Article(id=1201096923349480079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1100, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1695484800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-24, revisedDate=1700150400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764293421827, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1712851200000, pubDateStr=2024-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764293421827, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764293421827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293421827, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201096916940579367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='789', pageEnd='1100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764293420298, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293534792, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=801, endPage=810, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201096924339335893, articleId=1201096923349480079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of the protection provided by traditional Chinese medicine on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via regulating liver macrophages, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a pathological syndrome characterized by the excessive deposition of lipids in hepatocytes but not caused by alcohol and other definite liver damage factors. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex. When the liver is damaged, a large amount of lipids deposited in hepatocytes will induce oxidative stress injury, endoplasmic reticulum stress and metabolic disorders in hepatocytes, and immune cells further secrete inflammatory cytokines and release them into the blood, causing systemic inflammation. In the process of NAFLD, the inflammatory response plays an important role. Macrophages are the most abundant non-parenchymal cells in the liver and play an important role in liver inflammatory injury. Hepatic macrophages include liver-native and monocyte-derived macrophages, and their activation and polarization processes are involved in the different development stages of NAFLD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound and its active compounds have been found to regulate macrophages to participate in the process of inflammation, injury and recovery of NAFLD. Based on the existing research reports, this paper elaborates the relationship between the source, activation and polarization of macrophages and NAFLD as the breakthrough point, and systematically reviews the mechanism of TCM in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD by regulating the activation, recruitment and polarization of macrophages. This paper aims to provide new ideas for the discovery of novel NAFLD candidate drugs from TCM via targeting macrophages.

