Article(id=1201158422801637473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0677, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1685376000000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-30, revisedDate=1694361600000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764308084440, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1707667200000, pubDateStr=2024-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764308084440, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764308084440, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764308084440, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201158414379479837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='269', pageEnd='492', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764308082432, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764308181123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201158828365669286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201158828365669287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=313, endPage=321, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201158423250428027, articleId=1201158422801637473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on the role of cytochrome P450 in plant sesquiterpene biosynthesis, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sesquiterpenes are natural terpenoids with 15 carbon atoms in the basic skeleton, which mainly exist in plant volatile oil and have important physiological and medicinal value. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a kind of monooxygenase encoded by supergene family, which is one of the largest gene families in plants. It is involved in the synthesis and metabolism of terpenoids, alkaloids and other secondary metabolites. In the process of terpene biosynthesis, CYP450 participates in the post-modification stage of terpenes by introducing functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl and carbonyl, which plays an important role in enriching the diversity of terpenes. The CYP450 enzymes involved in sesquiterpene synthesis and their substrate catalytic specificity mechanisms have been partially investigated. In this paper, the biosynthetic pathway of plant sesquiterpenes, the structure and classification of CYP450 enzymes were briefly introduced, and the CYP450 enzymes involved in sesquiterpene biosynthesis were summarized, in order to provide a reference for intensive study of the role of CYP450 enzymes in the synthesis of sesquiterpenoids.

, correspAuthors=Yan-hong XU, Jian-he WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shi-xi GAO, Mei RONG, Jun-xiang PENG, Yan-hong XU, Jian-he WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201158425687318850, articleId=1201158422801637473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=细胞色素P450在植物倍半萜类化合物生物合成中的作用研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

倍半萜类化合物是基本骨架含15个碳原子的天然萜类化合物, 主要存在于植物挥发油中, 具有重要的生理作用和药用价值。细胞色素P450 (cytochrome P450, CYP450) 是一类超基因家族编码的单加氧酶, 是植物中最大的基因家族之一, 参与萜类、生物碱等多种次生代谢产物的合成与代谢。在萜类生物合成过程中, CYP450酶通过引入羟基、羧基、羰基等官能团参与萜类化合物的后修饰阶段, 为丰富萜类化合物多样性起到了重要作用。参与倍半萜合成的CYP450酶及底物催化特异性机制已有一些研究, 本文简要介绍了植物倍半萜类化合物的生物合成途径、P450酶的结构和分类, 对参与倍半萜生物合成的CYP450酶进行了总结, 以期为更深入探究CYP450酶在合成倍半萜类化合物中的作用提供参考。

, correspAuthors=徐艳红, 魏建和, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*徐艳红, Tel/Fax: 86-10-57833359, E-mail: ;
魏建和, Tel/Fax: 86-10-57833358, E-mail:
