Article(id=1201158415163814685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1103, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1695571200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-25, revisedDate=1702828800000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764308082619, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1707667200000, pubDateStr=2024-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764308082619, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764308082618, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764308082618, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201158414379479837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='269', pageEnd='492', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764308082432, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764308181123, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201158828365669286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201158828365669287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201158414379479837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=269, endPage=278, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201158415486776096, articleId=1201158415163814685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Biological principles for "homotherapy for heteropathy", columnId=1190335349059588909, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Professionals Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Non-infectious chronic diseases in human including diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), atherosclerosis (AS), neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis, as well as malignant tumors may have some common pathogenic mechanisms such as non-resolved inflammation (NRI), gut microbiota dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondria dysfunction, and abnormality of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. These pathogenic mechanisms could be the basis for "homotherapy for heteropathy" in clinic. Some commonly used clinical drugs, such as metformin, berberine, aspirin, statins, and rapamycin may execute therapeutic effect on their targeted diseases, and also have the effect of "homotherapy for heteropathy". The mechanisms of the above drugs may include anti-inflammation, modulation of gut microbiota, suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress, improvement of mitochondria function, and inhibition of mTOR. For virus infectious diseases, as some viruses need certain commonly used replicases, the inhibitors of the replicases become examples of "homotherapy for heteropathy" for antiviral therapy in clinic (for example tenofovir for both AIDS and HBV infection). Especially, in case of outbreak of new emerging viruses, these viral enzyme inhibitors such as azvudine and sofibuvir, could be rapidly used in controlling viral epidemic or pandemic, based on the principle of "homotherapy for heteropathy". In this review article, we show the research progress of the biological basis for "homotherapy for heteropathy" and the possible mechanisms of some well-known drugs, in order to provide insights and new references for innovative drug R&D.

, correspAuthors=Jian-dong JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei-jia KONG, Yu-huan LI, Jian-dong JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201158416069784359, articleId=1201158415163814685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=“异病同治”的生物学原理, columnId=1190335349206389552, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专家论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

人体多个系统的非感染性慢性疾病如糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)、动脉粥样硬化(AS)、神经退行性疾病、骨质疏松和恶性肿瘤等具有一些共同的发病机制, 如非可控性炎症(NRI)、肠道菌群紊乱、内质网应激、线粒体功能紊乱、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR) 通路异常等, 是临床“异病同治”的基础; 一些临床常用的慢病治疗药物如二甲双胍、小檗碱、阿司匹林、他汀类和雷帕霉素, 通过抗炎、调控肠道菌群、抑制内质网应激、改善线粒体功能、抑制mTOR等机制同时对多种慢性疾病具有改善作用, 发挥“异病同治”的效果。而对于病毒性感染的疾病, 因为有些病毒需要一些共性的病毒复制酶, 这类酶的抑制剂也就成了临床抗病毒“异病同治”的运用范例(如同时抗艾滋病和乙肝的替诺福韦); 尤其是在针对突发的病毒传染病时, 这些病毒酶抑制剂在抗疫过程中快速地发挥出“异病同治”的重要作用, 如阿兹夫定和索非布韦等。本文对“异病同治”的生物基础以及这些药物的可能作用机制的研究进展进行综述, 以期为新药研发提供科学依据和新的参考。

, correspAuthors=蒋建东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*蒋建东, Tel: 86-10-63188423, E-mail:
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DrugChronic disease or virus infectionPossible mechanism for "homotherapy for heteropathy"
MetforminDiabetes and complications, NAFLD, AS, AD, cancer, osteoporosisAnti-inflammation, modulation of gut microbiota, suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress, improvement of mitochondria function, suppression of mTOR
BerberineHyperlipidemia, diabetes and complications, NAFLD, AS, cancer, PDAnti-inflammation, modulation of gut microbiota, suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress, improvement of mitochondria function
AspirinThrombosis, AS, cancerAnti-platelet, anti-inflammation
StatinsAS, cancerAnti-inflammation
RapamycinImmune dysfunction, cancer, TSC, osteoporosisSuppression of mTOR