, correspAuthors=Hong XU, Li-li JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ke-ke WANG, Wang-ya JIA, Zhen-lin HUANG, Jian LI, Hong XU, Li-li JI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201096925555684172, articleId=1201096923349480079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=中药通过调控肝脏巨噬细胞防治非酒精性脂肪性肝病的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) 是指除酒精和其他明确损肝因素所致的肝细胞内脂质过度沉积为主要特征的临床病理综合征。NAFLD发病机制复杂, 当肝脏受到损伤时, 肝细胞内的脂质大量沉积, 刺激肝细胞发生氧化应激、内质网应激和代谢失调等反应, 免疫细胞进一步过度分泌炎性细胞因子释放入血引起全身炎症, 因此在NAFLD的进程中, 炎症反应扮演了重要的角色。巨噬细胞是肝脏内含量最丰富的免疫细胞, 在肝脏炎症损伤中发挥重要的作用。肝脏巨噬细胞包括肝脏固有和单核细胞来源的巨噬细胞, 其活化和极化过程参与NAFLD不同发展阶段。中药复方及其活性成分已被证实可调控巨噬细胞参与NAFLD病变中的炎症、损伤和恢复过程。根据现有的研究报道, 本文以阐述巨噬细胞的来源、活化、极化及其与NAFLD的关系为切入点, 系统综述中医药通过调控巨噬细胞活化、募集和极化, 从而防治NAFLD的药效机制, 以期为从中药中发现通过调控巨噬细胞防治NAFLD的创新性药物提供新的研究思路。

, correspAuthors=徐红, 季莉莉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*徐红, Tel: 86-21-51322456, E-mail: ;
季莉莉, Tel: 86-21-51322517, E-mail:
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China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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中药通过调控肝脏巨噬细胞防治非酒精性脂肪性肝病的研究进展
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王可可 1 , 贾王雅 1 , 黄镇林 1 , 李剑 2, 3 , 徐红 1, * , 季莉莉 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2024,59(4): 801-810
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药学学报 | 综述 2024, 59(4): 801-810
中药通过调控肝脏巨噬细胞防治非酒精性脂肪性肝病的研究进展
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王可可1, 贾王雅1, 黄镇林1, 李剑2, 3, 徐红1, * , 季莉莉1, *
作者信息
  • 1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 上海市复方中药重点实验室, 中药新资源与品质评价国家中医药管理局重点研究室, 上海 201203
  • 2.中国药科大学, 江苏 南京 210009
  • 3.金陵药业股份有限公司技术中心, 江苏 南京 210009

通讯作者:

*徐红, Tel: 86-21-51322456, E-mail: ;
季莉莉, Tel: 86-21-51322517, E-mail:
Research progress of the protection provided by traditional Chinese medicine on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via regulating liver macrophages
Ke-ke WANG1, Wang-ya JIA1, Zhen-lin HUANG1, Jian LI2, 3, Hong XU1, * , Li-li JI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2. China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
  • 3. Technology Center of Jinling Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210009, China
出版时间: 2024-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1100