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2. Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1201158427813831161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, authorId=1201158427423760871, language=CN, stringName=魏建和, firstName=建和, middleName=null, lastName=魏, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 濒危药材繁育国家工程实验室, 北京 100193
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Metab Eng, 2014, 23: 145-153., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1201158431391572672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, awardId=7222286, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市自然科学基金项目(7222286), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1201158431496430277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, awardId=82173925, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(82173925), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1201158431571927755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, awardId=2021-1-12M-032, language=CN, fundingSource=中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程—重大协同创新项目(2021-1-12M-032), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201158425930588511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201158425934782816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, companyId=1201158425930588511, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201158425943171426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, companyId=1201158425930588511, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 濒危药材繁育国家工程实验室, 北京 100193)]), AuthorCompany(id=1201158426064806252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201158426077389166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, companyId=1201158426064806252, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201158426089972081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, companyId=1201158426064806252, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所海南分所, 海南省南药资源保护与开发重点实验室, 国家中医药管理局沉香可持续利用重点研究室, 海南 海口 570311)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1201158429445415514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3ep58gaP1TFXUOVnodBrkA==, figureFileBig=SK9aRF9QjSZ1LyMOcWOxmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158429520912994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Representative sesquiterpenes from medicinal plants , figureFileSmall=3ep58gaP1TFXUOVnodBrkA==, figureFileBig=SK9aRF9QjSZ1LyMOcWOxmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158429726433903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ceKQgR7enExscJhP0CBbaQ==, figureFileBig=givIi0gg8Fc9XxNYl7GkEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158429852263030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Terpene biosynthetic pathways. MVA: Mevalonate pathway (occurs mainly in the cytoplasmic matrix); MEP: Methylery-thritol phosphate pathway (occurs mainly in the plastid); IPP: Isopentenyl pyrophosphate; DMAPP: Dimethylallyl diphosphate; FPP: Farnesyl pyrophosphate; GPP: Geranyl pyrophosphate; GGPP: Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; TPS: Terpene synthases; DH: Dehydrogenases; GT: Glycosyl transferases , figureFileSmall=ceKQgR7enExscJhP0CBbaQ==, figureFileBig=givIi0gg8Fc9XxNYl7GkEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158429965509244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gxexVgneeHvsY6EOcUj9Zg==, figureFileBig=fvsrg1wniOsONYfntOUmTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158430087144066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) involved