Article(id=1201124484297224412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0928, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1690819200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-01, revisedDate=1695830400000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764299992870, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1710172800000, pubDateStr=2024-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764299992870, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764299992870, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764299992870, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201124478286786612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='493', pageEnd='788', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764299991434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764300490467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201126571420639892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201126571420639893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=621, endPage=632, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201124485144473888, articleId=1201124484297224412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Development of an
in vitro screening method for idiosyncratic hepatotoxic components in traditional Chinese medicine: a case study with
Epimedii Folium and
Psoraleae Fructus, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) has long posed a challenging and pivotal concern in pharmaceutical research. The complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has introduced a bottleneck in current research, hindering the elucidation of the component basis associated with IDILI in TCM. Using Epimedii Folium (EF) and Psoraleae Fructus (PF) as illustrative examples, this study endeavors to establish an in vitro evaluation model, providing a high-throughput and preliminary assessment method for screening components related to TCM-induced IDILI. A TNF-α-mediated HepG2 susceptible model was first established in this study, with the focus on the index components present in EF and PF. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cell supernatant served as the detection index. A concentration-toxicity response curve was constructed, and the hepatotoxic components of EF and PF were identified utilizing the synergistic toxicity index. The LDH results unveiled the hepatotoxic effects of bavachin, backuchiol, isobavachin, neobavaisoflavone, psoralidin, isobavachalcone, icarisid Ⅰ, and icarisid Ⅱ on both normal and susceptible cells, categorizing these 8 components as both direct hepatotoxicity components and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity components. Bavachin and neobavaisoflavone exhibited no hepatotoxicity on normal cells but demonstrated significant effects on susceptible cells, designating them as potential idiosyncratic susceptible hepatotoxicity components. The study further delineated that 10 EF components and 3 PF components were direct immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components. Additionally, 14 idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components were identified, encompassing 10 EF components and 4 PF components, with neobavaisoflavone, bavachinin, and isobavachin being potential idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components. Synergistic toxicity index results indicated that 13 idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components (except anhydroicaritin) combined with bavachin demonstrated synergistic hepatotoxicity on susceptible cells. Notably, 3 idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components combined with bavachin exhibited synergistic hepatotoxicity, with neobavaisoflavone displaying the highest synergistic toxicity index and bavachinin the lowest. In summary, this methodology successfully screens hepatotoxic and immune-promoting hepatotoxic components in EF and PF, distinguishing the types of components inducing hepatotoxicity, evaluating the hepatotoxicity degree of each component, and elucidating the synergistic relationships among them. Importantly, these findings align with the characteristics of IDILI. The method provides an effective model tool for the fundamental research of TCM-related IDILI components.
, correspAuthors=Xiao-he XIAO, Guo-hui LI, Chun-yu LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying-ying LI, Meng-meng LIN, Bo CAO, Ying LI, Jing XU, Xiao-he XIAO, Guo-hui LI, Chun-yu LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201124488734798384, articleId=1201124484297224412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=一种中药相关特异质肝损伤成分筛选的体外评价方法的建立: 以补骨脂和淫羊藿为例, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
特异质药物性肝损伤(IDILI) 一直是药物研究的难点和热点。囿于中药成分的复杂, 中药相关IDILI物质基础的阐明已成为目前研究的瓶颈问题。本研究以淫羊藿和补骨脂为例, 通过建立体外评价模型, 拟为初步筛选中药相关IDILI成分提供一种高通量的评价方法。本研究首先建立TNF-α介导的HepG2细胞易感模型, 以淫羊藿和补骨脂所含指标成分为研究对象, 以细胞上清液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH) 释放量为检测指标, 构建浓度-毒性响应曲线, 并结合协同毒性指数确定两种中药中所含成分的协同毒性作用及强弱关系。LDH测定结果表明, 补骨脂甲素、补骨脂酚、补骨脂定、补骨脂乙素、异补骨脂二氢黄酮、新补骨脂异黄酮、淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ和淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ对正常细胞和易感状态下的细胞均具有毒性作用, 即这些成分既是直接肝损伤成分, 又是特异质肝损伤成分; 其中补骨脂甲素和新补骨脂异黄酮对正常细胞无毒性作用, 但是在易感状态下有明显的细胞毒性作用, 即二者为潜在特异质肝损伤易感成分。随后, 本研究以补骨脂甲素为代表筛选免疫促进肝损伤成分。结果显示, 淫羊藿中10种成分与补骨脂中3种成分属于直接免疫促进肝损伤成分; 而特异质免疫促进肝损伤成分在淫羊藿中有10种, 补骨脂中有4种; 其中新补骨脂异黄酮、补骨脂定和异补骨脂二氢黄酮属于潜在的特异质免疫促进肝损伤易感成分。协同毒性指数结果显示, 13种特异质免疫促进肝损伤成分(除脱水淫羊藿素外) 与补骨脂甲素联用具有协同增毒作用; 3种特异质免疫促进肝损伤易感成分与补骨脂甲素联用具有协同增毒作用, 其中与新补骨脂异黄酮联用协同毒性指数最大, 而与补骨脂定联用协同毒性指数最小。综上, 该方法可成功筛选淫羊藿和补骨脂中肝损伤成分及免疫促进肝损伤成分, 并可以区分肝损伤成分类型、各成分的毒性强弱程度和协同作用关系, 符合IDILI的特点, 以期为中药相关IDILI物质基础研究提供一种有效模型工具。
