Article(id=1201124484297224412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0928, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1690819200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-01, revisedDate=1695830400000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764299992870, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1710172800000, pubDateStr=2024-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764299992870, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764299992870, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764299992870, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201124478286786612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='493', pageEnd='788', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764299991434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764300490467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201126571420639892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201126571420639893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=621, endPage=632, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201124485144473888, articleId=1201124484297224412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Development of an in vitro screening method for idiosyncratic hepatotoxic components in traditional Chinese medicine: a case study with Epimedii Folium and Psoraleae Fructus, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) has long posed a challenging and pivotal concern in pharmaceutical research. The complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has introduced a bottleneck in current research, hindering the elucidation of the component basis associated with IDILI in TCM. Using Epimedii Folium (EF) and Psoraleae Fructus (PF) as illustrative examples, this study endeavors to establish an in vitro evaluation model, providing a high-throughput and preliminary assessment method for screening components related to TCM-induced IDILI. A TNF-α-mediated HepG2 susceptible model was first established in this study, with the focus on the index components present in EF and PF. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cell supernatant served as the detection index. A concentration-toxicity response curve was constructed, and the hepatotoxic components of EF and PF were identified utilizing the synergistic toxicity index. The LDH results unveiled the hepatotoxic effects of bavachin, backuchiol, isobavachin, neobavaisoflavone, psoralidin, isobavachalcone, icarisid Ⅰ, and icarisid Ⅱ on both normal and susceptible cells, categorizing these 8 components as both direct hepatotoxicity components and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity components. Bavachin and neobavaisoflavone exhibited no hepatotoxicity on normal cells but demonstrated significant effects on susceptible cells, designating them as potential idiosyncratic susceptible hepatotoxicity components. The study further delineated that 10 EF components and 3 PF components were direct immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components. Additionally, 14 idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components were identified, encompassing 10 EF components and 4 PF components, with neobavaisoflavone, bavachinin, and isobavachin being potential idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components. Synergistic toxicity index results indicated that 13 idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components (except anhydroicaritin) combined with bavachin demonstrated synergistic hepatotoxicity on susceptible cells. Notably, 3 idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components combined with bavachin exhibited synergistic hepatotoxicity, with neobavaisoflavone displaying the highest synergistic toxicity index and bavachinin the lowest. In summary, this methodology successfully screens hepatotoxic and immune-promoting hepatotoxic components in EF and PF, distinguishing the types of components inducing hepatotoxicity, evaluating the hepatotoxicity degree of each component, and elucidating the synergistic relationships among them. Importantly, these findings align with the characteristics of IDILI. The method provides an effective model tool for the fundamental research of TCM-related IDILI components.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-he XIAO, Guo-hui LI, Chun-yu LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying-ying LI, Meng-meng LIN, Bo CAO, Ying LI, Jing XU, Xiao-he XIAO, Guo-hui LI, Chun-yu LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201124488734798384, articleId=1201124484297224412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=一种中药相关特异质肝损伤成分筛选的体外评价方法的建立: 以补骨脂和淫羊藿为例, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

特异质药物性肝损伤(IDILI) 一直是药物研究的难点和热点。囿于中药成分的复杂, 中药相关IDILI物质基础的阐明已成为目前研究的瓶颈问题。本研究以淫羊藿和补骨脂为例, 通过建立体外评价模型, 拟为初步筛选中药相关IDILI成分提供一种高通量的评价方法。本研究首先建立TNF-α介导的HepG2细胞易感模型, 以淫羊藿和补骨脂所含指标成分为研究对象, 以细胞上清液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH) 释放量为检测指标, 构建浓度-毒性响应曲线, 并结合协同毒性指数确定两种中药中所含成分的协同毒性作用及强弱关系。LDH测定结果表明, 补骨脂甲素、补骨脂酚、补骨脂定、补骨脂乙素、异补骨脂二氢黄酮、新补骨脂异黄酮、淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ和淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ对正常细胞和易感状态下的细胞均具有毒性作用, 即这些成分既是直接肝损伤成分, 又是特异质肝损伤成分; 其中补骨脂甲素和新补骨脂异黄酮对正常细胞无毒性作用, 但是在易感状态下有明显的细胞毒性作用, 即二者为潜在特异质肝损伤易感成分。随后, 本研究以补骨脂甲素为代表筛选免疫促进肝损伤成分。结果显示, 淫羊藿中10种成分与补骨脂中3种成分属于直接免疫促进肝损伤成分; 而特异质免疫促进肝损伤成分在淫羊藿中有10种, 补骨脂中有4种; 其中新补骨脂异黄酮、补骨脂定和异补骨脂二氢黄酮属于潜在的特异质免疫促进肝损伤易感成分。协同毒性指数结果显示, 13种特异质免疫促进肝损伤成分(除脱水淫羊藿素外) 与补骨脂甲素联用具有协同增毒作用; 3种特异质免疫促进肝损伤易感成分与补骨脂甲素联用具有协同增毒作用, 其中与新补骨脂异黄酮联用协同毒性指数最大, 而与补骨脂定联用协同毒性指数最小。综上, 该方法可成功筛选淫羊藿和补骨脂中肝损伤成分及免疫促进肝损伤成分, 并可以区分肝损伤成分类型、各成分的毒性强弱程度和协同作用关系, 符合IDILI的特点, 以期为中药相关IDILI物质基础研究提供一种有效模型工具。

, correspAuthors=肖小河, 李国辉, 李春雨, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*肖小河, E-mail:
李国辉, Tel / Fax: 86-10-87788573, E-mail:
李春雨, Tel / Fax: 86-10-87788428, E-mail:
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A: Bavachin (Bav); B: Backuchiol; C: Psoralenoside; D: Isopsoralenoside; E: Psoralen; F: Isopsoralen; G: Isobavachin; H: Neobavaisoflavone; I: Bavachinin; J: Psoralidin; K: Isobavachalcone. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>▽▽</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>◇</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>◇◇</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> TNF-<i>α</i> group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> <i>Psoraleae Fructus</i> corresponding component group. LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase , figureFileSmall=CyzayxLeDHgc+XF+Z/Kg5w==, figureFileBig=oYG4uAvOjwAJltK7C0bSsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124496192271346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ssvlv8Lw14jxcOAw3X0nWA==, figureFileBig=Bx9hwnAmssgdeo29C4WXIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124496284546039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Effects of 10 components of <i>Epimedii Folium</i> on LDH release in HepG2 cells. A: Icariin; B: Icaritin; C: Icarisid Ⅰ; D: Icarisid Ⅱ; E: Epimedin A; F: Epimedin A1; G: Epimedin B; H: Epimedin C; I: Anhydroicaritin; J: Epimedoside A. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>▽▽</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>◇◇</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> TNF-<i>α</i> group , figureFileSmall=ssvlv8Lw14jxcOAw3X0nWA==, figureFileBig=Bx9hwnAmssgdeo29C4WXIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124496376820734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+xySLMjuAy8Cq54SasUAfw==, figureFileBig=XjSt3Hg4FrvUQpEZKYD80A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124496498454531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Effect of Bav combined with 10 different components of <i>Epimedii Folium</i> on LDH release in HepG2 cells. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>▽▽</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Bav group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> <i>Epimedii Folium</i> corresponding component group; <sup>○</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>○○</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Bav+<i>Epimedii Folium</i> corresponding component group; <sup>☆</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>☆☆</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> TNF-<i>α</i>+Bav group; <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> TNF-<i>α</i>+<i>Epimedii Folium</i> corresponding component group , figureFileSmall=+xySLMjuAy8Cq54SasUAfw==, figureFileBig=XjSt3Hg4FrvUQpEZKYD80A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124496657838091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+RJ75lD6aV1a4vzVtcqG5Q==, figureFileBig=waNtGe4Gif7ZnTen4QGwOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124496813027348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effect of Bav combined with 10 different components of <i>Psoraleae Fructus</i> on LDH release in HepG2 cells. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>▽▽</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Bav group; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs Psoraleae Fructus</i> corresponding component group; <sup>○</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>○○</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Bav+<i>Psoraleae Fructus</i> corresponding component group; <sup>☆</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>☆☆</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> TNF-<i>α</i>+Bav group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> TNF-<i>α</i>+<i>Psoraleae Fructus</i> corresponding component group , figureFileSmall=+RJ75lD6aV1a4vzVtcqG5Q==, figureFileBig=waNtGe4Gif7ZnTen4QGwOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124496926273563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=g7k8+z5eLJhpcIUfRgx9lw==, figureFileBig=NJGkhYQCBEGEHU+jYvtPbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497043714083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Synergistic toxicity index (<i>q</i> value) of Bav combined with 10 different components of <i>Epimedii Folium.</i> A: 66.67 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; B: 33.33 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; C: 16.67 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; D: 8.33 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=g7k8+z5eLJhpcIUfRgx9lw==, figureFileBig=NJGkhYQCBEGEHU+jYvtPbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497173737517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2FeMcpkVBoUlDGkeLcJHZg==, figureFileBig=jw6X45gOIJ0Ov8h8WY1Atw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497328926775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Synergistic toxicity index (<i>q</i> value) of Bav combined with 10 different components of <i>Psoraleae Fructus</i>. A: 66.67 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; B: 33.33 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; C: 25 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; D: 16.67 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; E: 8.33 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=2FeMcpkVBoUlDGkeLcJHZg==, figureFileBig=jw6X45gOIJ0Ov8h8WY1Atw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497446367290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HXeIFw12ZR+z+Q/3iS1i4A==, figureFileBig=kDfSMI7t1wIpH2GaGSOIyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497580585027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Under HepG2 cell susceptible state, the correspondence relationship heatmap of idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components or idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components and dose, with synergistic toxicity index (<i>q</i> value) more than 1.15 when combined with Bav. A: Idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components; B: Idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=HXeIFw12ZR+z+Q/3iS1i4A==, figureFileBig=kDfSMI7t1wIpH2GaGSOIyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497677054024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=o2YeqlJTfXaJVc9O0ENALA==, figureFileBig=pQgGU8SD5vBxLJEa2VqDEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497798688845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= The summary plot of hepatotoxicity components and immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components , figureFileSmall=o2YeqlJTfXaJVc9O0ENALA==, figureFileBig=pQgGU8SD5vBxLJEa2VqDEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497949683795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Component classificationNumberSignificance
Direct hepatotoxicity components8Compared with the control group, the hepatotoxicity to normal cells of these components were significantly increased (the significant difference was marked ▽ in Figure 1 and 2)
Idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity components8Compared with the TNF-α group, the hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells of these components were significantly increased (the significant difference was marked ◇ in Figure 1 and 2)
Idiosyncratic susceptible hepatotoxicity components2These components had no toxic effect to normal cells, but significantly increased hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells (at the corresponding dose, the significant difference was marked * in Figure 1 and 2, but no ▽ label)
Direct immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components13Compared with the hepatotoxicity of bavachin to normal cells alone, the combination of these components and bavachin significantly increased the hepatotoxicity to normal cells (the significant difference was marked △ in Figure 3 and 4)
Idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components14Compared with the hepatotoxicity of bavachin to susceptible cells alone, the combination of these components and bavachin significantly increased the hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells (the significant difference was marked ☆ in Figure 3 and 4)
Idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components3The combination of these components and bavachin had no toxic effect to normal cells, but significantly increased hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells (at the corresponding dose, the significant difference was marked ○☆# in Figure 3 and 4, but no △ label)
