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All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201158422700974172, articleId=1201158420159225885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=作用于ROCK激酶的滴眼剂奈托舒迪, columnId=1190335351748137800, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=新药发现与研究实例简析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=/hb33xlurPzmLXNyYRdOXA==, magXml=yDvboqS6FwVrF/cQYL8+uA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=PDkxnFllKca6tiIFgCrHfQ==, pdfFileSize=650220, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=3rVlNJtybRxtl4hgK7DLqw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=郭宗儒)}, authors=[Author(id=1201158423124598899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420159225885, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={CN=AuthorExt(id=1201158423267205245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420159225885, authorId=1201158423124598899, language=CN, stringName=郭宗儒, firstName=宗儒, middleName=null, lastName=郭, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201158423011352685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420159225885, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201158423019741293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420159225885, companyId=1201158423011352685, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050)])])], keywords=null, refs=null, funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201158423011352685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420159225885, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201158423019741293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420159225885, companyId=1201158423011352685, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1201158423460143246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420159225885, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RROCK2 Ki/nmol·L-1HTM IC50/nmol·L-1PTM IC50/nmol·L-1
6NH21.55 6092 196
7(SR)-CH2NH20.8123137
8(S)-CH2NH20.447179
9(R)-CH2NH2161 2161 816
10CH2CH2NH21.54797
), ArticleFig(id=1201158423556612245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420159225885, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Structure and activity of compounds with varied amino position

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RROCK2 Ki/nmol·L-1HTM IC50/nmol·L-1PTM IC50/nmol·L-1
6NH21.55 6092 196
7(SR)-CH2NH20.8123137
8(S)-CH2NH20.447179
9(R)-CH2NH2161 2161 816
10CH2CH2NH21.54797
), ArticleFig(id=1201158423715995808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420159225885, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.R1R2, R3ROCK2 Ki/nmol·L-1HTM IC50/nmol·L-1PTM IC50/nmol·L-1
11OHH2.2266456
12H2-F1.0139260
13H3-F1.0201298
14H4-F1.0102175
15OH4-F2.0219247
16H3,4-F21.270200
17H2-Cl1.3192245
18H3-Cl0.9383455
19H4-Cl0.464129
20H2,4-Cl20.8208414
21H2-CH31.090200
22H3-CH33.3324511
23H4-CH30.43984
24H3-OH1.31 721459
25H4-OH0.61931 015
26H3,4-(OH)25.511 0025 147
27H3-CH3, 4-OH1.0672794
28H3-OCH3, 4-OH10.34 2392 954
