Article(id=1201158421874696255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0825, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1688400000000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-04, revisedDate=1693756800000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764308084219, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1707667200000, pubDateStr=2024-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764308084219, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764308084219, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764308084219, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201158414379479837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='269', pageEnd='492', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764308082432, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764308181123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201158828365669286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201158828365669287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=359, endPage=367, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201158422323486800, articleId=1201158421874696255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Myricetin attenuates renal fibrosis by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to inhibit oxidative stress, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper investigates the effect of myricetin (MYR) on renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and common bile duct ligation (CBDL) in mice and its mechanism. The animal experiment has been approved by the Ethics Committee of China Pharmaceutical University (NO: 2022-10-020). Thirty-five ICR mice were divided into control, UUO, UUO+MYR, CBDL and CBDL+MYR groups. H&E and Masson staining were used to detect pathological changes in kidney tissues. Western blot (WB) was used to detect the expression of fibrosis-related proteins in renal tissue, and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity detection kit (WST-8) was used to detect the changes of total SOD in renal tissue of CBDL mice. In vitro, HK-2 cells and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1, 10 ng·mL-1) were used to induce fibrotic model, and high glucose (30 mmol·L-1) was used to induce oxidative stress model, and then treated with different concentrations of MYR, WB was used to detect the expression of fibrosis and oxidative stress-related proteins, while NIH/3T3 cells were treated with different concentrations of MYR, and their effects on cell proliferation were detected by 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (Brdu). The results showed that the renal lesions in UUO group and CBDL group were severe, collagen deposition was obvious, the expression of collagen-Ⅰ (COL-Ⅰ), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin (FN), vimentin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) protein was up-regulated, and the activity of SOD enzyme in CBDL group was significantly decreased. MYR partly reversed the above changes after treatment. MYR inhibited the proliferation