Article(id=1201096921449456202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0967, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1691769600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-12, revisedDate=1704988800000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764293421375, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1712851200000, pubDateStr=2024-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764293421375, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764293421375, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293421375, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201096916940579367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='789', pageEnd='1100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764293420298, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293534792, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1048, endPage=1056, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201096923055874675, articleId=1201096921449456202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Based on supramolecular chemistry to explore the scientific connotation of the compatibility between licorice and the insoluble mineral medicine gypsum, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Licorice-gypsum (gancao-shigao, GC-SG) drug pair was used as the research object, using supramolecular chemistry to explore the scientific connotation of combining herbal medicine GC with insoluble mineral medicine SG in clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine. ① The Tyndall effect, microscopic morphology and particle size of the single and co-decocted of GC and SG were observed, the paste content and conductivity were determined, and the interaction between GC and SG was detected by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR). ② Calcium chloride (CaCl2), a soluble calcium salt of equal gypsum quality, was used instead of SG with GC for co-decocting to explore the effect of calcium salt content on the water decocting, and the characteristics were combined with the Tyndall effect, microscopic morphology, paste content and conductivity. ITC and IR techniques were used to detect the interaction between the two, and the interaction between them was detected by ITC and IR. The zeta potential and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis) of GC-SG and GC-CaCl2 co-decoction were compared, and the inorganic and organic components in the co-decoction were detected by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed: ① Compared with the liquid phase of single decoction, GC-SG co-decoction had more obvious Tyndall effect, and showed uniform spherical nanoparticles under electron microscope. Physical characterization results such as paste content and conductivity showed that co-decoction promoted the dissolution of each other's components; ITC and IR results showed that there was strong interaction between GC and SG, which preliminatively indicated that GC and SG co-decoction promoted the formation of uniform and stable