Article(id=1201177208195871651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0419, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1680624000000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-05, revisedDate=1688054400000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764312563226, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1704988800000, pubDateStr=2024-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764312563226, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764312563226, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312563226, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201177206518145841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764312562826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764312760268, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201178034725417828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201177206518145841, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=35, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201177208573359015, articleId=1201177208195871651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids as marine characteristic natural products, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sesquiterpenoids are widely found in nature, while nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids are relatively rare. Twelve natural nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids were all derived from marine Aspergillus fungi, which are typical natural products with marine characteristics. These natural products exhibit good antitumor, antiviral, and inhibition of osteoclast differentiation activity, especially in the treatment of osteoclast-related diseases, showing good medicinal development value. This article reviews the natural product sources, chemical structure, chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, bioactivity, and pharmacological mechanisms of nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids and predicts and discusses their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADME/T), and drug-likeness, providing a comprehensive understanding of the natural products of nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids from marine sources and their potential for pharmaceutical development.

, correspAuthors=Xue-feng ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi CHEN, Jiang-lian SHE, Lan TANG, Yong-hong LIU, Xue-feng ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201177209470940090, articleId=1201177208195871651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=海洋特征天然产物——硝基苯酯倍半萜类的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

倍半萜类化合物在自然界中广泛存在, 而硝基苯酯倍半萜类化合物较为罕见。迄今发现的12种天然来源硝基苯酯倍半萜均来自于海洋曲霉属Aspergillus真菌, 是一类典型的海洋特征天然产物。该类天然产物显示了较好的抗肿瘤、抗病毒和抑制破骨细胞分化活性, 特别是在治疗破骨细胞相关疾病中显示较好的药用开发价值。本文对硝基苯酯倍半萜的天然产物来源和化学结构、化学和生物合成、生物活性和药理机制进行了综述, 并对其吸收(absorption)、分布(distribution)、代谢(metabolism)、排泄(excretion) 及毒性(toxicity) (ADME/T) 和类药性进行预测和讨论, 为海洋来源硝基苯酯倍半萜类天然产物及其药用开发潜力提供较为全面的认识。

, correspAuthors=周雪峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*周雪峰, Tel: 86-20-89023174, E-mail:
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NS4: 6<i>β</i>, 9<i>α</i>-Dihydroxy-14-<i>p</i>-nitrobenzoylcinnamolide; NS5: Insulicolide A; RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand; RANK: Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B; NFATc1: Nuclear factor of activated T-cell cytoplasmic 1 , figureFileSmall=EslJSlHfC3J6GDahCfFKtQ==, figureFileBig=0MO/5W/NVmZCVh+PWtCEfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201177213795266732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177208195871651, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.Names in the Ref.Producing strainYearRef.
1 Insulicolide A (6β-[(4-nitrobenzoyl)oxy]-9α, 14-dihydroxycinnamolide) Aspergillus insulicola [marine fungus] 1997 [11]
9α, 14-Dihydroxy-6β-p-nitrobenzoylcinnamolide Aspergillus versicolor [marine fungus] 1998 [9]
Aspergillus sp. SCSGAF 0076 [marine fungus] 2013 [8]
Insulicolide A Aspergillus insulicola [marine sediment-derived fungus] 2010 [32]
Aspergillus ochraceus Jcma1F17 [marine alga-derived fungus] 2014 [10]
Aspergillus insulicola MD10-2 [marine sponge-derived fungus] 2016 [15]
Aspergillus ochraceus Jcma1F17 [marine alga-derived fungus] 2018 [13]
Aspergillus flocculosus [marine sediment-derived fungus] 2019 [14]
2 14-Hydroxy-6β-p-nitrobenzoylcinnamolide Aspergillus versicolor [marine fungus] 1998 [9]
6β-[(4-Nitrobenzoyl)oxy]-14-hydroxycinnamolide Aspergillus insulicola MD10-2 [marine sponge-derived fungus] 2016 [15]
9-Deoxyinsulicolide A Aspergillus ochraceus Jcma1F17 [marine alga-derived fungus] 2018 [13]
3 7α, 14-Dihydroxy-6β-p-nitrobenzoylconfertifolin Aspergillus versicolor [marine fungus] 1998 [9]
Aspergillus sp. SCSGAF 0076 [marine fungus] 2013 [8]
Aspergillus flocculosus [marine sediment-derived fungus] 2019 [14]
6β-[(4-Nitrobenzoyl)oxy]-7α, 14-dihydroxycinnamolide Aspergillus insulicola MD10-2 [marine sponge-derived fungus] 2016 [15]
4 6β, 7α-Dihydroxy-14-p-nitrobenzoylconfertifolin Aspergillus versicolor [marine fungus] 1998 [9]
14-[(4-Nitrobenzoyl)oxy]-6β, 7α-dihydroxycinnamolide Aspergillus insulicola MD10-2 [marine sponge-derived fungus] 2016 [15]
5 6β, 9α-Dihydroxy-14-p-nitrobenzoylcinnamolide Aspergillus ochraceus Jcma1F17 [marine alga-derived fungus] 2014 [10]
2018 [13]
14-[(4-Nitrobenzoyl)oxy]-9α, 6β-dihydroxycinnamolide Aspergillus insulicola MD10-2 [marine sponge-derived fungus] 2016 [15]
6 Insulicolide B Aspergillus ochraceus Jcma1F17 [marine alga-derived fungus] 2018 [13]
7 Insulicolide C
8 14-O-Acetylinsulicolide A
9 Insulicolide D Aspergillus insulicola HDN151418 [marine sponge-derived fungus] 2022 [12]
10 Insulicolide E
11 Insulicolide F
12 Insulicolide G
), ArticleFig(id=1201177213883347124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177208195871651, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Specific classification of natural nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.Names in the Ref.Producing strainYearRef.
