Article(id=1201124483408031913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0814, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1688227200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-02, revisedDate=1695225600000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764299992657, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1710172800000, pubDateStr=2024-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764299992657, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764299992657, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764299992657, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201124478286786612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='493', pageEnd='788', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764299991434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764300490467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201126571420639892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201126571420639893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201124478286786612, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=565, endPage=573, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201124483844239553, articleId=1201124483408031913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Drugs that act in the lymphatic system and lymphatic drug delivery: review and perspective, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The lymphatic system, as well as pathological changes of the lymphatic system, underlies the progress of an array of diseases and conditions, including cancer, inflammation and autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases and metabolic syndrome. A variety of biological targets in the lymphatic system can be employed to modulate these high-burden diseases, and the pharmacokinetics and drug delivery strategies in the context of lymphatics are of critical importance to optimise drug exposure to lymphatic-related targets. As such, research and drug development in this field has gained increasing attention in recent years. This article aims to provide an overview of pharmaceutical research with a focus on the lymphatic system and therapeutic targets within the lymphatics, followed by lymphatic drug delivery approaches, which may be of interest for researchers in academia, pharmaceutical industry and regulatory sciences.

, correspAuthors=Qi-dong YOU, Si-fei HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Luo-juan HU, Jing-kai GU, Qi-dong YOU, Si-fei HAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201124487350677896, articleId=1201124483408031913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于淋巴系统的药物及其递送系统研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来, 位于淋巴系统的生物学靶标越来越多地被发现和利用; 以调控淋巴系统功能或纠正淋巴系统病理改变为主要作用机制的药物逐渐成为研发热点之一; 药物经淋巴系统的吸收、转运、代谢与递送研究与相应递送系统的开发也正引起重视。很多研究成果正被尝试用于免疫治疗、炎症调控、新型疫苗等重要领域, 为肿瘤、自身免疫病、感染类疾病、代谢综合征等多类别重大疾病的治疗带来新机会。本文简要介绍了淋巴系统的结构与生理功能, 淋巴系统内药物靶标与相关药物研究, 以及药物经淋巴系统转运的模式与递送技术, 希望给药学科学工作者、产业界和监管科学界专业人士提供参考。

, correspAuthors=尤启冬, 韩思飞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*尤启冬, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail:
韩思飞, Tel: 17601630108, E-mail:
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The blind-ended lymphatic capillaries collect fluid, proteins and cells from the interstitial spaces throughout the body. The so formed lymph fluid flows unidirectionally in the lymphatic network, passing through a series of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and lymphatic ducts, prior to draining into the blood stream in the vicinity of the junction of the subclavian and jugular veins , figureFileSmall=pKYkxCm4lMjvXbUrLFYMGA==, figureFileBig=CEttqrSEDSTbUJHZ+LM38w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124492429980476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483408031913, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CxHlDwdevmq/P6PUXzH7hg==, figureFileBig=3SSrradebSCecGhmQK9kRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124492526449479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483408031913, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The lymphatic system plays a key role in the (patho)physiology of various diseases and conditions, including infectious diseases, multiple types of cancers, central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and inflammatory & (auto)immune disorders. Notes in red indicate typical categories of drugs that may be used to modulate lymphatics-related disease progression , figureFileSmall=CxHlDwdevmq/P6PUXzH7hg==, figureFileBig=3SSrradebSCecGhmQK9kRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124492681638735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483408031913, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Eqhl+bAPEreuRUEvLrzCeQ==, figureFileBig=UPURiDw0fu6OsiL2z6Auiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124492807467864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483408031913, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Mechanisms and routes of administration that may be used for lymphatic drug delivery. A: Lymphatic absorption of macromolecules following extravascular