supramolecular system of traditional Chinese medicine. ② When soluble calcium salt was used to substitute insoluble SG with GC for co-decocting, a stronger but astigmatic light path appeared than single decocting solution, the zeta potential was reduced, and a large number of accumulated polymers were formed. The results of paste content and conductivity showed that the dissolution of the co-decocting component was reduced than the single decocting component. ITC, UV-vis and IR results showed that there was interaction between GC with Ca2+ and SG. The formation of polysink indicated that a large amount of soluble calcium salt would destroy the stability of supramolecular Chinese medicine. The results of ICP-OES and HPLC showed that the glycyrrhizic acid (GA) content of the former lower than the latter, which was related to the formation of a large number of polycondensates with the increase of Ca2+ concentration and the decrease of the dissolution of GA and other active ingredients. This study indicates that the compatibility of GC and SG can form a uniform and stable supramolecular system of traditional Chinese medicine. Calcium salt, the main component of SG, is taken as the starting point. Excessive soluble Ca2+ can promote the aggregation of active ingredients such as GA, so as to reveal the scientific connotation of the compatibility of GC and SG, an insoluble mineral medicine.

, correspAuthors=Xue-mei HUANG, Peng-long WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yao-zhi ZHANG, Wen-min PI, Lin-ying WU, Lu-ping YANG, Shu-chang YAO, Xiang ZHANG, Xue-mei HUANG, Peng-long WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201096926038025023, articleId=1201096921449456202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于中药超分子化学探讨甘草与难溶性矿物药石膏配伍的科学内涵, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以甘草-石膏(gancao-shigao, GC-SG) 药对为研究对象, 运用中药超分子化学探讨中医临床应用植物药GC配伍难溶性矿物药SG的科学内涵。①观察GC、SG单煎及共煎液的丁达尔效应、微观形貌并测定其粒径、出膏量和电导率, 运用等温滴定量热法(isothermal titration calorimetry, ITC) 和红外吸收光谱法(infrared absorption spectroscopy, IR) 检测GC-SG之间的相互作用。②以等SG质量的可溶性钙盐氯化钙(CaCl2) 代替SG与GC共煎探究钙盐含量对水煎剂的影响, 结合丁达尔效应、微观形貌、出膏量及电导率进行表征, 并运用ITC和IR技术检测二者相互作用; 对比研究GC-SG、GC-CaCl2共煎液zeta电位、紫外-可见分光光度法(ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, UV-vis) 光谱差异, 并结合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer, ICP-OES) 和高效液相色谱仪(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) 检测共煎液中的无机和有机成分含量差异。结果表明: ①与单煎液相比, GC-SG共煎液有更明显的丁达尔效应, 且电镜下呈均匀球形纳米颗粒, 出膏量、电导率等物理表征结果显示共煎促进彼此成分溶出; ITC和IR结果表明GC-SG之间存在较强相互作用, 初步表明GC-SG共煎促使形成均匀、稳定的中药超分子体系。②以可溶性钙盐代替难溶性SG与GC共煎, 出现较单煎液强但散光的光路, zeta电位降低, 形成大量聚沉物; 出膏量和电导率结果显示共煎较单煎成分溶出减少; ITC、UV-vis和IR结果表明GC与SG、Ca2+之间均有相互作用, GC-Ca2+聚沉物的形成表明大量可溶性钙盐会破坏中药超分子的稳定性; ICP-OES和HPLC结果显示, GC-Ca2+中的甘草酸(glycyrrhizic acid, GA) 成分明显低于GC-SG, 这与随着Ca2+浓度升高形成大量聚沉物, 降低GA等有效成分溶出有关。本研究表明GC-SG配伍可形成均匀、稳定的中药超分子体系, 以SG中主要成分钙盐为切入点, 过量的可溶性钙盐可促使GA等有效成分聚沉, 以此揭示GC与难溶性矿物药SG配伍的科学内涵。

, correspAuthors=黄雪梅, 王鹏龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*黄雪梅, E-mail: ;