TenofovirHIV-1 infection, HBV infectionSuppression of viral reverse transcriptase
AzvudineHIV-1 infection, COVID-19 infectionSuppression of viral reverse transcriptase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
SofibuvirHCV infection, Zika virus infectionSuppression of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of viruses of the flavivirus family
), ArticleFig(id=1201189361539834376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201158415163814685, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

"Homotherapy for heteropathy" effects and possible mechanisms of commonly used drugs for the treatment chronic diseases and anti-viral drugs. NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; AS: Atherosclerosis; AD: Alzheimer's disease; PD: Parkinson's disease; TSC: Tuberous sclerosis complex; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DrugChronic disease or virus infectionPossible mechanism for "homotherapy for heteropathy"
MetforminDiabetes and complications, NAFLD, AS, AD, cancer, osteoporosisAnti-inflammation, modulation of gut microbiota, suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress, improvement of mitochondria function, suppression of mTOR
BerberineHyperlipidemia, diabetes and complications, NAFLD, AS, cancer, PDAnti-inflammation, modulation of gut microbiota, suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress, improvement of mitochondria function
AspirinThrombosis, AS, cancerAnti-platelet, anti-inflammation
StatinsAS, cancerAnti-inflammation
RapamycinImmune dysfunction, cancer, TSC, osteoporosisSuppression of mTOR
TenofovirHIV-1 infection, HBV infectionSuppression of viral reverse transcriptase
AzvudineHIV-1 infection, COVID-19 infectionSuppression of viral reverse transcriptase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
SofibuvirHCV infection, Zika virus infectionSuppression of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of viruses of the flavivirus family
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“异病同治”的生物学原理
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孔维佳 1 , 李玉环 1 , 蒋建东 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专家论坛 2024,59(2): 269-278
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药学学报 | 专家论坛 2024, 59(2): 269-278
“异病同治”的生物学原理
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孔维佳1, 李玉环1, 蒋建东1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050
  • 2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*蒋建东, Tel: 86-10-63188423, E-mail:
Biological principles for "homotherapy for heteropathy"
Wei-jia KONG1, Yu-huan LI1, Jian-dong JIANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2024-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1103
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人体多个系统的非感染性慢性疾病如糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)、动脉粥样硬化(AS)、神经退行性疾病、骨质疏松和恶性肿瘤等具有一些共同的发病机制, 如非可控性炎症(NRI)、肠道菌群紊乱、内质网应激、线粒体功能紊乱、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR) 通路异常等, 是临床“异病同治”的基础; 一些临床常用的慢病治疗药物如二甲双胍、小檗碱、阿司匹林、他汀类和雷帕霉素, 通过抗炎、调控肠道菌群、抑制内质网应激、改善线粒体功能、抑制mTOR等机制同时对多种慢性疾病具有改善作用, 发挥“异病同治”的效果。而对于病毒性感染的疾病, 因为有些病毒需要一些共性的病毒复制酶, 这类酶的抑制剂也就成了临床抗病毒“异病同治”的运用范例(如同时抗艾滋病和乙肝的替诺福韦); 尤其是在针对突发的病毒传染病时, 这些病毒酶抑制剂在抗疫过程中快速地发挥出“异病同治”的重要作用, 如阿兹夫定和索非布韦等。本文对“异病同治”的生物基础以及这些药物的可能作用机制的研究进展进行综述, 以期为新药研发提供科学依据和新的参考。

异病同治  /  非可控性炎症  /  肠道菌群紊乱  /  内质网应激  /  线粒体紊乱  /  哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白  /  病毒酶

Non-infectious chronic diseases in human including diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), atherosclerosis (AS), neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis, as well as malignant tumors may have some common pathogenic mechanisms such as non-resolved inflammation (NRI), gut microbiota dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondria dysfunction, and abnormality of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. These pathogenic mechanisms could be the basis for "homotherapy for heteropathy" in clinic. Some commonly used clinical drugs, such as metformin, berberine, aspirin, statins, and rapamycin may execute therapeutic effect on their targeted diseases, and also have the effect of "homotherapy for heteropathy". The mechanisms of the above drugs may include anti-inflammation, modulation of gut microbiota, suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress, improvement of mitochondria function, and inhibition of mTOR. For virus infectious diseases, as some viruses need certain commonly used replicases, the inhibitors of the replicases become examples of "homotherapy for heteropathy" for antiviral therapy in clinic (for example tenofovir for both AIDS and HBV infection). Especially, in case of outbreak of new emerging viruses, these viral enzyme inhibitors such as azvudine and sofibuvir, could be rapidly used in controlling viral epidemic or pandemic, based on the principle of "homotherapy for heteropathy". In this review article, we show the research progress of the biological basis for "homotherapy for heteropathy" and the possible mechanisms of some well-known drugs, in order to provide insights and new references for innovative drug R&D.