administration, e.g. intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. B: Uptake through mucosa associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) following administration <i>via</i> gastrointestinal, respiratory and oral and nasal mucosa. C: Transport of lipoprotein-associated highly lipophilic drugs <i>via</i> the intestinal lymphatics following oral administration. D: Redistribution into lymphatic capillaries or lymph node after extravasation from blood capillaries or <i>via</i> high endothelia venules (HEVs), respectively , figureFileSmall=Eqhl+bAPEreuRUEvLrzCeQ==, figureFileBig=UPURiDw0fu6OsiL2z6Auiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124492937491299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483408031913, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Fk7a05J+reAlCPte8yPFHQ==, figureFileBig=iFfVJ1pBTGapSBe3zwfGmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124493092680554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483408031913, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Chemical structure of three lipophilic compounds that are lymphatically transported following oral administration: WAY252, 623, CP532, 623 and SEW2871 , figureFileSmall=Fk7a05J+reAlCPte8yPFHQ==, figureFileBig=iFfVJ1pBTGapSBe3zwfGmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124493226898291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483408031913, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Hpyf+FXjC/CIoLlYYRXkog==, figureFileBig=x6oINXCGY1NleQ2jVs2ISA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201124493365310329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201124483408031913, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Lymphatic absorption pathway of triglyceride (TG) mimetic prodrug. TG prodrug is firstly lipolyzed ① in the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen to form a monoglyceride (MG) like intermediate, which is absorbed into the enterocyte and resynthesized ② to a TG derivative. After assembly into lipoproteins ③, the resynthesized TG prodrug is secreted and transported <i>via</i> the intestinal lymphatics, where the active parent drug may be released to enhance pharmacodynamic (PD) effect ④ or subsequently liberated in the systemic circulation to achieve bioavailability ⑤. Part of the figure is reprinted with permission from Servier Medical Art<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b55')" rid="b55">55</a>]</sup>, copy right licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license , figureFileSmall=Hpyf+FXjC/CIoLlYYRXkog==, figureFileBig=x6oINXCGY1NleQ2jVs2ISA==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, 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基于淋巴系统的药物及其递送系统研究进展
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胡罗娟 1 , 顾景凯 2 , 尤启冬 1, 3, * , 韩思飞 1, 3, 4, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(3): 565-573
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(3): 565-573
基于淋巴系统的药物及其递送系统研究进展
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胡罗娟1, 顾景凯2, 尤启冬1, 3, * , 韩思飞1, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210009
  • 2.吉林大学生命科学学院, 药物代谢研究中心, 吉林 长春 130012
  • 3.江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室 (中国药科大学), 江苏 南京 210009
  • 4.莫纳什大学药学院, 澳大利亚 墨尔本 VIC3052

通讯作者:

*尤启冬, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail:
韩思飞, Tel: 17601630108, E-mail:
Drugs that act in the lymphatic system and lymphatic drug delivery: review and perspective
Luo-juan HU1, Jing-kai GU2, Qi-dong YOU1, 3, * , Si-fei HAN1, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
  • 2. Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
  • 3. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
  • 4. Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC3052, Australia
出版时间: 2024-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0814
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近年来, 位于淋巴系统的生物学靶标越来越多地被发现和利用; 以调控淋巴系统功能或纠正淋巴系统病理改变为主要作用机制的药物逐渐成为研发热点之一; 药物经淋巴系统的吸收、转运、代谢与递送研究与相应递送系统的开发也正引起重视。很多研究成果正被尝试用于免疫治疗、炎症调控、新型疫苗等重要领域, 为肿瘤、自身免疫病、感染类疾病、代谢综合征等多类别重大疾病的治疗带来新机会。本文简要介绍了淋巴系统的结构与生理功能, 淋巴系统内药物靶标与相关药物研究, 以及药物经淋巴系统转运的模式与递送技术, 希望给药学科学工作者、产业界和监管科学界专业人士提供参考。

淋巴系统  /  淋巴药物递送  /  免疫治疗  /  大分子药物代谢动力学  /  纳米药物

The lymphatic system, as well as pathological changes of the lymphatic system, underlies the progress of an array of diseases and conditions, including cancer, inflammation and autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases and metabolic syndrome. A variety of biological targets in the lymphatic system can be employed to modulate these high-burden diseases, and the pharmacokinetics and drug delivery strategies in the context of lymphatics are of critical importance to optimise drug exposure to lymphatic-related targets. As such, research and drug development in this field has gained increasing attention in recent years. This article aims to provide an overview of pharmaceutical research with a focus on the lymphatic system and therapeutic targets within the lymphatics, followed by lymphatic drug delivery approaches, which may be of interest for researchers in academia, pharmaceutical industry and regulatory sciences.