王鹏龙, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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A: The paste content of single and co-decoctions of GC and CaCl<sub>2</sub>; B: Conductivity of single and co-decoctions of GC and CaCl<sub>2</sub> (<i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M2">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>) , figureFileSmall=NUGePV0cZDcL2wMIB7Da9A==, figureFileBig=EM69QsfwDKUAG7jd/mQI2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096936033051014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921449456202, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1SOfbkbGr7ExbCSDpnGyug==, figureFileBig=MzebdDdcAe5YnANrFPKcsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096936137908620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921449456202, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Chemical characterization of single and co-decoctions of GC and SG. A: Calorimetric titrations of decoctions and energy curves of GC decoction to CaCl<sub>2</sub> decoction; B: The infrared spectrum of single and co-decoction of GC and CaCl<sub>2</sub> , figureFileSmall=1SOfbkbGr7ExbCSDpnGyug==, figureFileBig=MzebdDdcAe5YnANrFPKcsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096936284709267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921449456202, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mFYYlf8syVv7irHrM6MANw==, figureFileBig=weed+VOnPGSxLJU9VH0NdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1201096936410538395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921449456202, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Comparative study on differences of GC-SG and GC-CaCl<sub>2</sub> co-decoctions. 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基于中药超分子化学探讨甘草与难溶性矿物药石膏配伍的科学内涵
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张瑶芝 # , 皮雯敏 # , 吴林颖 , 杨璐平 , 姚舒畅 , 张翔 , 黄雪梅 * , 王鹏龙 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(4): 1048-1056
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(4): 1048-1056
基于中药超分子化学探讨甘草与难溶性矿物药石膏配伍的科学内涵
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张瑶芝#, 皮雯敏#, 吴林颖, 杨璐平, 姚舒畅, 张翔, 黄雪梅* , 王鹏龙*
作者信息
  • 北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488

通讯作者:

*黄雪梅, E-mail: ;
王鹏龙, E-mail:
Based on supramolecular chemistry to explore the scientific connotation of the compatibility between licorice and the insoluble mineral medicine gypsum
Yao-zhi ZHANG, Wen-min PI, Lin-ying WU, Lu-ping YANG, Shu-chang YAO, Xiang ZHANG, Xue-mei HUANG* , Peng-long WANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2024-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0967