), ArticleFig(id=1201124498067124313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification and significance of hepatotoxicity components and immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Component classificationNumberSignificance
Direct hepatotoxicity components8Compared with the control group, the hepatotoxicity to normal cells of these components were significantly increased (the significant difference was marked ▽ in Figure 1 and 2)
Idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity components8Compared with the TNF-α group, the hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells of these components were significantly increased (the significant difference was marked ◇ in Figure 1 and 2)
Idiosyncratic susceptible hepatotoxicity components2These components had no toxic effect to normal cells, but significantly increased hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells (at the corresponding dose, the significant difference was marked * in Figure 1 and 2, but no ▽ label)
Direct immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components13Compared with the hepatotoxicity of bavachin to normal cells alone, the combination of these components and bavachin significantly increased the hepatotoxicity to normal cells (the significant difference was marked △ in Figure 3 and 4)
Idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components14Compared with the hepatotoxicity of bavachin to susceptible cells alone, the combination of these components and bavachin significantly increased the hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells (the significant difference was marked ☆ in Figure 3 and 4)
Idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components3The combination of these components and bavachin had no toxic effect to normal cells, but significantly increased hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells (at the corresponding dose, the significant difference was marked ○☆# in Figure 3 and 4, but no △ label)
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一种中药相关特异质肝损伤成分筛选的体外评价方法的建立: 以补骨脂和淫羊藿为例
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李蓥滢 1 , 林蒙蒙 1 , 曹波 1 , 李莹 1 , 徐静 1 , 肖小河 2, * , 李国辉 1, * , 李春雨 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(3): 621-632
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(3): 621-632
一种中药相关特异质肝损伤成分筛选的体外评价方法的建立: 以补骨脂和淫羊藿为例
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李蓥滢1, 林蒙蒙1, 曹波1, 李莹1, 徐静1, 肖小河2, * , 李国辉1, * , 李春雨1, *
作者信息
  • 1.国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院, 北京 100021
  • 2.解放军总医院第五医学中心, 北京 100039

通讯作者:

*肖小河, E-mail:
李国辉, Tel / Fax: 86-10-87788573, E-mail:
李春雨, Tel / Fax: 86-10-87788428, E-mail:
Development of an in vitro screening method for idiosyncratic hepatotoxic components in traditional Chinese medicine: a case study with Epimedii Folium and Psoraleae Fructus
Ying-ying LI1, Meng-meng LIN1, Bo CAO1, Ying LI1, Jing XU1, Xiao-he XIAO2, * , Guo-hui LI1, * , Chun-yu LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
  • 2. China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
出版时间: 2024-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0928
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特异质药物性肝损伤(IDILI) 一直是药物研究的难点和热点。囿于中药成分的复杂, 中药相关IDILI物质基础的阐明已成为目前研究的瓶颈问题。本研究以淫羊藿和补骨脂为例, 通过建立体外评价模型, 拟为初步筛选中药相关IDILI成分提供一种高通量的评价方法。本研究首先建立TNF-α介导的HepG2细胞易感模型, 以淫羊藿和补骨脂所含指标成分为研究对象, 以细胞上清液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH) 释放量为检测指标, 构建浓度-毒性响应曲线, 并结合协同毒性指数确定两种中药中所含成分的协同毒性作用及强弱关系。LDH测定结果表明, 补骨脂甲素、补骨脂酚、补骨脂定、补骨脂乙素、异补骨脂二氢黄酮、新补骨脂异黄酮、淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ和淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ对正常细胞和易感状态下的细胞均具有毒性作用, 即这些成分既是直接肝损伤成分, 又是特异质肝损伤成分; 其中补骨脂甲素和新补骨脂异黄酮对正常细胞无毒性作用, 但是在易感状态下有明显的细胞毒性作用, 即二者为潜在特异质肝损伤易感成分。随后, 本研究以补骨脂甲素为代表筛选免疫促进肝损伤成分。结果显示, 淫羊藿中10种成分与补骨脂中3种成分属于直接免疫促进肝损伤成分; 而特异质免疫促进肝损伤成分在淫羊藿中有10种, 补骨脂中有4种; 其中新补骨脂异黄酮、补骨脂定和异补骨脂二氢黄酮属于潜在的特异质免疫促进肝损伤易感成分。协同毒性指数结果显示, 13种特异质免疫促进肝损伤成分(除脱水淫羊藿素外) 与补骨脂甲素联用具有协同增毒作用; 3种特异质免疫促进肝损伤易感成分与补骨脂甲素联用具有协同增毒作用, 其中与新补骨脂异黄酮联用协同毒性指数最大, 而与补骨脂定联用协同毒性指数最小。综上, 该方法可成功筛选淫羊藿和补骨脂中肝损伤成分及免疫促进肝损伤成分, 并可以区分肝损伤成分类型、各成分的毒性强弱程度和协同作用关系, 符合IDILI的特点, 以期为中药相关IDILI物质基础研究提供一种有效模型工具。

淫羊藿  /  补骨脂  /  特异质药物性肝损伤  /  肝损伤成分  /  免疫促进肝损伤成分

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) has long posed a challenging and pivotal concern in pharmaceutical research. The complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has introduced a bottleneck in current research, hindering the elucidation of the component basis associated with IDILI in TCM. Using Epimedii Folium (EF) and Psoraleae Fructus (PF) as illustrative examples, this study endeavors to establish an in vitro evaluation model, providing a high-throughput and preliminary assessment method for screening components related to TCM-induced IDILI. A TNF-α-mediated HepG2 susceptible model was first established in this study, with the focus on the index components present in EF and PF. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cell supernatant served as the detection index. A concentration-toxicity response curve was constructed, and the hepatotoxic components of EF and PF were identified utilizing the synergistic toxicity index. The LDH results unveiled the hepatotoxic effects of bavachin, backuchiol, isobavachin, neobavaisoflavone, psoralidin, isobavachalcone, icarisid Ⅰ, and icarisid Ⅱ on both normal and susceptible cells, categorizing these 8 components as both direct hepatotoxicity components and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity components. Bavachin and neobavaisoflavone exhibited no hepatotoxicity on normal cells but demonstrated significant effects on susceptible cells, designating them as potential idiosyncratic susceptible hepatotoxicity components. The study further delineated that 10 EF components and 3 PF components were direct immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components. Additionally, 14 idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components were identified, encompassing 10 EF components and 4 PF components, with neobavaisoflavone, bavachinin, and isobavachin being potential idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components. Synergistic toxicity index results indicated that 13 idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components (except anhydroicaritin) combined with bavachin demonstrated synergistic hepatotoxicity on susceptible cells. Notably, 3 idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components combined with bavachin exhibited synergistic hepatotoxicity, with neobavaisoflavone displaying the highest synergistic toxicity index and bavachinin the lowest. In summary, this methodology successfully screens hepatotoxic and immune-promoting hepatotoxic components in EF and PF, distinguishing the types of components inducing hepatotoxicity, evaluating the hepatotoxicity degree of each component, and elucidating the synergistic relationships among them. Importantly, these findings align with the characteristics of IDILI. The method provides an effective model tool for the fundamental research of TCM-related IDILI components.