lymphatic system  /  lymphatic drug delivery  /  immunotherapy  /  pharmacokinetics of macromolecules  /  nanomedicine
胡罗娟, 顾景凯, 尤启冬, 韩思飞. 基于淋巴系统的药物及其递送系统研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (3) : 565 -573 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0814
Luo-juan HU, Jing-kai GU, Qi-dong YOU, Si-fei HAN. Drugs that act in the lymphatic system and lymphatic drug delivery: review and perspective[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (3) : 565 -573 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0814
人体淋巴系统网络与血管网络大体伴行分布, 其中单向流动的淋巴液, 携带从组织间隙、黏膜屏障、创伤或病灶等部位回收的大分子物质与免疫细胞, 经淋巴结等组织过滤后, 汇入系统血液循环[1]。淋巴系统在体内主要参与体液平衡、免疫应答和营养吸收; 这三个重要生理功能又与大分子药物、免疫相关新药物与新疗法、新递送系统等多个药学科学前沿领域有密切联系。以淋巴系统内生物学靶标或以经淋巴递送为出发点的药学研究与开发工作, 正为肿瘤、自身免疫病、代谢综合征、微生物感染、中枢神经系统退行性疾病、心血管系统疾病等重大疾病的治疗带来新机会[2]。本文对淋巴系统基础生理功能、淋巴系统内药物靶标、经淋巴药物递送技术三个方面进行简述和展望, 希望给药学科学工作者、产业界和监管科学界专业人士提供参考。
人体淋巴系统包含初级与次级淋巴结构。初级淋巴结构与淋巴细胞原始生发和成熟相关, 主要包括骨髓和胸腺。次级淋巴结构主要与免疫应答、免疫记忆与调控功能相关, 分布更为广泛, 包括约400~600个淋巴结、脾脏以及扁桃体、阑尾、派氏结等黏膜相关淋巴组织。淋巴管网络广泛分布于全身, 其走向大体与血管网络交错伴行, 是淋巴组织之间连结的重要通道, 也是体内物质运输的重要通道之一(图 1)。淋巴管网络与血管网络对物质(如药物) 的转运各有侧重, 共同组成人体的循环系统[3, 4]。淋巴系统在体内主要担负体液平衡、免疫应答和营养物质吸收等重要生理功能。
心血管网络与淋巴管网络二者共同组成人体循环系统, 缺一不可。生理状态下, 血浆流经毛细血管时, 水分及能透过血管内皮屏障的物质在毛细血管近动脉端渗出, 进入组织间隙成为组织液, 组织液中绝大部分的水分与小分子物质又可在毛细血管近静脉端返回血液循环。组织间隙的蛋白质等大分子物质, 一般较难通过血管内皮屏障返回毛细血管。但是, 由于毛细淋巴管内皮细胞连接较疏松, 加之淋巴内皮细胞对部分大分子物质有主动摄取能力, 因此大分子可进入盲端起始于组织间隙的毛细淋巴管, 成为淋巴液的组成成分之一。每日约有8升组织间隙液以此方式进入淋巴系统, 随后历经一系列淋巴结和高等级淋巴管, 向心脏方向流动。保障淋巴液单向流动的因素有二: 其一是由淋巴管平滑肌收缩、骨骼肌运动、呼吸、相邻血管搏动等因素造成的流体压差, 其二是淋巴管内的瓣膜所形成的防倒流结构(类似静脉瓣)。最后, 全身淋巴管汇集成两条主干淋巴管, 即胸导管(收集除右上半身外全身约四分之三的淋巴液) 和右淋巴管(收集右上肢和头部等区域淋巴液), 两者分别在左、右锁骨下静脉处附近汇入系统血液循环。这个过程对于大分子物质的转运和代谢, 以及维持机体的体液平衡至关重要。由于手术(如肿瘤手术中的淋巴结清扫)、感染(如丝虫病)、遗传(如FOXC2相关基因突变) 等因素所致的淋巴管网结构和功能异常, 可致患肢和受累脏器的大分子物质循环失常和液体潴留, 称为淋巴水肿(lymphedema)[5, 6], 给患者造成巨大痛苦甚至可因并发症危及生命。