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以甘草-石膏(gancao-shigao, GC-SG) 药对为研究对象, 运用中药超分子化学探讨中医临床应用植物药GC配伍难溶性矿物药SG的科学内涵。①观察GC、SG单煎及共煎液的丁达尔效应、微观形貌并测定其粒径、出膏量和电导率, 运用等温滴定量热法(isothermal titration calorimetry, ITC) 和红外吸收光谱法(infrared absorption spectroscopy, IR) 检测GC-SG之间的相互作用。②以等SG质量的可溶性钙盐氯化钙(CaCl2) 代替SG与GC共煎探究钙盐含量对水煎剂的影响, 结合丁达尔效应、微观形貌、出膏量及电导率进行表征, 并运用ITC和IR技术检测二者相互作用; 对比研究GC-SG、GC-CaCl2共煎液zeta电位、紫外-可见分光光度法(ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, UV-vis) 光谱差异, 并结合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer, ICP-OES) 和高效液相色谱仪(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) 检测共煎液中的无机和有机成分含量差异。结果表明: ①与单煎液相比, GC-SG共煎液有更明显的丁达尔效应, 且电镜下呈均匀球形纳米颗粒, 出膏量、电导率等物理表征结果显示共煎促进彼此成分溶出; ITC和IR结果表明GC-SG之间存在较强相互作用, 初步表明GC-SG共煎促使形成均匀、稳定的中药超分子体系。②以可溶性钙盐代替难溶性SG与GC共煎, 出现较单煎液强但散光的光路, zeta电位降低, 形成大量聚沉物; 出膏量和电导率结果显示共煎较单煎成分溶出减少; ITC、UV-vis和IR结果表明GC与SG、Ca2+之间均有相互作用, GC-Ca2+聚沉物的形成表明大量可溶性钙盐会破坏中药超分子的稳定性; ICP-OES和HPLC结果显示, GC-Ca2+中的甘草酸(glycyrrhizic acid, GA) 成分明显低于GC-SG, 这与随着Ca2+浓度升高形成大量聚沉物, 降低GA等有效成分溶出有关。本研究表明GC-SG配伍可形成均匀、稳定的中药超分子体系, 以SG中主要成分钙盐为切入点, 过量的可溶性钙盐可促使GA等有效成分聚沉, 以此揭示GC与难溶性矿物药SG配伍的科学内涵。

甘草  /  石膏  /  难溶性矿物药  /  中药超分子  /  可溶性钙盐  /  配伍

Licorice-gypsum (gancao-shigao, GC-SG) drug pair was used as the research object, using supramolecular chemistry to explore the scientific connotation of combining herbal medicine GC with insoluble mineral medicine SG in clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine. ① The Tyndall effect, microscopic morphology and particle size of the single and co-decocted of GC and SG were observed, the paste content and conductivity were determined, and the interaction between GC and SG was detected by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR). ② Calcium chloride (CaCl2), a soluble calcium salt of equal gypsum quality, was used instead of SG with GC for co-decocting to explore the effect of calcium salt content on the water decocting, and the characteristics were combined with the Tyndall effect, microscopic morphology, paste content and conductivity. ITC and IR techniques were used to detect the interaction between the two, and the interaction between them was detected by ITC and IR. The zeta potential and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis) of GC-SG and GC-CaCl2 co-decoction were compared, and the inorganic and organic components in the co-decoction were detected by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed: ① Compared with the liquid phase of single decoction, GC-SG co-decoction had more obvious Tyndall effect, and showed uniform spherical nanoparticles under electron microscope. Physical characterization results such as paste content and conductivity showed that co-decoction promoted the dissolution of each other's components; ITC and IR results showed that there was strong interaction between GC and SG, which preliminatively indicated that GC and SG co-decoction promoted the formation of uniform and stable supramolecular system of traditional Chinese medicine. ② When soluble calcium salt was used to substitute insoluble SG with GC for co-decocting, a stronger but astigmatic light path appeared than single decocting solution, the zeta potential was reduced, and a large number of accumulated polymers were formed. The results of paste content and conductivity showed that the dissolution of the co-decocting component was reduced than the single decocting component. ITC, UV-vis and IR results showed that there was interaction between GC with Ca2+ and SG. The formation of