1 Insulicolide A (6β-[(4-nitrobenzoyl)oxy]-9α, 14-dihydroxycinnamolide) Aspergillus insulicola [marine fungus] 1997 [11]
9α, 14-Dihydroxy-6β-p-nitrobenzoylcinnamolide Aspergillus versicolor [marine fungus] 1998 [9]
Aspergillus sp. SCSGAF 0076 [marine fungus] 2013 [8]
Insulicolide A Aspergillus insulicola [marine sediment-derived fungus] 2010 [32]
Aspergillus ochraceus Jcma1F17 [marine alga-derived fungus] 2014 [10]
Aspergillus insulicola MD10-2 [marine sponge-derived fungus] 2016 [15]
Aspergillus ochraceus Jcma1F17 [marine alga-derived fungus] 2018 [13]
Aspergillus flocculosus [marine sediment-derived fungus] 2019 [14]
2 14-Hydroxy-6β-p-nitrobenzoylcinnamolide Aspergillus versicolor [marine fungus] 1998 [9]
6β-[(4-Nitrobenzoyl)oxy]-14-hydroxycinnamolide Aspergillus insulicola MD10-2 [marine sponge-derived fungus] 2016 [15]
9-Deoxyinsulicolide A Aspergillus ochraceus Jcma1F17 [marine alga-derived fungus] 2018 [13]
3 7α, 14-Dihydroxy-6β-p-nitrobenzoylconfertifolin Aspergillus versicolor [marine fungus] 1998 [9]
Aspergillus sp. SCSGAF 0076 [marine fungus] 2013 [8]
Aspergillus flocculosus [marine sediment-derived fungus] 2019 [14]
6β-[(4-Nitrobenzoyl)oxy]-7α, 14-dihydroxycinnamolide Aspergillus insulicola MD10-2 [marine sponge-derived fungus] 2016 [15]
4 6β, 7α-Dihydroxy-14-p-nitrobenzoylconfertifolin Aspergillus versicolor [marine fungus] 1998 [9]
14-[(4-Nitrobenzoyl)oxy]-6β, 7α-dihydroxycinnamolide Aspergillus insulicola MD10-2 [marine sponge-derived fungus] 2016 [15]
5 6β, 9α-Dihydroxy-14-p-nitrobenzoylcinnamolide Aspergillus ochraceus Jcma1F17 [marine alga-derived fungus] 2014 [10]
2018 [13]
14-[(4-Nitrobenzoyl)oxy]-9α, 6β-dihydroxycinnamolide Aspergillus insulicola MD10-2 [marine sponge-derived fungus] 2016 [15]
6 Insulicolide B Aspergillus ochraceus Jcma1F17 [marine alga-derived fungus] 2018 [13]
7 Insulicolide C
8 14-O-Acetylinsulicolide A
9 Insulicolide D Aspergillus insulicola HDN151418 [marine sponge-derived fungus] 2022 [12]
10 Insulicolide E
11 Insulicolide F
12 Insulicolide G
), ArticleFig(id=1201177213971427515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177208195871651, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Chemical nameCompd.
1
Compd.
3
Compd.
5
Compd.
8
Pharmacokinetics GI absorption High High High Low
BBB permeant No No No No
P-gp substrate Yes Yes Yes Yes
CYP1A2 inhibitor No No No No
CYP2C19 inhibitor No No No No
CYP2C9 inhibitor Yes No Yes Yes
CYP2D6 inhibitor No No No No
CYP3A4 inhibitor No No No Yes
Druglikeness Lipinski #violations 0 0 0 0
Ghose #violations 0 0 0 0
Veber #violations 0 0 0 1
Egan #violations 1 1 1 1
Muegge #violations 0 0 0 0
Medicinal chemistry PAINS #alerts 0 0 0 0
Brenk #alerts 3 3 3 3
Leadlikeness #violations 1 1 1 1
Synthetic accessibility 4.95 5.06 4.95 5.14
), ArticleFig(id=1201177214084673735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201177208195871651, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Prediction of drug-likeness of compounds 1, 3, 5, and 8[37]. Lipophilicity: 0-3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Chemical nameCompd.
