Article(id=1201096921092940346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0894, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1690041600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-23, revisedDate=1693411200000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764293421289, onlineDateStr=2025-11-28, pubDate=1712851200000, pubDateStr=2024-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764293421289, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764293421289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293421289, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1201096916940579367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2024', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='789', pageEnd='1100', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764293420298, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764293534792, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1201097397242912863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1201096916940579367, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1087, endPage=1091, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1201096921545925199, articleId=1201096921092940346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Enhancing production of emestrin in Emericella sp. 1454 by adding the biosynthetic precursor glutathione, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the genomic information of Emericella sp. 1454, in conjunction with literature analysis of its secondary metabolite emestrin, this study identified the biosynthetic precursors of emestrin and enhanced its production by supplementing the culture medium with these precursors. In this study, it was found for the first time that the addition of biosynthetic precursor, reduced glutathione, to the culture medium significantly increased emestrin yield. By incorporating 1.5 g of reduced glutathione into 50 g of rice culture medium and fermenting for 15 days, a yield of 30.82 mg of emestrin was obtained, which marked an 11.71-fold increase compared to the original fermentation approach. The method is both simple and cost-effective, establishing a solid foundation for the efficient synthesis of emestrin and similar compounds. Additionally, it serves as an important reference for enhancing the production of other epipolythiodioxopiperazine compounds.