in sesquiterpene biosynthesis. The yellow, blue and green boxes represent the hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl groups obtained after oxidation, respectively , figureFileSmall=gxexVgneeHvsY6EOcUj9Zg==, figureFileBig=fvsrg1wniOsONYfntOUmTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158430242333319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ehBOz+qFyevQ5v8MUuIyvA==, figureFileBig=b5zCx4wuefCzZcNjMKlIUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158430372356747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The phylogenetic tree analysis of CYP450 proteins directly involved in sesquiterpene skeleton formation by neighbor-joining method. The red font indicates the unpublished CYP450 of our group , figureFileSmall=ehBOz+qFyevQ5v8MUuIyvA==, figureFileBig=b5zCx4wuefCzZcNjMKlIUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158430514963095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=edTGH9YtrdMnUD0wOzbMtQ==, figureFileBig=Q2IUz4Qt2gA6avaLoN/i+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158430615626396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The 3D structural model of the CYP706A3 active site. Reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b23')" rid="b23">23</a>]</sup>, copyright Danièle Werck-Reichhart. A: Overall structure displaying the two main channels; B: Display of the small internal cavity mostly delineated by hydrophobic residues (in yellow, surface mode). Two apertures are visible, corresponding to egress channels. Polar (green) and charged (red) residues correspond to Thr322 and Asp314, respectively. Thr322 is the only non-hydrophobic residue in contact with the active site cavity , figureFileSmall=edTGH9YtrdMnUD0wOzbMtQ==, figureFileBig=Q2IUz4Qt2gA6avaLoN/i+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158430724678306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3MpJCcSGAo8oe7+9On2msQ==, figureFileBig=RYqJYXGQd0GgU1DrBWg+yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158430842118824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= The substrate docking into a modeled CYP71D55 active site. Reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b25')" rid="b25">25</a>]</sup>, copyright Joe Chappell. A homology model of HPO was created using the mammalian P450 2B4 as template (PDB1SUO), and used for docking experiments with premnaspirodiene (teal), valencene (blue), EA (gold), and EE (magenta) , figureFileSmall=3MpJCcSGAo8oe7+9On2msQ==, figureFileBig=RYqJYXGQd0GgU1DrBWg+yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201158430972142253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesProteinSubstrateType of catalysisProductGenbank numberReference
Artemisia annuaCYP71AV1AmorphadieneContinuous oxidationArtemisinic acidABC41927.1[10]
Nicotiana tabacumCYP71D205-epi-AristolocheneC1-Hydroxylation
C3-Hydroxylation
CapsidiolAAK62342.2[21]
Gossypium arboreumCYP706B1CadineneC7-Hydroxylation7-Hydroxy-cadineneAAK60517.1[7]
Zea maysCYP71Z18β-MacrocarpeneContinuous oxidationZealexinNP001141366.1[22]
Arabidopsis thalianaCYP706A3α-Barbatene
Thujopsene
Continuous oxidation
C1-Carbonylation
6-O-α-Barbatene
1-O-Thujopsene
BAH20251.1[23]
Zingiber zerumbetCYP71BA1α-HumuleneC8-Hydroxylation8-Hydroxy-α-humuleneBAJ39893.1[24]
Hyoscyamus muticusCYP71D55Premnaspirodiene
Valencene
Aristolochene
C2-Carbonylation
C2-Hydroxylation
Solavetivone
Nootkatol
2-Hydroxy-aristolochene
ABS00393.1[25]