组织间隙液经淋巴系统回流, 不仅是实现体液平衡的过程, 也是外源微生物(或其片段) 与细胞碎片、外泌体等内源物质被人体免疫系统过滤、识别和利用的途径。淋巴结、肠道派氏结、呼吸道相关淋巴组织等次级淋巴组织, 是抗原提呈细胞、巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞、淋巴内皮细胞等常规驻留或免疫巡查的场所。这些免疫系统的重要元素在淋巴组织中汇集并协调处置从组织间隙、黏膜屏障、创伤或病灶等部位回收的微生物相关抗原、肿瘤相关抗原、自身抗原与它们所携带的信息, 并发挥一系列复杂的免疫应答、调控与记忆功能, 是实现肿瘤免疫监控、自身免疫平衡、组织再生等过程不可或缺的环节[7, 8]。因而淋巴系统在一定程度上可被认为是人体免疫的中枢, 其功能障碍与诸多危及生命的重大疾病密切相关(典型案例如HIV感染摧毁淋巴细胞功能导致免疫防线的溃败)。淋巴系统在免疫功能方面的中枢作用, 是很多免疫相关治疗靶标的基础, 也是新药物与新疗法研发的源头之一。
在消化道内的糖类、氨基酸类等营养成分, 被吸收进入小肠上皮细胞后, 经毛细血管运输汇集至门静脉入肝, 经肝脏处置后再由肝静脉出肝汇入系统血液循环。而食物中脂类营养成分的吸收途径则与此不同。以脂类营养物质中含量最高的甘油三酯为例: 进入小肠后, 在胆汁中的胆盐、磷脂与胰脂肪酶(及辅酶) 的共同作用下, 甘油三酯被分解产生脂肪酸与甘油单酯等代谢中间体并吸收进入小肠上皮细胞。在肠细胞内, 甘油单酯和脂肪酸经由多步再酯化过程被重新合成为甘油三酯, 随后被装配成尺寸达数百至千余纳米的乳糜微粒(chylomicrons), 出胞后进入固有层。乳糜微粒是体内尺寸最大、密度最低的一类脂蛋白(lipoproteins), 在固有层内难以穿越致密的血管内皮屏障直接入血, 但其可进入通透性较大的乳糜管(小肠绒毛内淋巴管的专有名称), 再经一系列高等级淋巴管和淋巴结等, 最终由胸淋巴管直接汇入系统血液循环。这是体内脂质营养成分的吸收途径, 也是VD和VE等脂溶性维生素吸收的主要途径。在此过程中, 脂质营养成分的种类与摄取量可影响脂蛋白与淋巴内皮细胞、巨噬细胞、淋巴结周边脂肪组织等的相互作用, 并进而影响由免疫介导的机体脂代谢平衡[9, 10]。脂质营养成分的吸收途径, 也被用于促进药物经淋巴系统的转运和递送(详见本文3.3部分)。
近年来的研究逐渐揭示: 淋巴系统在肿瘤、炎症和自身免疫病、感染类疾病、代谢综合征、中枢神经系统退行性疾病等常见重大疾病的发生发展过程中扮演关键角色(图 2)[2]。位于免疫细胞和淋巴内皮细胞等淋巴系统内的生物学靶标越来越多地被发现和利用, 从淋巴系统入手的新药研究与开发正形成一个新的理念与模式, 为肿瘤等多类重大疾病的治疗带来新机会, 以下列举部分有代表性的研究方向。
实体肿瘤的生长常伴随淋巴管的新生。淋巴管网不仅是肿瘤细胞扩散的途径之一, 同时也是肿瘤与免疫系统互作(如诱导免疫耐受或免疫激活) 的主要场所之一[8]。针对这两个特征, 进入淋巴系统的药物可通过多种模式发挥抗肿瘤作用。第一, 将细胞毒类抗肿瘤药物运送至淋巴系统内抑制肿瘤细胞生长。在此模式中, 药物对肿瘤细胞发挥直接杀伤作用, 而药物向淋巴系统的投递可依靠递送体系的辅助(见下文药物递送部分)[11, 12]。第二, 将调控淋巴管运输功能的药物[13]或调控肿瘤免疫功能的药物递送至淋巴系统, 以发挥这类药物对肿瘤-免疫相互作用界面的调控。在此模式中, 药物通过解除肿瘤免疫抑制、激活免疫系统发挥间接抗肿瘤作用。例如, 已有研究表明PD-1/PD-L1抗体类药物发挥抗肿瘤免疫活性时, 不仅与瘤内淋巴细胞相关, 而且肿瘤引流淋巴结内PD-1/PD-L1免疫抑制信号的解除也很关键。解除引流淋巴结内PD-L1阳性抗原提呈细胞对表达PD-1的肿瘤特异性淋巴细胞的免疫抑制, 可促进该类淋巴细胞向肿瘤组织的迁移并提升抗肿瘤活性。因此作用于PD-1/PD-L1通路的药物在淋巴系统的转运、富集等对肿瘤免疫治疗有重要影响[14, 15]。此外, 与淋巴管网内皮组织密切相关的肿瘤治疗新靶点, 如S1P/S1PRs、PD-L1、VGEF-C/VGEFR-3等也正在被逐步发掘和利用[16]