29H3-OCH32.0214448
30H4-OCH31.3111670
31H4-OCH2Ph2.0214448
32H3-CH2OH3.02481 376
33H4-CH2OH0.248485
34H3-CF32.7298201
35H4-CF31.8493152
36H1-Naphthyl1.04 2392 954
37H2-Naphthyl0.71931 015
), ArticleFig(id=1201158423846019240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420159225885, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Structure and activity of α-substituted phenyl-β-aminopropionamide of isoquinolines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.R1R2, R3ROCK2 Ki/nmol·L-1HTM IC50/nmol·L-1PTM IC50/nmol·L-1
11OHH2.2266456
12H2-F1.0139260
13H3-F1.0201298
14H4-F1.0102175
15OH4-F2.0219247
16H3,4-F21.270200
17H2-Cl1.3192245
18H3-Cl0.9383455
19H4-Cl0.464129
20H2,4-Cl20.8208414
21H2-CH31.090200
22H3-CH33.3324511
23H4-CH30.43984
24H3-OH1.31 721459
25H4-OH0.61931 015
26H3,4-(OH)25.511 0025 147
27H3-CH3, 4-OH1.0672794
28H3-OCH3, 4-OH10.34 2392 954
29H3-OCH32.0214448
30H4-OCH31.3111670
31H4-OCH2Ph2.0214448
32H3-CH2OH3.02481 376
33H4-CH2OH0.248485
34H3-CF32.7298201
35H4-CF31.8493152
36H1-Naphthyl1.04 2392 954
37H2-Naphthyl0.71931 015
), ArticleFig(id=1201158424005402797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420159225885, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RROCK2 Ki/nmol·L-1HTM IC50/nmol·L-1DIOPca/
mmHg/time point
Ave irritat. Scoreb
24-0.6193-1.5 (maximum)-
38-CH(CH3)24214-6.5/4 h; -4.8/8 h0.8
39-C(CH3)3359330-5.9/4 h; -7.1/8 h1.8
40-C2H56.8167-7.8/4 h; -3.7/8 h0.9
41-CH2Ph1.874-6.0/4 h; -6.0/8 h0.4
422,4-(CH3)2Ph8212 459-6.8/4 h; -6.5/8 h0.5
433,5-(CH3)2Ph2751 250-7.3/4 h; -5.5/8 h0.5
443-Pyridyl4.8832-2.2/4 h; -0.3/8 h0.2
45-CH2NH21156-1.1/4 h; -0.1/8 h0
), ArticleFig(id=1201158424114454711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420159225885, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

SAR of esters of the α-4-hydroxy phenyl β-amino isoquinoline amide. a: 0.1% compound dosed on day 1 and 0.3% dosed on day 2; IOP numbers from day 2; p = 0.1-0.001. b: Average irritation score on day 2, based on Draize method, c = chemosis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RROCK2 Ki/nmol·L-1HTM IC50/nmol·L-1DIOPca/
mmHg/time point
Ave irritat. Scoreb
24-0.6193-1.5 (maximum)-
38-CH(CH3)24214-6.5/4 h; -4.8/8 h0.8
39-C(CH3)3359330-5.9/4 h; -7.1/8 h1.8
40-C2H56.8167-7.8/4 h; -3.7/8 h0.9
41-CH2Ph1.874-6.0/4 h; -6.0/8 h0.4
422,4-(CH3)2Ph8212 459-6.8/4 h; -6.5/8 h0.5
433,5-(CH3)2Ph2751 250-7.3/4 h; -5.5/8 h0.5
443-Pyridyl4.8832-2.2/4 h; -0.3/8 h0.2
45-CH2NH21156-1.1/4 h; -0.1/8 h0
), ArticleFig(id=1201158424194146500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420159225885, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RROCK2 Ki/nmol·L-1HTM IC50/nmol·L-1DIOPca/
mmHg/time point
Ave irritat. Scoreb
33-0.248-2.1 (maximum)1.0
46-CH(CH3)23.283-7.3/4 h; -7.1/8 h2.0
47-C(CH3)321.8424-3.5/4 h; -8.1/8 h1.0
48-C2H51.772-6.8/4 h; -9.7/8 h0.7
49-CH2Ph0.8118-6.0/4 h; -6.0/8 h0.4
502,4-(CH3)2Ph4.2250-6.3/4 h; -5.5/8 h1.1
513,5-(CH3)2Ph0.965-7.7/4 h; -9.3/8 h0.4
52-(CH2)3CH31.644-8.9/4 h; -5.4/8 h0.5
533-Pyridyl0.765-4.3/4 h; -5.8/8 h0