1
Compd.
3
Compd.
5
Compd.
8
Pharmacokinetics GI absorption High High High Low
BBB permeant No No No No
P-gp substrate Yes Yes Yes Yes
CYP1A2 inhibitor No No No No
CYP2C19 inhibitor No No No No
CYP2C9 inhibitor Yes No Yes Yes
CYP2D6 inhibitor No No No No
CYP3A4 inhibitor No No No Yes
Druglikeness Lipinski #violations 0 0 0 0
Ghose #violations 0 0 0 0
Veber #violations 0 0 0 1
Egan #violations 1 1 1 1
Muegge #violations 0 0 0 0
Medicinal chemistry PAINS #alerts 0 0 0 0
Brenk #alerts 3 3 3 3
Leadlikeness #violations 1 1 1 1
Synthetic accessibility 4.95 5.06 4.95 5.14
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海洋特征天然产物——硝基苯酯倍半萜类的研究进展
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陈仪 1, 2 , 佘江链 1, 2 , 唐斓 3 , 刘永宏 1, 2 , 周雪峰 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(1): 35-42
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(1): 35-42
海洋特征天然产物——硝基苯酯倍半萜类的研究进展
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陈仪1, 2, 佘江链1, 2, 唐斓3, 刘永宏1, 2, 周雪峰1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院南海海洋研究所, 中国科学院热带海洋生物资源与生态重点实验室, 广东省海洋药物重点实验室, 广东 广州 510301
  • 2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
  • 3.南方医科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510515

通讯作者:

*周雪峰, Tel: 86-20-89023174, E-mail:
Research progress of nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids as marine characteristic natural products
Yi CHEN1, 2, Jiang-lian SHE1, 2, Lan TANG3, Yong-hong LIU1, 2, Xue-feng ZHOU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
  • 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
出版时间: 2024-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0419
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倍半萜类化合物在自然界中广泛存在, 而硝基苯酯倍半萜类化合物较为罕见。迄今发现的12种天然来源硝基苯酯倍半萜均来自于海洋曲霉属Aspergillus真菌, 是一类典型的海洋特征天然产物。该类天然产物显示了较好的抗肿瘤、抗病毒和抑制破骨细胞分化活性, 特别是在治疗破骨细胞相关疾病中显示较好的药用开发价值。本文对硝基苯酯倍半萜的天然产物来源和化学结构、化学和生物合成、生物活性和药理机制进行了综述, 并对其吸收(absorption)、分布(distribution)、代谢(metabolism)、排泄(excretion) 及毒性(toxicity) (ADME/T) 和类药性进行预测和讨论, 为海洋来源硝基苯酯倍半萜类天然产物及其药用开发潜力提供较为全面的认识。

硝基苯酯倍半萜  /  海洋天然产物  /  曲霉属  /  抑制破骨细胞分化  /  类药性

Sesquiterpenoids are widely found in nature, while nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids are relatively rare. Twelve natural nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids were all derived from marine Aspergillus fungi, which are typical natural products with marine characteristics. These natural products exhibit good antitumor, antiviral, and inhibition of osteoclast differentiation activity, especially in the treatment of osteoclast-related diseases, showing good medicinal development value. This article reviews the natural product sources, chemical structure, chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, bioactivity, and pharmacological mechanisms of nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids and predicts and discusses their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADME/T), and drug-likeness, providing a comprehensive understanding of the natural products of nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids from marine sources and their potential for pharmaceutical development.

nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoid  /  marine natural product  /  Aspergillus  /  inhibition of osteoclast differentiation  /  drug-likeness
陈仪, 佘江链, 唐斓, 刘永宏, 周雪峰. 海洋特征天然产物——硝基苯酯倍半萜类的研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (1) : 35 -42 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0419
Yi CHEN, Jiang-lian SHE, Lan TANG, Yong-hong LIU, Xue-feng ZHOU. Research progress of nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids as marine characteristic natural products[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (1) : 35 -42 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0419
倍半萜类化合物广泛存在于陆地和海洋来源的植物和微生物中, 具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗微生物等生物活性[1-5]。硝基苯酯倍半萜(nitrobenzoyl sesquiterpenoids) 是由drimane型倍半萜(drimane-type sesquiterpenes, DTSs)[6]与硝基苯甲酰基形成的天然产物, 在自然界中较为少见; 迄今为止, 文献[7-15]仅报道了12种天然来源硝基苯酯倍半萜, 均由海洋来源的曲霉属Aspergillus真菌产生。因此, 硝基苯酯倍半萜是一类典型的海洋特征天然产物。该类天然产物显示了较好的抗肿瘤、抗病毒和抑制破骨细胞分化活性, 特别是在治疗破骨细胞相关疾病中显示较好的药用开发价值[8-10, 16, 17]。为全面了解该类海洋特征天然产物, 特别是在药用开发中的潜力, 本文对其天然产物来源和化学结构、化学和生物合成、生物活性和药理机制进行了综述, 并对其吸收(absorption)、分布(distribution)、代谢(metabolism)、排泄(excretion) 及毒性(toxicity) (ADME/T) 和类药性进行预测和讨论, 对其研究进展和不足进行一定的讨论和分析。
天然来源的第一个硝基苯酯倍半萜insulicolide A (1) 在上个世纪末被报道, 是由Rahbaek等[11]和Belofsky等[9]从不同的海洋来源曲霉菌(分别是Aspergillus insulicolaA. versicolor) 中几乎同时发现的, 两个团队用X射线晶体学和详细的波谱分析鉴定其化学结构, 包括立体结构。另外, Belofsky等[9]还同时发现了另外3个硝基苯酯倍半萜新化合物, 主要是硝基苯甲酰基取代位置, 双键位置以及羟基取代位置的不同。之后, 一直到近十年, 国内多个研究团队陆续在不同的海洋真菌分离和发现多个硝基苯酯倍半萜类天然产物[8, 10, 12, 13, 15]。俄罗斯Yurchenko等[14]于2019年在越南芽庄湾海洋沉积物来源曲霉Aspergillus flocculosus菌株中也发现了insulicolide A (1) 和7α, 14-dihydroxy-6β-p-nitrobenzoylconfertifolin (3)。以上12个硝基苯酯倍半萜天然产物(1~12) 均为海洋来源的曲霉菌中发现, 其化学结构见图 1[7-15, 18, 19]
从这些化合物的结构来看, 所有硝基的取代位置均为苯环的对位且所有内酯的酮基结构均在C-12位, 硝基苯甲酰基在DTSs的6位或14位发生取代。常见羟基位于C-6、C-9和C-14位, 其中有两种化合物(3, 4) 在7位有羟基取代。此外, 除了化合物3, 4的双键位于C8=C9, 其余化合物双键均位于C7=C8。在南极洲海绵来源曲霉菌中, 分离鉴定了四个C-14位带有脂肪链的硝基苯酯倍半萜类天然产物insulicolides D~G (9~12)[12]。目前还没有关于C-6位和C-14位同时具有硝基苯甲酰基取代或C-9位单独取代的该类化合物的相关报道, 推测有以下五点原因: ①不同来源的DTSs, 大部分在C-9位形成一个或两个五元环, 可能因为空间位阻效应而不利于硝基苯甲酰基这个大基团在此处进行酯化[19-29]; ②有些DTSs骨架(如化合物3, 4) 是在C8=C9形成双键, 也就影响了C-9位的硝基苯甲酰基取代; ③在相似化合物生物合成途径中, 酶主要催化C-6位的酯基形成, 且自然界来源的12种硝基苯酯倍半萜类化合物只有3种在C-14位有硝基苯甲酰基取代, 由此推测催化C-14位酯化的酶可能存在表达不稳定或表达量低等原因导致两个位点没有同时进行酯化[30, 31]; ④ Tan等[16]在分析化合物5抑制破骨细胞分化活性中, 曾对其靶点评估进行分子对接研究, 结果显示5的C-6和C-9位羟基是结合p65蛋白的有效基团, 所以在C-6/C-14处只进行一个位点的酯化可能更有利于化合物与蛋白口袋的结合, 从而更好发挥其生物活性; ⑤最后, 可能因为菌株来源、发酵条件或合成过程条件不同、一些生物合成基因和基因簇沉默表达等各种原因, 尚未发现自然界中存在的上面所述的硝基苯甲酰基多取代或在C-9位单取代的化合物。硝基苯酯倍半萜化合物的来源等信息见表 1[8-15, 32]