中枢神经系统曾长期被认为是人体内无淋巴网络的特殊区域。随着对中枢神经系统(尤其是大脑) 的深入研究以及成像技术的发展, 在2015年前后, 脑部淋巴系统诸多结构和功能细节被清晰地揭示[17, 18]。脑实质部位淋巴回流功能由胶质淋巴系统(glial-lymphatics或glymphatics) 承担, 依托微动脉壁外周与微静脉外周当中区域的细胞外间隙转运大分子物质与液体, 并通过与脑硬膜淋巴网络、鼻腔后壁淋巴等网络的交汇, 实现蛋白质、细胞碎片等物质和免疫细胞的转运和体液平衡。近来的研究发现脑淋巴系统与部分中枢神经系统重大疾病有关键联系, 例如: Aβ淀粉样蛋白等大分子代谢物经脑淋巴系统清除受阻是阿尔茨海默症等神经退行性疾病的重要特征之一[19], 而调节淋巴液回流功能有望改善中枢退行性疾病的治疗[20]。目前有几种药物作用模式被研究用于改变淋巴回流, 第一种模式是影响淋巴管收缩-舒张活性, 例如使用去甲肾上腺素等肾上腺素α受体激动剂刺激淋巴管收缩, 或利用硝苯地平等钙离子拮抗剂舒张淋巴管, 有关此类的药物的总结可参考综述[21] (此文总结了包括神经递质类、离子通道类以及作用于炎症通路等多类型两百余种FDA批准上市的药物对淋巴管收缩-舒张活性的影响)。第二种模式是通过VGEF-C等内皮生长因子类物质促进脑硬膜等部位淋巴管新生, 以实现更好的淋巴回流[22]。第三, 通过调控水通道蛋白4 (aquaporin 4, AQP4) 等对脑实质组织液转运起关键作用的水通道蛋白改善脑部淋巴回流[23]。另外, 在淋巴管对有害大分子代谢物清除功能之外, 通过药物调控对头颈部淋巴区域内的炎症免疫相关靶点, 也正成为阿尔茨海默症、帕金森症、多发性硬化、卒中后炎症与免疫损伤等中枢神经系统药物研究的热点之一[24]
风湿免疫类疾病、代谢综合征、脓毒血症等表面分属不同类别的病症, 其背后常伴相似的淋巴系统结构和功能改变, 而通过调节淋巴系统结构、功能和/或干预淋巴系统介导的炎症免疫过程, 正为这些疾病的治疗突破带来可观前景。下面举三个方面的例子: 第一, 用于风湿性关节炎和克隆恩病等自身免疫相关疾病的免疫抑制药物, 可在淋巴系统中通过抑制淋巴细胞复制或阻碍淋巴结内淋巴细胞迁出进入等机制起效; 已有研究显示, 促进他克莫司、雷帕霉素、麦考酚酸等免疫抑制剂在淋巴系统内的富集对于提升药理效应, 同时降低外周非靶组织药物浓度有积极意义[25, 26]。第二, 腹型肥胖等代谢综合征常伴随肠系膜淋巴管分支异常与淋巴液渗漏, 导致肠系膜脂肪组织的炎症反应和胰岛素抵抗[9, 27], 而局部炎症刺激VGEF-C等因子释放, 反过来又加重淋巴管新生分支紊乱与淋巴液渗漏, 形成恶性循环。体内动物实验已证实经淋巴吸收的非甾体抗炎药物塞来昔布衍生物可纠正此恶性循环并逆转糖脂代谢异常[28]。第三, 由急性重症胰腺炎等非感染因素或由微生物感染引发的脓毒血症常伴随肠道屏障的破坏, 进而导致消化酶、肠腔内的毒素、炎症因子等经淋巴系统进入体循环而加重全身多器官损伤。利用脂酶抑制剂奥利司他中和淋巴系统内高浓度的脂酶等致病因子, 已在动物模型显示积极效果并进入人体临床试验阶段探索, 给重症胰腺炎等疾病的治疗带来新的希望[29]。此外, 间质性肺炎/慢阻肺[30]、脑卒中/心肌缺血再灌注损伤修复[31]、肝硬化与其他肝/肠轴相关疾病[32, 33]、肾纤维化[34]等疾病的进展过程几乎都伴随淋巴管新生、堵塞与异常分支或淋巴细胞的耗竭等现象。从淋巴系统入手的药物研发有望为这些疾病的治疗带来新的突破点。