of NIH/3T3 cells but had no effect on the proliferation of HK-2 cells, and decreased the upregulation of PAI-1, FN and vimentin in HK-2 cells stimulated by TGF-β1. MYR can also up-regulate the down-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in HK-2 cells stimulated by high glucose. To sum up, MYR can improve renal fibrosis in vivo and in vitro, probably by inhibiting the proliferation of fibroblasts and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathway to inhibit oxidative stress.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-hao ZHANG, Ning-hua TAN, Xue-yang DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dong-xue LI, Zhou HUANG, Han-yu WANG, Zhi-hao ZHANG, Ning-hua TAN, Xue-yang DENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201158424416444630, articleId=1201158421874696255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=杨梅素通过激活Nrf2/HO-1通路抑制氧化应激改善肾脏纤维化, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文探讨杨梅素(myricetin, MYR) 对单侧输尿管结扎(unilateral uretera obstruction, UUO) 和胆管结扎(common bile duct ligation, CBDL) 诱导的小鼠肾脏纤维化的影响及其作用机制。动物实验已获得中国药科大学伦理委员会批准, 项目伦理号为2022-10-020。选取35只ICR小鼠, 分为control组、UUO组、UUO+MYR组、CBDL组、CBDL+MYR组。H&E和Masson染色检测肾脏组织病理变化, 蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western blot, WB) 检测肾组织中纤维化相关蛋白的表达; 总超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD) 活性检测试剂盒(WST-8法) 检测CBDL小鼠肾脏组织中的总SOD变化。体外实验采用HK-2细胞, 细胞转化生长因子-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1, TGF-β1) (10 ng·mL-1) 造纤维化模型, 高糖(30 mmol·L-1) 造氧化应激模型, 随后使用不同浓度的MYR处理, WB检测纤维化及氧化应激相关蛋白的表达; 使用不同浓度的MYR处理NIH/3T3细胞, 5-溴-2′-脱氧尿苷(5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, Brdu) 标记法检测其对细胞增殖的影响。结果显示, UUO组和CBDL组的肾脏病变严重, 胶原沉积明显, Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(collagen-Ⅰ, COL-Ⅰ)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA)、纤连蛋白(fibronectin, FN)、波动蛋白(vimentin)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PAI-1) 蛋白表达上调, CBDL组小鼠肾脏SOD酶活力明显下降, MYR给药治疗后逆转了上述变化。MYR给药抑制NIH/3T3细胞的增殖活力而对HK-2细胞没有影响, 降低了TGF-β1诱导HK-2细胞后PAI-1、FN、vimentin的上调。MYR给药也能上调高糖诱导HK-2细胞后核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1) 的下调。综上所述, MYR在体内外都可发挥改善肾脏纤维化的作用, 可能是通过抑制成纤维细胞的增殖, 同时激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路抑制氧化应激发挥作用。

, correspAuthors=张之昊, 谭宁华, 邓雪阳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张之昊, E-mail: ;
谭宁华, E-mail: ;
邓雪阳, E-mail:
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A: Picture of left kidneys of mice with different treatments (<i>n</i> = 3); B: The renal index (mg·g<sup>-1</sup>) was calculated by dividing the wet renal weight by the body weight (<i>n</i> = 6); C: H&E staining and Masson's trichrome staining from left kidneys. Scale bar, 100 μm; magnification, ×200; D: The bar graph depicts renal injury scores and renal interstitial fibrosis scores based on H&E staining or Masson's trichrome staining (<i>n</i> = 3); E: Kidney expression of FN, COL-Ⅰ, vimentin and <i>α</i>-SMA from control, UUO and MYR-treated UUO mice, assayed by Western blot (WB); F: Quantitative analysis of Figure 2E (<i>n</i> = 3). <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> UUO. FN: Fibronectin; COL-Ⅰ: Collagen-Ⅰ; <i>α</i>-SMA: <i>α</i>-Smooth muscle actin , figureFileSmall=UVR3XSbJOBLy35bc6wqUpQ==, figureFileBig=Dt33ro5PJZLFMg3/oYPG4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201189363414688318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158421874696255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BUw1IE/AnuxHOBbCWdUZDQ==, figureFileBig=vyfPeVnb+VXFmZ6LbTdIwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201189363515351617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158421874696255, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The anti-fibrotic and anti-oxidative stress effects of MYR in common bile duct ligation (CBDL) model. A: Picture of left kidneys of mice with different treatments (<i>n</i> = 3); B: The renal index (mg·g<sup>-1</sup>) was calculated by dividing the wet renal weight by the body weight (<i>n</i> = 6); C: H&E staining and Masson's trichrome staining from left kidneys. Scale bar, 100 μm; magnification, ×200; D: The bar graph depicts renal injury scores and renal interstitial fibrosis scores based on H&E staining or Masson's trichrome staining (<i>n</i> = 3); E: Kidney expression of FN, COL-Ⅰ and vimentin from control, CBDL and MYR-treated CBDL mice, assayed by WB; F: Quantitative analysis of Figure 3E (<i>n</i> = 3); G: Kidney expression of Nrf2, NOX4, 12-LOX, HO-1 and Rac-1 from control, CBDL and MYR-treated CBDL mice, assayed by WB; H: Quantitative analysis of above oxidative stress proteins (<i>n</i> ≥ 3); I: The total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in kidney was detected by the total SOD activity detection kit (WST-8). <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CBDL. Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; NOX4: NADPH oxidase 4; 12-LOX: 12-Lipoxygenase; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; Rac-1: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 , figureFileSmall=BUw1IE/AnuxHOBbCWdUZDQ==, figureFileBig=vyfPeVnb+VXFmZ6LbTdIwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201189363607626309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158421874696255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BQhkDCzeEOvs84mNYGht4A==, figureFileBig=WUKHgRfD6MR8o1VgHzDoNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201189363716678215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158421874696255, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= MYR inhibits proliferation of NIH/3T3 cells. A, B: Cell viability was determined by SRB after treatment with MYR at different concentrations for 48 h (<i>n</i> = 3); C: The effect of MYR (0-60 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) on proliferation of NIH/3T3 cells was observed under optical microscope; D: Representative Brdu fluorescence images of NIH/3T3 cells treated with MYR at different concentrations for 48 h (magnification: 200×); E: Quantitative analysis of Brdu after 3T3 cell treatment (<i>n</i> = 7). <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> 0 