54-CH2NCH3Not test38-2.1/4 h; -1.3/8 h0
), ArticleFig(id=1201158424315781322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158420159225885, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

SAR of esters of the α-4-hydroxymethyl phenyl β-amino isoquinoline amide. a: 0.1% compound dosed on day 1 and 0.3% dosed on day 2; IOP numbers from day 2; p = 0.1-0.001. b: Average irritation score on day 2, based on Draize method, c = chemosis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compd.RROCK2 Ki/nmol·L-1HTM IC50/nmol·L-1DIOPca/
mmHg/time point
Ave irritat. Scoreb
33-0.248-2.1 (maximum)1.0
46-CH(CH3)23.283-7.3/4 h; -7.1/8 h2.0
47-C(CH3)321.8424-3.5/4 h; -8.1/8 h1.0
48-C2H51.772-6.8/4 h; -9.7/8 h0.7
49-CH2Ph0.8118-6.0/4 h; -6.0/8 h0.4
502,4-(CH3)2Ph4.2250-6.3/4 h; -5.5/8 h1.1
513,5-(CH3)2Ph0.965-7.7/4 h; -9.3/8 h0.4
52-(CH2)3CH31.644-8.9/4 h; -5.4/8 h0.5
533-Pyridyl0.765-4.3/4 h; -5.8/8 h0
54-CH2NCH3Not test38-2.1/4 h; -1.3/8 h0
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作用于ROCK激酶的滴眼剂奈托舒迪
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郭宗儒
药学学报 | 新药发现与研究实例简析 2024,59(2): 489-492
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药学学报 | 新药发现与研究实例简析 2024, 59(2): 489-492
作用于ROCK激酶的滴眼剂奈托舒迪
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郭宗儒
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  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
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出版时间: 2024-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0334
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郭宗儒. 作用于ROCK激酶的滴眼剂奈托舒迪. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (2) : 489 -492 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0334
. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (2) : 489 -492 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0334
新药创制是复杂的智力活动, 涉及科学研究、技术创造、产品开发和医疗效果等多维科技活动。每个药物都有自身的研发轨迹, 而构建化学结构是最重要的环节, 因为它涵盖了药效、药代、安全性和生物药剂学等多维性质。本栏目以药物化学视角, 对有代表性的药物的成功构建, 加以剖析和解读。
本刊于2019第3期刊登了治疗青光眼的多佐胺滴眼剂的研制过程, 多佐胺的作用靶标是眼部的碳酸酐酶。本期发表另一个青光眼治疗药奈托舒迪, 靶标是抑制小梁网的ROCK激酶, 作用机制不同。本滴眼剂是外用药, 但须透过角膜进入小梁网组织, 调控房水外流, 从而降低巩膜静脉压。研制治疗青光眼的难度在于高活性、选择性、作用持续性、无刺激性等诸多要求, 在结构优化过程中这些内容都需要在动物模型上同时进行试验。
(编者按)
青光眼是一种常见眼病, 由于眼内压(IOP) 持续升高, 给眼球各部分组织带来损害, 视力下降导致视野可以全部丧失而失明。既有的若干种类型的降低眼压的药物有β肾上腺能阻滞剂如噻马洛尔(1, timolol)、α肾上腺能激动剂如溴莫尼定(2, brimonidine)、前列腺素F2α类似物拉坦前列素(3, latanoprost) (Stjernschantz J, Resul B. Phenyl substituted prostaglandin analogs for glaucoma treatment. Drugs Future, 1992, 17: 691-704)和碳酸酐酶抑制剂多佐胺(4, dorzolamide) (Baldwin JJ, Ponticello GS, Anderson PS, et al. Thienothiopyran-2-sulfonamides: novel topically active carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma. J Med Chem, 1989, 32: 2510-2513) 等。本品是一种兼具抑制Rho相关蛋白激酶(ROCK) 和抑制去甲肾上腺素转运蛋白作用的药物, 能够改善小梁网的渗透能力, 减少房水的产生, 从而降低眼内压。
人体内存在一类称作Rho的激酶, 表达于多种组织中, 功能是促进肌动蛋白应力纤维的聚集和黏着斑的形成, 调节细胞的收缩和运动。其相关的ROCK激酶也在小梁网表达, 抑制小梁网ROCK激酶可提高小梁网渗出房水的能力, 降低眼内压, 因而ROCK激酶是研制治疗青光眼和高眼压症的药物靶标。Rho激酶有两种亚型ROCK1和ROCK2, 属于丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族。