Zhao等[15]在分离获得硝基苯酯倍半萜类天然产物后, 进行了简单的结构修饰, insulicolide A (1) 在吡啶存在条件下用乙酸酐处理, 得到两个主要的乙酰化衍生物813
Lai等[18]于2018年首次对硝基苯酯倍半萜类天然产物进行化学全合成; 该团队主要针对insulicolide A (1), 以及相关的7α, 14-dihydroxy-6β-p-nitrobenzoylconfertifolin (3)、6β, 9α-dihydroxy-14-p-nitrobenzoylcinnamolide (5) 和14-O-acetylinsulicolide A (8) 进行了不对称全合成。该合成的关键步骤包括: ①铱催化的对映选择性多烯环化以构建在C-4和C-10带有两个季碳手性中心的drimane核; ②苯酚环的级联臭氧分解以形成目标分子的内酯片段, 为该类化合物的化学合成解析了新路线。
目前该类化合物的生物合成暂无相关报道。本文分析已报道的两大类drimane型倍半萜酯的生物合成: ① Aspergillus oryzae中的astellolide类化合物, 该合成路线以焦磷酸法呢酯(FPP) 为起点, AstC酶催化质子化引发的FPP环化为drimanyl焦磷酸盐, AstI和AstK酶连续去磷酸化以产生drim-8-ene-11-ol, 该化合物转化为三羟基密叶辛木素(trihydroxy confertifolin) 的中间过程可能由AstE, AstD, AstB, AstF, AstJ等酶参与, 随后由一种非核糖体肽合成酶, AstA, 其负责催化芳基酸与三羟基密叶辛木素(trihydroxy confertifolin) 之间的酯基形成, 最后由AstG酶促进C-15位的O-乙酰化以形成astellolide类化合物[31]; ② Aspergillus calidoustus中的calidoustene类化合物, 该合成路线同样以FPP为起点, DrtB酶将其转化为drimenol, DrtD酶催化C-6, C-9和C-12的羟基化, 并分别将C-6和C-11的羟基氧化为酮和醛; 之后该生物合成分两个方向进行, 其可通过与生物合成基因簇drt无关的酶在C-2和C-3处进一步羟基化, 也可通过DrtC酶进一步将C-11/C-12位氧化为羧酸, 然后与γ-OH形成丁内酯环; 接着DrtA酶合成不同长度(6碳和8碳) 的聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase, PKS) 链, 被DrtF酶氧化至不同程度; 最后DrtE酶负责将聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase, PKS) 链转移至DTSs以形成drimane型倍半萜酯[30]
考虑到astellolide化合物和calidoustene化合物与硝基苯酯倍半萜类化合物之间结构的相似性, 它们都具有DTSs骨架且都在C-6位形成酯基; 此外, astellolide化合物的DTSs骨架中双键位置位于C8=C9, calidoustene化合物的DTSs骨架中双键位置位于C7=C8, 能满足硝基苯酯倍半萜类化合物的DTSs骨架中两种类型双键位置的结构条件。因此, 预测在硝基苯酯倍半萜类天然产物生物合成过程中, AstC/I/K和DrtB酶两大酶系参与形成drim-8-ene-11-ol和drimenol两种DTSs骨架类型, 最后由AstA或DrtE等类似的酶参与其酯基的形成, 但具体的过程还有待验证。
值得注意的是, Li等[33]于2022年从Aspergillus brevijanus中分离出对硝基苯甲酰化哌嗪类化合物brevijanazines, 并通过异源生物合成、前体喂养等实验揭示了brevijanazines的生物合成途径。在该合成过程中, BvjF酶可作为对硝基苯甲酸合成酶催化对氨基苯甲酸转化为对硝基苯甲酸; 基于这一思路, BvjF酶可能参与到硝基苯酯倍半萜化合物的对硝基苯甲酰基的生物合成中[33, 34]
Insulicolide A (1) 对60种癌细胞系显示抗癌活性, 平均LC50是1.1 μg·mL-1; 对于不同类型的癌细胞系, 如结肠癌细胞系HCC-2998、HCT-116, 中枢神经系统癌细胞系SNB-75和乳腺癌细胞系BT-549, 1均展示良好的细胞毒性, LC50分别是0.53、0.44、0.44和0.27 μg·mL-1; 此外, 1对五种不同的肾癌细胞系786-O、ACHN、UO-31、TK-10和CAK-1表现出选择性细胞毒性, 其LC50范围是0.47~0.57 μg·mL-1[9]