, correspAuthors=Shu-yi SI, Ming-hua CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2024 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-chuan CHEN, Tong-mei XIAO, Bing-jie SU, Bi-ying YAN, Li-yan YU, Shu-yi SI, Ming-hua CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1201096925773783845, articleId=1201096921092940346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=谷胱甘肽促进Emericella sp. 1454中emestrin的产量提高, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于Emericella sp. 1454的基因组信息, 结合文献分析其次级代谢产物emestrin的生物合成前体, 并通过在培养基中添加前体的方法, 提高emestrin产量。本研究首次发现在培养基中添加emestrin的生物合成前体—还原型谷胱甘肽可显著提高其产量。每50 g大米培养基中加入1.5 g还原型谷胱甘肽, 培养15天, 可以得到30.82 mg的emestrin, 相较于原始发酵培养方案提升了11.71倍。该方法既简单经济又高效, 为后续高效制备emestrin类化合物奠定了坚实的基础, 以及为其他类多硫代二酮哌嗪类化合物的产量提升提供了重要的借鉴。

, correspAuthors=司书毅, 陈明华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*司书毅, Tel: 86-10-63180604, E-mail: ;
陈明华, Tel: 86-10-83162728, E-mail:
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t/dGSH/gProduction/mgaMultipleb
600.80 ± 0.181.00
60.53.75 ± 0.704.70
618.66 ± 0.9410.86
61.510.04 ± 0.8612.58
1002.21 ± 0.311.00
100.56.87 ± 0.843.11
10111.41 ± 1.685.17
101.517.16 ± 1.717.77
1502.63 ± 0.051.00
150.59.05 ± 1.663.44
15119.48 ± 0.727.40
151.530.82 ± 2.4911.71
), ArticleFig(id=1201096934363717962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1201096921092940346, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The effect of adding reduced glutathione on the production of emestrin. aThe production of emestrin in 50 g of rice medium. bCompare to the blank-controlled trial with the same fermentation time

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/dGSH/gProduction/mgaMultipleb
600.80 ± 0.181.00
60.53.75 ± 0.704.70
618.66 ± 0.9410.86
61.510.04 ± 0.8612.58
1002.21 ± 0.311.00
100.56.87 ± 0.843.11
10111.41 ± 1.685.17
101.517.16 ± 1.717.77
1502.63 ± 0.051.00
150.59.05 ± 1.663.44
15119.48 ± 0.727.40
151.530.82 ± 2.4911.71
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谷胱甘肽促进Emericella sp. 1454中emestrin的产量提高
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陈渝川 , 肖同美 , 苏冰洁 , 闫璧滢 , 余利岩 , 司书毅 * , 陈明华 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2024,59(4): 1087-1091
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2024, 59(4): 1087-1091
谷胱甘肽促进Emericella sp. 1454中emestrin的产量提高
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陈渝川, 肖同美, 苏冰洁, 闫璧滢, 余利岩, 司书毅* , 陈明华*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*司书毅, Tel: 86-10-63180604, E-mail: ;
陈明华, Tel: 86-10-83162728, E-mail:
Enhancing production of emestrin in Emericella sp. 1454 by adding the biosynthetic precursor glutathione
Yu-chuan CHEN, Tong-mei XIAO, Bing-jie SU, Bi-ying YAN, Li-yan YU, Shu-yi SI* , Ming-hua CHEN*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2024-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0894