生理状态下淋巴系统是过滤和处置外源抗原的通道, 可与人体固有免疫体系合作, 通过B淋巴细胞产生抗体、扩增CD8杀伤型T细胞等不同方式控制感染类疾病。然而, 特定病原微生物可逃脱淋巴系统的免疫监控, 侵犯淋巴结等组织, 导致淋巴结炎、淋巴管水肿、免疫缺陷等严重症状。有淋巴潜伏特征的病原微生物包括病毒、细菌、寄生虫等。如艾滋病毒, 感染淋巴细胞可致慢性T细胞耗竭并引起免疫缺陷综合征。现有抗病毒药物可将血液循环中的病毒滴度控制在几乎检测不出的水平, 但由于通常的小分子药物不具有专门的淋巴富集特征, 难以对潜伏在淋巴结内的病毒实现有效控制[35-37]。相似地, 由结核杆菌等引起的淋巴结核、由布鲁氏杆菌(人畜共患病病原体) 引起的淋巴结炎、由丝虫等寄生虫在淋巴结内繁殖并堵塞淋巴液回流而导致的淋巴水肿等疾病, 也是较难治疗的慢性疾病[30, 38]。由于病原微生物本身结构(如细菌细胞壁) 或微生物特定代谢通路(如病毒复制或装配过程) 常是抗感染药物治疗的靶标, 提高药物对藏匿于淋巴系统内病原体的暴露, 可能为根治此类感染性疾病带来新机会。例如, 有研究利用淋巴趋向脂质体包载抗病毒药物, 为艾滋病毒控制带来新的提升空间[39]。本文作者推测, 特定抗感染药物对淋巴转运的需求相对明确, 有淋巴趋向的新药物或递送系统在此领域应用的目标和机制清晰, 可开发性和成药性较高。
在淋巴系统内药物靶点被发掘和利用的过程中, 药学科学工作者面临一个无法回避的问题: 如何实现淋巴系统的药物递送(图 3)?淋巴液和血液对小分子药物和大分子药物的转运有明显差异。在血管外给药的情况下, 常见小分子药物, 可从吸收部位自由进入毛细血管和毛细淋巴管, 但由于血液流速高于淋巴液数百倍, 血流形成的强漏槽条件使绝大多数药物分子经血液转运, 而经淋巴吸收的比例极低(一般小于0.2%)。对大分子药物来说, 因毛细血管的低通透性和淋巴管的高通透性的反差, 淋巴系统常是生物药物与纳米药物等大分子药物从给药部位吸收进入系统循环的主要途径。药学科学家为了调节和优化大分子药物经淋巴吸收、分布、代谢与清除过程(经淋巴ADME), 或利用大分子载体作为小分子药物进入淋巴系统的递送工具, 进行了多方面的研究与开发工作, 并取得了一些值得关注的进展。
与内源大分子物质相似, 以蛋白多肽类药物和抗体药物(含抗体偶联药物) 为代表的生物大分子药物在体内也会经由淋巴系统处置, 并与淋巴系统发生复杂的互作(无论其生物学靶标是否在淋巴系统内), 这是大分子药物与小分子药物在ADME方面一个明显差异。尤其是对于经由皮下、肌内、特定腔室等血管外方式给药的大分子药物, 淋巴系统常是药物从给药部位吸收进入系统血液循环的主要途径。在此过程中, 大分子药物的尺寸、电荷、化学修饰以及与内源蛋白结合、与免疫细胞互作等特征, 共同决定着药物经淋巴吸收、转运、代谢及免疫原性等重要指标, 进而影响大分子药物的安全性和有效性。例如, 皮下注射抗体药物与需静脉滴注的制剂相比, 具有更好的患者顺应性并可大幅节省医护资源, 但皮下注射后在注射部位高浓度抗体药物, 受抗原提呈细胞与引流淋巴结相互作用的影响, 产生抗药物抗体(anti-drug antibodies) 的倾向更强, 是血管外给药产品开发的挑战因素之一[40]
学术界、产业界和监管界正在经历对淋巴系统与大分子药物相互作用的认知更新。近年来学术界发表的淋巴系统与大分子药物吸收和转运的学术研究论文保持增长; Controlled Release Society, Gordon Research Conference等知名国际组织的年会或专题研讨会中该领域邀请报告逐渐增多。在产业界, 如Genentech、BMS等知名生物技术药物企业, 正着力探索把皮下注射大分子药物经淋巴吸收生物利用度作为产品设计和质量控制的关键指标, 并相继开发相应的PKPD模型。监管科学层面也出现了及时的指南更新, 如2021年, 中国国家药监局审评中心发布了《治疗性蛋白药物临床药代动力学研究技术指导原则》和《纳米药物非临床药代动力学研究技术指导原则(试行)》, 指明大分子药物经皮下等血管外途径给药后可能通过淋巴系统吸收, 是全球较早关注淋巴系统药物吸收的监管机构(2022年美国FDA发布的指南Guidance for Industry: Drug Products, Including Biological Products, that Contain Nanomaterials也提及了相关概念)。此领域正吸引越来越多的国际与国内研究人员的关注和投入, 有望为大分子药物的代谢与动力学行为的预测、把控与优化提供有效手段, 为监管科学和法规的更新提供充分依据。