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非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) 是指除酒精和其他明确损肝因素所致的肝细胞内脂质过度沉积为主要特征的临床病理综合征。NAFLD发病机制复杂, 当肝脏受到损伤时, 肝细胞内的脂质大量沉积, 刺激肝细胞发生氧化应激、内质网应激和代谢失调等反应, 免疫细胞进一步过度分泌炎性细胞因子释放入血引起全身炎症, 因此在NAFLD的进程中, 炎症反应扮演了重要的角色。巨噬细胞是肝脏内含量最丰富的免疫细胞, 在肝脏炎症损伤中发挥重要的作用。肝脏巨噬细胞包括肝脏固有和单核细胞来源的巨噬细胞, 其活化和极化过程参与NAFLD不同发展阶段。中药复方及其活性成分已被证实可调控巨噬细胞参与NAFLD病变中的炎症、损伤和恢复过程。根据现有的研究报道, 本文以阐述巨噬细胞的来源、活化、极化及其与NAFLD的关系为切入点, 系统综述中医药通过调控巨噬细胞活化、募集和极化, 从而防治NAFLD的药效机制, 以期为从中药中发现通过调控巨噬细胞防治NAFLD的创新性药物提供新的研究思路。

非酒精性脂肪性肝病  /  中药  /  复方  /  活性成分  /  巨噬细胞

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a pathological syndrome characterized by the excessive deposition of lipids in hepatocytes but not caused by alcohol and other definite liver damage factors. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex. When the liver is damaged, a large amount of lipids deposited in hepatocytes will induce oxidative stress injury, endoplasmic reticulum stress and metabolic disorders in hepatocytes, and immune cells further secrete inflammatory cytokines and release them into the blood, causing systemic inflammation. In the process of NAFLD, the inflammatory response plays an important role. Macrophages are the most abundant non-parenchymal cells in the liver and play an important role in liver inflammatory injury. Hepatic macrophages include liver-native and monocyte-derived macrophages, and their activation and polarization processes are involved in the different development stages of NAFLD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound and its active compounds have been found to regulate macrophages to participate in the process of inflammation, injury and recovery of NAFLD. Based on the existing research reports, this paper elaborates the relationship between the source, activation and polarization of macrophages and NAFLD as the breakthrough point, and systematically reviews the mechanism of TCM in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD by regulating the activation, recruitment and polarization of macrophages. This paper aims to provide new ideas for the discovery of novel NAFLD candidate drugs from TCM via targeting macrophages.

non-alcoholic fatty liver disease  /  traditional Chinese medicine  /  traditional Chinese medicine compound  /  active compound  /  macrophage
王可可, 贾王雅, 黄镇林, 李剑, 徐红, 季莉莉. 中药通过调控肝脏巨噬细胞防治非酒精性脂肪性肝病的研究进展. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (4) : 801 -810 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1100
Ke-ke WANG, Wang-ya JIA, Zhen-lin HUANG, Jian LI, Hong XU, Li-li JI. Research progress of the protection provided by traditional Chinese medicine on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via regulating liver macrophages[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (4) : 801 -810 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1100