Epimedii Folium  /  Psoraleae Fructus  /  idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury  /  hepatotoxicity component  /  immune-promoting hepatotoxicity component
李蓥滢, 林蒙蒙, 曹波, 李莹, 徐静, 肖小河, 李国辉, 李春雨. 一种中药相关特异质肝损伤成分筛选的体外评价方法的建立: 以补骨脂和淫羊藿为例. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (3) : 621 -632 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0928
Ying-ying LI, Meng-meng LIN, Bo CAO, Ying LI, Jing XU, Xiao-he XIAO, Guo-hui LI, Chun-yu LI. Development of an in vitro screening method for idiosyncratic hepatotoxic components in traditional Chinese medicine: a case study with Epimedii Folium and Psoraleae Fructus[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (3) : 621 -632 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0928
药物性肝损伤是指由药物或其代谢产物导致的肝脏损伤, 分为固有型和特异质型两类, 固有型肝损伤是由药物或其代谢产物的直接毒性所致, 其具有可预测性及药物剂量依赖性; 而特异质型药物性肝损伤(IDILI) 具有典型性和罕见性, 与药物剂量、时间等缺乏明确的对应关系, 有些药物上市前的临床前研究因无法预测IDILI的发生, 是导致许多药物撤市的原因[1]。目前, 关于IDILI发生的机制尚不清楚, 因此, IDILI一直是药物研究的难点和热点。
传统“无毒”中药致IDILI的问题屡见报道, 引起人们对中药安全性的广泛关注并在业内引起争议。长期以来, 中药肝损伤主要集中于固有型肝损伤研究, 很少从机体易感性角度开展IDILI相关研究[2]。课题组前期采用“整合证据链法”对仙灵骨葆肝损伤病例进行回顾性分析, 结果提示仙灵骨葆肝损伤可能为IDILI[3-5], 进一步课题组采用脂多糖(LPS) 介导的免疫应激动物模型证实了仙灵骨葆肝损伤的特异质属性[3]。此外, 课题组发现方中淫羊藿和补骨脂在LPS介导的免疫应激动物模型上均可诱导IDILI, 且配伍较单用情况更严重[6]。同时, 基于免疫应激动物模型证实淫羊藿和补骨脂中的淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ和补骨脂甲素等成分能诱导NOD样受体热蛋白结构域蛋白3 (NLRP3) 炎症小体的激活进而诱导IDILI的发生。虽然LPS介导免疫应激的动物模型应用广泛, 但是该模型使用的动物不仅涉及伦理问题, 且价格昂贵, 还具有重复性较差、耗时长和无法满足高通量筛选等缺点。迄今为止, 尚缺乏符合中药特点的IDILI成分筛选的评价方法。有研究借助网络药理学手段, 采用“药物-活性成分-肝毒性靶点网络”发现在与肝毒性相关的活性成分中, 度值排名靠前的为淫羊藿中淫羊藿素、淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ, 及补骨脂中补骨脂二氢黄酮、补骨脂二氢黄酮甲醚、补骨脂乙素和补骨脂酚, 并提示淫羊藿与补骨脂配伍后可能通过EGFRHSP90AA1TNFERBB2PTGS2EP300PPARG等核心靶点加重肝损伤程度, 但淫羊藿和补骨脂配伍导致IDILI的成分基础与机制尚有待进一步研究[7]。因此, 为初步阐明中药相关IDILI的物质基础, 有必要建立一种可靠、高通量的中药相关特异质肝损伤成分的筛选方法。
HepG2细胞系保留一部分肝功能, 具有无限的繁殖能力, 同时也分泌一些血浆蛋白并同时表达肿瘤坏死因子α (TNF-α) 和γ干扰素(IFN-γ) 受体, 所以是药物实验和肝病研究最常用的肝癌细胞系。此外, 在特异质肝损伤药物和细胞因子的细胞毒相互作用方面, HepG2细胞与原代小鼠肝细胞和原代人肝细胞的反应相似, 因此, 其也常用作特异质药物肝损伤评价模型的工具细胞[8]。枯否细胞是肝脏中最主要的免疫细胞类型之一, 其通过与肝细胞间的细胞间信息传递或者直接接触内毒素, 分泌促炎细胞因子, 其中TNF-α是主要成分, 研究表明它能显著增强外源性物质引起的肝损伤, 如TNF-α与双氯芬酸钠协同作用, 激活TNF-α介导丝裂原活化蛋白激酶/核因子-κB (MAPK/NF-κB) 信号通路, 导致大量炎性细胞因子分泌, 造成肝脏免疫微环境处于失衡状态, 诱导肝细胞凋亡, 产生肝损伤现象[9, 10]。此外, 磺胺酸和曲瓦沙星等药物也已被证明与LPS和/或TNF-α协同作用杀死肝细胞, 这表明细胞因子信号通路在这些化合物引起的肝损伤中起着重要作用[11-13]。一项关于何首乌肝损伤风险因素分析的临床研究表明, 与耐受组患者(服用何首乌未出现肝损伤) 血浆中细胞因子表达水平比较, 易感组患者(服用何首乌后出现肝损伤) 血浆中的TNF-α、表皮细胞生长因子(EGF) 和趋化因子配体1 (CXCL1) 等细胞因子的表达水平显著升高(P < 0.05); 且相关性分析结果表明, 在所有表达显著的细胞因子中, TNF-α与丙氨酸氨基转氨酶(ALT) 或天冬氨酸氨基转氨酶(AST) 的相关性最强, 受试者工作特征曲线(ROC) 曲线下面积为0.867, 敏感性和特异性分别为66.7%和86.7%, 提示TNF-α有望成为区分何首乌肝损伤易感性的潜在细胞因子。同时, 该研究在C57BL/6J小鼠模型上证实TNF-α可诱导类似肝损伤, 表现为正常小鼠灌胃给予何首乌后不会导致肝损伤, 但小鼠经TNF-α预刺激后灌胃给予何首乌, 表现为血清中AST和ALT水平显著增加(P < 0.01), 出现明显肝损伤[14, 15]。另有研究表明, 给予TNF-α预处理的肝细胞和小鼠对雷公藤甲素敏感性显著增加, NF-κB介导的胞内FLICE抑制蛋白(FLIP) 的失活可能是肝细胞对TNF-α敏感性增加的重要机制[16]。因此, 上述研究表明TNF-α可能是重要的药物性肝损伤易感细胞因子。另外, 在基于药物与先天免疫系统相互作用的模型中, TNF-α对肝损伤的发病机制至关重要, 因此其常被选择作为激活免疫系统的介质[17, 18]。但是TNF-α介导的HepG2细胞易感模型是否能用来评价中药及其化学成分与IDILI的关系, 目前尚未见研究报道。
因此, 本研究拟建立一种初步预测中药特异质成分的体外评价模型, 采用易于获得和培养的HepG2细胞, 建立TNF-α介导的HepG2细胞易感模型, 筛选淫羊藿和补骨脂中特异质肝细胞毒性成分, 结果初步阐明了各成分肝细胞损伤的特点及相互关系, 同时提示淫羊藿和补骨脂中肝损伤成分和免疫促进肝损伤成分可协同导致IDILI, 以期为淫羊藿和补骨脂配伍导致IDILI的早期预警、诊断与治疗提供依据, 保障其临床安全合理用药。