polysink indicated that a large amount of soluble calcium salt would destroy the stability of supramolecular Chinese medicine. The results of ICP-OES and HPLC showed that the glycyrrhizic acid (GA) content of the former lower than the latter, which was related to the formation of a large number of polycondensates with the increase of Ca2+ concentration and the decrease of the dissolution of GA and other active ingredients. This study indicates that the compatibility of GC and SG can form a uniform and stable supramolecular system of traditional Chinese medicine. Calcium salt, the main component of SG, is taken as the starting point. Excessive soluble Ca2+ can promote the aggregation of active ingredients such as GA, so as to reveal the scientific connotation of the compatibility of GC and SG, an insoluble mineral medicine.

licorice  /  gypsum  /  insoluble mineral medicine  /  Chinese medicine supramolecule  /  soluble calcium salt  /  compatibility
张瑶芝, 皮雯敏, 吴林颖, 杨璐平, 姚舒畅, 张翔, 黄雪梅, 王鹏龙. 基于中药超分子化学探讨甘草与难溶性矿物药石膏配伍的科学内涵. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (4) : 1048 -1056 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0967
Yao-zhi ZHANG, Wen-min PI, Lin-ying WU, Lu-ping YANG, Shu-chang YAO, Xiang ZHANG, Xue-mei HUANG, Peng-long WANG. Based on supramolecular chemistry to explore the scientific connotation of the compatibility between licorice and the insoluble mineral medicine gypsum[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (4) : 1048 -1056 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0967
以石膏(shigao, SG) 为代表的难溶性矿物药的物质基础及配伍科学内涵一直是中医药学界关注的热点科学问题。SG主要成分为含水硫酸钙(CaSO4·2H2O), 主要产于湖北、山东、河南、安徽等地, 其中湖北应城为其道地药材产区[1], 自古至今认为此地SG质地纯优、药效奇佳, 现代研究显示湖北应城所产SG不同于其他产区表现在纤维SG, 呈淡黄色, 电镜下有独特的黑色斑点, X-射线衍射会出现更多峰数, 有2个专属特征峰, 且含有普遍高于其他产区的含水硫酸钙成分, 推测这些差别可能是其道地性的原因[2, 3]。关于SG的药效物质基础和作用机制主要包括以下几方面的观点: ①认为SG解热与其内服后变为可溶性钙盐有关, 可升高血清中钙离子浓度, 影响血管扩张、神经调节等方面, 升高脑中Ca2+浓度以应对致热源所致的下丘脑中Na+/Ca2+失衡导致的发热及抑制发热时过度兴奋的体温中枢等[4-6]; ②认为SG中的金属元素对发热类疾病具有干预作用并可对标其效应靶点发挥药效[7, 8]; ③认为SG所含的两个结晶水是其药性寒凉的重要因素, 清热作用与结晶水的存在及钙离子和其他微量元素有关[9]; ④认为SG的退热与煎煮出的微量元素可调节免疫系统直接产生抗菌、抗病毒及免疫调节、抗炎作用起到清热药效有关[10-12]; ⑤认为SG中的元素可与植物药中的有机成分互相影响彼此成分溶出进而发挥药效等[13-15]
目前SG的研究均从单一的金属元素和分子复合物角度来揭示矿物药的物质基础和可能的起效机制[16], 本课题组前期对中药复方单煎和共煎的研究及文献调研发现, 中药共煎煮过程中有效成分间可在氢键、配位键、静电引力、范德华力等弱键诱导下发生分子聚集形成超分子体系, 进而影响药效[17-21]。故笔者认为矿物药和植物药共煎煮形成的汤剂体系也是多元的, SG在其中不是单独或作为辅助角色发挥作用, 而是作为主要角色之一与其他有效成分以多元超分子聚集体状态存在。SG作为解热的代表性中药, 广泛应用于治疗新冠肺炎的复方中, 国家中医药管理局更是在2020及2021连续两年发文要求清肺排毒汤中SG须先煎入药, 而SG先煎的现代解释为其质地坚硬, 先煎可促进其有效成分溶出[22], 这提示笔者思考SG中的金属离子尤其是主要成分Ca2+的溶出对多元超分子聚集体的形成是否有影响? 研究SG主要成分Ca2+的溶出度对超分子体系的影响有助于我们用现代科学解读难溶性矿物药应用临床的中医药学原理。
本课题组前期汇总整理了《中医方剂大辞典》中所有含SG的用于解热的古方[23], 关联规则分析发现甘草(gancao, GC) 为其高频配伍中药, 此药对在麻杏石甘汤、白虎汤、竹叶石膏汤等经典名方中均配伍出现。故本文以甘草-石膏(GC-SG) 药对入手, 对单煎液和共煎液的形貌、物理化学性质、成分含量差异等方面进行了研究, 并将难溶性SG替换成等质量可溶性钙盐氯化钙(CaCl2) 与GC共煎以研究SG主要金属离子Ca2+的含量对水煎剂的影响, 并以甘草中主要成分甘草酸(glycyrrhizic acid, GA) 与不同浓度Ca2+作用进行观察研究, 初步揭示中药复方中常配伍难溶性矿物药SG的科学内涵, 以期对矿物药研究提供参考。