Santalum albumCYP76F/
CYP736A167
Santalene
Bergamotene
C1-HydroxylationSantalol
Bergamotol
AMR44190.1[26]
[27]
Cynara cardunculusCYP71AV9Germacrene AContinuous oxidationGermacrene A acidAIA09035.1[28]
Cichorium intybusCYP71AV8Valencene
Germacrene A
Amorphadiene
C2-Carbonylation
Continuous oxidation
Nootkatol
Germacrene A acid
Artemisinic acid
ADM86719.1[29]
Vitis viniferaCYP71BE5α-GuaieneC2-CarbonylationRotundoneBAT70338.1[30]
Thapsia garganicaCYP76AE2epi-KunzeaolContinuous oxidationepi-DihydroconstunolideAQY76213.1[31]
Thapsia laciniataCYP76AE4epi-KunzeaolC8-HydroxylationTovarolAZL40029.1[32]
Solanum habrochaitesCYP71D184ZingibereneC9-Hydroxylation
C10, C11-Epoxidation
9-Hydroxy-zingiberene
9-Hydroxy-10, 11-epoxy-zingiberene
MT786523.1[33]
), ArticleFig(id=1201158431097971377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

CYP450 directly catalyzes sesquiterpene skeleton formation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesProteinSubstrateType of catalysisProductGenbank numberReference
Artemisia annuaCYP71AV1AmorphadieneContinuous oxidationArtemisinic acidABC41927.1[10]
Nicotiana tabacumCYP71D205-epi-AristolocheneC1-Hydroxylation
C3-Hydroxylation
CapsidiolAAK62342.2[21]
Gossypium arboreumCYP706B1CadineneC7-Hydroxylation7-Hydroxy-cadineneAAK60517.1[7]
Zea maysCYP71Z18β-MacrocarpeneContinuous oxidationZealexinNP001141366.1[22]
Arabidopsis thalianaCYP706A3α-Barbatene
Thujopsene
Continuous oxidation
C1-Carbonylation
6-O-α-Barbatene
1-O-Thujopsene
BAH20251.1[23]
Zingiber zerumbetCYP71BA1α-HumuleneC8-Hydroxylation8-Hydroxy-α-humuleneBAJ39893.1[24]
Hyoscyamus muticusCYP71D55Premnaspirodiene
Valencene
Aristolochene
C2-Carbonylation
C2-Hydroxylation
Solavetivone
Nootkatol
2-Hydroxy-aristolochene
ABS00393.1[25]
Santalum albumCYP76F/
CYP736A167
Santalene
Bergamotene
C1-HydroxylationSantalol
Bergamotol
AMR44190.1[26]
[27]
Cynara cardunculusCYP71AV9Germacrene AContinuous oxidationGermacrene A acidAIA09035.1[28]
Cichorium intybusCYP71AV8Valencene
Germacrene A
Amorphadiene
C2-Carbonylation
Continuous oxidation
Nootkatol
Germacrene A acid
Artemisinic acid
ADM86719.1[29]
Vitis viniferaCYP71BE5α-GuaieneC2-CarbonylationRotundoneBAT70338.1[30]
Thapsia garganicaCYP76AE2epi-KunzeaolContinuous oxidationepi-DihydroconstunolideAQY76213.1[31]
Thapsia laciniataCYP76AE4epi-KunzeaolC8-HydroxylationTovarolAZL40029.1[32]
Solanum habrochaitesCYP71D184ZingibereneC9-Hydroxylation
C10, C11-Epoxidation
9-Hydroxy-zingiberene
9-Hydroxy-10, 11-epoxy-zingiberene
MT786523.1[33]
), ArticleFig(id=1201158431186051766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesProteinSubstrateType of catalysisProductGenbank numberReference
Lactuca sativaCYP71BL2Germacrene A acidC6-Hydroxylation6-Hydroxy-germacrene A acidAEI59780.1[34]
Helianthus annuusCYP71BL1
CYP71AX36
Germacrene A acid
Costunolide
C8-Hydroxylation
C14-Hydroxylation
8-Hydroxy-germacrene A acid
14-Hydroxy-costunolide
AEI59773.1
AWK77745.1
[34]
[35]
Cynara cardunculusCYP71BL5Germacrene A acidC6-HydroxylationCostunolideAIA09038.1[28]
Tanacetum cinerariifoliumCYP71BL4Germacrene A acidC6-HydroxylationCostunolideAGO03790.1[36]
Gossypium hirsutumCYP71BE79
CYP82D113
8-Hydroxy-7-keto-cadinene
7-Keto-cadinene
C11-Hydroxylation
C8- Hydroxylation
8, 11-Dihydroxy-7-keto-cadinene
8-Hydroxy-7-keto-cadinene
/[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1201158431274132156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158422801637473, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