homotherapy for heteropathy  /  non-resolved inflammation  /  gut microbiota dysfunction  /  endoplasmic reticulum stress  /  mitochondria dysfunction  /  mammalian target of rapamycin  /  viral enzyme
孔维佳, 李玉环, 蒋建东. “异病同治”的生物学原理. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (2) : 269 -278 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1103
Wei-jia KONG, Yu-huan LI, Jian-dong JIANG. Biological principles for "homotherapy for heteropathy"[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (2) : 269 -278 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1103
2023年初, 本课题组在《药学学报》上发表了“标本兼治的生物学原理”一文[1]。而在准备这篇文稿时, 课题组研究人员意识到“治本”的生物学内涵有着广泛和重要的临床和药学意义, 许多涉及到了“异病同治”的概念, 因为有些临床疾病的起因是相似的。
“异病同治”是中国古代医学就提出的治疗理念, 是指对不同病症可以用相似的治疗方法, 通过治本而改善不同病症(相似病因引起的症状, 如代谢紊乱引起高血糖、高血脂、高血压、脂肪肝、动脉粥样硬化等)。但在实践中, 能标本兼治则标本兼治, 不能标本兼治则先解决某个症状。近年来, 西方对疾病的观念也在趋同中医的证, 提出多病(multimorbidity) 概念, 尤其是对慢病的看法, 说明医学认识上的进步[2-4]。中医理论“辨证论治”中“证”的意思相当于综合征(西医的概念)。辨证论治的主要意思是指医生看病要深究其原因, 然后开展治疗; 有些“证”可以有不同的症, 但争取找到主要的原因(本), 对其开展治疗可以获得疗效。
对于寻找新药来说, 研究者可能会面临一个重要问题, 即“是新化合物太少, 还是对化合物的了解太少”, 答案也许两者兼是。实际上, 随着生命科学和医学研究的进展, 疾病分子机制的研究不断深入, 药物靶点的认识被广泛应用到新药的发现之中, 逐步使研究者看到了一种药物可能治疗多种疾病的科学原理。研究发现有些生物靶标与多种疾病的发病机制相关, 如不少人类的病毒具有相似的复制环节, 完成其生命周期需要的生物酶有一定的共性, 如RNA病毒的RNA多聚酶等。研究还发现, 从整体的角度看, 人体的心脑血管病、能量代谢性疾病、恶性肿瘤、神经退行性疾病等, 其发生和发展通常有某些共同或类似的原因, 如慢性非可控性炎症(NRI)[5]、肠道菌群紊乱[6]、内质网应激[7]、线粒体功能紊乱[8]; 从具体的生物靶分子的角度看, 如病毒复制的酶[9]及哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR) 通路异常[10]等, 也可成为异病同治的生物学原理。其中, 针对生物靶分子的治疗可以看作是治标(对表型), 而针对整体的则可以看作是治本(对病因); 也有的药物可以达到标本兼治的作用, 所以用途更广泛。
已经在临床上看到一些西药, 除了各自独特的药效外, 还对其他疾病有治疗效果, 产生“异病同治”的作用。本文以数个临床常用药为例, 阐述“异病同治”的生物学原理, 以期为未来的新药研发提供科学参考。
人类疾病的发生其临床表现有所不同(标), 被医生诊断为不同的疾病, 但是从发病的原因(本) 看, 有些名称不同的疾病其起因可能是相同的或类似的。实际上, 我国医学注重治病的整体观(标本兼治), 强调从源头抑制致病因素, 可能达到多重疗效的结果。