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> (control) , figureFileSmall=BQhkDCzeEOvs84mNYGht4A==, figureFileBig=WUKHgRfD6MR8o1VgHzDoNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201189363813147210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158421874696255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=R7J9IXaeOhVAzORxozKZHQ==, figureFileBig=RnOzwsJOEaRr5VcxZbUoyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201189363913810510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158421874696255, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Anti-fibrotic effect of MYR <i>in vitro</i>. A: FN, vimentin and PAI-1 expressions in HK-2 cells after treatment with TGF-<i>β</i>1 (10 ng·mL<sup>-1</sup>) and MYR (20 and 40 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>); B: Quantitative analysis of Figure 5A. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> TGF-<i>β</i>1. PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 , figureFileSmall=R7J9IXaeOhVAzORxozKZHQ==, figureFileBig=RnOzwsJOEaRr5VcxZbUoyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201189364048028242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158421874696255, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UFGqoH9bK4mTOHfSPcWv3g==, figureFileBig=pcr7qZ3FPM2rVw7bZ+8ZNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201189364157080150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158421874696255, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Effect of MYR on Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. A: Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions in HK-2 cells after treatment with HG (30 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) and MYR (20 and 40 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>); B: Quantitative analysis of Figure 6A. <i>n</i> > 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> HG. 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杨梅素通过激活Nrf2/HO-1通路抑制氧化应激改善肾脏纤维化
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李冬雪 , 黄周 , 王瀚宇 , 张之昊 * , 谭宁华 * , 邓雪阳 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(2): 359-367
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(2): 359-367
杨梅素通过激活Nrf2/HO-1通路抑制氧化应激改善肾脏纤维化
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李冬雪, 黄周, 王瀚宇, 张之昊* , 谭宁华* , 邓雪阳*
作者信息
  • 中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198

通讯作者:

*张之昊, E-mail: ;
谭宁华, E-mail: ;
邓雪阳, E-mail:
Myricetin attenuates renal fibrosis by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to inhibit oxidative stress
Dong-xue LI, Zhou HUANG, Han-yu WANG, Zhi-hao ZHANG* , Ning-hua TAN* , Xue-yang DENG*
Affiliations
  • China Pharmaceutical University, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Nanjing 211198, China
出版时间: 2024-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0825