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基于Emericella sp. 1454的基因组信息, 结合文献分析其次级代谢产物emestrin的生物合成前体, 并通过在培养基中添加前体的方法, 提高emestrin产量。本研究首次发现在培养基中添加emestrin的生物合成前体—还原型谷胱甘肽可显著提高其产量。每50 g大米培养基中加入1.5 g还原型谷胱甘肽, 培养15天, 可以得到30.82 mg的emestrin, 相较于原始发酵培养方案提升了11.71倍。该方法既简单经济又高效, 为后续高效制备emestrin类化合物奠定了坚实的基础, 以及为其他类多硫代二酮哌嗪类化合物的产量提升提供了重要的借鉴。

前体物质  /  谷胱甘肽  /  emestrin  /  产量提高  /  培养基优化  /  Emericella sp  /  多硫代二酮哌嗪

Based on the genomic information of Emericella sp. 1454, in conjunction with literature analysis of its secondary metabolite emestrin, this study identified the biosynthetic precursors of emestrin and enhanced its production by supplementing the culture medium with these precursors. In this study, it was found for the first time that the addition of biosynthetic precursor, reduced glutathione, to the culture medium significantly increased emestrin yield. By incorporating 1.5 g of reduced glutathione into 50 g of rice culture medium and fermenting for 15 days, a yield of 30.82 mg of emestrin was obtained, which marked an 11.71-fold increase compared to the original fermentation approach. The method is both simple and cost-effective, establishing a solid foundation for the efficient synthesis of emestrin and similar compounds. Additionally, it serves as an important reference for enhancing the production of other epipolythiodioxopiperazine compounds.

biosynthetic precursor  /  glutathione  /  emestrin  /  yield improvement  /  fermentation medium optimization  /  Emericella sp.  /  epipolythiodioxopiperazine
陈渝川, 肖同美, 苏冰洁, 闫璧滢, 余利岩, 司书毅, 陈明华. 谷胱甘肽促进Emericella sp. 1454中emestrin的产量提高. 药学学报, 2024 , 59 (4) : 1087 -1091 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0894
Yu-chuan CHEN, Tong-mei XIAO, Bing-jie SU, Bi-ying YAN, Li-yan YU, Shu-yi SI, Ming-hua CHEN. Enhancing production of emestrin in Emericella sp. 1454 by adding the biosynthetic precursor glutathione[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2024 , 59 (4) : 1087 -1091 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0894
多硫代二酮哌嗪(epipolythiodioxopiperazines, ETPs) 主要来源于真菌次级代谢产物, 其结构特征为两个氨基酸通过肽键缩合而成环二肽(cyclic dipeptides), 并在该骨架上具有2~4个硫原子连接的硫桥结构。自1936年发现第一个多硫代二酮哌嗪类化合物gliotoxin (图 1) 以来, 已发现约20种不同家族的ETPs[1]。ETPs表现出抗细菌和真菌[2, 3]、抗病毒[4]以及抗肿瘤[5-7]等多种生物活性, 其硫桥结构为该类化合物的一个关键药效团。
1985年, emestrin首次从Emericella striata中获得, 利用单晶X射线衍射实验确定了其结构(图 1)[8], 目前已发现emestrin类化合物约20个, 是一类含有独特的4, 5-dihydro-oxepin片段, 并具有一个十五元内酯环的多硫代二酮哌嗪类化合物。研究发现emestrin具有较好的抗真菌和细菌活性, 其对禾谷镰孢菌和青霉菌的MIC分别为10和2.5 μg·mL-1 [9, 10]。此外, emestrin对T47D、HepG2、C28和HeLa等多株肿瘤细胞均有细胞毒性, IC50分别为1.8、4.2、2.6和13.8 μg·mL-1, 根据细胞毒性试验、细胞周期分析和凋亡分析, 推断出emestrin具有潜在的抗肿瘤作用[11]。前期本课题组还发现, emestrin对白血病细胞K562和MEG-01具有显著的抑制活性, IC50值分别为1.15和0.20 μmol·L-1, 伊马替尼为阳性对照, 前者与阳性药(1.69 μmol·L-1) 相当, 后者比阳性药(31.70 μmol·L-1) 低两个数量级[12]。因此, 该化合物可能为一个抗肿瘤活性先导化合物。