NRI可能是与多种疾病最相关的病因之一。一些临床常见慢性疾病的发生和发展与组织或器官的慢性NRI密切相关。在代谢性疾病如2型糖尿病的发生和发展过程中, 代谢组织的促炎性因子如肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α) 和白介素-6 (IL-6) 等可引起胰岛素受体底物-1 (IRS-1) 的307位丝氨酸(Ser307) 磷酸化, 干扰正常胰岛素信号传导, 从而诱发组织胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病发病[11]。炎性细胞浸润和促炎性因子的释放还可诱导肾脏或视网膜等组织和细胞的损伤, 进而导致糖尿病肾病或视网膜病变等并发症的发生[12, 13]。炎症反应在非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD) 的病程中起非常重要的作用。当病程发展到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH) 阶段, 肝脏中炎性小体(NLRP3) 途径被激活, 导致IL-1β和IL-18的水平增加, 从而加重肝细胞损伤和肝组织纤维化[14]
炎性细胞和促炎性因子在动脉粥样硬化(AS) 斑块形成和破裂的全过程中发挥关键作用[15], 并且可导致神经元损伤和毒性, 与阿尔茨海默症(AD) 等神经退行性疾病密切相关[16]。器官或组织的慢性非特异性低度炎症还是诱导细胞恶变和癌症发生的重要因素之一。研究发现, 促炎性因子能激活细胞的核因子-κB (NF-κB) 和信号转导及转录激活蛋白3 (STAT3) 通路, 进而通过调控靶基因表达起到抑制细胞凋亡和促进细胞增殖的作用, 最终诱导细胞恶变, 并能促进肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移[17]
一些临床常用的慢病治疗药物具有一定抗炎作用, 通过抑制NRI, 可能对多种慢性疾病具有“异病同治”的效果。如常用口服降糖药二甲双胍和天然产物小檗碱用于2型糖尿病治疗能明显改善患者的慢性炎症状态, 使血清以及代谢组织的C-反应蛋白(CRP)、TNF-α和IL-6等促炎性因子和标记物的水平明显下降[18-21]。除各自的特异性药物靶点外, 二甲双胍和小檗碱可通过减轻炎症反应使IRS-1的丝氨酸磷酸化减少而酪氨酸磷酸化增加, 从而进一步增加代谢组织的胰岛素敏感性[22, 23]。二甲双胍和小檗碱改善糖尿病并发症如糖尿病肾病和视网膜病变的作用也与抗炎活性相关, 二者可明显减轻肾组织和视网膜细胞促炎性因子的表达[24, 25]。二甲双胍和小檗碱对NAFLD也有一定改善效果, 其中抗炎活性发挥重要作用。临床研究发现, 二者用于预防或治疗NAFLD可明显降低血清CRP水平并改善肝功能[26-28]
二甲双胍和小檗碱对AS有一定临床防治和改善效果[29, 30]。除了调控糖脂代谢, 二甲双胍和小檗碱的抗炎活性也是抗AS的主要机制之一。二者明显下调巨噬细胞促炎性因子的表达, 从而抑制血管壁炎症反应, 起到抗AS的作用[31, 32]。二甲双胍对神经系统慢性疾病如AD有一定改善作用[33], 除了通过抑制tau蛋白磷酸化, 二甲双胍也可能通过减轻神经慢性炎症来改善AD症状[34]。以上这些研究都支持二甲双胍和小檗碱可通过抑制慢性炎症达到对代谢性疾病、心血管和神经系统慢性病“异病同治”的效果。二甲双胍和小檗碱的抗炎机制与AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMPK) 活化[20]或激活蛋白-1 (AP-1) 和NF-κB途径的抑制有关, 二者通过调控这些信号通路来下调细胞促炎性因子的表达[35, 36]。最新研究发现, 小檗碱抗炎的直接靶点可能是蛋白激酶R (PKR/EIF2AK2), 其通过与PKR的直接结合调控多个炎症信号通路[37]
阿司匹林和其他一些慢病治疗药物可以通过抑制NRI发挥肿瘤防治的效果。阿司匹林的作用靶点包括环氧化酶-1/2 (COX-1/2)、NF-κB和STAT3等, 分别起到抗血小板、抗炎和抗肿瘤作用[17]。阿司匹林是非选择性COX抑制剂, 通过抑制COX-1减少血小板活化、聚集和血栓形成, 通过抑制COX-2减轻血管壁炎症反应, 从而发挥稳定AS斑块和心血管病的防治效果[38]。此外, 阿司匹林对多个组织和器官的NRI以及NF-κB和STAT3通路具有抑制作用, 能有效预防细胞的异常增殖和恶变, 从而发挥肿瘤防治效果[17]。多年来的临床研究证明阿司匹林对结直肠癌(CRC) 在内的多种恶性肿瘤具有明显的防治疗效, 能明显降低肿瘤发生率、转移率和死亡率[17]。除了阿司匹林, 二甲双胍、他汀类药物和小檗碱也能通过抑制慢性NRI对肠癌、肝癌、肺癌和乳腺癌等多种恶性肿瘤发挥一定防治作用, 并作为辅助治疗方式取得了一定临床疗效[17, 39], 体现了对代谢性疾病、心血管疾病和肿瘤的“异病同治”效果。