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本文探讨杨梅素(myricetin, MYR) 对单侧输尿管结扎(unilateral uretera obstruction, UUO) 和胆管结扎(common bile duct ligation, CBDL) 诱导的小鼠肾脏纤维化的影响及其作用机制。动物实验已获得中国药科大学伦理委员会批准, 项目伦理号为2022-10-020。选取35只ICR小鼠, 分为control组、UUO组、UUO+MYR组、CBDL组、CBDL+MYR组。H&E和Masson染色检测肾脏组织病理变化, 蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western blot, WB) 检测肾组织中纤维化相关蛋白的表达; 总超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD) 活性检测试剂盒(WST-8法) 检测CBDL小鼠肾脏组织中的总SOD变化。体外实验采用HK-2细胞, 细胞转化生长因子-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1, TGF-β1) (10 ng·mL-1) 造纤维化模型, 高糖(30 mmol·L-1) 造氧化应激模型, 随后使用不同浓度的MYR处理, WB检测纤维化及氧化应激相关蛋白的表达; 使用不同浓度的MYR处理NIH/3T3细胞, 5-溴-2′-脱氧尿苷(5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, Brdu) 标记法检测其对细胞增殖的影响。结果显示, UUO组和CBDL组的肾脏病变严重, 胶原沉积明显, Ⅰ型胶原蛋白(collagen-Ⅰ, COL-Ⅰ)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA)、纤连蛋白(fibronectin, FN)、波动蛋白(vimentin)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PAI-1) 蛋白表达上调, CBDL组小鼠肾脏SOD酶活力明显下降, MYR给药治疗后逆转了上述变化。MYR给药抑制NIH/3T3细胞的增殖活力而对HK-2细胞没有影响, 降低了TGF-β1诱导HK-2细胞后PAI-1、FN、vimentin的上调。MYR给药也能上调高糖诱导HK-2细胞后核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1) 的下调。综上所述, MYR在体内外都可发挥改善肾脏纤维化的作用, 可能是通过抑制成纤维细胞的增殖, 同时激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路抑制氧化应激发挥作用。

杨梅素  /  单侧输尿管结扎  /  胆管结扎  /  肾纤维化  /  氧化应激

This paper investigates the effect of myricetin (MYR) on renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and common bile duct ligation (CBDL) in mice and its mechanism. The animal experiment has been approved by the Ethics Committee of China Pharmaceutical University (NO: 2022-10-020). Thirty-five ICR mice were divided into control, UUO, UUO+MYR, CBDL and CBDL+MYR groups. H&E and Masson staining were used to detect pathological changes in kidney tissues. Western blot (WB) was used to detect the expression of fibrosis-related proteins in renal tissue, and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity detection kit (WST-8) was used to detect the changes of total SOD in renal tissue of CBDL mice. In vitro, HK-2 cells and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1, 10 ng·mL-1) were used to induce fibrotic model, and high glucose (30 mmol·L-1) was used to induce oxidative stress model, and then treated with different concentrations of MYR, WB was used to detect the expression of fibrosis and oxidative stress-related proteins, while NIH/3T3 cells were treated with different concentrations of MYR, and their effects on cell proliferation were detected by 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (Brdu). The results showed that the renal lesions in UUO group and CBDL group were severe, collagen deposition was obvious, the expression of collagen-Ⅰ (COL-Ⅰ), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin (FN), vimentin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) protein was up-regulated, and the activity of SOD enzyme in CBDL group was significantly decreased. MYR partly reversed the above changes after treatment. MYR inhibited the proliferation of NIH/3T3 cells but had no effect on the proliferation of HK-2 cells, and decreased the upregulation of PAI-1, FN and vimentin in HK-2 cells stimulated by TGF-β1. MYR can also up-regulate the down-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in HK-2 cells stimulated by high glucose. To sum up, MYR can improve renal fibrosis in vivo and in vitro, probably by inhibiting the proliferation of fibroblasts and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathway to inhibit oxidative stress.