Fang等[10]对insulicolide A (1) 和6β, 9α-dihydroxy-14-p-nitrobenzoylcinnamolide (5) 进行细胞毒性测试, 实验结果显示两种化合物对人类的10种癌细胞系(H1975、U937、K562、BGC-823、Molt-4、MCF-7、A549、Hela、HL60和Huh-7) 均具有显著的细胞毒性, IC50范围是1.95~6.35 μmol·L-1。此外, 1对人肺癌细胞系H-460的IC50值是6.9 μmol·L-1, 揭示其较好的细胞毒性, 但对该化合物乙酰化后所得的14-O-acetylinsulicolide A (8) 和化合物13对该细胞毒性明显降低; 而6β-[(4-nitrobenzoyl)oxy]-7α, 14-dihydroxycinnamolide (3) 对H-460无细胞毒性, 两种化合物的主要差别体现在双键位置的不同, 说明C7=C8对化合物产生细胞毒性可能有影响[15]
Tan等[13]对从海洋真菌Aspergillus ochraceus Jcma1F17来源的化合物进行活性测试, 结果显示insulicolide A (1)、6β, 9α-dihydroxy-14-p-nitrobenzoylcinnamolide (5) 和14-O-acetylinsulicolide A (8) 对三种人肾细胞癌系的细胞毒性强于化合物9-deoxyinsulicolide A (2)、insulicolide B (6) 和insulicolide C (7), IC50值范围是0.89~8.2 μmol·L-1; 这个结果表明C-9位的羟基是细胞毒作用的活性基团; 其中化合物1的活性最强, 特别是对于786-O细胞, 其IC50值为0.89 μmol·L-1; 而化合物5对三种癌细胞系的活性均弱于乙酰化的化合物8, 特别是对ACHN细胞, 其IC50值> 10 μmol·L-1, 由此推测, 尽管C-14羟基乙酰化后化合物活性降低, 但该位置的硝基苯甲酰基取代对削弱化合物活性的影响更大, 其抗肿瘤活性不如C-6位的硝基苯甲酰基取代后的活性。
由于化合物8对肾细胞癌786-O的活性(IC50 = 2.3 μmol·L-1) 强于ACHN (IC50 = 4.1 μmol·L-1) 和OS-RC-2 (IC50 = 5.3 μmol·L-1), Tan等[13]对该化合物的诱导细胞周期阻滞能力和细胞凋亡效应进行进一步研究, 实验结果显示对786-O细胞处理72 h后, 化合物8在1.0 μmol·L-1的浓度下可诱导G0/G1期的细胞群从45%增加到54%, 即可将细胞周期阻滞在G0/G1期; 而在2.0 μmol·L-1的浓度下可诱导细胞晚期凋亡, 这些结果提示化合物8具有较好的抗肿瘤研究前景。
Yurchenko等[14]对从海洋沉积物来源真菌Aspergillus flocculosus分离出的化合物进行细胞毒性检测, 实验结果显示insulicolide A (1) 对鼠神经母细胞瘤Neuro-2a细胞的细胞毒性强于同一批样品中的其他化合物, IC50值为4.9 μmol·L-1, 对人耐药前列腺癌22Rv1细胞的IC50达3.0 μmol·L-1, 而对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的毒性较弱, IC50为59.6 μmol·L-1; 同一批样品中的化合物14对Neuro-2a细胞的IC50值为24.1 μmol·L-1, 对22Rv1细胞的IC50值为31.5 μmol·L-1, 而14的IC50值在100 μmol·L-1以下对MCF-7细胞无细胞毒性。对比化合物114活性可知, 在同样存在C-9位羟基活性基团的两种化合物中, 其活性受C-6位硝基苯甲酰基取代的影响, 该取代基是硝基苯酯倍半萜类化合物抗肿瘤的活性基团。该推测在另外的报道中同样得到证实: Cohen等[35]评估海洋来源的Aspergillus insuetus (OY-207) 菌株中的化合物15对MOLT-4人白血病癌细胞系的抑制活性, 结果显示在浓度为50 mg·mL-115对该癌细胞系无活性[19, 35]
Sun等[12]对四种带有脂肪链的硝基苯酯倍半萜类化合物insulicolides D~G (9~12) 进行细胞毒测试, 主要肿瘤细胞系有三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231以及两种对吉西他滨不敏感的PDAC细胞系AsPC-1和PANC-1; 结果显示, 化合物11, 12对AsPC-1和PANC-1的细胞毒性较强, 其中11的IC50分别为2.7 μmol·L-1和4.6 μmol·L-1; 12的IC50值分别为2.3和4.2 μmol·L-1; 但9, 10对AsPC-1和PANC-1的细胞毒性较弱, IC50值均大于30.0 μmol·L-1, 该结果同样佐证了C-9位羟基是细胞毒作用的活性基团; 对活性最好的12进行进一步研究, 评估了该化合物对其他9种癌细胞系的细胞毒性, 结果显示相比于肺癌细胞(H1975、A549和H446)、肝细胞癌细胞(HepG2) 和乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7和MDA-MB-231), 化合物12对胰腺癌细胞(AsPC-1、PANC-1和BxPC-3) 的活性较好, 且对AsPC-1和PANC-1细胞的抑制呈现浓度和时间依赖性; 此外, 化合物12与抗癌药吉西他滨联合使用24 h后能显著提高吉西他滨对AsPC-1和PANC-1细胞的细胞毒性。