, correspAuthors=肖小河, 李国辉, 李春雨, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=yriH5d5rpy3zyeamy0SMpw==, magXml=1kqWKwBg/GnUB6vYx6n1ug==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=lpwRdqdfy48db+bSL3lKiA==, pdfFileSize=7229993, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=oYG4uAvOjwAJltK7C0bSsg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=nNKMzFvBJjsh0zV5Ymn5Yw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=李蓥滢, 林蒙蒙, 曹波, 李莹, 徐静, 肖小河, 李国辉, 李春雨)}, authors=[Author(id=1201124489267475063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1201124489393304203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, authorId=1201124489267475063, language=EN, stringName=Ying-ying LI, firstName=Ying-ying, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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in vitro as an approach to classify drugs according to their potential to cause idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity: a proof-of-concept study [J]. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2017, 362: 459-473., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1201124498276839522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, awardId=82174071, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82174071), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1201124488973873745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201124488986456659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, companyId=1201124488973873745, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201124488990650964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, companyId=1201124488973873745, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院, 北京 100021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1201124489108091489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201124489120674403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, companyId=1201124489108091489, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1201124489150034535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, companyId=1201124489108091489, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.解放军总医院第五医学中心, 北京 100039)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1201124494749430741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CyzayxLeDHgc+XF+Z/Kg5w==, figureFileBig=oYG4uAvOjwAJltK7C0bSsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124494837511134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Effects of 11 components of Psoraleae Fructus on LDH release in HepG2 cells. A: Bavachin (Bav); B: Backuchiol; C: Psoralenoside; D: Isopsoralenoside; E: Psoralen; F: Isopsoralen; G: Isobavachin; H: Neobavaisoflavone; I: Bavachinin; J: Psoralidin; K: Isobavachalcone. n = 3, x ± s. ▽▽P < 0.01 vs control group; ◇P < 0.05, ◇◇P < 0.01 vs TNF-α group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs Psoraleae Fructus corresponding component group. LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase , figureFileSmall=CyzayxLeDHgc+XF+Z/Kg5w==, figureFileBig=oYG4uAvOjwAJltK7C0bSsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124496192271346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ssvlv8Lw14jxcOAw3X0nWA==, figureFileBig=Bx9hwnAmssgdeo29C4WXIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124496284546039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Effects of 10 components of Epimedii Folium on LDH release in HepG2 cells. A: Icariin; B: Icaritin; C: Icarisid Ⅰ; D: Icarisid Ⅱ; E: Epimedin A; F: Epimedin A1; G: Epimedin B; H: Epimedin C; I: Anhydroicaritin; J: Epimedoside A. n = 3, x ± s. ▽▽P < 0.01 vs control group; ◇◇P < 0.01 vs TNF-α group , figureFileSmall=ssvlv8Lw14jxcOAw3X0nWA==, figureFileBig=Bx9hwnAmssgdeo29C4WXIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124496376820734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+xySLMjuAy8Cq54SasUAfw==, figureFileBig=XjSt3Hg4FrvUQpEZKYD80A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124496498454531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Effect of Bav combined with 10 different components of Epimedii Folium on LDH release in HepG2 cells. n = 3, x ± s. ▽▽P < 0.01 vs control group; △P < 0.05, △△P < 0.01 vs Bav group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs Epimedii Folium corresponding component group; ○P < 0.05, ○○P < 0.01 vs Bav+Epimedii Folium corresponding component group; ☆P < 0.05, ☆☆P < 0.01 vs TNF-α+Bav group; ##P < 0.01 vs TNF-α+Epimedii Folium corresponding component group , figureFileSmall=+xySLMjuAy8Cq54SasUAfw==, figureFileBig=XjSt3Hg4FrvUQpEZKYD80A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124496657838091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+RJ75lD6aV1a4vzVtcqG5Q==, figureFileBig=waNtGe4Gif7ZnTen4QGwOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124496813027348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption=
Effect of Bav combined with 10 different components of Psoraleae Fructus on LDH release in HepG2 cells. n = 3, x ± s. ▽▽P < 0.01 vs control group; △△P < 0.01 vs Bav group; **P < 0.01 vs Psoraleae Fructus corresponding component group; ○P < 0.05, ○○P < 0.01 vs Bav+Psoraleae Fructus corresponding component group; ☆P < 0.05, ☆☆P < 0.01 vs TNF-α+Bav group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs TNF-α+Psoraleae Fructus corresponding component group , figureFileSmall=+RJ75lD6aV1a4vzVtcqG5Q==, figureFileBig=waNtGe4Gif7ZnTen4QGwOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124496926273563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=g7k8+z5eLJhpcIUfRgx9lw==, figureFileBig=NJGkhYQCBEGEHU+jYvtPbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497043714083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption=
Synergistic toxicity index (q value) of Bav combined with 10 different components of Epimedii Folium. A: 66.67 μmol·L-1; B: 33.33 μmol·L-1; C: 16.67 μmol·L-1; D: 8.33 μmol·L-1. n = 3, x ± s , figureFileSmall=g7k8+z5eLJhpcIUfRgx9lw==, figureFileBig=NJGkhYQCBEGEHU+jYvtPbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497173737517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2FeMcpkVBoUlDGkeLcJHZg==, figureFileBig=jw6X45gOIJ0Ov8h8WY1Atw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497328926775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption=