myricetin  /  unilateral ureteral obstruction  /  common bile duct ligation  /  renal fibrosis  /  oxidative stress
李冬雪, 黄周, 王瀚宇, 张之昊, 谭宁华, 邓雪阳. 杨梅素通过激活Nrf2/HO-1通路抑制氧化应激改善肾脏纤维化. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (2) : 359 -367 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0825
Dong-xue LI, Zhou HUANG, Han-yu WANG, Zhi-hao ZHANG, Ning-hua TAN, Xue-yang DENG. Myricetin attenuates renal fibrosis by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to inhibit oxidative stress[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (2) : 359 -367 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0825
慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease, CKD) 是指由于各种肾脏疾病进行性发展, 引起肾单位和肾功能不可逆转地丧失。CKD经常伴随着慢性炎症、氧化应激、高血压、糖尿病和心血管疾病等并发症[1]。CKD根据KDIGO分类分为5期, 最终会进展为终末期肾脏病(end stage renal disease, ESRD)[2], 给患者的身体和精神带来巨大痛苦。长久以来, 胆汁淤积是CKD发病的一个被忽视的诱因, 胆汁淤积性肾病(cholemic nephro-pathy, CN) 是胆汁淤积或晚期肝病、黄疸患者中出现肾功能障碍的重要原因[3]。CN会导致肾小管管型的形成和肾小管上皮细胞的损伤。胆汁淤积时, 尿液中过量的胆汁酸超过了肾小管重吸收的阈值, 毒性胆汁酸积聚在肾脏, 会引起肾损伤[4], 继而发展成为慢性肾病[4, 5]
纤维化是适应不良修复的最终病理过程, 由细胞外基质蛋白过度积累导致[6], 主要表现为成纤维细胞和肌成纤维细胞增殖[7]。肾纤维化会减少肾脏血液供应, 降低肾功能, 最终导致不可逆转的肾衰竭, 成为CKD的标志特征。因此, 减缓或阻止肾纤维化成为目前治疗CKD的有效策略之一。
核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2) 是细胞应对氧化应激的重要核因子。Nrf2被激活并转位到细胞核后, 可以调节多种抗氧化酶的表达, 其中血红素加氧酶1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1) 是血红素降解的限速酶, 受到氧化应激后可被高度诱导, Nrf2在HO-1的转录中起着重要的作用[8]。有研究表明, Nrf2/HO-1信号通路的激活可减缓胆汁淤积引起的肝和肾损伤[9]
杨梅素(myricetin, MYR, 图 1) 是一种从杨梅树(Morella rubra Lour.) 的树皮中分离得到的淡黄色多羟基黄酮醇化合物, 其化学式为C15H10O8, 相对分子质量为318.24。广泛分布于多个科的天然植物中, 是许多食品药品中重要的活性成分。
现代药理研究表明, 杨梅素在改善多种疾病所致的纤维化中表现出巨大的潜力, 有研究表明, 杨梅素可以减轻低蛋氨酸和胆碱缺乏高脂饮食(choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet, CDAHFD) 诱导的小鼠肝脏炎症和纤维化, 也可改善CCl4诱导的小鼠肝纤维化[10, 11]; 杨梅素可以改善博来霉素诱导的肺纤维化[12]; 并且杨梅素在链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病小鼠和受到高糖处理的新生大鼠心肌细胞中减轻了心脏损伤和心肌纤维化[13]。同时, 其在糖尿病肾病小鼠中有肾脏保护作用[14]。但关于杨梅素改善肾纤维化的药效研究很少, 因此本研究从肾纤维化和氧化应激共同考察杨梅素对于胆汁淤积性肾病及慢性肾病的治疗潜力, 争取为慢性肾病肾纤维化的治疗提供更多的可能方案。
人肾皮质近曲小管上皮细胞HK-2来自中国科学院干细胞库, 小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞NIH/3T3来自中国科学院上海细胞库; 杨梅素标准品(M813619-500) 购自上海麦克林生化科技有限公司; DMEM培养基、胎牛血清购自上海达特希尔生物科技有限公司; 抗体Nrf2 (16396-1-AP)、Ras相关的C3肉毒素底物1 (ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1, Rac-1) (66220-1-Ig)、还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶4 (NADPH oxidase 4, NOX4) (14347-1-Ig)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PAI-1) (13801-1-Ig)、Keap-1 (60027-1-Ig)、HO-1 (66743-1-Ig)、Brdu购自Proteintech公司; 抗体vimentin (5741S)、辣根过氧化物酶(HRP) 标记的二抗(#7074S) 购自Cell Signaling Technology公司; 抗体collagen-Ⅰ (ab260043)、fibronectin (ab2413)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin, α-SMA, ab124864)、12-脂氧合酶(12-lipoxygenase, 12-LOX, ab167372) 购自Abcam公司; 磺酰罗丹明B (sulforhodamine B, SRB) 购自Sigma公司; 葡萄糖购自Diamond公司; 青霉素、链霉素、总超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD) 试剂盒购自碧云天生物技术有限公司; DAPI购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