Bao等[8]对从柳珊瑚来源真菌Aspergillus sp. SCSGAF 0076中分离的化合物进行细胞病变实验, 结果显示9α, 14-dihydroxy-6β-p-nitrobenzoylcinnamolide (1) 对流感病毒株H1N1和H3N2具有明显的抑制作用, IC50值分别为7.4和4.3 μmol·L-1; 而7α, 14-dihydroxy-6β-p-nitrobenzoylconfertifolin (3) 的抑制活性较弱, IC50值分别为36.0和12.0 μmol·L-1
Tan等[16, 17]对海洋曲霉Aspergillus ochraceus Jcma1F17来源的6个硝基苯酯倍半萜和相关的DTSs进行NF-κB抑制活性筛选, 发现6β, 9α-dihydroxy-14-p-nitrobenzoylcinnamolide (5, NS4) 具有显著抑制NF-κB活性; 在破骨细胞分化抑制活性筛选中, 发现C-9位羟基的两个硝基苯酯倍半萜化合物NS4和insulicolide A (1, NS5) 具有显著抑制活性。进一步研究发现, NS4在0.5 mol·L-1时开始即可抑制核因子-κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand, RANKL) 诱导的破骨细胞形成和骨吸收; 在2 μmol·L-1时显著减弱了破骨细胞形成, 并且该抑制活性呈剂量依赖性; 通过MTT和CCK8活性测定显示NS4在0.5~2 μmol·L-1时对RAW264.7细胞和骨髓巨噬细胞没有细胞毒性作用; 在体外破骨细胞形成过程中, NS4阻断了RANKL诱导的IκBα磷酸化、NF-κB p65易位、活化T-细胞核因子1 (nuclear factor of activated T-cell cytoplasmic 1, NFATc1) 活化等, 但是不降低RANKL诱导的c-Fos表达; 动物实验显示, 用1和5 mg·kg-1不同剂量组的NS4对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides, LPS)[36]诱导的小鼠治疗8天, 其可通过显著增加骨密度、骨体积分数、骨小梁数目和骨小梁连接密度同时减少骨小梁分离度从而恢复LPS诱导的骨丢失; 同时, 用5 mg·kg-1剂量的NS4对LPS诱导的小鼠治疗8天后其可改善骨形成减少状况, 这与NS4治疗后增加的骨量相一致。因此, NS4通过抑制RANKL诱导的IκBα磷酸化、阻断p65入核和RelB核易位来抑制NF-κB的活化; 通过抑制NFATc1信号通路来抑制RANKL诱导的破骨细胞形成[16]
Tan等[17]进一步研究发现insulicolide A (1, NS5) 抑制破骨细胞分化的机制与NS4略有不同。NS5在1~2 μmol·L-1剂量内减弱RANKL体外诱导的破骨细胞生成c-Fos-NFATc1信号通路; 但对NF-κB p65的核易位没有显著影响, 也没有显著降低对丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路的ERK、p38蛋白和JNK的磷酸化; 动物实验显示, 用5和10 mg·kg-1不同剂量组的NS5对LPS诱导的小鼠治疗8天后可以减轻LPS诱导的骨破坏。因此, NS5是通过抑制c-Fos-NFATc1信号通路, 而非NF-κB通路, 达到抑制破骨细胞形成和抑制骨吸收的功效[17]。NS4和NS5抑制破骨细胞分化的药理机制见图 2
一个理想的候选药物不仅需发挥其药理功能, 还应具备良好的药代动力学特性, 即机体对药物的作用, 有四个主要决定因素即ADME; 药物的ADME/T也会影响药效, 而在传统药物研发过程中由于受多种因素影响, 通常只有在进入临床阶段才会考虑药物的ADME/T性质, 但是不良的ADME/T性质是候选药物在临床试验阶段失败的部分原因; 因此, 在药物研发前期预测其ADME/T性质以评估成药性可以降低失败率; 随着人们对该问题的日益重视和计算机辅助药物模拟技术的推广, 化合物ADME/T的预测程序得到开发, 有助于进行化合物类药性预测[37-40]
本文使用SwissADME (http://www.swissadme.ch) 在线免费网站对上述具有活性的化合物(化合物1358) 进行在线预测, 预测结果见表 2[37], 可分为脂溶性、药代动力学性质、类药性和药物化学性质等[37, 41]。根据结果分析如下: ①化合物135具有符合口服药物的最适脂溶性, 胃肠道吸收也高, 但同时又是P糖蛋白底物, P糖蛋白是ATP结合盒(ABC) 转运蛋白超家族的一员, 可通过水解ATP将多种药物泵出细胞, 因此这三种化合物容易发生穿透细胞膜后又被P糖蛋白外排的现象, 导致耐药性和低生物利用度[37, 40, 42, 43]; ② 表 2中的CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2D6和CYP3A4酶属于细胞色素P450超家族, 负责大部分药物的代谢, 其中CYP3A4酶主要负责约50%的异生物质代谢, 而化合物1, 58均为CYP2C9酶抑制剂, 化合物8同时还是CYP3A4酶抑制剂, 因此可能引起蓄积而发生不良反应[40, 44, 45]; ③ Brenk板块包括了105个被Brenk等鉴定的具有代谢不稳定、假定毒性、导致不良的药物代谢动力学等特性的片段; 经过分析四种化合物均存在三种不利片段, 分别是酯基、硝基和氮氧单键, 其中硝基是潜在的诱变基团[41, 46]; ④合成可行性(synthetic accessibility) 可表征合成难度, 数值范围是从1到10, 1代表非常容易合成, 10代表合成非常困难; 四种化合物的结果数值在4.5到5.5之间, 代表它们具有中等的合成难度[37, 41]; 而Lai等[18]已于2018年对这四种化合物进行不对称全合成, 亦印证其中等合成难度。