肠道菌群的平衡对于人体健康至关重要, 肠道菌群紊乱也是引起多种慢性疾病的主要因素之一。在糖尿病的发病过程中, 肠道中厚壁菌门和益生菌的数量明显减少, 而条件致病菌的数量明显增加, 结果使肠道屏障功能破坏, 细菌脂多糖(LPS) 入血引起慢性炎症[40]。除了炎症, 肠道菌群紊乱还通过干扰胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1) 的作用对胰岛素分泌和葡萄糖代谢产生不良影响[41]。肠道菌群紊乱通过“肠-肝轴”可引起肝病, 包括NAFLD。除炎症机制之外, 肠道菌群紊乱如乳杆菌科减少还可影响胆汁酸代谢和肠-肝循环, 使肠道法尼醇X受体(FXR) 表达减少, 进而影响脂代谢和NAFLD进展[42]。肠道菌群紊乱是诱发AS和冠心病等心血管疾病的重要因素。此外, 肠道菌群紊乱可促使胆碱代谢成为毒性产物三甲胺-N-氧化物(TMAO), 从而诱发或加重AS和斑块破裂[43]。肠道菌群紊乱可通过“肠-脑轴”引起帕金森病(PD) 等神经退行性疾病。除了炎症反应损伤神经元, 肠道菌群紊乱可影响肠道和中枢神经多巴胺的合成, 从而诱导或加重PD症状[44]
小檗碱经口给药后通过调控肠道菌群对多种疾病可发挥改善作用。小檗碱明显增加肠道中短链脂肪酸(SCFA) 产生菌的丰度, 同时使条件致病菌等有害菌的丰度明显下降; 结果使肠道屏障功能得到恢复而LPS入血减少, 从而减轻内毒素血症以及组织和器官的慢性炎症[45]。除了抗炎, 小檗碱调控肠道菌群后可能通过不同的机制来发挥药效, 当其被用于糖尿病时可通过调控肠道菌群来上调肠道GLP-1表达并促进分泌[46], 还可通过增加SCFA包括丁酸的产量来促进葡萄糖代谢[47]。丁酸通过肠道吸收入血后到达代谢器官, 能够通过活化AMPK等方式直接刺激糖代谢[47, 48]。小檗碱用于NAFLD时可通过增加肠道菌丁酸产量促进脂代谢[48], 还增加肠道乳杆菌科等菌群数量来调控胆汁酸代谢, 从而上调肠道FXR表达, 也对肝脏脂质代谢产生有益影响[49]。小檗碱用于防治AS, 可能通过重塑肠道菌群并抑制TMAO产生菌对胆碱的转化来减少肠道TMAO的产生, 从而抑制AS斑块的形成[50, 51]。此外, 小檗碱用于PD治疗时[52], 可通过调控肠道菌群增加肠道中L-多巴的产生以及脑中多巴胺的合成, 从而改善PD[53]。二甲双胍对于肠道菌群有小檗碱类似的调控活性, 除了抗炎, 肠道菌也对二甲双胍“异病同治”的效果起关键作用[54, 55]
内质网是细胞中蛋白质合成和加工的场所, 其功能紊乱会导致蛋白质的错误折叠和堆积, 引起内质网应激和未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)。持续性内质网应激和UPR诱导下游信号分子PERK、IRE1α和ATF6的活化, 进而通过上调或活化CHOP、JNK和caspase-12等分子诱导细胞发生凋亡[56]。大量研究证明, 内质网应激和UPR与多个系统慢性疾病的发生和发展密切相关。如在糖尿病的病程中, 高血糖诱导的内质网应激和UPR会破坏胰岛功能, 并导致肾组织足细胞和肾小管细胞凋亡, 是引起糖尿病肾病的主要机制之一[57]。在NAFLD/NASH病程中, 大量过剩的游离脂肪酸(FFA) 诱导肝细胞产生持续内质网应激和UPR, 可加速病程进展。首先, PERK等UPR分子可活化NF-κB, 加重肝脏炎症反应; 其次, 肝细胞在内质网应激和UPR的持续刺激下会发生凋亡, 最终导致病程向纤维化发展[58]。在AS形成过程中, 持续性内质网应激和UPR加速巨噬细胞向泡沫细胞的转化, 并诱导血管内皮细胞凋亡, 使斑块不稳定性增加[59]。另外, 内质网应激和UPR与AD和PD等慢性神经退行性疾病相关。在这些疾病的发生和发展过程中, 持续性内质网应激和UPR通过诱导神经元凋亡等方式加重神经损伤, 可能是治疗神经退行性疾病的有效靶点[60]
二甲双胍和小檗碱通过调控内质网应激可能对内分泌代谢、心血管、神经及消化系统的某些慢性疾病具有“异病同治”的效果。小檗碱在体外作用于肾小管细胞明显抑制果糖诱导的内质网应激, 减少PERK磷酸化水平, 下调CHOP表达, 改善细胞凋亡; 作用于糖尿病肾病动物模型对内质网应激蛋白分子具有类似作用, 并且明显减少足细胞凋亡, 改善肾功能[61]。小檗碱用于NASH动物模型或FFA诱导的原代肝细胞均能有效改善内质网应激和UPR, 明显减少细胞内蛋白堆积, 下调PERK磷酸化、CHOP和ATF6表达水平[62]。二甲双胍对内质网应激具有与小檗碱类似的抑制效果, 作用于氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL) 诱导的巨噬细胞, 明显减少内质网应激标识蛋白的表达并抑制细胞凋亡, 提示其可能通过抑制内质网应激起到改善AS的作用[63]。二甲双胍和小檗碱对神经细胞如星形胶质细胞的内质网应激也有抑制作用, 用于AD动物模型明显下调内质网应激标识蛋白并抑制神经元凋亡, 从而改善AD症状[64, 65]