HK-2用DMEM/F12培养基培养, NIH/3T3用DMEM高糖培养基培养。所有细胞培养基中均加入10%胎牛血清、1%青霉素和链霉素, 放置于37 ℃、含5% CO2的培养箱中培养。
SRB比色法: 将HK-2或NIH/3T3细胞接种于96孔板中, 待细胞贴壁, 融合度至50%~60%, 按照0、5、10、20、40、80、100、150、200、300和400 μmol·L-1的浓度刺激HK-2 48 h, 按照0、5、10、15、20、30、40、60、80、100和150 μmol·L-1浓度刺激NIH/3T3 48 h。结束后, 50%乙酸室温固定1 h, 水洗3次, 0.4% SRB染液染色20 min, 染色后, 1%乙酸冲洗, 放入55 ℃的烘箱中烘干, 接着按照每孔100 μL精确加入浓度为10 mmol·L-1 Tris碱, 染料全部溶解后, 在540 nm处用酶标仪测量吸光度值。根据药物浓度、吸光度值, 计算半数抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50)。
将NIH/3T3在6孔板中爬片, 细胞贴壁后给予MYR (5、10和20 μmol·L-1) 处理。处理结束前3 h, 加入终浓度0.03 mg·mL-1 Brdu, 放入培养箱至处理结束。预冷的70%乙醇室温固定10 min, PBS洗3次。1.5 mol·L-1 HCl, 37 ℃变性30 min, PBS清洗。0.1 mol·L-1四硼酸钠室温复性10 min, PBS洗3次。滴加1% BSA+0.03% Triton X溶液, 封闭透膜1 h, PBS洗5 min。滴加Brdu一抗4 ℃过夜孵育。回收一抗, PBST洗3次。避光滴加荧光二抗, 室温孵育2 h。PBST洗3次。滴加DAPI, 染色20 min, PBST洗3次。镊子取出盖玻片, PBS-甘油封片, 共聚焦显微镜观察并拍摄荧光图片。
在12孔板中按照7×105个/孔接种细胞。待板中细胞融合度达50%~60%时, 给药组加入25 μL MYR (20和40 μmol·L-1)。预给药2 h后, 按照10 ng·mL-1浓度每孔加入25 μL TGF-β1, 共培养至刺激结束。
HK-2细胞接种在12孔板融合度达50%~60%后, 氧化应激刺激组将培养基更换成葡萄糖浓度为30 mmol·L-1完全培养基进行高糖刺激, 给药组加入25 μL MYR (20和40 μmol·L-1), 共培养至刺激结束。
SPF级雄性ICR小鼠(6~8周, 体重18~20 g), 购自南京市江宁区青龙山实验动物繁殖中心, 合格证编号: 20221114Abzz0100000603。动物实验已获得中国药科大学伦理委员会批准, 项目伦理号为2022-10-020。
单侧输尿管结扎(unilateral uretera obstruction, UUO) 将ICR小鼠随机分为对照组、UUO组、UUO+MYR组, 每组各7只。适应性饲养1周, 进行麻醉, 暴露肾脏, 找到输尿管, 使用5-0不可吸收手术缝合线将输尿管结扎, 缝合。自造模第2天后, UUO+MYR组小鼠按照40 mg·kg-1·d-1的剂量MYR灌胃1周, UUO组给予等量的生理盐水。给药结束后处死小鼠, 取出肾脏, 明显看到左侧肾脏肿大, 有尿液潴留则为造模成功。
胆管结扎(common bile duct ligation, CBDL) 将小鼠随机分为对照组、UUO组、UUO+MYR组, 每组各7只。麻醉固定后, 暴露肝脏, 找到胆管, 使用6-0不可吸收手术缝合线将胆总管结扎, 缝合。造模大约1~2天后即可观察到小鼠耳朵、脚趾变黄, 尿液发黄的黄疸现象。造模后前3周正常喂养小鼠, 自第4周CBDL+MYR组小鼠按照40 mg·kg-1·d-1的剂量MYR灌胃2周, CBDL组给予等量的生理盐水。给药结束后处死小鼠, 造模小鼠内脏呈现出黄色病变, 肾脏肝脏变黄, 部分造模严重小鼠肾脏发黑皱缩, 即为造模成功。
处死小鼠, 立即分离出肾脏, 4%多聚甲醛固定, 石蜡包埋, 切出厚度为4 μm的组织切片, 进行H&E染色和Masson染色, 在光学显微镜下观察肾组织病理变化, 并对图像结果进行纤维化和损伤评分分析。
将细胞或动物组织样品加入相应裂解液, 提取蛋白, BCA定量, 进行SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳。湿转法将目的蛋白转移到PVDF膜上, 将膜在5%脱脂奶粉的TBST中室温封闭1 h。加入相应一抗, 4 ℃摇床孵育过夜, 加入相应二抗, 室温孵育2 h后进行曝光显影。
按照碧云天总SOD活性检测试剂盒(WST-8法) 检测胆管结扎小鼠肾脏组织中的总SOD。
定量数据用均值±标准差表示, 使用软件IBM SPSS Statistics v24.0进行统计学分析。3组及3组以上数据显著性检验采用方差分析, 使用Tukey多重比较法进行两两比较, P < 0.05表示组间有统计学差异, 每个实验至少重复3次。使用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件绘制统计图。
首先进行了杨梅素抗肾纤维化的体内研究。与对照组相比, UUO组小鼠左肾明显肿大, 大量尿液潴留, 肾指数升高(图 2AB)。H&E和Masson染色显示, 与对照组相比, UUO组小鼠肾脏实质发生萎缩, 肾盂高度扩张, 肾小管上皮细胞广泛变性或坏死, 肾小管明显萎缩甚至消失, 肾小管病变明显, 同时肾脏髓质萎缩的肾小管周围间质蓝染的胶原纤维明显增多, 间质纤维化明显; 杨梅素(40 mg·kg-1·d-1) 灌胃1周后, 与UUO组相比, 肾脏病变整体略有减轻, 扩张的肾小管减少, 间质纤维化略有减轻(图 2CD)。WB结果也显示UUO组小鼠肾脏中纤维化相关蛋白FN、COL-Ⅰ、vimentin、α-SMA的表达明显上调, 杨梅素(40 mg·kg-1·d-1) 灌胃1周后, 明显改善了UUO引起的肾指数升高、肾脏肿胀及尿潴留, 增加的纤维化蛋白受到抑制(图 2EF)。以上结果提示, 杨梅素能减缓由UUO引起来的肾脏纤维化, 改善慢性肾脏病中的肾损伤。
本研究还对小鼠进行胆总管结扎5周模拟胆汁淤积性肾病。与对照组小鼠相比, CBDL组小鼠的肾脏明显肿大变黄, 表面出现皱缩, 而给药组小鼠的肾脏虽然也肿大变黄, 但较CBDL造模组肾脏损伤改善较多, 肾脏指数显著降低(图 3AB)。H&E和Masson染色显示, 与对照组相比, CBDL组小鼠肾脏呈现弥漫性肾小管萎缩、明显代偿性扩张, 间质纤维化病变(图 3CD)。WB结果显示, CBDL小鼠肾脏的纤维化相关蛋白FN、COL-Ⅰ、vimentin蛋白的表达上调, 胆汁淤积后肾小管上皮细胞出现了上皮间充质转化, CBDL+MYR组中这些纤维化指标较CBDL组明显下调(图 3EF)。综上, CBDL造模5周能引起肾脏纤维化, 灌胃MYR能有效改善小鼠CBDL引起来的肾脏纤维化。