CYP450 involved in the downstream biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesProteinSubstrateType of catalysisProductGenbank numberReference
Lactuca sativaCYP71BL2Germacrene A acidC6-Hydroxylation6-Hydroxy-germacrene A acidAEI59780.1[34]
Helianthus annuusCYP71BL1
CYP71AX36
Germacrene A acid
Costunolide
C8-Hydroxylation
C14-Hydroxylation
8-Hydroxy-germacrene A acid
14-Hydroxy-costunolide
AEI59773.1
AWK77745.1
[34]
[35]
Cynara cardunculusCYP71BL5Germacrene A acidC6-HydroxylationCostunolideAIA09038.1[28]
Tanacetum cinerariifoliumCYP71BL4Germacrene A acidC6-HydroxylationCostunolideAGO03790.1[36]
Gossypium hirsutumCYP71BE79
CYP82D113
8-Hydroxy-7-keto-cadinene
7-Keto-cadinene
C11-Hydroxylation
C8- Hydroxylation
8, 11-Dihydroxy-7-keto-cadinene
8-Hydroxy-7-keto-cadinene
/[37]
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细胞色素P450在植物倍半萜类化合物生物合成中的作用研究进展
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高世玺 1 , 戎梅 1 , 彭俊祥 1 , 徐艳红 1, * , 魏建和 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(2): 313-321
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(2): 313-321
细胞色素P450在植物倍半萜类化合物生物合成中的作用研究进展
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高世玺1, 戎梅1, 彭俊祥1, 徐艳红1, * , 魏建和1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 濒危药材繁育国家工程实验室, 北京 100193
  • 2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所海南分所, 海南省南药资源保护与开发重点实验室, 国家中医药管理局沉香可持续利用重点研究室, 海南 海口 570311

通讯作者:

*徐艳红, Tel/Fax: 86-10-57833359, E-mail: ;
魏建和, Tel/Fax: 86-10-57833358, E-mail:
Research progress on the role of cytochrome P450 in plant sesquiterpene biosynthesis
Shi-xi GAO1, Mei RONG1, Jun-xiang PENG1, Yan-hong XU1, * , Jian-he WEI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2. Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
出版时间: 2024-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0677
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倍半萜类化合物是基本骨架含15个碳原子的天然萜类化合物, 主要存在于植物挥发油中, 具有重要的生理作用和药用价值。细胞色素P450 (cytochrome P450, CYP450) 是一类超基因家族编码的单加氧酶, 是植物中最大的基因家族之一, 参与萜类、生物碱等多种次生代谢产物的合成与代谢。在萜类生物合成过程中, CYP450酶通过引入羟基、羧基、羰基等官能团参与萜类化合物的后修饰阶段, 为丰富萜类化合物多样性起到了重要作用。参与倍半萜合成的CYP450酶及底物催化特异性机制已有一些研究, 本文简要介绍了植物倍半萜类化合物的生物合成途径、P450酶的结构和分类, 对参与倍半萜生物合成的CYP450酶进行了总结, 以期为更深入探究CYP450酶在合成倍半萜类化合物中的作用提供参考。

倍半萜  /  细胞色素P450  /  生物合成调控  /  次生代谢产物  /  药用植物

Sesquiterpenes are natural terpenoids with 15 carbon atoms in the basic skeleton, which mainly exist in plant volatile oil and have important physiological and medicinal value. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a kind of monooxygenase encoded by supergene family, which is one of the largest gene families in plants. It is involved in the synthesis and metabolism of terpenoids, alkaloids and other secondary metabolites. In the process of terpene biosynthesis, CYP450 participates in the post-modification stage of terpenes by introducing functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl and carbonyl, which plays an important role in enriching the diversity of terpenes. The CYP450 enzymes involved in sesquiterpene synthesis and their substrate catalytic specificity mechanisms have been partially investigated. In this paper, the biosynthetic pathway of plant sesquiterpenes, the structure and classification of CYP450 enzymes were briefly introduced, and the CYP450 enzymes involved in sesquiterpene biosynthesis were summarized, in order to provide a reference for intensive study of the role of CYP450 enzymes in the synthesis of sesquiterpenoids.

sesquiterpenes  /  cytochrome P450  /  biosynthesis regulation  /  secondary metabolite  /  medicinal plant