小分子药物在通常情况下几乎没有淋巴趋向性, 而具有淋巴趋向特征的大分子则可作为载体以提升小分子经淋巴系统转运。可利用的大分子载体包括白蛋白、外泌体等生物大分子或脂质体、树枝状聚合物等人工纳米体系。小分子药物可通过共价键或非共价键形式与递送体系结合, 通过皮下注射、腔室内注射、口服等多种给药途径进入淋巴系统[41, 42]。针对淋巴系统内相关生物学靶点的药物递送系统已被应用于自身免疫病、肿瘤等领域的基础研究和新药开发。例如, 装载免疫调节药物的纳米载体富集于淋巴系统后, 可更高效地缓解动物模型中的移植排异[26]; 包载抗肿瘤药物的脂质体和树枝状聚合物经淋巴系统转运后, 也发挥出更强的抗肿瘤效果[43]。除服务于治疗性药物分子外, 趋向淋巴的大分子结构, 也被应用于提高成像试剂、诊断试剂等工具化合物的淋巴递送, 可实现淋巴系统显影增强、肿瘤细胞迁移追踪、脑脊液-淋巴循环示踪等诊疗和研究目的[44]。随着具淋巴导向大分子模板的深入研究, 大分子与小分子连接模块的优化, 以及制备工艺的提升, 具有一定广谱通用性的淋巴递送体系正快速发展。
上述增加淋巴递送的机制, 主要是利用大分子载体尺寸效应所带来的淋巴趋向性(因其无法通透毛细血管而被动地经淋巴转运)。另一类淋巴递送策略, 则利用与淋巴内皮细胞、抗原提呈细胞、微皱褶细胞(microfold cells, M cells) 等特异性趋向或摄取机制[45]。例如, 外泌体装载小分子或核酸药物后, 可通过消化道派氏结对外泌体的特异性主动摄取进入淋巴系统[46]。除运输小分子药物外, 细胞介导的淋巴趋向机制对绝大多数疫苗产品都十分重要。无论是传统蛋白质抗原片段类疫苗或新型核酸疫苗, 在接种后几乎都需要抗原提呈细胞参与对特定抗原或片段成分的摄取和处置, 随后由抗原提呈细胞迁移至下游淋巴组织以启动一系列免疫反应[47, 48]。虽然此类递送系统一般仅需将很小剂量的抗原(低至数十微克) 送入淋巴系统, 但疫苗反应牵涉的精准调控环节十分复杂, 递送体系对淋巴结靶向摄取以及下游免疫激活有很大影响。有文献报道mRNA纳米递送载体中仅一个表面活性剂成分的改变(Tween 80对比Tween20), 即可导致注射部位引流淋巴结内蛋白表达巨大差异[49]。递送体系的把控甚至比抗原选取和制备难度更高, 也是近来疫苗与核酸类药物研究与开发工作的热点之一。
饮食中的油脂类营养成分天然经淋巴系统吸收, 这为提升口服药物经淋巴递送提供了机会。多篇文献曾报道, 卤泛群、大麻二酚等高亲脂性药物, 药物分子在口服吸收穿越肠细胞过程中, 可与具淋巴趋向性的脂蛋白的内核脂质区域或表层油-水界面区域结合, 相当比例的药物(20%~30%) 可经淋巴系统吸收[50]。这些药物的淋巴吸收特性是后期研究中偶然发现而并非最初的有意设计。近年来, 为提升药物向淋巴系统内靶标的递送, 药物化学家专门设计和利用高亲脂性化合物实现口服淋巴吸收, 候选分子包括肝X受体(liver X receptor, LXR) 激动剂WAY-252, 623, 胆固醇酯转运蛋白(cholesteryl ester transfer protein, CETP) 抑制剂CP532, 623, 鞘氨醇-1-磷酸(sphingosine-1-phosphate, S1P) 受体激动剂SEW2871等(结构式如图 4)[51, 52]。除设计高亲脂活性药物外, 对本身没有足够亲脂性的药物或候选化合物, 利用前药策略促进脂蛋白与之结合, 也是一种提高药物淋巴转运和递送的有效手段。按照促进脂蛋白结合的机制区分, 目前研究较多的前药可分为两类: 一类是通过长链脂肪酸(醇) 衍生化的手段增加药物亲脂性, 由此提升前药与脂蛋白之间的亲和(受理化参数驱动的分配过程); 另一类则利用甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG) 等骨架为模板, 前药分子可模拟油脂分子“脂解-重合成-脂蛋白装配”等代谢过程, 通过生物化学仿生融入脂蛋白的淋巴转运途径。后一类前药常有更好的口服吸收与淋巴转运, 个别可达50%左右口服剂量的淋巴转运(其生物转化机制如图 5所示)[53-55]