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) 是临床常见慢性肝病, 按其发病进程通常包括单纯性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver, NAFL)、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH)、肝纤维化及其相关肝硬化, 全球NAFLD患病率约为29.8%, 其中亚洲的发病率较高, 约占28.18%[1]。亚洲约78.4%的NAFLD患者表现为肥胖, 并且肥胖患者相较于非肥胖患者的NASH发病率也较高[2]。NASH是NAFLD较为严重的阶段, 可导致晚期肝脏纤维化、肝硬化、肝衰竭及肝脏肿瘤的产生, 与NASH相关的肝癌患病率也逐年增加[3], 因此, NAFLD已经成为全球迫在眉睫的健康问题。
NAFLD发病机制复杂, 是由多种危险因素包括脂质代谢异常、脂毒性、氧化应激、内质网应激、线粒体功能异常等多重打击同时作用于肝脏, 引起肝脏脂肪变性、炎症反应和纤维化的病变, 最终由NAFL进展为NASH甚至终末期肝病[4, 5]。肝细胞、肝星状细胞和巨噬细胞等多种细胞相互作用影响NAFLD的发展, 在肝脏中, 不同类型的细胞依靠自分泌和旁分泌的作用方式, 释放出炎症因子、趋化因子和白介素等细胞因子, 相互调节, 共同维持肝脏稳态平衡。而这些分泌因子的表达失调, 则引起肝细胞坏死凋亡、库普弗细胞(Kupffer cells, KCs) 等被激活, 促进NAFLD进程[6]。其中, KCs被内、外源性病原体激活, 释放出大量趋化因子, 招募单核细胞来源的巨噬细胞进入肝脏, 在炎症因子的刺激下发生极化反应, 表现出不同的作用和特征, 在NAFLD发病中发挥至关重要的作用。因此, 药物靶向调控巨噬细胞已经成为治疗NAFLD的一种有效策略。
中医药在治疗NAFLD方面有独特优势, 中医药强调“整体观”和“辨证论治”等观点, 中药是由多种成分组成的复杂体系, 治疗疾病通常具有多途径、多环节、多靶点的独特优势, 并且大多数中药的毒副作用较低。中医临床上治疗NAFLD的原则包括疏肝健脾、祛湿化痰和行气化瘀[7], 已有很多经典的中药复方被报道可以改善NAFLD[8]。本文以阐述巨噬细胞来源、活化和极化与NAFLD的关系为切入点, 系统梳理目前中药复方及活性化合物通过调节巨噬细胞防治NAFLD的作用及机制, 以期为中药防治NAFLD的进一步临床开发与应用及后续研究提供理论依据。
早期研究人员将NAFLD的发病机制与“二重打击”学说联系起来。即疾病最初发生时肝脏脂质沉积造成第一重打击, 在此基础上肝脏受到其他因素如炎症细胞因子大量释放、氧化应激和内质网应激等“二重打击”时会加重NAFLD的进展[9]。目前的研究结果表明, NAFLD发病机制非常复杂, 很多内容用“二重打击”学说很难解释。“多重打击”学说更能全面阐述NAFLD的发病机制, 即胰岛素抵抗、脂肪组织分泌的细胞因子、肠道微生物群等多重刺激共同作用促进疾病发展[5, 10]。肠道微生物群通过病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) 和损伤相关分子模式(damage associated molecular patterns, DAMPs)、胆汁酸等的代谢调节炎症反应和肝脏脂质积聚[11]。在NAFLD背景下, 肝脏处理主要代谢能量底物(碳水化合物和脂肪酸) 的能力受到损伤, 导致肝脏内有毒脂质物质过量累积[12], 这些毒性代谢产物会引起肝细胞应激、损伤和死亡, 导致肝脏纤维化, 容易进一步引发肝硬化和肝细胞癌[13-15]
肝脏是人体重要的免疫器官, 多种免疫细胞协助肝脏进行免疫反应, 包括巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞等。其中巨噬细胞是肝脏天然免疫的第一道防线, 在NAFLD的发生发展中发挥了重要作用。首先, 巨噬细胞与肝脏脂质堆积产生的DAMPs相互作用促进疾病发展[16]。其次, 因为肝脏微环境产生的病原体可导致促炎型巨噬细胞形成, 进而参与NAFLD进展, 肝脏促炎型巨噬细胞的极化被认为NAFLD患者肝脏疾病进展的标志[17, 18]
巨噬细胞是人体内最丰富的免疫细胞, 在肝脏免疫防御、组织的修复和重塑及动态平衡维持方面具有不可或缺的意义, 肝脏巨噬细胞约占肝脏细胞总数的15%[19]。肝脏中巨噬细胞包括肝脏固有的巨噬细胞, 即KCs和单核细胞来源的巨噬细胞(monocyte-derived macrophages, MoMFs)。其中, MoMFs源于骨髓造血干细胞, 随血液循环募集到肝脏成为单核细胞衍生的巨噬细胞[20]。KCs主要分布在肝窦、肝淋巴结和肝门静脉等区域, 大部分KCs是在胚胎时期由卵黄囊红系-髓系祖细胞迁移和聚集到肝脏分化而来, 称为胚胎来源库普弗细胞(embryo-derived KCs, Em-KCs), Em-KCs通过自身增殖维持数量的稳定。当肝脏发生损伤时, 外周血白细胞被招募至肝脏, 其中部分单核细胞可分化成为KCs以补充Em-KCs的不足, 即骨髓来源库普弗细胞(bone-marrow-monocyte-derived KCs, BM-KCs)。Em-KCs与BM-KCs均表达含生长因子样模块黏蛋白样激素受体1 (EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1, EMR1, 又称F4/80)、C型凝集素4F (C-type lectin domain family 4 member F, CLEC4F)、CLEC2、含V-set免疫球蛋白域蛋白4 (V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing 4, VSIG4)、T细胞免疫球蛋白和黏蛋白结构域分子4 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing molecule 4, TIM4) 等KCs表面标志物[21, 22]。在机体健康状态下, 常驻KCs是肝脏中的主要肝巨噬细胞。随着NAFLD疾病的加重, MoMFs数目逐渐增多, 并成为肝脏中的主要巨噬细胞。一系列表面蛋白标志物常被用来区分KCs和MoMFs, 如F4/80和白细胞分化抗原(cluster of differentiation, CD) 11b。KCs表型为F4/80hiCD11blo, 而MoMFs表型为F4/80loCD11bhi。值得注意的是, MoMFs与BM-KCs并不相同, 二者虽然都是骨髓来源, 但MoMFs一般高表达趋化因子(C-C基元) 受体[chemokine (C-C motif) receptor, CCR] 2, 而不表达CLEC4F、CLEC2、VSIG4、TIM4等KCs表面标志物。3种巨噬细胞的分型与表面特征标志物见图 1