高世玺, 戎梅, 彭俊祥, 徐艳红, 魏建和. 细胞色素P450在植物倍半萜类化合物生物合成中的作用研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (2) : 313 -321 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0677
Shi-xi GAO, Mei RONG, Jun-xiang PENG, Yan-hong XU, Jian-he WEI. Research progress on the role of cytochrome P450 in plant sesquiterpene biosynthesis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (2) : 313 -321 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0677
倍半萜是由3个异戊二烯单元构成的萜类化合物, 骨架类型丰富, 是萜类化合物中数目最多的一类, 广泛存在于唇形科、菊科、芸香科、茄科等药用植物中。现代研究表明, 倍半萜类化合物有抗菌[1]、抗肿瘤[2]、抗炎[3]、抗病毒[4]等生物活性, 是一类具有重要药用价值的次生代谢产物。法尼基焦磷酸(farnesyl pyrophosphate, FPP) 是倍半萜生物合成的前体物质, 在萜烯合酶(terpene synthases, TPS) 的作用下形成不同类型的倍半萜碳骨架, 细胞色素P450单加氧酶(cytochrome P450, CYP450) 进一步对倍半萜骨架进行修饰, 部分倍半萜还会在脱氢酶、甲基转移酶、酰基转移酶和糖基转移酶的作用下反应, 产生复杂多样的倍半萜化合物(图 1)。
植物CYP450s是一种单加氧催化蛋白酶, 多定位于内质网, 和还原态CO结合后, 在450 nm处吸光度最高, 因此命名为CYP450s。CYP450s是一个多成员超基因家族, 包括超过1 000个家族和2 500个亚家族[5], 参与萜类、生物碱、黄酮、脂肪酸等的生物合成[6], 对植物的生命活动有重要的调节作用。CYP450s基因种类众多, 植物基因组注释表明CYP450s基因占整个基因组基因数目的1%[5]。随着技术的发展和研究的不断深入, 研究人员已经从植物中分离了大量的CYP450s。第一个研究发现参与倍半萜生物合成的CYP450是棉花中的(+)δ-杜松烯-8-羟化酶(CYP706B1), 催化棉酚生物合成的第二步反应[7]
本文对参与药用植物倍半萜类化合物生物合成的CYP450s及其功能进行了总结, 以期为解析倍半萜类化合物的生物合成机制提供参考。
倍半萜生物合成分为三个阶段, 包括上游前体物质生成阶段、骨架形成阶段及后修饰阶段。FPP是倍半萜类化合物共同的前体物质, 由二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸(dimethylallyl diphosphate, DMAPP) 与异戊烯基焦磷酸(isopentenyl pyrophosphate, IPP) 缩合而成。DMAPP与IPP有两种合成途径, 一种是甲羟戊酸(mevalonate, MVA) 途径, 另一种是甲基赤藓糖醇磷酸(methylery-thritol phosphate, MEP) 途径, 倍半萜的合成大多是通过MVA途径。
MVA途径主要发生在植物的细胞质基质中, 以两分子的乙酰辅酶A为原料, 在乙酰乙酰基辅酶A硫解酶(acetyl-CoA C-acetyl transferase, AACT)、3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A合成酶(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary CoA synthase, HMGS)、3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, HMGR)、甲羟戊酸激酶(mevalonate kinase, MVK)、磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶(phosphomevalonate kinase, PMK)、焦磷酸甲羟戊酸脱羧酶(pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase, MVD) 的作用下, 经过六个酶促反应, 形成IPP。最终IPP在异戊二烯焦磷酸异构酶(isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase, IPPI) 的作用下异构形成DMAPP。DMAPP和IPP在焦磷酸金合欢酯合酶(farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, FPPS) 的作用下缩合生成FPP。
MEP途径主要发生在植物质体(叶绿体、有色质体、白质体中)。以丙酮酸和磷酸甘油醛为原料, 在1-脱氧-D-木酮糖-5-磷酸合酶(1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, DXS)、1-脱氧-D-木酮糖-5-磷酸还原异构酶(1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase, DXR)、2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-4-磷酸胞苷酰转移酶(2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, MCT)、4-(5′-焦磷酸胞苷)-2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-metllyl-D-erythritol kinase, CMK)、2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-2, 4-环二磷酸合酶(2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2, 4-cyclodiphosphate synthase, MDS)、4-羟基-3-甲基丁-2-烯基二磷酸合酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase, HDS)、4-羟基- 3-甲基丁-2-烯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase, HDR) 的作用下, 经过七步酶促反应, 转化为IPP。
不同的TPS与FPP结合, 通过异构化、离子化、重排等反应过程形成结构各异的倍半萜骨架。随后, 后修饰酶进一步将环化骨架修饰成各种萜类化合物(图 2)。
CYP450催化的反应极其多样, 但通常基于分子氧的活化和裂解, 所以被称为单加氧酶。CYP450都有一个共同的催化中心。尽管在氨基酸水平上的序列一致性较低(可能小于20%), 但CYP450显示出共同的整体拓扑结构和三维折叠。CYP450s有三个极为保守的残基, 分别是血红素结合域FxxGxRxCxG、电子传递通道残基PERF和K螺旋中的EXXR残序[8]。常见的CYP450催化系统组分有三类[9]: 第一类是由CYP450氧化酶、含黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD) 的还原酶和铁氧还蛋白组成的三组分系统。包含大多数细菌CYP450系统以及真核生物的线粒体P450系统。第二类组分是真核细胞中最常见的, 由CYP450酶和CYP450还原酶(cytochrome P450 reductase, CPR) 组成, CPR含有FAD和黄素单核苷酸(flavin mononucleotide, FMN)。参与植物倍半萜化合物合成的P450酶多属于此类。第三类是CYP450酶与氧化还原伴侣蛋白结构域融合的单组分系统, 其中还存在少量直接从NAD(P)H中获取电子的P450酶。