Rahbaek等[11]在1997年分离获得insulicolide A时, 曾在陆源的曲霉真菌(A. bridgeriA. sclerotiorum) 中用HPLC分析同样检测到了insulicolide A。但是由于并未直接分离获得和确切的结构鉴定, 特别是至今二十余年所有硝基苯酯倍半萜天然产物均为海洋真菌来源, 本文仍然认为硝基苯酯倍半萜是一类典型的海洋特征天然产物。同时, 有别于其他drimane型倍半萜酯, 如asperienes等化合物, 其酯基由DTSs与脂肪链形成; 与硝基苯酯倍半萜结构非常相近的陆源astellolides类化合物, 其酯基是由DTSs与对羟基苯甲酰基结合而成, 而硝基苯酯倍半萜的酯基由DTSs与对硝基苯甲酰基于C-6/C-14形成; 因此, 硝基苯酯倍半萜化学结构中最具“特征”的基团是对硝基苯甲酰基[35, 47-53]
海洋天然产物已成为天然药物研发的新源泉[54, 55]。近五年来全球报道的新结构海洋天然产物中, 超1/3的都来自海洋真菌[56]。然而由于大部分海洋真菌培养困难、活性代谢产物的含量较低等问题, 限制了深入的药理机制研究和成药性评价[57, 58]; 硝基苯酯倍半萜天然产物在野生型海洋真菌中含量都很低[8-15, 32]; 而目前关于该化合物的合成仅有一篇报道, 且存在合成路线较为繁杂、中间产物较多影响产率等问题, 制约了对该化合物活性的深入探索[18]。因此, 在现有的硝基苯酯倍半萜类化合物的活性研究中, 大部分处于分子或细胞水平。仅有的动物模型, 是本团队对NS4和NS5进行破骨细胞相关疾病研究[16, 17]。然而, 由于药源问题, 进一步的非临床药代动力学研究受到了很大的限制[59]。因此, 在后续研究中, 需要通过设计或优化化学全合成路线, 或重建目标产物生物合成途径等方法, 以突破原有野生菌株含量低的瓶颈[60, 61]。在对化合物类药性预测中发现该化合物结构具有作为P糖蛋白底物和主要代谢酶抑制剂导致其较低生物利用度和体内蓄积产生毒性等一系列问题, 后续研究中还需进一步关注和深入探索。
本团队在硝基苯酯倍半萜天然产物的发现和药理研究方面做出了重要贡献[10, 13, 16, 17], 特别是发现其在治疗骨质疏松等破骨细胞相关疾病中具有重要的药用开发潜力。基于本文对硝基苯酯倍半萜的研究进展综述, 本团队将在药源菌株发酵调控和异源表达等方面进一步深入研究, 希望可以突破硝基苯酯倍半萜的药源瓶颈, 继续进行结构优化以获得具有更好成药性的药物先导化合物, 为海洋创新药物研发提供候选品种。
致谢: 陈睿杰和王银如在文献查阅和写作中给予了帮助。
作者贡献: 陈仪查阅文献, 撰写并修改论文; 佘江链、唐斓、刘永宏和周雪峰均阅读并参与修改论文。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明无任何利益冲突。
  • “广东特支计划”本土创新创业团队(2019BT02Y262)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U20A20101)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973235)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0419
  • 接收时间:2023-04-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-05
  • 修回日期:2023-06-30
基金
“广东特支计划”本土创新创业团队(2019BT02Y262)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U20A20101)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973235)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院南海海洋研究所, 中国科学院热带海洋生物资源与生态重点实验室, 广东省海洋药物重点实验室, 广东 广州 510301
    2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
    3.南方医科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510515

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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