仪器与试剂  低温离心机、Countess Ⅱ全自动细胞计数仪(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); SynergyH1全功能微孔板检测仪(美国BioTek公司); Nikon 120c光学显微镜(日本Nikon公司); CP214型万分之一电子分析天平[奥豪斯仪器(上海) 有限公司]; KQ5200DE型数控超声波清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司); UPT-I-5型超纯水制备系统(四川优普超纯科技有限公司)。
淫羊藿苷(CAS No: 489-32-7)、淫羊藿素(CAS No: 118525-40-9)、淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ (CAS No: 56725-99-6)、淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ (CAS No: 113558-15-9)、朝藿定A (CAS No: 110623-72-8)、朝藿定A1 (CAS No: 140147-77-9)、朝藿定B (CAS No: 110623-73-9)、朝藿定C (CAS No: 110642-44-9)、脱水淫羊藿素(CAS No: 38226-86-7)、淫羊藿苷A (CAS No: 39012-04-9)、补骨脂甲素(CAS No: 19879-32-4)、补骨脂酚(CAS No: 10309-37-2)、补骨脂苷(CAS No: 905954-17-8)、异补骨脂苷(CAS No: 905954-18-9)、补骨脂素(CAS No: 66-97-7)、异补骨脂素(CAS No: 523-50-2)、补骨脂定(CAS No: 18642-23-4)、补骨脂乙素(CAS No: 20784-50-3)、异补骨脂二氢黄酮(CAS No: 31524-62-6)、新补骨脂异黄酮(CAS No: 41060-15-5) 和补骨脂二氢黄酮甲醚(CAS No: 19879-30-2) 均购自成都普菲德对照品科技有限公司, 纯度按100%计。DMEM (Lot: 8122582)、胎牛血清和细胞培养皿(CAT. No. 150466) 购自赛默飞世尔生物化学制品(北京) 有限公司; PBS (1×, Lot: AH30026713) 购自上海根生生物科技有限公司; 青链霉素混合液(100×, Lot: 20230129) 和二甲基亚砜(细胞培养级, CAS: 67-68-5) 购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司; 胰酶(Eallbio, Lot: F2210) 购自北京中生奥邦生物科技有限公司; 重组人TNF-α (300-01A-50UG) 购自美国Peprotech公司; 乳酸脱氢酶(LDH) 释放量测定试剂盒(CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay) 购自美国Promega公司。
细胞培养与给药  人肝癌HepG2细胞购自中国科学院分子细胞科学卓越创新中心, 将HepG2细胞常规复苏后, 用含10%胎牛血清和1%青链霉素的高糖DMEM培养基于37 ℃、5% CO2饱和湿度的细胞培养箱中培养, 当细胞长至80%左右时, 使用胰酶消化成单个细胞悬液进行传代, 取对数生长期细胞进行实验。
取对数生长期的HepG2细胞接种于无菌96孔板中, 细胞密度9×104个/孔, 培养24 h后给药。给药时, 先用TNF-α (10 ng·mL-1) 刺激细胞2 h, 然后向各孔中加入相应浓度的药物, 给药24 h后收集细胞上清, 测定LDH释放量, 设置3个复孔, 且平行重复3次(n = 3)。
细胞上清液收集及LDH含量测定  LDH是一种稳定的蛋白质, 在正常状态只存在于细胞胞质中, 当细胞受到刺激死亡时, 质膜发生破裂, LDH被迅速释放至细胞外, 因此可通过检测细胞培养上清中LDH的活性来判断细胞受损的程度, 进而检测细胞毒性。
收集细胞上清液, 按照Promega LDH试剂盒说明书, 需设定空白孔(blank)和最大LDH释放孔(max), 设置3个复孔, 酶标仪检测490 nm波长处吸光度(A) 值, 并按下述公式进行计算细胞毒性。LDH释放量/% = [(A测得-Ablank)/(Amax-Ablank)]×100%。
协同毒性指数计算  为考察在TNF-α介导HepG2细胞易感条件下, 两个成分是否具有协同作用, 采用金正均公式(q值) 进行计算。q = E(AB)/[E(A)+E(B)-E(A)×E(B)], E(AB) 为成分A和成分B联用时的细胞抑制率, E(A) 和E(B) 分别为成分A和成分B的细胞抑制率, q > 1.15, 表明两成分联用具有协同毒性作用。本实验平行重复3次。
数据处理和统计学分析  采用GraphPad Prism 8进行统计分析, 计量资料采用均数±标准差(mean ± SD) 表示, 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), 两组间比较采用t检验, P < 0.05表示具有显著性差异, P < 0.01表示具有极显著差异。
首先考察11种补骨脂成分和10种淫羊藿成分对HepG2细胞的毒性作用。参考文献[16]确定无毒但能介导细胞易感的TNF-α给药浓度为10 ng·mL-1。药物设置4个浓度, 补骨脂甲素给药浓度为50、33.33、16.67和8.33 μmol·L-1, 其余20种成分的给药浓度为66.67、33.33、16.67和8.33 μmol·L-1
图 1所示, 11种补骨脂成分对细胞的毒性与给药剂量具有良好的线性关系。补骨脂苷、异补骨脂苷、补骨脂素、异补骨脂素和补骨脂二氢黄酮甲醚在8.33~66.67 μmol·L-1浓度范围内对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均没有明显的毒性作用。补骨脂酚(66.67和33.33 μmol·L-1)、补骨脂定(66.67和33.33 μmol·L-1)、补骨脂乙素(66.67 μmol·L-1) 和新补骨脂异黄酮(66.67 μmol·L-1) 对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均具有毒性作用(P < 0.01), 但对两种状态细胞的毒性没有显著性差异。补骨脂甲素(50 μmol·L-1) 和异补骨脂二氢黄酮(66.67 μmol·L-1) 对正常细胞也具有直接毒性作用(P < 0.01), 且在TNF-α提前介导细胞易感状态下毒性进一步增加(P < 0.01); 此外, 补骨脂甲素和新补骨脂异黄酮在33.33 μmol·L-1给药条件下对正常细胞无毒性作用, 但对TNF-α介导易感状态细胞的毒性显著增加(P < 0.05)。
图 2所示, 10种淫羊藿成分对细胞的毒性与给药剂量也具有良好的线性关系。在10种淫羊藿成分中, 淫羊藿苷、淫羊藿素、朝藿定A、朝藿定A1、朝藿定B、朝藿定C、脱水淫羊藿素和淫羊藿苷A在8.33~66.67 μmol·L-1浓度范围内对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均没有明显的毒性作用。淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ和淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ (66.67和33.33 μmol·L-1) 对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均具有毒性作用(P < 0.01), 但对两种状态的细胞毒性没有显著性差异; 低剂量给药条件下(16.67和8.33 μmol·L-1) 对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均没有明显的毒性作用。