Synergistic toxicity index (q value) of Bav combined with 10 different components of Psoraleae Fructus. A: 66.67 μmol·L-1; B: 33.33 μmol·L-1; C: 25 μmol·L-1; D: 16.67 μmol·L-1; E: 8.33 μmol·L-1. n = 3, x ± s , figureFileSmall=2FeMcpkVBoUlDGkeLcJHZg==, figureFileBig=jw6X45gOIJ0Ov8h8WY1Atw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497446367290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HXeIFw12ZR+z+Q/3iS1i4A==, figureFileBig=kDfSMI7t1wIpH2GaGSOIyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497580585027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption=
Under HepG2 cell susceptible state, the correspondence relationship heatmap of idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components or idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components and dose, with synergistic toxicity index (q value) more than 1.15 when combined with Bav. A: Idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components; B: Idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components. n = 3, x ± s , figureFileSmall=HXeIFw12ZR+z+Q/3iS1i4A==, figureFileBig=kDfSMI7t1wIpH2GaGSOIyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497677054024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=o2YeqlJTfXaJVc9O0ENALA==, figureFileBig=pQgGU8SD5vBxLJEa2VqDEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497798688845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption=
The summary plot of hepatotoxicity components and immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components , figureFileSmall=o2YeqlJTfXaJVc9O0ENALA==, figureFileBig=pQgGU8SD5vBxLJEa2VqDEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124497949683795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Component classification | Number | Significance |
| Direct hepatotoxicity components | 8 | Compared with the control group, the hepatotoxicity to normal cells of these components were significantly increased (the significant difference was marked ▽ in Figure 1 and 2) |
| Idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity components | 8 | Compared with the TNF-α group, the hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells of these components were significantly increased (the significant difference was marked ◇ in Figure 1 and 2) |
| Idiosyncratic susceptible hepatotoxicity components | 2 | These components had no toxic effect to normal cells, but significantly increased hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells (at the corresponding dose, the significant difference was marked * in Figure 1 and 2, but no ▽ label) |
| Direct immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components | 13 | Compared with the hepatotoxicity of bavachin to normal cells alone, the combination of these components and bavachin significantly increased the hepatotoxicity to normal cells (the significant difference was marked △ in Figure 3 and 4) |
| Idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components | 14 | Compared with the hepatotoxicity of bavachin to susceptible cells alone, the combination of these components and bavachin significantly increased the hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells (the significant difference was marked ☆ in Figure 3 and 4) |
| Idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components | 3 | The combination of these components and bavachin had no toxic effect to normal cells, but significantly increased hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells (at the corresponding dose, the significant difference was marked ○☆# in Figure 3 and 4, but no △ label) |
), ArticleFig(id=1201124498067124313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124484297224412, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
Classification and significance of hepatotoxicity components and immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Component classification | Number | Significance |
| Direct hepatotoxicity components | 8 | Compared with the control group, the hepatotoxicity to normal cells of these components were significantly increased (the significant difference was marked ▽ in Figure 1 and 2) |
| Idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity components | 8 | Compared with the TNF-α group, the hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells of these components were significantly increased (the significant difference was marked ◇ in Figure 1 and 2) |
| Idiosyncratic susceptible hepatotoxicity components | 2 | These components had no toxic effect to normal cells, but significantly increased hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells (at the corresponding dose, the significant difference was marked * in Figure 1 and 2, but no ▽ label) |
| Direct immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components | 13 | Compared with the hepatotoxicity of bavachin to normal cells alone, the combination of these components and bavachin significantly increased the hepatotoxicity to normal cells (the significant difference was marked △ in Figure 3 and 4) |
| Idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components | 14 | Compared with the hepatotoxicity of bavachin to susceptible cells alone, the combination of these components and bavachin significantly increased the hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells (the significant difference was marked ☆ in Figure 3 and 4) |
| Idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components | 3 | The combination of these components and bavachin had no toxic effect to normal cells, but significantly increased hepatotoxicity to susceptible cells (at the corresponding dose, the significant difference was marked ○☆# in Figure 3 and 4, but no △ label) |
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