肝脏巨噬细胞的活化影响NAFLD的进展。在机体内, 发生脂肪变性的肝细胞及其分泌的细胞因子、脂质及其代谢产物、游离脂肪酸和肠道内毒素等均能诱导巨噬细胞活化, 激活的KCs识别、吞噬和清除病原体, 当肝脏受到损伤形成病变时, KCs细胞刺激分化为不同的表型, 参与促进或拮抗炎症反应; 同时, KCs细胞释放出大量趋化因子, 将骨髓、腹膜腔和脾脏中的巨噬细胞招募至肝脏中分化成MoMFs。因此, 在NAFLD的发展过程中, 肝脏巨噬细胞包括KCs和MoMFs在肝脏炎症中均发挥重要的作用。
机体在正常状态下, 肝脏巨噬细胞维持动态平衡, 当肝脏内外环境改变时, 巨噬细胞被诱导分化为具有不同功能的表型, 参与机体的各种生理和病理活动, 这一过程称为巨噬细胞极化(macrophage polarization, MPP)[23], MPP的表型可分为经典激活的M1型巨噬细胞和非经典激活的M2型巨噬细胞。对KCs而言, 其M1型主要表达CD86、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, INOS) 与CD80等表面标志物, 而M2型的主要表面标志物为精氨酸酶1 (arginase-1, ARG-1)、CD206与CD163等; 对于MoMFs, 可根据淋巴细胞抗原6C (lymphocyte antigen 6C, Ly6C) 表达水平予以区分, F4/80loCD11bhiLy6Chi巨噬细胞为M1型, 而F4/80loCD11bhiLy6Clo巨噬细胞为M2型[21, 24]。M1型一般被干扰素(interferon, IFN)-γ、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 等诱导分化, 分泌肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1β和IL-6等细胞因子, 主要功能为促炎、抗原提呈、介导T辅助细胞(T helper cell, Th) 1型免疫反应以及病原体清除等; M2型一般由IL-4和IL-13诱导分化, 释放IL-10、转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor beta, TGF-β) 和ARG-1等细胞因子, 主要功能为抗炎、介导Th2型免疫响应、促进炎性消退以及吞噬作用[21]。两种表型的巨噬细胞在NAFLD肝脏炎症损伤和组织修复中均发挥着重要作用, M1/M2型巨噬细胞比例增加可加重肝损伤[25]。由此可见, 巨噬细胞的不同极化状态参与调控NAFLD疾病的不同阶段进展(图 2)。
在NASH的炎症进展期, 肝脏来源的DAMPs和PAMPs可以促进巨噬细胞向M1表型转化, M1型巨噬细胞可加剧肝损伤并促进肝纤维化形成, 促炎型巨噬细胞的极化与NASH患者肝脏疾病进展密切相关[24], 因此开展通过抑制巨噬细胞M1极化而发挥改善NAFLD作用的相关研究尤为重要。在巨噬细胞极化过程中, 几种关键蛋白参与了这一过程的调控。CD44是一种细胞表面糖蛋白受体, 常表达于免疫细胞上, 如巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和T淋巴细胞, 与癌症转移和细胞黏附等生物过程有关, 此外还可调节多种炎症反应, 如调控巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞的迁移和活化, 以及诱导促炎细胞因子的产生[26, 27]。CD44的配体是透明质酸(hyaluronic acid, HA) 和骨桥蛋白(osteopontin, OPN), HA与CD44结合可以促进与许多其他细胞表面蛋白[如Toll样受体4 (Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4) 和表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)] 的相互作用, 并影响多种下游蛋白激酶信号通路的活性, 包括丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPKs) 和蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, AKT) 通路[27, 28]。以蛋氨酸-胆碱缺乏饲料(methionine and choline deficient diet, MCD) 诱导小鼠形成NAFLD后, CD44的表达显著升高, 而敲除Cd44后可有效缓解NAFLD小鼠的肝损伤、脂肪变性和炎症反应, 具体表现为单核细胞和中性粒细胞在肝脏的浸润减少, TnfIl1bNos2和CC趋化因子配体2 [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, Ccl2] 的基因表达降低, 并且LPS、DAMPs和饱和脂肪酸对巨噬细胞M1型极化的作用减弱, 同时肝脏内巨噬细胞M2型极化增强[29]。因此, 靶向CD44成为一种潜在治疗NASH的策略。X-盒结合蛋白1 (X-box binding protein 1, XBP1) 参与内质网应激反应, 在炎症反应期间介导促炎细胞因子的持续产生, 巨噬细胞中的XBP1参与激活TLR4介导的先天免疫应答[30]。