参考上述结果, 选择33.33 μmol·L-1补骨脂甲素作为肝损伤易感成分进行后续研究, 其余10种淫羊藿成分和10种补骨脂成分在无毒剂量(对正常细胞无毒) 下均可考虑是潜在的免疫促进成分。因此设定淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ、淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ、补骨脂酚和补骨脂定的给药浓度为25、16.67、8.33和4.17 μmol·L-1, 异补骨脂二氢黄酮、新补骨脂异黄酮和补骨脂乙素的给药浓度为33.33、25、16.67和8.33 μmol·L-1, 其余成分的给药浓度为66.67、33.33、16.67和8.33 μmol·L-1
图 3A所示, 在8.33~66.67 μmol·L-1给药范围内, 淫羊藿苷单独给药对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均无毒性作用。与补骨脂甲素或淫羊藿苷组比较, 16.67~66.67 μmol·L-1淫羊藿苷联合补骨脂甲素对正常细胞的毒性明显增加(P < 0.01), 呈明显剂量依赖关系; 在细胞易感状态下, 与淫羊藿苷组比较, 8.33~66.67 μmol·L-1淫羊藿苷联合补骨脂甲素给药时细胞的毒性显著增加(P < 0.01), 且呈明显剂量依赖关系; 然而, 若与补骨脂甲素组比较, 其中仅66.67 μmol·L-1淫羊藿苷联用时对易感状态细胞的毒性显著增强(P < 0.01)。
图 3B所示, 在8.33~66.67 μmol·L-1给药范围内, 淫羊藿素单独给药对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均无毒性作用。与补骨脂甲素组比较, 66.67 μmol·L-1淫羊藿素与补骨脂甲素联用时对正常细胞的毒性明显增加(P < 0.01); 与淫羊藿素组比较, 8.33~66.67 μmol·L-1淫羊藿素与补骨脂甲素联用时对正常细胞的毒性无显著变化, 但对易感状态细胞的毒性作用显著增加(P < 0.01); 与TNF-α+补骨脂甲素组比较, 仅有66.67 μmol·L-1的淫羊藿素联合补骨脂甲素时对易感状态细胞的毒性显著增强(P < 0.01)。
图 3C所示, 与对照组比较, 淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ在16.67和25 μmol·L-1给药剂量下对正常细胞毒性明显增加(P < 0.01), 且与补骨脂甲素联用对正常细胞的毒性也显著增加(P < 0.01), 且呈明显剂量依赖关系; 在4.17和8.33 μmol·L-1给药剂量下对正常细胞无毒性作用; 在4.17~25 μmol·L-1给药范围内, 淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ对易感状态细胞无毒性作用, 但与补骨脂甲素联用时对易感状态细胞的毒性显著增加(P < 0.01); 有趣的是, 若与TNF-α+补骨脂甲素组比较, 仅与16.67和25 μmol·L-1淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ联用时对易感状态细胞的毒性作用才会显著增强(P < 0.01), 且补骨脂甲素与16.67 μmol·L-1淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ的细胞毒性要强于25 μmol·L-1的细胞毒性, 没有明确剂量依赖关系。
图 3D所示, 与对照组比较, 淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ在25 μmol·L-1给药剂量下对正常细胞毒性明显增加(P < 0.01), 在4.17~16.67 μmol·L-1给药范围内对正常细胞无毒性作用; 在4.17~25 μmol·L-1给药范围内, 淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ对易感状态细胞也无毒性作用, 但该给药范围内, 与补骨脂甲素联用时对两种状态细胞的毒性作用都显著增加(P < 0.01), 呈明显剂量依赖关系, 但当给药剂量为25 μmol·L-1时, 联用后对两种状态细胞之间无显著性差异, 而4.17~16.67 μmol·L-1给药范围内两个成分联用后对易感状态细胞的毒性显著高于对正常细胞的毒性作用(P < 0.01)。
图 3EF所示, 在8.33~66.67 μmol·L-1给药范围内, 朝藿定A或朝藿定B单独给药对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均无毒性作用。在8.33~66.67 μmol·L-1给药范围内, 朝藿定A或朝藿定B与补骨脂甲素联用对正常细胞和易感状态细胞的毒性均显著增加, 且对易感状态细胞的毒性作用显著高于对正常细胞的毒性作用(P < 0.01)。唯一不同的是, 与朝藿定A联用时, 细胞毒性呈明显剂量依赖关系。
图 3GH所示, 在8.33~66.67 μmol·L-1给药范围内, 朝藿定A1或朝藿定C单独给药对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均无毒性作用。在8.33~66.67 μmol·L-1给药范围内, 朝藿定A1或朝藿定C与补骨脂甲素联用对正常细胞和易感状态细胞的毒性均显著增加, 且对易感状态细胞的毒性作用显著高于对正常细胞的毒性作用(P < 0.01); 与TNF-α+补骨脂甲素组比较, 仅有高浓度给药剂量的朝藿定A1或朝藿定C (33.33和66.67 μmol·L-1) 与补骨脂甲素联用时对易感状态细胞的毒性才明显增强(P < 0.01)。
图 3I所示, 在8.33~66.67 μmol·L-1给药范围内, 脱水淫羊藿素单独给药对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均无毒性作用。在8.33~66.67 μmol·L-1给药范围内, 仅有当33.33和8.33 μmol·L-1脱水淫羊藿素和补骨脂甲素联用时才对正常细胞具有明显毒性作用(P < 0.05), 有趣的是, 8.33 μmol·L-1剂量下其对正常细胞毒性反而最大。与TNF-α+脱水淫羊藿素组比较, 脱水淫羊藿素和补骨脂甲素联用时对易感状态细胞的毒性作用均显著增加, 且8.33 μmol·L-1的细胞毒性最大(P < 0.01); 与TNF-α+补骨脂甲素组比较, 仅8.33 μmol·L-1脱水淫羊藿素联用时, 对易感状态细胞的毒性作用才会增加(P < 0.05); 与补骨脂甲素+脱水淫羊藿素组比较, 仅有16.67或66.67 μmol·L-1脱水淫羊藿素联用时, 对易感状态细胞的毒性作用增强(P < 0.05)。