不同基因氨基酸序列的同源性是区分不同家族或亚家族的重要依据。当两条序列同源性大于40%, 则同属于一个基因家族, 否则属于2个不同的家族; 序列同源性在40%~55%, 则属于同一家族的不同亚家族; 同源性大于55%, 则属于同一亚家族的不同成员[10]。如棉花中CYP706B1表示CYP706家族B亚家族1号成员, 玉米中CYP71Z18表示CYP71家族Z亚家族18号成员。如果两个P450酶的氨基酸序列相似性大于97%, 那么这两个P450酶被称为等位变异体。等位基因在阿拉伯数字后加v, 再加阿拉伯数字区分, 如CYP76F37v1。
CYP450是一类序列高度分化的超基因家族。在植物中最初被分为A型和非A型两个分支, 参与次生代谢产物合成的CYP450大都聚集在A型分支[11, 12]。随着基因组测序和亲缘关系以及非维管束植物谱系的研究发展, 使得CYP450家族进化关系更加细致和完善。现有的植物CYP450s被分成11个家族簇: CYP51、CYP74、CYP97、CYP710、CYP711、CYP727、CYP746、CYP71、CYP72、CYP85及CYP86, 每个簇中最小家族编号为该簇的名号。其中, 前7个亚家族为单家族簇, 后4个为多家族簇[5]。CYP51、CYP74、CYP97、CYP710和CYP86在绿藻和整个陆地植物中保守, 在新陈代谢中执行重要的催化反应[13]。并且发现最初被确定为A型的群体为现在的CYP71分支。维管植物中的10个P450簇的其中6个(CYP51、CYP74、CYP97、CYP710、CYP711、CYP727) 在拟南芥中只包含一个家族, 它们通常是脂肪、类固醇和类胡萝卜素代谢和信号传递等祖先功能所必需的[5]。另外四个家族CYP71、CYP72、CYP85和CYP86通过密集的基因复制和多样性而进化。其中有三个家族似乎是十字花科特有的: CYP705 (属于CYP71家族)、CYP708和CYP702 (属于CYP85家族), 它们似乎已经共同进化, 形成了萜类相关的途径[14, 15]。在进化历史中, CYP71家族连续发生基因复制事件产生了家族扩张。因此, P450 (亚) 家族的成员如CYP71A、CYP71B、CYP705和CYP81在不同染色体上重复串联排列。
活跃的基因复制有时会导致非功能化的大量假基因, 但有时也会分化获得新的功能。串联组织的复制基因有时会进化为编码酶, 催化同一途径中的连续步骤。同一家族的成员可能包含不同的途径, 如CYP71D亚家族中来源于薄荷的CYP71D13/D15可以催化柠檬烯羟基化[16], 来源于大豆的CYP71D9可以催化黄酮-6-羟基化反应[17]。然而, 这种类型的功能差异在同一植物物种中更为罕见, 并且支持一个事实, 即基因复制是物种形成的驱动力。Hamberger等[18]提出, 化学多样化导致的适应能力增加是推动新P450进化的一种力量, 原始基因是从一般新陈代谢中招募的。这一过程的证据可以在水稻基因组中观察到, 五个CYP701A同源物组成了一个小的多基因家族, 而只有CYP701A6是赤霉酸生物合成所必需的。它的同系物CYP701A8是从一般代谢复制而来的, 已经经历了新的功能化, 现在参与了水稻抗真菌植物保卫素的生物合成[19]。一个新的P450亚家族的创始成员, CYP706M1, 被证明催化诺卡酮的形成。有趣的是, 与先前发现的具有价烯氧化酶活性的P450相比, CYP706M1的氨基酸同源性程度不超过30%, 这表明特定的倍半萜氧化酶的进化可能是通过独立的事件发生的[20]
迄今为止, 直接参与倍半萜代谢的CYP450s很有限, 仅存在于CYP71家族中的九个亚家族CYP71AV、CYP71D、CYP706B、CYP71Z、CYP706A、CYP71BA、CYP76F、CYP736A、CYP71BE中, 见表 1[7, 10, 21-33]。另外, 还有一些CYP450s间接参与倍半萜下游代谢, 见表 2[28, 34-37]。现将参与倍半萜合成的CYP450s及其作用通路汇总如图 3所示。它们通过对倍半萜骨架进行羟基化、羰基化和羧基化的修饰丰富倍半萜成分的多样性。
青蒿素是倍半萜类的代表性化合物, 是由黄花蒿茎叶提取而得。它是一种倍半萜内酯类药物, 因其高效的抗疟作用被广泛应用, 解析其生物合成路径实现工业化生产尤为必要。Teoh等[10]最早从黄花蒿中鉴定了具有氧化功能的CYP71AV1, 将其在酿酒酵母中异源表达, 发现它能连续氧化, 将紫穗槐二烯依次催化为青蒿醇、青蒿醛和青蒿酸, 为解析青蒿素合成通路奠定了基础。
棉酚是棉花中的特有成分, 属于倍半萜酮类化合物。Luo等[7]将CYP706B1蛋白在酿酒酵母中异源表达后, 发现它能催化杜松烯8位羟基化生成8-羟基-杜松烯。这是第一个被确定其功能的CYP706家族成员。但后来Tian等[37]通过13C NMR和异核相关谱发现, CYP706B1的功能是7位羟基化, 而非先前的8位羟基化。另外, Tian等[37]还通过转录组差异表达分析和共表达分析从陆地棉中获得了146个与棉酚生物合成有关的基因, 经筛选发现了乙醇脱氢酶DH1、CYP450酶CYP82D113和CYP71BE79, 并将这些蛋白分别在大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母中异源表达、功能验证, 研究发现, 它们可以依次将7-羟基-杜松烯氧化生成7-羰基-杜松烯、8-羟基-7-羰基-杜松烯和8, 11-二羟基-7-羰基-杜松烯, 并预测了下游棉酚合成通路, 为解析棉酚形成通路做出了贡献。
本文对直接修饰倍半萜骨架的CYP450s做了进化树分析, 如图 4。总体来说, 同一亚族由于序列相近被归为一簇。同一亚族通常有相近的功能, 如CYP76F家族, 均能作用于檀香烯, 佛手柑油烯; 同一家族的CYP71D20与CYP71D55, CYP71AV1与CYP71AV8也可以作用于相同的底物。但也有些例外, 如来源拟南芥的CYP706A3和来源棉花的CYP706B1虽然属于同一家族, 被归为同一簇, 但它们的作用底物结构不同, 说明系统发育上相距较近的蛋白也会有不同的功能。同样的, 在系统发育上相距较远的P450也可能作用于结构相似的底物。如CYP71D55[25]和CYP71AV8[29]分属于不同的亚家族, 但是均可以在香橙烯2位加上羟基变为诺卡醇。另外, CYP450还具有底物杂泛性, 一种酶可以催化不同骨架类型的底物, 如拟南芥中克隆出的CYP706A3可以分别催化两种骨架类型不同的底物α-barbatene和罗汉柏烯[23]。P450酶还可以连续氧化。如来源于黄花蒿的CYP71AV1和来源于菊苣的CYP71AV8可以催化紫穗槐二烯先羟基化, 再羰基化, 最后形成羧基生成青蒿酸, P450的底物杂泛性和连续氧化功能进一步增加了倍半萜化合物的多样性。
将课题组前期从白木香中克隆得到的CYP450G2、CYP450G4、CYP450G5、CYP450G6与这些已经功能鉴定的CYP450共同做进化树, 发现可以集簇, 其中CYP450G5和CYP71BE5距离较近, 推测可能具有相似的功能。
蛋白质分子特定的三维结构是决定其功能的重要因素。因此, 蛋白质结构和功能关系的研究也是酶研究的核心问题之一。目前, 参与倍半萜合成的CYP450三维结构的研究处于预测阶段, 还没有晶体解析的报道。