药品与材料  石膏和甘草均购自北京同仁堂, 经北京中医药大学任广喜老师鉴定分别为硫酸盐类矿物硬石膏族石膏及豆科植物甘草Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.的干燥根及根茎的蜜炙品; 无水氯化钙, 天津市大茂化学试剂厂; 无纺布煎药袋, 安国市欣昌堂生物科技实力工厂; 比色皿, 英国Malvern仪器有限公司; 激光笔, 惠斯特激光笔责任有限公司; 单面抛光硅片, 北京博凝生物科技有限公司; 紫外石英比色皿, 日本HITACHI公司; 注射式微孔滤膜(0.22 μm), 天津市津腾实验设备有限公司; 甘草酸(CAS号: 1405-86-3), 上海源叶生物技术有限公司; 色谱级乙腈及色谱级磷酸, 美国Fisher公司; AQ-C18色谱柱, 美国Agilent科技有限公司; 浓硝酸(批号: 20171106), 北京化工厂。
仪器   BSA224S-CW型十万分之一电子天平, 德国Sartorius公司; KDM型电热套, 北京博凝生物科技有限公司; Zetasizer Nano ZS 90型马尔文粒度仪, 英国Malvern仪器有限公司; ZEISS SUPRA55型场发射扫描电子显微镜, 德国ZEISS公司; Beta 2-8 LDplus型真空冷冻干燥机, 德国Christ公司; DDS-11A型电导率仪, 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司; 浊度仪, 上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司; HITACHI UH5300型紫外-可见分光光度计, 日本HITACHI公司; ALPHA Ⅱ型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪, 美国Bruker有限公司; ITC Nano型等温滴定量热仪, 美国TA公司; Agilent 1260型高效液相色谱仪、Agilent 5800型电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪, 均为美国Agilent科技有限公司。
样品制备
单煎液制备称量  炙甘草饮片6 g、生石膏18 g、无水氯化钙18 g各装入无纺布煎药袋后分别置于500 mL圆底烧瓶, 加入10倍量去离子水, 浸泡30 min, 采用回流提取法煮沸后中火煎煮1 h, 趁热过滤, 分别得到GC、SG、CaCl2单煎液。
甘草-石膏共煎液制备  称量炙甘草6 g、生石膏18 g装入煎药袋置于圆底烧瓶, 加入10倍量去离子水, 浸泡30 min, 同上加热回流提取1 h, 趁热过滤后得GC-SG共煎液。
甘草-可溶性钙盐共煎液制备  称量炙甘草6 g、无水氯化钙18 g装入煎药袋置于圆底烧瓶, 加入10倍量去离子水, 同上煎煮后趁热过滤得GC-CaCl2共煎液。
甘草酸-可溶性钙盐相互作用  分别精密称取一定量甘草酸和无水氯化钙(Ca2+), 加入一定量去离子水, 于水浴锅中70 ℃加热溶解, 再等体积混合, 继续加热5 min, 于室温自然冷却下得到GA终浓度5 mmol·L-1, Ca2+终浓度为0.5、1、2.5、5、10、25 mmol·L-1的金属有机配合物体系。
形貌表征
粒径测定  取各组单煎、共煎液1.2 mL于比色皿, 激光笔照射观察水煎液丁达尔现象, 马尔文粒度仪测量GC、SG及其共煎液和不同比例GA-Ca2+的粒径大小和分散性系数(polymer dispersity index, PDI), 温度为25 ℃。
扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)  取各组单煎液、共煎液, 用去离子水稀释, 分别取2.5 μL滴于干净的硅片上, 待水分自然挥干后, 于样品表面喷金, 置SEM下观察其微观形貌。
物理表征
出膏量测定  取各组单煎液、共煎液置冷冻干燥机干燥, 干燥后称量冻干粉重量, 计算各组出膏量, 每组平行3次。
电导率测定  取各组单煎液、共煎液使用电导率仪测量各组电导率, 每组平行3次。
电位测定  取GC-SG、GC-CaCl2共煎液各0.8 mL, 加入电位测定池, 测定各组电位值, 每组平行3次。
等温滴定量热实验(isothermal titration calorimetry, ITC)  将GC及同倍数SG、CaCl2三组单煎液进行脱气处理, 处理完后取300 μL SG单煎液、CaCl2单煎液分别置于清洗好的反应池内, 用GC单煎液进行滴定, 以GC单煎液滴定去离子水为空白对照。每次滴定时间间隔为180 s, 共滴定20次。转速为250 r·min-1, 温度为25 ℃。使用NanoAnalyze软件进行数据处理, 用GC滴定SG、CaCl2的能量扣除GC滴定去离子水的热量后, 计算拟合曲线, 得到焓变ΔH、熵变ΔS、吉布斯自由能ΔG、结合常数Ka、解离常数Kd等热力学参数。
红外吸收光谱法测定(infrared absorption spectroscopy, IR)  取各组单煎液、共煎液冻干粉于红外光谱仪上, 扣除空气背景后, 设置扫描范围4 000~400 cm-1, 扫描速度7.5 kHz, 绘制IR谱图。
紫外−可见吸收光谱法测定(ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, UV-vis)  取GC-SG、GC-CaCl2两组共煎液用去离子水稀释同等倍数, 取2 mL稀释液置于石英比色皿, 以去离子水为空白对照, 于200~500 nm波长范围内测量各组紫外吸收波长, 数据模式为Abs, 扫描速度为800 nm·min-1, 光谱带宽为1.0 nm。
电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定(inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer, ICP-OES)  采用ICP-OES对GC-SG、GC-CaCl2共煎液中的金属离子进行定量分析。取GC-SG、GC-CaCl2冻干粉精密称量后分别溶于超纯水中, 加入浓硝酸消解, 置电热套上加热, 至无白烟且液体清澈透明时, 转移至100 mL容量瓶中, 用2%稀硝酸定容, 终质量浓度为0.5 mg·mL-1, 使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪进行测定。
高效液相色谱法测定(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)  采用HPLC对GC-SG、GC-CaCl2两组共煎液中的甘草酸成分进行半定量分析。
供试品溶液的制备  将GC-SG共煎液、GC-CaCl2共煎液用去离子水稀释2倍, 经0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤, 得到供试品溶液。
对照品溶液的制备  取一定质量的GA标准品, 用色谱级乙腈溶解, 置于容量瓶中定容至质量浓度为500 μg·mL-1, 经0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤, 得到对照品溶液。