细胞线粒体的主要功能是参与有氧代谢, 通过电子传递链(ETC) 和氧化磷酸化合成ATP。线粒体功能异常与多种内分泌代谢、心血管、神经系统慢性疾病及恶性肿瘤发生有关[8, 66]。在糖尿病发生过程中, 高血糖可引起线粒体异常, 导致在电子传递的过程中产生大量活性氧(ROS) 和氧化应激[67]。ROS可干扰胰岛素信号通路并加重胰岛素抵抗, 还可损伤肾脏和视网膜等组织, 导致糖尿病并发症[68]。在心血管系统方面, 线粒体异常和ROS增加可损伤血管内皮和心肌细胞, 诱发或加重AS、心力衰竭或心肌重塑[69, 70]。AD等神经退行性疾病也和线粒体功能紊乱有密切关系。AD大脑神经元中线粒体数量明显减少, 能量代谢障碍[71], 同时ROS增加, 氧化应激可加重神经元损伤[72]。线粒体功能紊乱参与恶性肿瘤的发生和发展, 过量ROS和氧化应激可导致DNA损伤和细胞恶变[73], 而细胞线粒体凋亡途径的缺陷将导致肿瘤细胞异常增殖、侵袭和转移[74]
大量研究表明, 二甲双胍除了通过上述抗炎、调控肠道菌和抑制内质网应激的机制, 还可能通过调控线粒体功能达到“异病同治”的效果。二甲双胍是线粒体呼吸链复合物I抑制剂, 通过抑制呼吸链复合物I抑制了电子传递和线粒体有氧呼吸功能[75]。结果使细胞ATP合成减少, AMP/ATP比值增加, 可导致AMPK的活化[76]。AMPK是细胞能量代谢的中枢分子, 其活化可增加骨骼肌细胞的葡萄糖跨膜摄取, 并下调糖异生关键酶的表达, 减少肝脏糖异生, 从而改善糖代谢[77]。此外, 二甲双胍抑制电子传递和线粒体呼吸也能使细胞ROS产生减少, 从而减轻氧化应激, 改善糖尿病并发症[78]。在心血管方面, 二甲双胍抑制内皮或心肌细胞线粒体ROS形成, 并通过上调线粒体SIRT3表达发挥抗氧化作用, 从而改善AS、心力衰竭或心肌缺血再灌注损伤等病变[79]。二甲双胍用于AD除了通过抗氧化保护神经元, 还可上调过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ共激活因子-1α (PGC-1α) 的表达来促进线粒体的生物合成, 从而改善线粒体功能和神经细胞能量代谢[80]。二甲双胍的肿瘤防治效果也和线粒体相关, 其作用于肿瘤细胞可诱导细胞色素c释放, 从而启动线粒体途径的细胞凋亡, 起到抗肿瘤作用[81]
小檗碱对线粒体具有一些类似作用[82, 83]。当其用于糖尿病等代谢性疾病, 除了可通过抑制线粒体有氧呼吸活化AMPK并减少ROS[82-84], 还有报道小檗碱能增加棕色脂肪组织中线粒体含量, 并上调其中解偶联蛋白1 (UCP1) 的表达, 从而促进线粒体介导的脂肪燃烧和产热, 起到改善代谢的作用[85]。小檗碱通过促进线粒体的生物合成和改善线粒体功能也起到心肌保护和神经保护的效果[86]。以上发现提示, 小檗碱对多个系统慢性疾病的“异病同治”效果可能也和调控线粒体功能有关。
mTOR由两种蛋白复合物mTORC1和mTORC2构成, 参与调控细胞自噬、增殖和分化等基本生理过程[87]。mTOR通路异常与恶性肿瘤、一些遗传性疾病、神经退行性疾病及骨病的发生和发展相关。mTOR通路异常活化可刺激细胞周期, 促进细胞增殖而抑制凋亡, 从而诱发细胞恶变和癌症发生[88]。在遗传病如结节性硬化症(TSC) 的发生过程中, 基因突变致使mTOR持续激活和细胞异常增殖, 引起全身多个组织和器官的损害[89]。mTOR通路也参与骨质疏松症的发生和进展。mTOR和自噬紊乱破坏骨代谢过程中成骨细胞和破骨细胞的平衡, 导致骨质疏松症的发生[90]
雷帕霉素是一种大环内酯类抗生素, 临床用于肾移植术后的免疫抑制治疗。雷帕霉素及其衍生物如依维莫司等通过抑制mTOR通路对恶性肿瘤及其他一些慢性病具有一定改善效果。如雷帕霉素和依维莫司抑制mTORC1可阻滞细胞周期, 诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡, 并且能减少肿瘤血管生成和远处转移, 临床上用于一些实体瘤的治疗取得了一定效果[91, 92]。雷帕霉素和依维莫司用于治疗TSC是通过抑制mTORC1减少细胞异常增殖从而改善全身多个系统的症状[93]。在骨组织中雷帕霉素诱导自噬并抑制破骨细胞活性, 促进成骨和破骨活性的平衡, 从而对骨质疏松症起到防治效果[94, 95]。以上研究都说明雷帕霉素除有免疫抑制作用外, 还通过抑制mTOR通路对肿瘤和一些慢性疾病可起到“异病同治”的作用。