用三种体外模型评价受试物的抑制活性。一是对ROCK酶的抑制活性。以不同浓度的化合物与ROCK激酶温育, 测定酶活性降低值, 计算化合物与酶结合的离解常数Ki值。另两个是用SV40转化的人小梁网细胞(HTM) 和猪小梁网细胞(PTM) 与不同浓度的化合物温育, 计算50%细胞生长受到抑制的化合物浓度IC50
动物试验是用荷兰兔测定化合物降低眼内压的活性。角膜由三层构成: 外层是亲脂性上皮细胞; 中间层较厚, 为亲水性间质细胞; 内层是内皮细胞。因而局部应用的滴眼剂需要穿越角膜的屏障。受试物必需穿越角膜, 吸收到小梁网细胞中。两只眼睛一只为对照, 一只滴0.2或0.3%受试物溶液1滴, 在第4、8 h和次日测定两只眼睛的眼内压差ΔIOP (mmHg)。比较降压的强度和持续时间, 并观察对结膜的刺激作用, 打分评定, 分值越低安全性越好。
研制者已有的活性化合物AR-12286 (5) 抑制ROCK2激酶的活性IC50值为2 nmol·L-1, 动物模型和人体试验表明能够降低眼内压, 但作用不持久, 优化的目标是增加降低眼内压的时间。
首先考察变换碱性氨基与芳环的距离对活性的影响, 合成的化合物列于表 1, 结果提示, 氨基处于β位的化合物7抑制酶活性强于α位的5, 氨基在γ位的化合物10的活性也比5强。7拆分为光活体, S构型显著强于R异构体, 8为优映体, 提示与酶结合具有立体专属性。对细胞的活性与酶的抑制作用趋势相同。
评价化合物6710降低荷兰兔眼压的作用, 分别是滴0.3%、0.2%和0.3%溶液1滴, 在规定的时间点测定与对照眼的眼压差, 结果表明化合物7活性高于610, 而且降低眼压的幅度大、持续时间久(省略数据), 然而7有结膜充血和轻度的结膜水肿的不良反应。基于这些结果, 将7作为先导物, 结构骨架是α-芳基-β-氨基丙酰氨基异喹啉, 下一步是在苯基和异喹啉环上进行取代基的优化。
以化合物7为起始物, 在苯环的不同位置作单或二取代, 同时也考察异喹啉环1-位羟基的必要性, 合成的化合物和体外活性列于表 2。分析表中的构效关系如下: ①变换苯环的取代基引起抑制ROCK2激酶的变化与对HTM和PTM细胞的活性变化仍呈正相关。②抑制酶活性强的化合物有4-Cl (19, Ki = 0.4 nmol·L-1)、4-CH3 (23, Ki = 0.4 nmol·L-1)、4-OH (25, Ki = 0.6 nmol·L-1)、4-CH2OH (33, Ki = 0.2 nmol·L-1) 和2-萘基(37, Ki = 0.7 nmol·L-1)。③异喹啉环上1-OH取代的活性低于无取代的1倍, 如化合物11低于12, 15低于14, 因而异喹啉环上1-位不宜有取代基。
表 2中的高活性化合物用荷兰兔做降低眼压活性实验, 其中4-Cl (19)、4-CH3 (23) 和2-萘基(37) 的降低眼压作用最强, 滴入0.1%溶液1滴, 8 h后分别降低眼压8.1、9.6和7.2 mmHg, 持续时间1~2天。这三个化合物的取代基都是亲脂性基团, 例如疏水性常数πCl = 0.71、πCH3 = 0.56、π苯并 = 1.32, 有利于穿越角膜。然而这三个化合物仍有引起轻度结膜充血和水肿的不良反应。
化合物25(4-OH) 和33(4-CH2OH) 的降眼压作用明显弱于上述三个化合物, 分别只有1.5和2.1 mmHg, 推测是极性基团不利于穿越角膜的缘故。下一步是提高角膜吸收的作用并消除刺激结膜的不良反应, 选择的化合物是含有酚羟基25和羟甲基的33, 选定的依据是2533的酶活性比较高, 而且羟基在结构上有可修饰性, 即通过制备亲脂性前药提高化合物的过膜性, 有望降低刺激结膜作用, 并且由于水解缓释出原药可延长降压的效果。
目标化合物的活性评价包括抑制ROCK激酶和抑制小梁网细胞的生长, 以及降低荷兰兔眼压的强度、持续性和对结膜刺激的不良反应(选择性)。研制者以体外有较高活性的化合物25酚羟基为连接位点合成了酯性前药, 以调整过膜性、作用的持续性和选择性。
合成的酚酯类化合物列于表 3。结果表明, 羟基酯化后的酶和细胞活性都比相应的原药减弱。用荷兰兔评价降低眼压作用是第一天滴1滴(30μL) 0.1%的溶液, 第二天滴1滴0.3%的溶液, 在每天给药后1、2、4、8、24 h的时间点测定眼压和对结膜刺激作用的打分(越低越安全)。
结果提示, 化合物24的酚羟基酯化后, 除了苯乙酸酯(40) 和甘氨酸酯(45) 稍降低外, 其余化合物抑制ROCK激酶活性都显著降低, 说明前药本身的抑酶活性很差, 但对细胞的抑制作用, 化合物3841的活性强于原药24, 提示过膜和释出原药的总效果强于24, 其他的化合物变化不大或活性更低。然而多数化合物降低眼压作用显著强于22, 提示增加了化合物的亲脂性有利于过膜和释放原药。其中化合物38404243的4 h/8 h的降眼压作用较强, 不过只有4243的刺激结膜的不良反应较弱(表 3)。
设计合成化合物33的羧酸酯前药, 结构与活性列于表 4。为了与25的前药化合物作比较, 制备的羧酸酯基本相同。结果表明, 该系列的抑制ROCK激酶活性显著高于相应的酚酯型化合物, 而抑制人小梁网细胞的活性与酚酯相差不大, 但荷兰兔滴眼实验表明化合物46485152的降低眼压和持续作用较强, 强于相应的酚酯。其中3,5-二甲基苯甲酸酯(51) 降眼压持续时间最长, 在8 h的降压效果可达到9.1 mmHg, 而且对结膜呈现最小的刺激作用。
综合评价抑制ROCK激酶和细胞活性、降低眼压的幅度和持续时间, 以及较低结膜刺激作用, 确定51为候选化合物作进一步研发。此外, 还发现51具有抑制去甲肾上腺素转运蛋白(NET) 和5-羟色胺转运蛋白(SERT) 的活性(数据省略), 因而与抑制ROCK激酶的降低眼压有协同作用。选择性试验表明, 以500 nmol·L-1浓度评价了对人体442个蛋白激酶的活性, 只有11个显示有活性, 其中ROCK1和ROCK2的抑制率超过92%, 提示化合物51选择性较好。进而将51拆分为光学异构体, 确定了S构型为优映体, 定名为奈托舒迪(netarsudil) 进入临床试验, 以0.02%的甲磺酸盐溶液作滴眼剂, 每日一次表明能够调控小梁网的房水外流, 从而降低巩膜静脉压, 对结膜的刺激性很小, 于2017年FDA批准上市, 治疗青光眼和高眼压症(Sturdivant JM, Royalty SM, Lin CW, et al. Discovery of the ROCK inhibitor netarsudil for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2016, 26: 2475-2480)。
2024年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2020-0334
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-02-12
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
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