色谱条件  色谱柱: AQ-C18; 流动相: 0.1%磷酸-水(A) 和乙腈(B); 流速: 1.0 mL·min-1; 检测波长: 250 nm; 进样量: 5 μL。梯度洗脱: 0~5 min, 5%~60% B; 5~10 min, 60% B; 10~13 min, 60%~95% B; 13~16 min, 95% B。
对GC、SG单煎液及GC-SG共煎液的粒径大小及形貌表征进行对比研究。如图 1A所示, GC单煎液平均粒径为929.5 nm、SG单煎液为918.8 nm, 粒径分布图均呈双峰状, 而共煎液平均粒径为395.8 nm, 粒径分布图仅出现单峰, 表明单煎液中以较大粒径普遍存在, 且大小分布不均匀, 而共煎后可形成集中分布的小粒径体系, PDI结果也表明共煎后粒径分布更均匀。丁达尔效应显示共煎液具有更强且散射小的光路, 表明其胶体现象更明显。电镜下形貌观察, GC为不规则块状, SG为无规则纤维状, 而GC-SG共煎液能明显看到大量形状规则的球形纳米颗粒(图 1B), 呈现出完全不同于单煎液的形貌。
以上结果表明, GC和SG共煎后, 水煎液并不是以单纯的溶液态存在, 而是在加热煎煮过程中分子间发生了相互作用, 形成了一种均匀混悬的中药多元超分子聚集体。
GC、SG单煎液及共煎液的出膏量和电导率的测定结果如图 2所示, GC与SG共煎后, 出膏量和电导率均明显高于两单煎液, 尤其是共煎后的出膏量高于GC、SG两单煎液的物理叠加值, 由此可认为GC-SG共煎液并不仅仅是简单的物理混合, 而是存在着相互作用, 促进成分溶出。
GC滴定SG扣除GC滴定去离子水后的滴定曲线如图 3A所示, 滴定曲线峰朝上, 表明GC与SG之间的相互作用过程为放热反应。对滴定峰进行拟合, 所得热力学参数分别为ΔH = -498.90 kJ·mol-1, -TΔS = 472.03 kJ·mol-1, Ka = 4.253×104 L·mol-1, Kd = 2.351×10-5 mol·L-1。根据热力学第二定律中的公式ΔG = ΔH-TΔS计算, 结果显示ΔG < 0, 为-26.87 kJ·mol-1, ΔH < 0, -TΔS > 0, 且|ΔH| > |-TΔS|, 表明该反应为焓驱动的自发进行的化学反应, 提示GC和SG的成分之间确实产生了非共价键相互作用, 而不是简单的物理混合。结合常数Ka为4.253×104 L·mol-1, 表明SG和GC之间的相互作用力较强。对GC、SG及共煎的冻干粉进行IR扫描分析结果如下: GC中主要含有三萜类(甘草酸、甘草次酸)、黄酮类(甘草苷、甘草素) 等化合物, IR中3 262 cm-1对应的大宽峰解析为其-OH的伸缩振动峰, 2 926 cm-1为-CH2的不对称伸缩振动峰, 1 606 cm-1为C=C的伸缩振动峰, 1 409 cm-1可能为糖苷键C-H的弯曲振动吸收峰, 1 026 cm-1可能为β-糖苷键的C-O-C的伸缩振动峰; SG中主要含有CaSO4·2H2O, 3 521 cm-1、3 399 cm-1解析为其H2O的伸缩振动峰, 1 620 cm-1为H2O的弯曲振动峰, 1 107 cm-1为SO42-的反对称伸缩峰, 667、595 cm-1为SO42-的弯曲振动峰; 与GC单煎液相比, GC-SG共煎的IR中, -OH的伸缩振动峰由3 262 cm-1移动到3 254 cm-1, 向低波数移动了8 cm-1; 糖苷键1 409 cm-1向高波数移动至1 415 cm-1; C-O-C的伸缩振动峰由1 026 cm-1移动到1 035 cm-1, 向高波数移动了9 cm-1; 596 cm-1处表现为SG 595 cm-1受影响的峰(图 3B), 根据以上结果推测: 难溶性SG中所溶出的成分可能和GC中含有-OH、-COOH等官能团的三萜、黄酮、糖苷类成分发生了相互作用, 进一步印证GC-SG药材成分分子间确实存在相互作用, 而不是简单物理混合。
以GC-SG药对为研究对象发现二者共煎后可形成完全不同于单煎液的纳米球形中药超分子体系, 在水煎液中有效成分间彼此影响溶出并具有较强的相互作用, 不由使人思考SG作为一个难溶性矿物药其溶出的成分对共煎形成的多元超分子聚集体有何影响? 既然SG常先煎为促溶, 那古人为何偏偏应用了难溶性的SG, 而未直接用可溶性的物质代替? 在此, 笔者以SG中的主要溶出成分Ca2+为影响因素, 以等SG质量的可溶性钙盐CaCl2代替SG与GC共煎, 与GC-SG药对对比研究, 以此探究钙盐含量对超分子聚集体的影响。
图 4所示, GC、CaCl2共煎后丁达尔效应可看出其光路虽强但散光、光路不清, 扫描电镜下观察到CaCl2为表面不光滑层状, 与不规则块状形貌的GC共煎后形成成片团聚物, 聚沉物形貌尺寸大, 不同于GC-SG共煎液的规则球形纳米颗粒。
以上结果表明, 难溶性矿物药SG与可溶性钙盐Ca2+分别与GC共煎煮时, 分子间发生的相互作用有差异, 导致微观形貌也大不相同, 这种大尺度团聚状态可能会影响药物的溶解、释放和吸收。
图 5所示, 等SG质量CaCl2与GC共煎后出膏量和电导率较CaCl2单煎均明显下降, 不同于GC-SG共煎后出膏量和电导率均高于单煎液, 表明GC与大量可溶性钙盐作用或可互相制衡影响成分溶出。
进一步说明SG溶出一定量的钙盐对GC的成分溶出及二者互相作用有积极影响, 而大量钙盐则可与GC成分作用影响彼此在水煎液中的溶出, 表明古人应用难溶性SG有一定科学依据。
以GC水煎液滴定CaCl2水煎液扣除GC滴定去离子水后的热量变化曲线如图 6A所示, 滴定曲线峰朝上, 表明为放热反应。同GC滴定SG, 滴定峰拟合所得热力学参数分别为ΔH = -674.6 kJ·mol-1, -TΔS = 621.642 75 kJ·mol-1, Ka = 1.900×109 L·mol-1, Kd = 5.263×10-10 mol·L-1。计算结果显示ΔG < 0, 为-52.957 25 kJ·mol-1, ΔH < 0, -TΔS > 0, 且|ΔH| > |-TΔS|, 表明该反应为焓驱动的自发进行的化学反应, 与GC滴定SG反应过程趋势一致, 提示GC与Ca2+之间产生了如GC-SG间的非共价键相互作用。GC水煎液滴定相同倍数的SG、CaCl2水煎液, 由图 3A可看出GC、SG滴定点及拟合曲线呈现抛物线形, 表明二者中成分反应较完全, 而GC、CaCl2滴定点如图 6A有拟合为抛物线趋势, 但因Ca2+大量拟合结果显示与GC中成分反应弱, 呈非标准拟合曲线, 故主要表现为对Ca2+的稀释作用, 其他热力学参数仅供参考。对GC、CaCl2及共煎液的冻干粉进行IR扫描结果如图 6B, 不同于GC-SG红外谱图表现出的成分间相互作用, GC-CaCl2共煎后大量的钙盐与GC成分形成的团聚物几乎掩盖GC的红外吸收, 仅可见GC 521 cm-1处峰位在大量钙盐影响下蓝移至509 cm-1, 表明钙盐的交联作用大, 过多则影响成分间多元超分子形成和稳定性。
对比研究GC-SG、GC-CaCl2的电位结果如图 7A所示, 可看出GC-SG球形纳米颗粒存在形式稳定性强于GC-CaCl2团聚物的存在状态。SG、CaCl2无紫外吸收, 仅GC药材成分可表现出紫外吸收, 于是笔者观察了同倍稀释两共煎液的紫外光谱, 结果如图 7B所示, GC-CaCl2的吸收强度低于GC-SG共煎液, 与出膏量、电导率推测的大量钙盐会影响GC成分溶出结论相印证。