二甲双胍对mTOR通路也有抑制作用, 它通过活化AMPK或抑制细胞PI3K/Akt通路来减少mTORC1的活性[96, 97]。二甲双胍可通过抑制mTOR抑制肿瘤细胞增殖[96, 97], 保护神经元[98], 以及促进成骨活性改善骨代谢平衡[99, 100]。这些发现提示, mTOR通路可能也在二甲双胍“异病同治”的效果中发挥一定作用。
病毒个体微小, 结构简单, 只含一种核酸(DNA或RNA), 只能利用宿主细胞中的物质和能量系统完成其复制增殖。虽然不同病毒的感染过程各有特点, 但不同病毒的感染过程存在一些共同或相似的机制, 解析这些“共性机制”对于用药物抑制病毒感染有极重大的意义。理论上, 针对这些“共性机制”的防治药物有可能在临床实现“异病同治”, 即一种药物控制多种病毒感染。如RNA病毒, 它们的RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RdRp) 的功能相似, 所以靶向病毒RNA聚合酶的药物有可能具有抗多种病毒的作用。对于新病毒引起的突发性传染病, 这是个寻找药物的有效策略。
如替诺福韦是无环磷酸盐类腺嘌呤核苷酸类似物, 属于核苷酸类逆转录酶抑制剂, 因其结构中缺乏3'-OH, 因此可以导致DNA链的合成发生不可逆终止发挥抗病毒作用。替诺福韦最初被批准用于治疗HIV-1, 在过去20年开发的每一种联合药物复方制剂中, 替诺福韦几乎都是其中的成分之一。替诺福韦后来也被批准用于HBV的治疗, 也成为抗HBV治疗中的一线药物[101]。替诺福韦实现对HIV-1和HBV“异病同治”主要是因为逆向转录酶在这两种病毒复制中均发挥重要作用。HIV-1为单链RNA病毒, 进入宿主细胞后释放出基因组后以单链RNA为模板, 在逆转录酶作用下合成负链DNA, 再以负链DNA为模板合成正链DNA, 通过下游通路产生新的子代病毒[102]。逆转录酶在HIV-1复制周期中起着至关重要的作用, 因此也成为主要的抗HIV-1药物靶点。HBV进入细胞后, 释放松弛环状双链DNA (rcDNA) 进入细胞核, 其正链会延伸并修复形成共价闭合环状DNA (cccDNA), 并以此为模板, 在宿主RNA聚合酶的作用下进一步转录形成4种不同长度的基因组RNA。其中, 3.5 kb长度的RNA是病毒前基因组RNA (pregenomic RNA, pgRNA), 它在衣壳内以自身为模板在逆转录酶作用下逆转录出负链DNA, 继而产生正链DNA, 新的rcDNA形成[103]。可见逆向转录酶的功能, 在这两个完全不同的病毒复制过程中都是非常重要的, 也成为共性的药物靶点。
另一个例子是阿兹夫定。阿兹夫定是胞嘧啶核苷类似物, 除缺乏3'-OH外, 在4'引入叠氮可以增加药物的稳定性, 最初被批准用于治疗HIV-1, 具有双靶点, 通过作用HIV-1辅助蛋白Vif和逆转录酶抑制剂发挥抗HIV-1作用[104]。阿兹夫定还作用于新冠病毒的RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶发挥直接抗病毒作用, 并可能通过“胸腺归巢”增强T细胞免疫发挥机体抗病毒作用。2022年7月国家药监局附条件批准阿兹夫定上市用于新冠病毒感染的治疗, 并在抗疫防治中产生了明显的临床效果[105]
此外再如, 索非布韦是尿嘧啶核苷类似物, 是2013年批准用于HCV治疗的口服药物, 作用于HCV的NS5B RNA聚合酶。索非布韦一经问世很快成为全球重磅药物, 单独使用或与其他靶点药物联用可以实现95%以上的临床治愈, 开辟了抗病毒药物治愈病毒性疾病的先河。研究发现, 索非布韦还对和HCV同为黄病毒科的寨卡病毒具有抗病毒活性[106], 其作用机制也是通过抑制寨卡病毒NS5 RNA聚合酶发挥抗病毒作用[107, 108]。由此, 索非布韦通过抑制黄病毒科病毒的RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶活性实现了对HCV和寨卡病毒的“异病同治”。