XBP1在NASH患者肝脏中高度表达, 特异性敲减NASH小鼠巨噬细胞Xbp1后, M2巨噬细胞比例增多, NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3, NLRP3) 表达降低, 促炎细胞因子分泌减少, NASH症状得到缓解; 此外, 使用XBP1抑制剂丰加霉素, 可以预防NASH小鼠肝脏炎症和纤维化[31]。因此, XPB1也是NASH治疗的靶点之一。p38 MAPKs由4种亚型组成, 即p38α、p38β、p38γ和p38δ, 在炎症和组织稳态中具有关键作用, 其中p38α是肝脏中的主要亚型。肝脏p38α是肝糖异生的关键调节因子, 其激活是释放促炎细胞因子(如IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6) 的基础[32, 33]。研究发现, 在MCD小鼠肝脏中, 巨噬细胞p38α通过诱导促炎因子[趋化因子CXC配体2 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2, CXCL2)、IL-1β、CXCL10和IL-10)] 的分泌, 引起巨噬细胞M1极化。同时, 当正常肝细胞与巨噬细胞共培养时, 巨噬细胞缺失Mapk14 (p38α的基因型) 可使促炎细胞因子(TNF-α、CXCL10和IL-6) 的分泌减少, 从而减轻肝细胞的炎症损伤。体内实验进一步证明, p38α抑制剂可逆转高脂高胆固醇饮食(high-fat/high-cholesterol diet, HFHC) 诱导的M2型巨噬细胞的数目减少, 从而改善小鼠脂肪性肝炎[34]。热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins, HSPs) 是一个超家族, 可提高细胞对众多应激的耐受能力, 并减少蛋白质错误折叠。但当HSPs被释放到细胞外时, 通过激活炎症反应而成为细胞损伤的危险因素[35]。热休克蛋白A12A (HSPA12A) 是HSPA家族的新成员。在高脂饲料(high fat diet, HFD) 饮食诱导的NASH小鼠中, HSPA12A可通过促进巨噬细胞中丙酮酸激酶M2亚型(pyruvate kinase M2, PKM2) 核转位, 诱导巨噬细胞M1极化, 增加促炎细胞因子释放, 并最终通过旁分泌效应导致肝细胞脂肪变性。而Hspa12a基因敲除可降低HFD小鼠肝脏中的巨噬细胞募集和M1极化, 改善肝脏炎症[36]。上述研究提示, 抑制巨噬细胞HSPA12A可能是NASH的潜在治疗手段。Yes相关蛋白(Yes-associated protein, YAP) 是Hippo信号通路一种重要的转录共激活因子, 对于KCs细胞的M1/M2极化发挥着关键作用[37]。在HFD喂养的巨噬细胞特异性Yap敲除小鼠中, 巨噬细胞M1极化标志物减少, 而M2极化标志物增加; 用YAP抑制剂维替泊芬(verteporfin) 治疗HFD小鼠, 可抑制KCs活化, 降低AST和ALT的水平, 并改善肝脏炎症, 因此抑制YAP是NASH治疗的有效策略。
除抑制巨噬细胞M1极化之外, 促进巨噬细胞M2极化也被报道有助于改善NAFLD肝脏炎症的进展。M2型巨噬细胞通过IL-10依赖性旁分泌相互作用, 对M1型巨噬细胞具有促凋亡作用[24]。Han等[38]采用髓系特异性视黄酸受体相关孤儿受体α (retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha, Rora) 条件敲除小鼠模型, 研究了在NASH的病理条件下, RORα在肝脏巨噬细胞(KCs和浸润MoMFs) M1/M2极化中的作用, 研究表明RORα可通过诱导Kruppel样因子4 (Kruppel-like factor 4, KLF4) 介导的肝巨噬细胞M2极化, 预防NASH。基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs) 属于锌依赖性内肽酶家族, MMP10是MMPs的成员, 最新研究发现MMP10可能是NASH进展的潜在调节因子, 其能够被KCs通过过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, PPAR) γ途径释放的细胞因子(IL-4) 转录激活, 并且过表达Mmp10可以促进肝巨噬细胞M2极化, 抑制HFD诱导的NASH小鼠肝脏促炎细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α的释放, 进一步缓解NASH发展[39]。因此, 研发具有促进巨噬细胞M2极化的药物, 在改善NAFLD中具有重要的意义。
中医将NAFLD归于“肝癖”、“肥气”和“积聚”等范畴, 病因病机主要是由于饮食不节、情志失常或劳逸过度导致正气受损, 抵御外邪能力下降, 邪气蕴结于脏腑, 郁久生毒, 痰浊瘀血等积聚于肝脏。临床治疗NAFLD使用祛瘀泄浊的药物, 消散痰瘀之毒, 同时给予培补正气、养阴的药物, 修复正气利于邪气排出[40-42]。现代医学认为“免疫”与正气的性质较为相似, 具有抵御外邪、清除病原体、维持机体稳态的功能。巨噬细胞作为肝脏重要的免疫细胞, 在免疫调节中发挥重要的作用。越来越多的研究发现部分中药复方及其活性成分可以通过调节巨噬细胞发挥预防和治疗NAFLD的作用。目前, 中药靶向巨噬细胞治疗NAFLD主要通过调节KCs活化, 减少MoMFs的募集, 以及调节巨噬细胞极化等相关途径。
在NAFLD进展中, 内源性肝应激(如脂肪变性引起受损或凋亡的肝细胞及其释放的相关细胞因子) 和肝外刺激(如肠道来源的内毒素、易位的细菌、微生物群代谢物和脂肪来源的细胞因子等) 均会介导肝脏巨噬细胞的活化。阻断或减轻这些刺激有望抑制巨噬细胞的激活, 改善NAFLD表型。目前, 关于中药复方及活性成分通过调节巨噬细胞活化来治疗NAFLD的研究报道日益增多。
