑制BDNF表达可能造成AD大脑中的某些神经元结构变性及萎缩[49]。Aβ可以通过PI3K/Akt通路下调CREB/BDNF的表达, 导致认知和记忆缺陷。有研究发现, CREB活化可以改善AD小鼠模型中的学习和记忆缺陷, 而不会影响Aβ或Tau病理, 这可能与BDNF介导的海马突触可塑性增强有关。
为进一步验证网络药理学结果, 本研究通过体内实验评价了与突触(GluN2A、GluN2B、PSD95)、钙信号(calpain-1/2) 和PI3K/Akt信号通路(Akt、mTOR、CREB) 及BDNF相关的蛋白表达。发现ADP不仅可以调控NMDA受体/calpain轴, 还作用于Akt/mTOR通路, 促进CREB、BDNF的表达。以上结果提示, ADP可能通过调控上述通路促进神经元存活和突触功能, 进而改善AD的焦虑样行为和记忆损伤。此外, 采用分子对接评价ADP的主要活性成分与上述已验证蛋白靶点的结合程度。结果表明, ADP的核心成分均能与GRIN2A、GRIN2B、PSD95、CAPN1、CAPN2、AKT1、mTOR、CREBBP和BDNF靶点形成较强的结合能力, 且主要通过氢键进行相互作用。从分子结合角度进一步验证了ADP可能通过多途径、多靶点改善D-gal协同AβO诱导的小鼠AD样行为。
ADP由6味中药组成, 每一味中药又含有众多活性成分(龙齿除外)。因此, 本研究在确证药效后, 采用系统的网络药理研究方法, 同时试图通过分子对接找出ADP的药效物质基础和作用靶点。不同于单体或者确定的化学成分, 复方中药是经由多通路、多靶点发挥作用。今后课题组将围绕特定成分-靶标展开系统研究, 如使用相应的抑制剂, 包括NMDA受体抑制剂、calpain或Akt抑制剂或基因条件性敲除小鼠以及在更多的AD模型上确证ADP改善AD样行为的效应机制和作用靶点, 加快ADP的转化。
综上, ADP能够改善D-gal协同AβO诱导的小鼠AD病理变化和行为改变。其调控机制与NMDAR/calpain、Akt/CREB/BDNF通路有一定的关联性(图 8)。该研究为ADP的进一步临床应用提供重要基础。
作者贡献: 瞿艳负责完成化学成分鉴定、动物实验、指标检测、生信分析与论文撰写; 朱国旗指导研究思路, 修改文章; 吴欢提供实验指导和技术支持; 王训翠指导研究方案, 撰写并修订文章。
利益冲突: 全体作者声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81673716)
  • 安徽省高校自然科学研究重点项目(KJ2021A0584)
  • 安徽省科技厅自然科学基金面上项目(2108085MH316)
  • 安徽中医药大学人才支持计划项目(2021rcyb008)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0560
  • 接收时间:2023-05-04
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-04
  • 修回日期:2023-07-19
基金
国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81673716)
安徽省高校自然科学研究重点项目(KJ2021A0584)
安徽省科技厅自然科学基金面上项目(2108085MH316)
安徽中医药大学人才支持计划项目(2021rcyb008)
作者信息
    1.新安医学教育部重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230038
    2.安徽中医药大学科研技术中心, 安徽 合肥 230038
    3.中药研究与开发安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012
    4.安徽中医药大学分子生物学(脑病)重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012

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*朱国旗, Tel: 86-551-68129028, E-mail: ;
王训翠, Tel: 86-551-65169793, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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