图 3J所示, 在8.33~66.67 μmol·L-1给药范围内, 淫羊藿苷A单独给药对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均无毒性作用, 淫羊藿苷A和补骨脂甲素联用时对易感状态细胞的毒性作用显著增加(P < 0.01), 但仅当33.33和8.33 μmol·L-1淫羊藿苷A和补骨脂甲素联用时才对正常细胞具有明显毒性作用(P < 0.05), 且在这两个剂量下, 与TNF-α+补骨脂甲素组比较, 联用时对易感状态细胞的毒性显著增加(P < 0.01)。
图 4A~F所示, 在设定浓度范围内, 补骨脂酚、补骨脂苷、异补骨脂苷、补骨脂素、异补骨脂素或补骨脂乙素单独使用对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均无毒性作用。与补骨脂甲素联用时对正常细胞也没有毒性作用, 对易感状态细胞的毒性显著增加(P < 0.05), 且呈明显剂量依赖关系, 但与TNF-α+补骨脂甲素组比较无显著差异(P > 0.05)。
图 4G所示, 与对照组比较, 新补骨脂异黄酮在给药剂量为33.33 μmol·L-1时对正常细胞毒性明显增加(P < 0.01), 其余给药剂量对正常细胞无毒性作用; 与新补骨脂异黄酮组比较, 给药剂量为33.33和25 μmol·L-1时对易感状态细胞的毒性显著增加(P < 0.01), 且呈明显剂量依赖关系。当33.33 μmol·L-1新补骨脂异黄酮和补骨脂甲素联用时对正常细胞和易感状态细胞的毒性显著增加(P < 0.01), 但两种状态细胞之间的毒性没有显著性差异; 当25 μmol·L-1新补骨脂异黄酮和补骨脂甲素联用时对正常细胞显著增加(P < 0.01), 且对TNF-α提前介导的易感状态细胞毒性进一步显著增加(P < 0.01); 当16.67和8.33 μmol·L-1新补骨脂异黄酮与补骨脂甲素联用时对正常细胞无毒性作用, 但对易感状态细胞却有很强的毒性作用(P < 0.01)。
图 4H所示, 当补骨脂二氢黄酮甲醚给药剂量为66.67 μmol·L-1时, 对正常细胞有较弱毒性作用(P < 0.01), 对易感状态细胞的毒性作用明显增加(P < 0.05); 其余给药剂量对正常细胞和易感状态的细胞均无明显毒性作用。当66.67 μmol·L-1补骨脂二氢黄酮甲醚和补骨脂甲素联用时, 对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均具有显著毒性作用(P < 0.01), 但两种状态细胞之间毒性无显著性差异; 当补骨脂二氢黄酮甲醚给药剂量为8.33~33.33 μmol·L-1时, 与补骨脂甲素联用对正常细胞无毒性作用, 但对易感状态细胞有毒性作用(P < 0.01), 呈明显剂量依赖关系, 但与TNF-α+补骨脂甲素组比较无显著差异(P > 0.05)。
图 4I所示, 与对照组比较, 补骨脂定在给药剂量为16.67和25 μmol·L-1时对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均具有毒性作用(P < 0.01), 但两种状态细胞之间毒性无显著性差异, 其余给药剂量对正常细胞和易感状态细胞无毒性作用。当补骨脂定(25 μmol·L-1) 和补骨脂甲素联用时对正常细胞具有一定毒性作用(P < 0.01), 其余剂量和补骨脂甲素联用对正常细胞无毒; 在4.17~25 μmol·L-1给药范围内, 补骨脂定和补骨脂甲素联用时对易感状态细胞的毒性显著增加(P < 0.01), 呈明显剂量依赖关系。
图 4J所示, 在8.33~33.33 μmol·L-1给药范围内, 异补骨脂二氢黄酮单独使用时对正常细胞和易感状态细胞均无毒性作用。与异补骨脂二氢黄酮组比较, 33.33和25 μmol·L-1异补骨脂二氢黄酮和补骨脂甲素联用时对正常细胞毒性明显增加(P < 0.01), 其余剂量无细胞毒性; 在8.33~33.33 μmol·L-1给药范围内, 补骨脂甲素和异补骨脂二氢黄酮联用时对易感状态细胞的毒性显著增加(P < 0.01), 呈明显剂量依赖关系; 但与TNF-α+补骨脂甲素比较, 当8.33和16.67 μmol·L-1异补骨脂二氢黄酮与补骨脂甲素联用时对易感状态细胞的毒性作用无显著差异(P > 0.05)。
图 5所示, 在TNF-α预先刺激细胞易感条件下, 固定补骨脂甲素给药剂量为33.33 μmol·L-1, 采用协同毒性指数考察不同剂量的淫羊藿各成分对补骨脂甲素的协同增毒作用。当淫羊藿各成分给药剂量为66.67 μmol·L-1时, 补骨脂甲素与淫羊藿苷、淫羊藿素、朝藿定A、朝藿定A1、朝藿定B或朝藿定C联合时具有协同毒性作用; 当给药剂量为33.33 μmol·L-1时, 补骨脂甲素与朝藿定B、朝藿定C或淫羊藿苷A联合时具有协同毒性作用; 当给药剂量为16.67 μmol·L-1时, 补骨脂甲素与朝藿定B、淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ或淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ联合时具有协同毒性作用; 当给药剂量为8.33 μmol·L-1时, 补骨脂甲素与淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ联合时具有协同毒性作用。
图 6所示, 固定补骨脂甲素给药剂量为33.33 μmol·L-1, 采用协同毒性指数考察不同剂量的补骨脂各成分对补骨脂甲素的协同增毒作用。当补骨脂各成分给药剂量为66.67 μmol·L-1时, 补骨脂甲素与补骨脂二氢黄酮甲醚联合时具有协同毒性作用; 当给药剂量为33.33 μmol·L-1时, 补骨脂甲素与补骨脂乙素、异补骨脂二氢黄酮、新补骨脂异黄酮或补骨脂二氢黄酮甲醚联合时具有协同毒性作用; 当给药剂量为25 μmol·L-1时, 补骨脂甲素与异补骨脂二氢黄酮或新补骨脂异黄酮联合时具有协同毒性作用; 当给药剂量为16.67 μmol·L-1时, 补骨脂甲素与补骨脂定、异补骨脂二氢黄酮或新补骨脂异黄酮联合时具有协同毒性作用; 当给药剂量为8.33 μmol·L-1时, 补骨脂甲素与补骨脂定或新补骨脂异黄酮联合时具有协同毒性作用。
为进一步考察在TNF-α预先刺激的细胞易感条件下, 具有协同增毒作用的特异质免疫促进肝损伤成分(图 7A, 13种, 因脱水淫羊藿素的q值均小于1.15, 故排除) 和特异质免疫促进肝损伤易感成分(图 7B, 3种) 与补骨脂甲素的协同增毒作用强弱关系, 本研究将各成分及对应给药剂量做热图进行相关分析。
固定补骨脂甲素给药剂量为33.33 μmol·L-1, 如图 7A所示, 当特异质免疫促进肝损伤成分给药剂量为66.67 μmol·L-1时, 补骨脂甲素与补骨脂二氢黄酮甲醚联合时协同毒性指数最大(q = 2.53), 与朝藿定A1或朝藿定B联合时协同毒性指数最小(q = 1.54); 当给药剂量为33.33 μmol·L-1时, 补骨脂甲素与异补骨脂二氢黄酮联合时协同毒性指数最大(q = 3.14), 与朝藿定A或新补骨脂异黄酮联合时协同毒性指数最小(q = 1.17); 当给药剂量为25 μmol·L-1时, 补骨脂甲素与异补骨脂二氢黄酮联合时协同毒性指数最大(q = 3.02), 与补骨脂定联合时协同毒性指数最小(q = 1.15); 当给药剂量为16.67 μmol·L-1时, 补骨脂甲素与新补骨脂异黄酮联合时协同毒性指数最大(q = 3.23), 与异补骨脂二氢黄酮联合时协同毒性指数最小(q = 1.38); 当给药剂量为8.33 μmol·L-1时, 补骨脂甲素与新补骨脂异黄酮联合时协同毒性指数最大(q = 2.72), 与淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ联合时协同毒性指数最小(q = 1.71)。新补骨脂异黄酮(16.67 μmol·L-1) 与补骨脂甲素联用时, 对易感状态细胞的协同增毒作用最大(q = 3.23), 补骨脂定(25 μmol·L-1) 与补骨脂甲素联用时, 对易感状态细胞的协同增毒作用最小(q = 1.15)。