口服药物经胃肠淋巴转运, 可带来至少两个方面的收益。一是药物代谢动力学方面的改善: 淋巴吸收途径独立于口服药经血液吸收时经典的门静脉-肝脏通道, 可避免药物的肝首过效应。例如, 用于雄激素替代疗法的睾酮因有强烈肝首过效应而无法口服, 而上市的口服产品睾酮十一酸酯前药, 通过淋巴系统吸收保证了其有临床意义的生物利用度[56]。胃肠淋巴系统药物递送第二个方面的优势, 在于提高药物对相关靶标的暴露。消化道是人体最大的免疫屏障界面, 通常状态下全身40%~50%的淋巴细胞驻守于消化道相关淋巴组织, 与炎症性肠病、代谢综合征、肿瘤扩散与肿瘤免疫等病理生理进展密切相关。当药物的作用靶标在消化道相关淋巴组织, 如淋巴细胞、淋巴内皮细胞、淋巴驻留巨噬细胞、淋巴周边脂肪细胞等情况时, 口服经淋巴递送可带来药效方面的显著提升, 为改善安全窗口与适应证扩展提供新机会[25, 28]
近十年来, 与淋巴系统密切相关的肿瘤免疫治疗、纳米药物、新型疫苗等学科取得了快速发展, 淋巴系统内的生物学靶标得到了更多的发现和利用, 为新药物的研发提供了大量机会。深入研究淋巴系统药物转运与递送的规律, 开发并优化淋巴转运新技术和新方法, 是集药物设计、大分子ADME、新型递送体系制备等多学科交叉的前沿领域之一, 对于药学研究和药物开发都有重要价值。近五年来, 利用淋巴转运增强药物的抗肿瘤、代谢调节等作用的报道在期刊和专利文献中逐渐增多, 有关淋巴系统药物研究的部分理念、方法和技术开始在学术界、产业界与监管领域取得初步共识。本文作者认为, 未来更多淋巴系统相关生物学靶标的发现、验证与开发, 加之建立在深入研究和把控药物与淋巴系统相互作用基础上的递送技术的发展, 有望推动精准免疫调控、病原体精准清除、大分子血管外给药等相关新技术的突破。
致谢: 本文作者感谢中国药科大学药学院博士研究生刘薇对文中绘图的贡献, 感谢中国药科大学药学院博士研究生张佳智、中国药科大学药物科学研究院孙建国研究员、吉林大学生命科学学院郭颖杰教授、中科苏州药物研究院莫奕青老师等提供宝贵参考资料以及对本文构思和成文的贡献。
作者贡献: 胡罗娟、韩思飞负责文章资料收集与初稿撰写; 顾景凯、尤启冬负责文章的选题建议与修改; 尤启冬、韩思飞为该文章的共同负责人。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。
利益冲突: 本文作者声明无利益冲突。
  • 2022年国家海外高层次青年人才计划
  • 江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室资助项目(DDORC202202)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0814
  • 接收时间:2023-07-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-02
  • 修回日期:2023-09-21
基金
2022年国家海外高层次青年人才计划
江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室资助项目(DDORC202202)
作者信息
    1.中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210009
    2.吉林大学生命科学学院, 药物代谢研究中心, 吉林 长春 130012
    3.江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室 (中国药科大学), 江苏 南京 210009
    4.莫纳什大学药学院, 澳大利亚 墨尔本 VIC3052

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*尤启冬, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail:
韩思飞, Tel: 17601630108, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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