天然化合物三棱内酯B源自匍匐茎三棱草和三棱藨草, 研究发现三棱内酯B可降低HFD小鼠的KCs活化, 以及KCs中巨噬细胞活化标志物CD68和CCL2的表达, 并通过抑制TLR4脂筏运输和还原型辅酶II (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH) 氧化酶激活, 缓解NASH早期肝炎的炎症反应[43]。天然黄酮类化合物柚皮素可以通过下调NLRP3/转录因子核因子-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B, NF-κB) 通路来减轻MCD饮食诱导NASH小鼠肝脏的脂质积累和炎症; 柚皮素还可以显著降低LPS刺激后KCs的CD64和CD68的表达[44], 以及减少载脂蛋白E (apolipoprotein E, Apoe) 敲除小鼠肝脏中CD68免疫细胞数量, 调节肝脏沉默信息调节因子1 (silent information regulator-1, Sirt1) 介导的信号级联, 通过抑制肝脏炎症、纤维化和细胞衰老, 缓解中年Apoe-/-小鼠的NASH病理特征[45]。多糖是当归中的活性成分之一, 可通过调节雌激素相关受体α (estrogen-related receptor α, ERRα) 的表达改善NAFLD小鼠的肝脏脂质代谢[46]; 体外研究发现其可以激活KCs, 增强巨噬细胞的吞噬功能[47], 表明其具有通过调节KCs发挥改善NAFLD的潜在可能。
复方糖肾方对NAFL小鼠的脂肪病变和炎症有较好的改善作用, 可抑制瘦素受体缺乏型小鼠(db/db) 肝脏组织中CD68和F4/80的表达[48]。化痰祛湿活血方可显著改善NASH大鼠炎症损伤, 并促使肝组织KCs活化水平显著降低[49]。复方楂金颗粒剂[50]能改善NASH的脂肪病变、炎症及阻止其向纤维化发展, 并能显著抑制NASH小鼠肝脏内KCs的活化及TLR4信号通路。化脂复肝颗粒可以改善KCs活力, 缓解KCs炎症反应, 抑制TLR4/髓样分化因子88 (myeloid differentiation factor-88, MyD88)/NF-κB p65/NLRP3信号通路的激活, 发挥显著的抗炎、抗氧化损伤及改善NAFLD的作用[51]。苓桂术甘汤通过抑制肝脏KCs的干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes, STING)/TANK结合激酶1 (TANK-binding kinase 1, TBK1)/NF-κB信号通路, 降低TNF-α、IFN-β等炎症因子的释放, 改善肝脏炎症水平及肝细胞脂肪沉积, 防治NASH[52]。参苓白术散具有调节NAFLD阶段的肝脏脂质代谢和减轻肝脏损伤的作用, 减轻HFD大鼠肝脏炎性反应及脂质蓄积, 降低HFD大鼠KCs的TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的炎症因子水平, 从而抑制KCs活性[53]。疏肝健脾方药可以抑制NASH大鼠KCs活化, 促使固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1c (sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, SREBP-1c) 信号通路激活, 使TC、TG合成减少[54]; 此外, 其可以抑制HFD大鼠KCs的TLR4-p38 MAPK信号通路, 缓解NASH阶段的炎症反应[55]
炎性单核细胞会在趋化因子-趋化因子受体的相互作用下聚集到肝脏, 进一步维持和增强肝脏炎症的进展。研究发现[56], 缺乏Ccl3可以通过调节小鼠肝巨噬细胞募集和M1/M2状态来改善HFHC诱导的NAFLD, 此外, NASH患者血清和肝脏的CCL3水平显著高于健康人, 因此抑制巨噬细胞招募到肝脏被认为是治疗NAFLD的有效策略。
龙胆是传统中医药和藏医中常用的传统药物, 可以抑制HFD小鼠肝脏TBK1磷酸化、CCL2表达和NF-κB信号通路, 调节促炎巨噬细胞的募集, 降低M1型巨噬细胞数量, 从而对NASH早期代谢功能障碍和炎症产生疗效[57]。芹菜素是一种分布广泛的天然黄酮类化合物, 可以显著改善HFD小鼠肝脏的炎性巨噬细胞浸润和相关细胞因子IL-6、CCL2和CCR2水平, 逆转HFD诱导的NLRP3炎症小体的激活, 抑制巨噬细胞招募和炎症[58]; 此外, 芹菜素为苷元的牡荆素也可以改善HFD结合慢性应激诱导的NAFLD, 降低肝脏巨噬细胞浸润, 抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号传导, 防治NAFLD进一步发展为NASH[59]
现代研究发现, 中药单体和复方可调控巨噬细胞极化的状态, 影响M1/M2巨噬细胞平衡, 发挥治疗NAFLD的潜力。和厚朴酚是中药厚朴的主要活性成分之一。和厚朴酚和黄芩中主要活性成分黄芩苷联合使用可以明显改善HFHC诱导的小鼠NASH病变, 研究发现其机制可能是激活PPARγ通路从而促进M2巨噬细胞极化[60]。Zhang等[61]发现小檗碱可以通过调节肝组织中巨噬细胞表型转化, 增加M2型巨噬细胞比例, 上调抗炎细胞因子的分泌, 改善MCD诱导NASH小鼠的病理特征; 体外用棕榈酸(palmitic acid, PA) 和LPS诱导RAW264.7激活炎症反应, 研究发现给予小檗碱可以抑制M1型巨噬细胞相关基因Il6Il1b, 以及趋化因子Ccl2的mRNA水平, 介导细胞外信号调节激酶1/2 (extracellular regulated kinase 1/2, ERK1/2) 激活来改善PA/LPS诱导的炎症反应[62]; 此外, 小檗碱是黄连解毒汤的主要药效成分, 黄连解毒汤在临床上可显著改善NASH患者的病理特征, 调节糖脂代谢[63], 靶点预测发现[64], 黄连解毒汤中与巨噬细胞炎症相关的靶点蛋白有13个, 活性小分子小檗碱与其中5个靶点, 包括MAPK8、肝脏X受体β (liver X receptors beta, LXRβ)、巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子(macrophage migration inhibitory factor, MIF)、PPARδ和PPARγ都有较好的结合活性, 因此推测黄连解毒汤可能通过小檗碱与MAPK8蛋白作用抑制其磷酸化, 进一步调控c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK) 信号通路抑制巨噬细胞炎症的发生。