测定GC-SG、GC-CaCl2药对中的无机成分和有机成分对笔者研究分析共煎体系的形成和差异具有重要价值。如图 8A所示, ICP-OES结果显示GC-SG药对中溶出金属元素确实以Ca为最多, 而GC-CaCl2具有高含量的Ca, 表明不同浓度的钙盐是影响中药多元超分子的重要原因。GA为GC中的主要药效成分及含量较高成分, 故对GC-SG、GC-CaCl2共煎液中的GA成分进行了半定量分析, 结果如图 8BC所示, 图 8C可看出GC-CaCl2共煎液中GA峰面积明显低于GC-SG, 结合GC-CaCl2中检测出的大量钙盐, 笔者推测大量的钙盐作为金属交联剂可与GC中溶出的GA成分形成难溶性团聚物, 在液相前处理时被过滤掉, 才导致GC-CaCl2中GA含量显著减少。进一步表明GC-SG药对形成的多元超分子聚集体与GA和Ca2+的含量有重要关系。
为了验证与大量Ca2+共煎导致GC中的GA成分降低, 可能与二者形成大量团聚物有关的推论, 笔者以主要有效成分“GA-Ca2+”为例模拟GC和SG/CaCl2的相互作用。在5 mmol·L-1 GA中加入了不同浓度Ca2+, 如图 9所示, GA呈澄澈透明状, 加入少量Ca2+ (0.5 mmol·L-1) 体系仍稳定透明, 而随着Ca2+浓度逐渐升高, 体系逐渐浑浊, 形成肉眼可见越来越多的白色絮状聚沉物。
对不同比例GA-Ca2+的粒径进行检测, 结果如图 10所示, 发现了同宏观现象一致的结果, 加入低浓度Ca2+, 在10∶1、5∶1比例下, 可与GA形成粒径小于GA单体的超分子体系, 此时体系澄清透明。随着Ca2+的增加, 超过4∶1比例, 可见粒径越来越大, 与宏观形成越来越多聚沉物现象结果一致。
以上现象表明Ca2+确实参与分子间交联, 适量Ca2+与GA反应可形成稳定的金属有机配合物体系, Ca2+多则形成难溶性复合物, 这进一步说明Ca2+含量是影响GC中主要成分变化的重要因素, 也是影响植物药-矿物药超分子体系形成的重要物质基础。因此, 只有难溶性SG溶出的适量Ca在共煎体系中与GC中的成分作用时才能形成均匀稳定的中药超分子体系, 而大量可溶性钙盐CaCl2与GC共煎时, 体系极不稳定, 且易与有效成分形成难溶性聚沉物, 可能会难以被机体吸收释放, 影响药效的发挥, 进一步说明临床应用难溶性矿物药的中医药学原理。
本研究以SG高频配伍药对“GC-SG”为研究对象, 通过观察其丁达尔效应、微观形貌等发现共煎后可形成完全不同于单煎液的均匀纳米球形颗粒, 药效成分间具有较强的相互作用, 可促进有效成分溶出, 形成中药超分子体系。为探究应用难溶性SG的科学内涵, 用可溶性钙盐CaCl2代替难溶性钙盐SG与GC共煎, 发现GC-CaCl2呈成片聚沉物, 成分间具有相互作用力, 且大量钙盐会对药材的成分溶出产生消极影响。对GC-SG和GC-CaCl2在电位、UV、FTIR及化学成分含量差异等方面进行对比, 发现前者形成的超分子体系较后者成片聚沉物的物理稳定性更好, ICP-OES及HPLC结果显示后者含更高的无机Ca2+成分及更低的有机GA成分, 推测钙盐含量会影响与GA成分的结合及超分子的形成; 并以GA与不同浓度Ca2+反应, 观察结果符合笔者的推断。通过对GC-SG与GC-CaCl2在形貌、物理表征、化学成分含量变化一系列的对比研究及GA-Ca2+观察结果, 表明古人应用质坚难溶的SG入方入药而不选用可溶性替代品具有深邃的中医智慧, 难溶性SG一旦变为可溶性钙盐, 由于钙离子自身特殊的交联性质, 则会使体系不稳定, 聚集状态变大, 形成的成片团聚物不利于机体吸收释放, 而难溶性石膏在水煎液中溶出的适量成分有利于有机分子溶出及与溶出的有机分子以合适尺度和状态在汤剂中稳定存在以发挥药理作用, 而这很可能是矿物药入方发挥药效的重要物质基础。本文仅探讨了SG与CaCl2中主要成分Ca2+对超分子体系的影响, 而ICP-OES结果显示二者共煎液中还含有其他微量元素, 故微量元素对超分子体系的影响有待深入研究。
纳米药物体系是目前许多疾病的治疗手段, 具有高比表面积、生物相容性、可实现制剂的受控和持续释放及包载疏水和亲水药物等优点, 又因其较小的粒径、高载药率、可以靶向治疗疾病的优势, 令其在众多递送系统中脱颖而出[24]。中药中的植物药和矿物药纳米药物也已被众多研究报道具有良好的载药递送作用[25], 如GC中的甘草酸、SG中的金属离子形成的纳米水凝胶体系可与去甲斑蝥素形成三元超分子, 相互协同可发挥高效抗肿瘤作用。纳米颗粒粒径和特性也会影响口服给药后的机体吸收利用和代谢排泄过程[26, 27]。本研究在GC-SG共煎液中发现的稳定、均匀球形纳米颗粒超分子体系, 在形貌、物理化学表征方面大不同于GC-CaCl2聚沉物, 首次从中药超分子化学的聚集体角度来探讨配伍难溶性SG的科学意义, 进一步丰富并延展了中药中应用矿物药的认识, 可对矿物药中其他难溶性药材研究起到启发作用, 对矿物药研究领域提供参考。
作者贡献: 张瑶芝和皮雯敏完成实验内容及论文撰写工作; 吴林颖、杨璐平、姚舒畅、张翔辅助完成部分实验内容; 黄雪梅指导论文修改; 王鹏龙设计方案、提供研究经费并指导论文的撰写和修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82274072)
  • 中央高校基金科研业务项目(2023-JYB-JBZD-049)
  • 中央高校基金科研业务项目(2022-XJ-KYQD-008)
  • 国家级高层次青年人才支持计划
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2024年第59卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0967
  • 接收时间:2023-08-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-12
  • 修回日期:2024-01-12
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82274072)
中央高校基金科研业务项目(2023-JYB-JBZD-049)
中央高校基金科研业务项目(2022-XJ-KYQD-008)
国家级高层次青年人才支持计划
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    北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488

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*黄雪梅, E-mail: ;
王鹏龙, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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