研究过程中发现emestrin在Emericella sp. 1454中产量极低, 每50 g大米固体发酵物中, 其产量为0.80 ± 0.18 mg。文献[13]报道的emestrin产量也很低, 真菌Verticimonosporium ellipticus在NPF2培养基中培养18天时emestrin产量为7 mg·L-1; 真菌E. nidulans ATCC38163在1 L麦芽培养基中发酵14天可产生1 mg的emestrin[14]。因此, 该化合物的低产量可能限制了其深入研究。目前提高微生物次级代谢的方法通常有: ①改变培养条件, 如: 改变培养基的营养条件; 改变培养时间; 改变氧气、光照、水等; ②物理诱变如紫外诱变、等离子体诱变等[15]、微波辐射[16]; 化学诱变, 如加入硫酸二乙酯(DES)、亚硝酸胍等化学诱变剂[17]; ③生物合成前体添加方法, 通过分析生物合成途径以及合成前体, 从而根据生物合成的需要加入相关物质调节微生物生物合成过程, 从而提高产量[18-20]; ④通过基因工程的方法对相关基因进行过表达等[21-23]。其中通过在培养基中加入合成途径中相对缺少的生物合成前体来提高目标产物的产量, 该方法简便、高效而经济。
基于Emericella sp. 1454的基因组信息, 前期对emestrin的生源途径进行了详细的推导(图 2)[12]。其中两分子的L-苯丙氨酸通过NRPS途径形成二酮哌嗪骨架结构; 通过谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(ercG) 为结构引入硫原子, 从而在硫氧还蛋白还原酶(ercT) 等的催化下形成硫桥; 异香草酸在酰化酶(ercH) 的催化下与二酮哌嗪骨架中dihydro-oxepin单元上的羟基成酯, 为构成十五元环内酯提供结构单元。因此, L-苯丙氨酸、还原型谷胱甘肽和异香草酸应为emestrin的主要生物合成前体。本研究主要考察了在培养基中添加以上三种生物合成前体对emestrin产量的影响, 并发现还原性谷胱甘肽的添加能显著增加emestrin的产量, 经优化其培养方案, 使emestrin的15日产量最高达到每50 g大米培养基产生30.82 mg, 较原始培养方案提高了11.71倍。
菌株  真菌Emericella sp. 1454从采集于宁夏沙坡头的地衣结皮中分离得到。由中国药学微生物菌种保藏管理中心(China Pharmaceutical Culture Collection, CPCC) 张涛研究员鉴定并保存, 编号为No. CPCC 400858。
培养基  PDA培养基(批号: 0091369)、PDB培养基(批号: 6271571) 购自美国BD公司。有机糙米购自北京和雅堂食品有限公司。每袋大米培养基包含大米50 g, 去离子水50 mL, pH为7.1。根据分组每袋中分别加入还原型谷胱甘肽0、0.5、1和1.5 g。
试剂  还原型谷胱甘肽(批号: J25GS155402)、L-苯丙氨酸(批号: LF60T135)、异香草酸(批号: Z28D8D51552) 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司。乙酸乙酯(分析纯) 购自北京市通广精细化公司。色谱甲醇和色谱乙腈购自上海星可高纯溶剂有限公司。
仪器设备  高效液相色谱仪LC-20AT (日本Shimadzu公司); 高压灭菌锅GR60DA (致微(厦门) 仪器有限公司); 恒温振荡培养箱HZQ-X100 (苏州培英实验设备有限公司); KQ-800B超声波清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司); 超净工作台BCM-1000A (苏州安泰空气技术有限公司); 旋转蒸发仪EYELA N-1100 (埃朗科技国际贸易(上海) 有限公司); 生化培养箱(中仪国科(北京) 科技有限公司)。
标准曲线绘制  取纯化制备得到的emestrin (2.05 mg) 用甲醇溶解, 配置得到0.5 mg·mL-1溶液, 稀释得到0.3、0.25、0.125、0.062 5、0.031 25、0.015 625和0.007 812 5 mg·mL-1的对照品溶液, 每个浓度做三个重复[24]。用高效液相(HPLC) 色谱检测在254 nm处emestrin的色谱峰面积, 并绘制标准曲线。HPLC检测方法如下: 5%~100%乙腈/0.1% TFA水溶液(v/v), 30 min, 1 mL·min-1, COSMOSIL C18-PAQ分析型色谱柱(150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), 进样体积为40 μL。
加入不同前体物质对emestrin产量的影响  根据基因组分析和文献调研, 初步确定emestrin的合成前体可能有L-苯丙氨酸、异香草酸和还原型谷胱甘肽。其中L-苯丙氨酸和异香草酸形成基本母核, 还原型谷胱甘肽主要参与硫桥的形成。每袋大米培养基中各加入一种0.5 g上述前体物质, 菌丝体2 mL, 于28 ℃恒温培养30天。
还原型谷胱甘肽加入量对emestrin产量的影响在每袋大米培养基中分别加入0.5、1和1.5 g还原型谷胱甘肽, 分别在28 ℃培养6、10和15天。每个加样浓度和培养时间均做三个重复。
培养方法  平板培养: 用无菌竹签从保存于-80 ℃的甘油冻存管中取出保存的菌丝体, 接种于PDA中, 于28 ℃恒温培养7~10天, 菌丝表面可观察到孢子产生。种子培养: 用无菌竹签从活化的菌种表面挑取孢子接种于PDB培养基中, 28 ℃, 180 r·min-1培养2天。大米发酵: 每袋大米培养基中加入菌丝球体2 mL, 于28 ℃根据分组分别恒温培养。