在CBDL后, 滞留在肾脏中胆汁酸由于其疏水结构, 往往具有很大的毒性, 将引起肾小管上皮细胞、足细胞的线粒体脱氢酶活性降低, 线粒体中ATP减少, 脂质过氧化水平升高, 此时肾脏中的活性氧增多, 从而激活氧化应激通路[15]。众多研究表明, 肾脏纤维化的发生、肾损伤与氧化应激有着密切联系[16-18]。研究肾小管间质纤维化期间, 肾小管细胞中参与氧化应激和抗氧化反应的分子可能为慢性肾病提供新的治疗靶点[17]。本研究通过WB对小鼠CBDL后肾脏氧化应激程度进行了评估。CBDL组小鼠肾脏中NOX4、12-LOX、Rac-1蛋白的表达上调, HO-1及其转录因子Nrf2的蛋白表达受到了抑制, 而CBDL+MYR组小鼠肾脏中的上述变化得到了抑制(图 3GH)。
SOD能催化超氧化物阴离子发生歧化反应, 是生物体内重要的抗氧化酶。采用总SOD活性检测试剂盒(WST-8法) 检测CBDL小鼠肾脏组织中的总SOD, 发现较正常组明显下调, 小鼠灌胃MYR后肾脏中SOD酶活性显著增加(图 3I)。
SRB结果表明, 杨梅素对HK-2表现出低浓度促进增殖, 高浓度抑制增殖作用, 其IC50为285.55 ± 39.35 μmol·L-1; 而杨梅素对NIH/3T3的增殖在低浓度就表现出明显的抑制, 其IC50为23.09 ± 7.42 μmol·L-1 (图 4AB)。
不同浓度的杨梅素与NIH/3T3细胞共培养48 h, 镜下观察到低剂量给药组(5、10和20 μmol·L-1) 细胞数量较对照组明显减少, 细胞密度降低, 细胞体形态逐渐偏离正常状态, 发育不成熟; 高剂量给药组(40和60 μmol·L-1) 较对照组变化更为明显, 细胞排列极不紧密, 胞体呈细长梭状, 细胞密度降低至30%~40%, 细胞生长缓慢, 观察到杨梅素对3T3细胞明显的抑制细胞增殖现象(图 4C)。同时, 本研究还对NIH/3T3细胞进行了Brdu实验, 发现5、10和20 μmol·L-1浓度的杨梅素对3T3细胞的增殖具有浓度依赖的抑制作用(图 4DE)。综上, 杨梅素可以抑制NIH/3T3的增殖活力, 这可能是杨梅素抑制肾纤维化的机制之一。同时, 在后续体外实验中, 确定了对HK-2细胞采用20和40 μmol·L-1的安全给药浓度。
本研究通过WB探究杨梅素对HK-2细胞纤维化相关蛋白表达的影响。采用20和40 μmol·L-1杨梅素预处理HK-2细胞2 h后, 加入TGF-β1刺激48 h, WB结果表明, 杨梅素明显抑制了由TGF-β1刺激引起的PAI-1、FN、vimentin蛋白的表达增加(图 5AB)。
高糖可诱导HK-2细胞发生氧化应激[19], HK-2细胞经30 mmol·L-1葡萄糖刺激48 h后, 抑制了细胞中HO-1及其转录因子Nrf2的蛋白表达, 诱导细胞氧化应激。经20和40 μmol·L-1杨梅素处理的细胞明显逆转了上述改变(图 6AB)。综上, 体外实验证明, 杨梅素促进Nrf2的表达, 从而促进HO-1的转录。
目前, 世界上9%的人口饱受慢性肾病的影响, 每年造成100多万人死亡[20]。因引发慢性肾病的诱因众多, 是多种疾病的并发症, 因此慢性肾病具有高发病率和高死亡率等特点[21]。据科学推断, 至2040年, 慢性肾病将上升至全球第5大死亡原因[22]。得不到有效治疗的胆汁淤积性肝病会诱发肾损伤, 临床上, 梗阻性黄疸、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、原发性硬化性胆管炎等胆汁淤积性肝病的患者, 胆汁排泄出现障碍, 机体为了排泄积聚在肝脏中的毒性胆汁酸, 会增强肾脏的代偿性消除[23], 此时有机阴离子转运体和多药耐药相关蛋白表达增多, 通过肾小管分泌来减少肝细胞中增加的胆汁酸和胆红素积累[23]。尿液中过量的胆汁酸超过了肾小管重吸收的阈值, 毒性胆汁酸会积聚在肾脏, 长期则引起肾脏病变。本研究发现, 胆管结扎的小鼠肾脏中FN、COL-Ⅰ、vimentin纤维化蛋白的表达量较正常组升高, 提示胆管结扎会使小鼠出现肾纤维化。
临床上, 缺乏对胆汁淤积性肾病的解决方案。在目前的研究中, 去甲熊去氧胆酸可以改善胆管结扎小鼠的胆汁性肾病[24], 但缺乏临床试验, 未被广泛认可。因此, 目前对于胆汁淤积性肾病、慢性肾病药物的研究与开发具有重要意义。杨梅素作为治疗肾病的经典方剂——黄葵四物方中的重要单体成分[25], 在之前的研究中表现出巨大的改善其他脏器纤维化的潜力, 因此本课题组推测杨梅素也能改善肾纤维化。
各种类型的正常肾细胞在疾病状态下受到旁分泌的有害细胞因子刺激后会分化成为肌成纤维细胞, 成纤维细胞的增殖会极大地推进肾纤维化的进展[26]。在本研究中, 杨梅素在对HK-2的增殖无影响的浓度下(10 μmol·L-1), 显著地抑制成纤维细胞NIH/3T3的增殖。氧化应激通常与肾损伤中的纤维化进程密不可分[27]。已有充分的证据说明, 氧化应激通路在体内的激活会推进组织纤维化的发生, 促进成纤维细胞的增殖[28, 29]。在本研究中, 杨梅素抑制了CBDL造模后NOX4、12-LOX、Rac-1等氧化应激相关蛋白的表达。目前已有研究表明, HO-1在体内外都可以改善急性肾损伤[30]。在本研究中, 杨梅素体内外都可以增强HO-1及其转录因子Nrf2的表达, 抑制氧化应激。综上, 杨梅素通过抑制肾脏组织的氧化应激, 抑制成纤维细胞的增殖, 延缓肾脏纤维化, 发挥肾脏保护作用。
本研究仍存在不足, 在找到杨梅素发挥抗肾脏纤维化的通路Nrf2/HO-1后, 并未使用Nrf2的激动剂或抑制剂进行通路的反向验证。
总之, 本研究结合已有的研究, 体内外探究杨梅素对肾纤维化的影响, 发现杨梅素能够明显改善输尿管结扎和胆管结扎小鼠的肾脏纤维化, 尤其改善由疏水毒性胆汁酸引起的肾脏损伤, 这些改善作用是通过促进肾脏Nrf2/HO-1信号通路的激活, 抑制肾脏氧化应激, 进而抑制成纤维细胞的增殖实现的。这一发现可能为临床治疗胆汁淤积性肾病和慢性肾病所致的肾脏纤维化提供新思路。
作者贡献: 李冬雪负责实验方案设计与实施、数据处理、文章撰写; 黄周、王翰宇负责对本研究实验方案提出建议; 张之昊、谭宁华、邓雪阳提供基金支持与论文修改。
利益冲突: 无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年资助项目(8200020019)
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2024年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0825
  • 接收时间:2023-07-04
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-04
  • 修回日期:2023-09-04
基金
国家自然科学基金青年资助项目(8200020019)
作者信息
    中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198

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*张之昊, E-mail: ;
谭宁华, E-mail: ;
邓雪阳, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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