姜黄素[65]是从姜黄中分离鉴定的黄酮类化合物, 其调控HFD小鼠巨噬细胞由高表达M1型转换成M2型, 并且促进IL-10的表达, 有效抑制NAFLD发展为NASH。金丝桃苷是一种主要存在于黄蜀葵、山楂叶等多种药用植物中的类黄酮化合物, 具有抗炎、抗氧化等生物学作用, Sun等[66]研究发现金丝桃苷可减弱HFD小鼠巨噬细胞相关的炎症反应并调控巨噬细胞亚群分化, 通过调控核受体4A亚家族成员1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1, NR4A1) 表达影响巨噬细胞极化, 促进巨噬细胞由M1型向M2型转化, 预防NAFLD的病理进展。绿原酸是清热解毒中药金银花的主要活性酚酸类成分, 绿原酸和环烯醚萜苷类成分栀子苷以特定的比例(67∶1) 组合, 有效改善HFD诱导的NASH, 可降低肝巨噬细胞分泌的TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6等炎症细胞因子的表达, 并减少表达F4/80 KCs的数量[67]。金线莲苷是一种主要来源于金线莲的葡萄糖苷类化合物, 研究发现其可以降低MCD小鼠的Il6TnfCcl2等促炎基因的表达, 通过抑制巨噬细胞NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路, 改善NASH的炎症反应阶段[68]
茵陈蒿汤能够降低NAFLD小鼠发病过程中的炎性因子表达水平, 促进肝内M2巨噬细胞的分化程度[69]。复方贞术调脂方主要用于保肝降脂, 可改善HFD诱导的NAFLD小鼠肝脏脂质代谢紊乱[70], 并且在给药12周后, 使得脂肪细胞型脂肪酸结合蛋白2 (aP2) 启动子介导的SREBP-1c转基因肥胖小鼠的脂肪组织巨噬细胞的M1极化减少, 向M2型转变增加, 炎症因子TNF-α分泌减少[71]。健脾化痰汤对HFD加脂肪乳引起的大鼠肝损伤、脂质堆积及机体炎症状态有一定的改善作用, 其对肝脏的保护作用可能与促进巨噬细胞M2极化有关[72], 进而预防NASH的发展。
巨噬细胞在NAFLD的发生、发展和恢复过程中发挥着重要的作用, 肝脏中的巨噬细胞调节机体免疫和代谢反应, 已成为NAFLD治疗的重要靶点之一, KCs可以释放趋化因子、炎性因子等来启动肝脏的炎症反应, 并且可以招募MoMFs。根据目前的研究发现, 靶向巨噬细胞改善NAFLD中药复方以疏肝健脾、活血化瘀、清热解毒、化浊降脂为主, 活性成分包括黄酮、香豆素、生物碱、蒽醌、酚酸、萜类、多糖等多种类型的化合物, 它们主要通过靶向巨噬细胞的活化、招募和极化等方面, 发挥改善NAFLD的药效机制(图 3), 如化脂复肝颗粒、化痰祛湿活血方和复方楂金颗粒等中药复方以及中药活性单体成分三棱内酯B、柚皮素等均可抑制巨噬细胞活化; 中药龙胆和黄酮类成分芹菜素通过抑制MoMFs招募改善炎症反应; 活性单体成分和厚朴酚、姜黄素以及复方贞术调脂方、茵陈蒿汤等可以影响M1/M2巨噬细胞平衡。因此, NAFLD的治疗研究应充分发挥中药多靶点、多途径的独特优势, 进一步挖掘其有效成分和作用靶点。
目前, 有关中药复方及活性成分靶向巨噬细胞改善NAFLD的研究虽然在不断的深入推进, 但是, 该领域仍存在很多局限性和挑战: ①很多研究仅局限于对巨噬细胞表面标志物、趋化因子和极化状态进行检测, 并没有进行深入机制的探索研究; ②研究复方和活性成分调控巨噬细胞时, 缺少临床研究, 应与大量的临床试验配合进行研究; ③中药研究应将中医的整体观与现代医学的微观分析方法相结合[73]。如巨噬细胞极化是一个复杂、连续且动态的过程, M1型与M2型相互转化或者同时存在, 需要基于疾病目前的整体微环境去分析巨噬细胞表型与疾病的关系, 这种从机体微环境整体出发去研究的思想, 与中医的整体观思想较为吻合。随着科学技术的不断进步, 今后应进一步解决中药复方及有效成分调控巨噬细胞改善NAFLD的作用靶点、作用环节和代谢途径等问题, 为临床NAFLD的防治提供科学依据和思路参考。
作者贡献: 王可可负责文献查阅、论文撰写和插图绘制; 季莉莉和徐红把握指导文章整体结构, 修改和完善文章内容; 黄镇林对全文提出了修改建议, 并进行文章全文的校正; 贾王雅和李剑参与论文修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82273994)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173958)
  • 上海市浦江人才计划(22PJ1412900)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-1100
  • 接收时间:2023-09-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-24
  • 修回日期:2023-11-17
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82273994)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173958)
上海市浦江人才计划(22PJ1412900)
作者信息
    1.上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 上海市复方中药重点实验室, 中药新资源与品质评价国家中医药管理局重点研究室, 上海 201203
    2.中国药科大学, 江苏 南京 210009
    3.金陵药业股份有限公司技术中心, 江苏 南京 210009

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*徐红, Tel: 86-21-51322456, E-mail: ;
季莉莉, Tel: 86-21-51322517, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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