用于“异病同治”的化学药物, 其要求, 一是能针对相应的病因(治标, 或治本, 或标本兼治), 二是相对安全性好。在上述的例子中, 有些是通过针对靶点治标而生效的, 如病毒酶的抑制剂(如RNA多聚酶抑制剂), 因为多种病毒复制需要这类酶, 所以这类药物可以治疗多种病毒的感染, 包括新冠病毒; 而有些药物则具有标本兼治的作用, 如小檗碱和二甲双胍, 既降脂或降糖, 又改善肠道生态并减轻炎症等, 所以适合异病同治的原则, 用于多种疾病的治疗, 包括代谢紊乱、心脑血管病、癌症及PD和AD等。
在过去很长的时间, 药物种类划分主要是依据针对疾病的类型, 如同医学院校的教科书显示的抗癌药物、心血管病药物、降糖药物和免疫抑制剂等; 但是, 随着疾病的分子基础逐个被阐明, 以及药物的分子机制被解析(或靶点清晰), 依据药物作用机制的新的分类名称也不断进入大家的视野, 如AMPK激动剂、mTOR抑制剂、RNA多聚酶抑制剂等, 可能是今后“异病同治”运用的铺垫。
实际上, “异病同治”的原则在中医药实践中一直广为应用, 并取得良好的疗效。中药口服为主, 以调理见长, 除少数化学成分进入血液循环外, 主要部分(如黄酮类、皂苷、生物碱、多糖等) 留在肠道, 直接作用于肠道菌改变肠道生态, 然后通过细菌代谢产物进入血液而调节体内器官的生理生化, 其针对的是整体。中药的有效成分复杂, 机制多样, 可能构成了异病同治的化学基础。随着中药的化学成分逐渐清晰, 药理作用和分子机制不断被阐明, 相关成果可以为中医临床的“异病同治”实践提供更确切的科学解释。
综上所述, NRI、肠道菌群紊乱、内质网应激、线粒体紊乱和mTOR异常等可能是人体多个系统慢性疾病的共同病因, 而且它们之间也密切关联, 构成了药物“异病同治”的主要生物学基础, 虽然可能还有其他原理。二甲双胍、小檗碱、阿司匹林、他汀类及雷帕霉素等药物可能通过减轻NRI、调控肠道菌群、抑制内质网应激、改善线粒体功能及抑制mTOR通路等多种机制对多种慢性疾病起到改善作用(表 1); 而抗病毒的替诺福韦、阿兹夫定和索菲布韦等则通过抑制共性的病毒酶实践了“异病同治”理论的抗感染运用(表 1)。二甲双胍针对不同器官或组织的“异病同治”作用及其可能机制见图 1。需要指出的是上述这些机制和信号通路相互交叉和对话, 构成了非常复杂的网络体系; 二甲双胍、小檗碱、阿司匹林等药物的作用机制尚未完全阐明, 还有相互矛盾的研究报道。如二甲双胍在肿瘤组织中抑制血管形成[109], 但在正常组织如动脉和骨组织中可保护血管内皮[110]并促进血管形成[111], 其中的具体机制尚需要深入研究。这些发现说明研究人员对这些药物的了解还要加深, 这也是这类研究的吸引力所在。随着对这些药物研究的不断深入, “异病同治”、“老药新用”和“标本兼治”[1]等概念的科学依据也会进一步清晰, 为未来的新药研发提供新的研究方向。
作者贡献: 孔维佳和李玉环负责文献整理和撰写; 蒋建东负责文稿的统筹和修改。
利益冲突: 作者声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82151525)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-JB-012)
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2024年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1103
  • 接收时间:2023-09-25
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-25
  • 修回日期:2023-12-18
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82151525)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-JB-012)
作者信息
    1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050
    2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

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*蒋建东, Tel: 86-10-63188423, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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