同理, 如图 7B所示, 补骨脂甲素和新补骨脂异黄酮(16.67 μmol·L-1) 联用时对易感状态细胞协同毒性指数最大, 为3.23; 补骨脂甲素和补骨脂定(16.67 μmol·L-1) 联用时对易感状态细胞协同毒性指数最小, 为1.95。
综上, 新补骨脂异黄酮和补骨脂定在特定浓度范围内, 既是特异质免疫促进肝损伤成分, 又是特异质免疫促进肝损伤易感成分, 且发现和补骨脂甲素联用时对易感状态细胞协同毒性指数最大的成分均是新补骨脂异黄酮, 协同毒性指数最小的成分均是补骨脂定, 提示新补骨脂异黄酮免疫促进作用最强, 补骨脂定免疫促进作用最弱。
黄酮苷类是淫羊藿地上部分的主要化学成分, 含量相对较高, 比如淫羊藿苷和淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ等; 黄酮类和香豆素类是补骨脂的主要化学成分, 如补骨脂甲素和补骨脂素等。本研究选择广泛且易得的10种淫羊藿代表性成分和11种补骨脂代表性成分作为研究对象。从肝损伤成分考察结果可以看出, 补骨脂甲素、补骨脂酚、补骨脂定、补骨脂乙素、异补骨脂二氢黄酮、新补骨脂异黄酮、淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ和淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ对正常细胞具有毒性, 属于直接肝损伤成分, 对易感状态细胞也具有毒性, 因此也属于特异质肝损伤成分; 其中补骨脂甲素和新补骨脂异黄酮对正常细胞无毒, 但对易感状态细胞毒性显著增加, 提示其二者为潜在特异质肝损伤易感成分。因为补骨脂甲素是补骨脂最具代表性的化学成分, 前期也有研究报道补骨脂甲素的IDILI属性, 且在设定浓度范围内细胞毒性与药物浓度呈现良好的线性关系, 最符合肝损伤易感成分的各项特征, 因此本研究选择补骨脂甲素作为特异质肝损伤易感成分进行后续研究。
从免疫促进肝损伤成分考察结果可以看出, 淫羊藿中的淫羊藿苷、淫羊藿素、淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ、淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ、朝藿定A、朝藿定B、朝藿定A1、朝藿定C、脱水淫羊藿素和淫羊藿苷A既能增强补骨脂甲素对正常细胞的毒性作用, 也能增强补骨脂甲素对易感状态细胞的毒性作用, 因此, 这10种淫羊藿成分既是直接免疫促进肝损伤成分, 又是特异质免疫促进肝损伤成分; 但这10种成分中不具有特异质免疫促进肝损伤易感成分。同理, 补骨脂中新补骨脂异黄酮、补骨脂二氢黄酮甲醚和补骨脂定能增强补骨脂甲素对正常细胞的毒性作用, 是直接免疫促进肝损伤成分; 新补骨脂异黄酮、补骨脂二氢黄酮甲醚、补骨脂定和异补骨脂二氢黄酮能增强补骨脂甲素对易感状态细胞的毒性作用, 是特异质免疫促进肝损伤成分; 因此, 新补骨脂异黄酮、补骨脂二氢黄酮甲醚和补骨脂定既是直接免疫促进肝损伤成分, 又是特异质免疫促进肝损伤成分。此外, 与补骨脂甲素单独给药比较, 新补骨脂异黄酮(8.33和16.67 μmol·L-1)、补骨脂定(4.17~16.67 μmol·L-1) 和异补骨脂二氢黄酮(25和33.33 μmol·L-1) 和补骨脂甲素联用对正常细胞不具有毒性作用, 但对易感状态细胞毒性显著增加, 因此三者是特异质免疫促进肝损伤易感成分。
综上, 如表 1图 8所示, 淫羊藿和补骨脂肝损伤成分, 可以分为3类: 直接肝损伤成分(补骨脂甲素、补骨脂酚、补骨脂定、补骨脂乙素、异补骨脂二氢黄酮、新补骨脂异黄酮、淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ和淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ)、特异质肝损伤成分(同肝损伤成分) 和特异质肝损伤易感成分(补骨脂甲素和新补骨脂异黄酮); 免疫促进肝损伤成分也分为3类: 直接免疫促进肝损伤成分(10种淫羊藿成分和新补骨脂异黄酮、补骨脂二氢黄酮甲醚、补骨脂定)、特异质免疫促进肝损伤成分(10种淫羊藿成分和新补骨脂异黄酮、补骨脂二氢黄酮甲醚、补骨脂定、异补骨脂二氢黄酮) 和特异质免疫促进肝损伤易感成分(新补骨脂异黄酮、补骨脂定和异补骨脂二氢黄酮)。
通过协同毒性指数研究可以看出, 在TNF-α介导HepG2细胞易感作用下, 免疫促进肝损伤成分可增强细胞易感状态, 进一步协同肝损伤成分发挥肝细胞毒性作用。需要注意的是, 本研究需要重点关注在淫羊藿/补骨脂成分和补骨脂甲素联合使用时, 对正常细胞无毒性作用, 但对易感状态细胞毒性显著的免疫促进肝损伤成分, 因为对于整个患者人群来说这些成分风险因素更大, 患者在用药的阶段更难以察觉, 个体异质性更为明显。
本研究通过直接测定药物浓度-毒性响应曲线评估化学成分与TNF-α相互作用的程度, 可在体外初步辨别具有IDILI特征的成分, 且对不同类型肝损伤成分进行区分。因为该方法使用一种易于获得和培养的细胞, 测试成分用量少, 采用单一且易于测定的表型终点, 具有重复性和稳定性好的特点, 且可达到高通量筛选的目的, 以期缩小进入动物实验的药物范围, 降低IDILI评价难度, 降低研究成本。因此, 该方法可用于淫羊藿和补骨脂相关特异质肝损伤成分筛选的研究, 同时也为中药安全性研究提供了模型工具。然而, 由于中药成分较复杂, 本研究仅选择淫羊藿和补骨脂中一些可及的代表性成分作为研究对象, 还有很多未知成分尚需研究, 同时也需要后续体内实验和机制阐释来支持该研究结果。相信随着现代科学技术的发展, 中药相关特异质肝损伤基础的研究会越来越清晰, 从而保障中药临床的合理用药。
作者贡献: 李蓥滢负责文献查阅、设计方案、实验操作、数据分析及文章撰写; 林蒙蒙、曹波、李莹、徐静负责查阅文献设计实验方案; 李春雨、李国辉和肖小河负责实验方案设计和指导论文写作及修改。
利益冲突: 无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82174071)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0928
  • 接收时间:2023-08-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-01
  • 修回日期:2023-09-28
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82174071)
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    1.国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院, 北京 100021
    2.解放军总医院第五医学中心, 北京 100039

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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