Boachon等[23]构建了CYP706A3活性位点的三维结构模型以及相关底物的分子对接(图 5)。该结构有两个主要的通道, 一个通道连接到膜, 另一个指向膜-水界面。CYP706A3血红素口袋显示出一个很小、受约束且基本疏水的空腔, 主要由无极性残基组成, 空腔上部也主要是疏水的, 带有一个带电荷的残基, 这些特性使活性位点很好地适应倍半萜类化合物。Takahashi等[25]也通过分子对接和定点突变对CYP71D55的底物结合区进行了研究(图 6), 发现底物结合位点5 (图 6蓝色部分) 和结合位点6 (图 6红色部分) 对催化反应的稳定性非常重要。Park等[38]使用一种基于发光杆菌CipB支架蛋白的电子传导策略, 将多种酶组装成功能性蛋白质晶状包涵体, 使得生物合成途径中的相关酶在物理上接近从而实现了P450s和还原酶之间的有效电子转移。将密码子优化和N端信号肽截断的V482I/A484I突变体CYP71D55与密码子优化的伴侣还原酶进行组装, 以及在CipB和伴侣还原酶/突变体CYP71D55之间插入一个柔性连接子序列以减少空间位阻效应, 使菌株产生的诺卡酮达到4.43 mg·L-1, 是对照菌株NKT1 (0.61 mg·L-1) 的7.26倍。对CYP450结构的深入研究有助于蛋白功能的解析、预测以及定向改造, 然而与倍半萜生物合成相关CYP450结构报道仅限于以上两个蛋白, 仍有待进一步研究。
具有催化功能的CYP450酶已在细菌、酵母、昆虫和哺乳动物细胞中成功表达。在所有表达系统中, 大肠杆菌表达系统最为简便快捷, 已有大量的CYP450在该系统中成功表达。该系统的优势在于方法成熟、成本低廉、易于吸收血红素、背景P450干扰小, 以及相对容易获得较高表达水平等, 可供选择的载体与表达菌株较多, 易于对序列进行加工修饰; 同时, 该系统也适合大规模培养。但由于大肠杆菌作为原核生物的固有特性, 该系统面临的最大问题是缺乏真核生物特有的膜系统而无法满足P450等膜蛋白的定位要求, 也不能对蛋白进行翻译后或共翻译修饰或正确折叠, 同时缺乏内源性的CPR与其他成分来参与P450酶系的电子传递。
可以通过多种手段来解决上述问题, 如对序列N端进行适当修饰、与CPR共表达或融合表达、与分子伴侣共表达、利用细菌信号肽进行细胞周质表达等。Chang等[39]的研究利用植物来源的CYP706B1和CYP71AV1在代谢工程大肠杆菌中成功生产大量的8-羟基杜松烯和青蒿酸, 表明表达系统的优化、N-末端跨膜结构域的修饰、用从植物内源分离的CPR替换拟南芥CPR, 以及替换表达载体或宿主, 能够大量生产相应的次生代谢产物。另外, Yu等[24]将甲氧戊酸下游途径引入到大肠杆菌中, 并与ZSS1、CYP71BA1和CPR共表达。当甲氧戊酸作为底物时, 工程菌产生了8-羟基-α-蛇麻烯, 为工程化生产球姜酮奠定了基础。
酵母表达系统相对于大肠杆菌系统更为完善。因为酵母表达系统具有真核生物的内质网膜结构, 通过基因工程改造后可自身表达CPR而无需外源引入表达, 使用可诱导启动子有利于产生大量的P450蛋白。并且酵母细胞的培养条件简单, 生长周期相对较短, 是研究倍半萜CYP450s常用的表达系统。上述参与倍半萜合成的CYP450大多是在酵母中异源表达, 从而鉴定功能。较常用的酵母菌株是WAT11菌株, 是用拟南芥的CPR1替换酵母内源性CPR构建的工程化菌株, CPR效率更高。
然而目前, 次生代谢产物的产生主要限于微生物, 存在很多潜在的问题。比如错误的蛋白质翻译后修饰, 蛋白质微区隔化、底物可获得性、伴侣可获得性、产品毒性和CPR的差异。与其他异源系统不同, 植物细胞可能是生产高价值代谢物的一种有前途的替代方案。
利用本氏烟草瞬时表达体系进行CYP450酶功能验证与次生代谢产物生产是一种简便快捷的方法, 已被广泛应用。Tian等[37]将拟南芥中杜松烯合酶、CYP706B1、乙醇脱氢酶及CYP82D113的编码区插入植物双元载体pCAMBIA1300中, 转化根癌农杆菌GV3101, 侵染烟草叶片。在烟草叶片中成功重建了棉酚生物合成的部分通路, 验证了CYP706B1的7-羟基-杜松烯合酶功能以及CYP82D113的8-羟基-7-酮-σ-杜松烯合酶活性。多毛番茄中的CYP71D184[33]及毒胡萝卜中的CYP76AE2[31]也是通过瞬时转化烟草鉴定了活性。然而此方法也存在缺点, 比如有些蛋白表达量低或者活性低, 不容易产生理想的结果。Eljounaidi等[28]将刺苞菜蓟中的Germacrene A合酶及CYP71AV9转入烟草, 但与对照组相比并没有新产物生成, 考虑是该蛋白活性低的原因。
目前一种相对成功的植物生产倍半萜的工程策略利用区隔化的优势已成功开发。通常, 倍半萜是通过MVA通路在细胞质中生物合成的, 将MVA通路重定向到其他区室如叶绿体[40]或线粒体[41-43]可以高效生产倍半萜。例如, 将ADS和FDP合成酶靶向到烟草叶绿体中, 与ADS在倍半萜生物合成的正常位置细胞质中的表达相比, 紫穗槐二烯的产量增加了25 000倍[40]。这种方法已经通过转基因植物的生产实现了盈利。
倍半萜类化合物是自然界中广泛存在的一类萜类天然产物, 在植物生命活动、医药、工业等领域发挥重要作用。其上游合成途径的研究已经较为清晰, 但从骨架结构的产生到结构多样的终产物的形成, 还有多种次级修饰酶的参与。CYP450是一类超基因家族单加氧酶, 广泛参与植物次生代谢产物的合成。其数量庞大且催化功能具有杂泛性, 来源于不同家族的P450也被发现可以催化同一反应步骤, 这些功能丰富的P450为倍半萜类化合物的多样性奠定了基础, 同时也为合成生物学以及生物催化提供了丰富的元件库。
目前从植物中分离得到的P450数量不足以解析次生代谢产物合成路径。随着测序技术和生信分析手段的进步, 通过系统发育、基因簇和(共) 表达分析, 可以发现更多新的线索来加速蛋白功能的研究。但这仅仅停留在对候选基因功能的预测方面, 由于缺乏底物库的认识, 对P450功能的鉴定仍然存在很大的挑战。未来随着基因组、转录组和非靶向代谢组等多组学联合分析, 有希望发现新的代谢途径中间体和低丰度代谢物, 将进一步推动P450功能研究的进展, 为更多天然产物合成生物学的研究奠定基础。
作者贡献: 高世玺负责文献检索、分析及文章撰写; 戎梅和彭俊祥负责文献检索和分析; 徐艳红和魏建和负责文章修改和课题资助。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 北京市自然科学基金项目(7222286)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82173925)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程—重大协同创新项目(2021-1-12M-032)
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2024年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0677
  • 接收时间:2023-05-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-30
  • 修回日期:2023-09-11
基金
北京市自然科学基金项目(7222286)
国家自然科学基金项目(82173925)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程—重大协同创新项目(2021-1-12M-032)
作者信息
    1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 濒危药材繁育国家工程实验室, 北京 100193
    2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所海南分所, 海南省南药资源保护与开发重点实验室, 国家中医药管理局沉香可持续利用重点研究室, 海南 海口 570311

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*徐艳红, Tel/Fax: 86-10-57833359, E-mail: ;
魏建和, Tel/Fax: 86-10-57833358, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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