提取与含量测定  每袋发酵物加入乙酸乙酯300 mL, 超声提取2次, 每次40 min。合并两次提取液, 加乙酸乙酯定容至600 mL。立即取30 mL提取液, 减压蒸发除去乙酸乙酯, 6天及10天的发酵提取物加入3 mL甲醇溶解, 15天的发酵提取物加入6 mL甲醇溶解, 0.22 μm滤膜过滤后, 采用高效液相色谱分析。色谱条件与进样体积与标准曲线项下方法一致。读取254 nm波长下色谱峰面积, 根据标准曲线计算产量。
对7个不同浓度的emestrin标准品溶液进行测试, 结果显示, 7个浓度的标准品在254 nm波长下色谱峰峰形良好, 均在该色谱检测范围内。以峰面积为y轴, 以标准品浓度为x轴, 通过线性回归拟合, 得到标准曲线为y = 64 777 449x - 113 945, R2 = 0.999 3, 该曲线符合线性要求。
在大米发酵培养基中加入不同前体0.5 g, 包括L-苯丙氨酸、异香草酸和还原型谷胱甘肽。28 ℃培养30天, 通过HPLC进行检测, 结果发现加入还原型谷胱甘肽后, emestrin (tR 20.3 min) 产量显著上升, 但加入其他前体物质如L-苯丙氨酸和异香草酸后产量均略微降低, 差异并不显著(图 3)。因此认为加入还原型谷胱甘肽有利于emestrin的产生。
基于不同前体物质对emestrin产量的影响的实验结果, 考察还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH) 的添加量及培养时间对emestrin产量的影响。对培养6、10和15天的发酵提取物分析均表明, 谷胱甘肽的加入量与emestrin的产量具有一定的线性关系, 当还原型谷胱甘肽加入量由每50 g大米0.5 g提高至1.0 g时, emestrin的产量也接近翻倍。同时, 对于加入还原型谷胱甘肽量相同, 但培养时间不同的样品, 培养时间延长, 其产量也随之提高。培养10天时菌丝体已长满整个培养基表面, 因此, 此次实验考察时间最长为15天。综合考虑emestrin的产量、发酵时间和发酵成本, 确定最佳的培养方案为每50 g大米培养基中加入1.5 g还原型谷胱甘肽, 培养15天, 可以得到30.82 mg的emestrin, 相较于原始发酵培养方案提升了11.71倍(表 1, 图 4)。
通过在大米固体培养基中添加L-苯丙氨酸、异香草酸和还原型谷胱甘肽三种生物合成前体物质, 本实验首次发现还原型谷胱甘肽的加入能显著提升含有二硫桥的多硫代二酮哌嗪化合物emestrin的产量。同时通过对添加还原型谷胱甘肽的量、发酵时间和发酵成本的考虑, 本实验也得到了一个较合理的培养方案, 即在每50 g大米培养基中添加1.5 g还原性谷胱甘肽、发酵时间为15天, 能从中获得30.82 mg的emestrin, 使其产量提高了11.71倍。本实验为emestrin的高效制备提供了一个较为便捷且经济的方法, 也为以emestrin为基本骨架并具有显著细胞毒性的同类化合物, 如secoemestrin C (四硫键)[7]、MPC1001 (二硫键)[25]、MPC1001B (二硫键)[25]、MPC1001C (二硫键)[25]、MPC1001D (三硫键)[25]、MPC1001E (四硫键)[25]和emestrin J (二硫键)[26]等的产量提高提供了思路。
目前对ETPs化合物的生物合成研究发现, 多硫桥的形成均与谷胱甘肽有关。如在gli G催化下, 还原型谷胱甘肽在具有显著细胞毒性的gliotoxin结构形成中发挥引入硫原子的角色, 以便形成硫桥[27]; sir G基因及ata IMG基因分别在化合物sirodesmin PL和acetylaranotin硫桥形成中也发挥类似作用[28, 29]。Gliovirin及其类似物中含有不规则的硫桥即α, β位硫桥, 生物合成分析该硫桥中的硫元素也来自还原型谷胱甘肽, 其在glv 10基因的作用下引入硫原子[30, 31]。因此, 本实验采用在培养基中直接添加还原型谷胱甘肽, 也对其他含有硫桥的多硫代二酮哌嗪类化合物的产量提升具有重要的借鉴意义。
作者贡献: 陈明华、司书毅和陈渝川构思并设计了整体实验; 陈渝川进行论文的整体实验和数据分析; 肖同美、苏冰洁和闫璧滢参与了产物分离和数据分析工作; 余利岩提供了实验所需菌株; 陈明华和陈渝川撰写论文。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程经费资助(2021-I2M-1-028)
  • 国家自然科学基金(81302675)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82330110)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0894
  • 接收时间:2023-07-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-28
  • 出版时间:2024-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-23
  • 修回日期:2023-08-31
基金
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程经费资助(2021-I2M-1-028)
国家自然科学基金(81302675)
国家自然科学基金(82330110)
作者信息
    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

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*司书毅, Tel: 86-10-63180604, E-mail: ;
陈明华, Tel: 86-10-83162728, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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